/FAIL/SYAZWAN

Block Format Keyword

/FAIL/SYAZWAN – Syazwan Failure Model
Description
This simplified failure criterion is based on a fracture surface with linear damage accumulation. It also
features provides the initialization of damage value using strain histories with linear strain path
assumptions.
Format
Card 1 – Fracture surface parameters 1
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
/FAIL/SYAZWAN/mat_ID/unit_ID

Icard  pf MIN

If Icard = 1: classical input

Card 2 – Fracture surface parameters
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

C1 C2 C3 C4 C5

C6

If Icard = 2: plastic strain input

Card 2 – Failure plastic strains
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

 comp
f  shear
f  tens
f  fplane  biax
f

Card 3 – Damage initialization parameters

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

Dinit Dsf Dmax

Card 4 – Instability and softening parameters

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

Inst Iform N value Softexp

Card 5 – Element size scaling

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

fct _ IDEl El _ ref Fscale _ El

Card 6 - Optional line:

 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

fail _ ID

Flag Definition

Field Contents SI Unit

Example

mat_ID Material identifier

(Integer, maximum 10 digits)

unit_ID Optional unit identifier

(Integer, maximum 10 digits)

Card input format flag

= 1: Fracture surface parameters input
Icard
= 2: Plastic strain at failure input
Default = 1 (Integer)

 pf MIN Minimum plastic strain at failure

Default = 0.0 (Real)

C1 First constant for failure surface.

(Real)
Second constant for failure surface.
C2
(Real)
Third constant for failure surface.
C3
(Real)
Fourth constant for failure surface.
C4
(Real)
Fifth constant for failure surface.
C5 (Real)
Sixth constant for failure surface.
C6
(Real)
Plastic strain at failure for uniaxial compression
 comp
f (Real)
Plastic strain at failure for shearing
 shear
f (Real)
Plastic strain at failure for uniaxial tension
 tens
f (Real)
Plastic strain at failure for plane strain
 fplane (Real)
Plastic strain at failure for biaxial tension
 biax
f (Real)
Damage value initialization from strain tensors flag.
= 0: Damage is not initialized
Dinit
= 1: Damage is initialized
Default = 0 (Integer)

Dsf Damage initialization scale factor.

Default = 1.0 (Real)
Damage initialization maximal value.
Dmax
Default = 1.0 (Real)
 Necking instability flag
= 0: Instability is not activated
Inst
= 1: Instability is activated
Default = 0 (Integer)
Necking instability formulation flag flag
= 1: Incremental formulation (loading path history)
Iform = 2: Direct formulation (no loading path history)
Default = 1 (Integer)
The N-value derived from Hollomon’s Law
N value
Default = 0.25 (Real)

Softexp Stress softening exponent

Default = 1.0 (Real)
Element size factor function identifier.
fct _ IDEl
(Integer)

El _ ref Reference element size.

Default = 1.0 (Real)
 m
Element size factor function scale factor
Fscale _ El
Default = 1.0

fail _ ID (Optional) Failure criteria identifier

(Integer, maximum 10 digits)

Examples

Classical input:
/FAIL/SYAZWAN/1
# ICARD EPFMIN
1 0.0
# C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
0.98 -3.2234 -0.08 3.9031 0.2652
# C6
0.5266
# DAM_INIT DAM_SF DAM_MAX

# INST IFORM N_VAL SOFTEXP

1 1 0.27 1.2
# FCT_EL EL_REF ELSCAL

Plastic strains at failure input:

/FAIL/SYAZWAN/1
# ICARD EPFMIN
2 0.0
# EPF_COMP EPF_SHEAR EPF_TENS EPF_PLSTRN EPF_BIAX
3.009 0.98 0.7 0.42 0.56
# DAM_INIT DAM_SF DAM_MAX

# INST IFORM N_VAL SOFTEXP

1 2 0.27 1.2
# FCT_EL EL_REF ELSCAL

Comments

1. It is highly recommended that the to set the value of I plas in /PROP/SHELL is set to 1. This will
allow accurate calculation of the principal strains ratio .
2. The value of C1 , C2 , C3 , C4 , C5 , C6 is based on equation below:

 pf  C1  C2  C3  C4 2  C5 2  C6

where  pf ,  and  are respectively the plastic strain at failure, the stress triaxiality and the
normalized Lode parameter defined as follow:

1
 xx   yy  2 2
 is stress triaxiality with   3 with (    )
 VM 3 3
2
 is the normalized Lode angle,   1  ar cos 

27  2 1 
with Lode angle (  ) parameter   cos  3       
2  3
where VM is the Von Mises stress.

Fig 1. presented below shows the example of curve fit of plane stress failure curve into failure
surface criteria.

Fig 1. Example of Syazwan failure criterion fit.

3. Two different parameters input card formats are available for /FAIL/SYAZWAN depending on the
value of Icard :

 If Icard = 1: the user will have tomust directly input directly the Ci parameters,

 If Icard = 2: the user can specify some plastic strain at failure for several commonly

tested loading conditions: uniaxial compression

 comp
f , shearing
 shear
f , uniaxial tension
 tens
f , plane strain
 plane
f and biaxial tension
 biax
f . In that case, the Ci parameter will be
automatically computed by solving the set of equations given below:
  1 1 1
C1  3 C2  C3  9 C4  C5  3 C6   f
comp


C1   f
shear


C1  1 C2  C3  1 C4  C5  1 C6   tens
 3 9 3
f

 1 1
C1  C2  C4   fplane
3 3

 2 4 2
C1  3 C2  C3  9 C4  C5  3 C6   f
biax


C  18 C  2 C  18 C  0
 2  3 3
4
 3
6

Note that the last equation imposes that the plane strain condition corresponds to a local
minimum of the failure criterion.

4. In some cases, it may happen that the criterion takes negative or very low values for some loading
conditions. In that case, it will be bounded by the minimal plastic strain at failure parameter
 pf MIN that must be positive or null (by default = 0.0). All values under  pf MIN are then ignored.
An example is given in Fig 2. with a minimum value of 0.2.

Fig 2. Failure criterion (blue curve) bounded by plastic strain at failure minimum
value (orange curve) of 0.2.

5. The damage variable evolution is computed incrementally as follow:

  p
D
t 0  pf

6. One may want to realize a simulation starting from existing total and plastic strains fields (after
a previous forming simulation for instance). In the case where the failure criterion iswas not
computed during the first simulation, it is possible to estimate a damage field from the total strain
tensor and the plastic strain values obtained at the end of the first simulation (using .sta files).
IndeedIndeed, if the Dinit flag is set to 1, the damage field will be computed if the plastic strain
≠ 0. /INISHE/STRA_F, /INISHE/STRA_F, /INISHE/EPSP_F and /INISH3/EPSP_F must be present
in the keywords of the status file. Commonly, the initial stress tensors are not incorporated into
the simulation model, thus, the stress triaxiality is derived using the following equation:
 1 1 

3 1    2
Note that  value can be recovered from the stress triaxiality value using the first root of the equation
above:

(2  3 2 )  3 2  4  9 2 

2  3 2  1

Then, an initial damage value can be estimated as follows:

 tp0
Dt 0 
 pf

Fig 3. presented below shows an example of initialized damage field in one step after a forming
simulation performed without failure criterion computation. Damage field is then deduced using
the plastic strain and the strain tensor as presented above.

Fig 3. Example of damage field “one-step” initialization after a forming simulation.

7. A controlled necking instability can be used if the flag Inst is set to 1. To trigger this instability
a criterion variable denoted f is computed based on the N value specified by users using the
equation below.
2(2   )(1     2 )
1  N value
4  3  3 2  4
2(2  1)(1     2 )
2  N value
4  3  3 2  4

where  is the ratio between the minor principal and major principal stress computed from 
using the following formula:
 2  1

2

This allows to compute an effective plastic strain at necking instability:

4
 inst
p  1 
3
1    2 

Note that the parameter N value is in fact the value of the instability plastic strain taken in uniaxial
tension (for which  1 3 and   1 ). One can then use the relation linking  and the stress
triaxiality described above to plot the instability strain evolution.

Using the instability plastic strain, an instability criterion variable denoted f is either computed:

 Incrementally (if Iform = 1) to take into account the loading history:

 
f   inst
p

t 0  p

 Directly (if Iform = 2) to ignore the loading path history:

p
f  inst
p

When If the criterion is reached ( f  1 ), the instant value of the damage variable D is saved in
the value Dcrit that becomes an element history variable. The necking instability can then be
then triggered by a stress softening whose equation is given below:

D   D

f   f
 1 while f  1
Dcrit  
 D when f  1
  D  D  Softexp 
   eff 1   crit

  1  Dcrit  
 
Where  is the damaged stress tensor,  eff is the undamaged effective stress tensor, Dcrit a
critical damage value that triggers stress softening and Softexp the exponent parameter.

For visualization purposes, the instability curve (  p vs

inst
 ) can be obtained from all the equation
above. For instance, if the N value is set to 0.175, the following curve (see Fig. 4) is obtained:
 Fig 4. Example of instability curve (orange) and its position with respect to failure criterion
(blue).

Note that the effect of instability curve is restricted to positive stress triaxiality (as necking only
occurs in tension) and only has an effect when it’s it is under the failure criterion curve.

Fig 5. below shows several instability curves obtained with different N value parameter values.

Fig 5. Instability curves obtained with different parameters.

8. Element size scaling can be used to regularize the failure and ensure to obtain an almost constant
fracture energy dissipated with different mesh sizes. This element size dependency is introduced
by computing a size scale factor denoted f size defined by the function fct _ IDEL . The size scaling
factor evolution is given with respect to the ratio of initial element characteristic length divided
 L0e 
by a reference size El _ ref (by default = 1.0): f size   . An additional scale factor
L
 ref 
 Fscale _ El can also be applied to the entire regularization function. The element size scale factor
f size thus computed is introduced in the damage variable evolution equation (and if defined, the
instability variable evolution equation) as follows:

  p
D
t 0  L0e  el
  f size 
f
p   f scale
 Lref 

9. Alternatively, /NONLOCAL/MAT option which is compatible with Syazwan failure criterion (see
example Fig. 6 below) can be used to regularize Another way of regularizing the solution according
to mesh size and orientation. is to use the /NONLOCAL/MAT option that is compatible with
Syazwan failure criterion (see example Fig. 6 below). Indeed, if the non-local regularization is
used, the non-local plastic strain is used to compute the damage evolution (and the instability
variable if used). Note that in that case the maximal non-local length parameter LE_MAX is used
instead of the initial element size, if an element size scaling is defined through fct _ IDEL , the
maximal non-local length parameter LE_MAX is used instead of the initial element size. Also note
that non-local regularization is also available with the “one-step” damage field initialization.

b) 0.6 mm regular c) 0.4 mm disoriented d) 0.2 mm regular mesh.

a) Experimental crack. e) Load displacement curve.

Fig 6. Example of /NONLOCAL/MAT option cumulated with /FAIL/SYAZWAN on automotive DP450 steel.