𝑻𝑬𝑴𝑨 𝟓:

𝑺𝑬𝑹𝑰𝑬𝑺 𝑫𝑬
𝑭𝑶𝑼𝑹𝑰𝑬𝑹
Competencia específica:
Utiliza las definiciones básicas de ortogonalidad
de funciones para poder construir una serie de
Fourier en un intervalo arbitrario centrado y en
medio intervalo.
Las series trigonométricas son de la forma:

𝑎! + 𝑎" cos 𝑥 + 𝑏" sin 𝑥 + 𝑎# cos 2𝑥 + 𝑏# sin 2𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑎$ cos 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑏$ sin 𝑛𝑥 + ⋯

𝐷𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑎% , 𝑏% , 𝑖 = 1,2,3, … , 𝑛, … 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠, 𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠

Estas series son periódicas con periodo 2𝜋 generalmente, aunque puede extenderse la
teoría para cualquier periodo arbitrario.
Fórmulas de Euler:
$

𝑆𝑒𝑎 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎! + @ 𝑎$ cos 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑏$ sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖ó𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑜 2𝜋

%&"

1 #(
𝑎' = D 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2𝜋 !

1 #(
𝑎$ = D 𝑓 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥, 𝑛 = 1,2,3, …
𝜋 !

1 #(
𝑏$ = D 𝑓 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥, 𝑛 = 1,2,3, …
𝜋 !
EJEMPLO 1 Hallar la serie de Fourier de la siguiente función periódica con periodo 2𝜋 y trazar la
gráfica de las tres primeras sumas parciales
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑜 1 𝑐𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠
𝑇 = 2𝜋 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 =
𝑐𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑜 𝑇 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑜
 $
Resolución:
𝑆𝑒𝑎 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎! + @ 𝑎$ cos 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑏$ sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖ó𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑜 2𝜋
%&"

Hallar 𝒂𝟎 :
1 ( 1 #(
𝑎' = D (3) 𝑑𝑥 + D 0 𝑑𝑥
2𝜋 ! 2𝜋 (

3 ( 3 3
𝑎' = D 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋=
2𝜋 ! 2𝜋 2

3
𝑎' =
2
Hallar 𝒂𝒏 :

1 #(
𝑎$ = D 𝑓 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥, 𝑛 = 1,2,3, …
𝜋 !

1 ( 1 #(
𝑎$ = D (3) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + D 0 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 ! 𝜋 (

3 ( 3 (
3
𝑎$ = D cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑛𝑥]' = (sin 𝑛𝜋 − sin 0) = 0
𝑛𝜋 ! 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋

𝑎$ = 0
Hallar 𝒃𝒏 : 1 #(
𝑏$ = D 𝑓 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥, 𝑛 = 1,2,3, …
𝜋 !

1 ( 1 #(
𝑏$ = D (3) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + D 0 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 ! 𝜋 (

3 ( 3 (
3 3
𝑏$ = D sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑛𝑥]' = − (cos 𝑛𝜋 − cos 0) = − (cos 𝑛𝜋 − 1)
𝑛𝜋 ! 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋

3 3
Para n par,cos 𝑛𝜋 = 1 ∴ 𝑏$ = − (cos 𝑛𝜋 − 1) = − (1 − 1) = 0
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
3 3 6
Para n impar,cos 𝑛𝜋 = −1 ∴ 𝑏$ = − (cos 𝑛𝜋 − 1) = − (−1 − 1) =
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
 3 6
𝑎' = 𝑏$ = 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑛 = 1,3,5,7, …
2 𝑛𝜋

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎! + 𝑎" cos 𝑥 + 𝑏" sin 𝑥 + 𝑎# cos 2𝑥 + 𝑏# sin 2𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑎$ cos 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑏$ sin 𝑛𝑥 + ⋯

3 6 2 6 6
𝑓 𝑥 = + sin 𝑥 + sin 3𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑥 + sin 7𝑥 + ⋯
2 𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋
EJEMPLO 2
Hallar la serie de Fourier de la siguiente función periódica con periodo 2𝜋 y trazar la
gráfica de las tres primeras sumas parciales
Resolución: 1 (
𝑎' = D 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Hallar 𝒂𝟎 : 2𝜋 +(
( (
+ ! (
1 # 1 # 1
𝑎' = D 𝑑𝑥 + D 0 𝑑𝑥 + D 1 𝑑𝑥 + D 𝑑𝑥
2𝜋 +( 2 +
(
!
( 2
# #
( (
+
1 1 # 1 ( #
𝑎' = D 𝑑𝑥 + D 𝑑𝑥 + D 𝑑𝑥
2𝜋 2 +( ! 2 (
#

( (
1𝑥+ # 𝑥( 1 π π 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑎' = + 𝑥!# + ( = − + + −0+ −
2𝜋 2+( 2 2𝜋 4 2 2 2 4
#

1 1 𝟏
𝑎' = 𝜋 = 𝒂𝒐 =
2𝜋 2 𝟐
Hallar 𝒂𝒏 : 1 (
𝑎$ = D 𝑓 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥, 𝑛 = 1,2,3, …
𝜋 +(

( (
+ ! (
1 1 # # 1
𝑎$ = D cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + D 0 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + D cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + D cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥]
𝜋 2 +( +
(
! 2 (
# #

( (
+ (
1 1 # 1 # 1
𝑎$ = D cos 𝑛𝑥 (𝑛) 𝑑𝑥 + D cos 𝑛𝑥 (𝑛)𝑑𝑥 + D cos 𝑛𝑥 (𝑛)𝑑𝑥]
𝜋 2(𝑛) +( 𝑛 ! 2(𝑛) (
#
 ( (
+ (
Hallar 𝒂𝒏 : 1 1 # 1 #1
𝑎$ = D cos 𝑛𝑥 (𝑛) 𝑑𝑥 + D cos 𝑛𝑥 (𝑛)𝑑𝑥 + D cos 𝑛𝑥 (𝑛)𝑑𝑥]
𝜋 2(𝑛) +( 𝑛 ! 2(𝑛) (
#

( (
1 1 + 1 1 (
𝑎$ = sin 𝑛𝑥+(# + sin 𝑛𝑥!# + sin 𝑛𝑥(
𝜋 2𝑛 𝑛 2𝑛 #

𝟏 𝟏 𝒏𝝅 𝟏 𝒏𝝅 𝟏 𝒏𝝅
𝒂𝒏 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 − − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 −𝒏𝝅 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟎 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒏𝝅) − 𝒔𝒊𝒏
𝝅 𝟐𝒏 𝟐 𝒏 𝟐 𝟐𝒏 𝟐

𝟏 𝟏 𝒏𝝅 𝟏 𝒏𝝅 𝟏 𝒏𝝅
𝒂𝒏 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 − + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 + − 𝒔𝒊𝒏
𝝅 𝟐𝒏 𝟐 𝒏 𝟐 𝟐𝒏 𝟐
Hallar 𝒂𝒏 :
𝟏 𝟏 𝒏𝝅 𝟏 𝒏𝝅 𝟏 𝒏𝝅
𝒂𝒏 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 − + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 + − 𝒔𝒊𝒏
𝝅 𝟐𝒏 𝟐 𝒏 𝟐 𝟐𝒏 𝟐

𝟏 𝟏 𝒏𝝅 𝟏 𝒏𝝅 𝟏 𝒏𝝅
𝒂𝒏 = − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 + − 𝒔𝒊𝒏
𝝅 𝟐𝒏 𝟐 𝒏 𝟐 𝟐𝒏 𝟐

𝟏 𝟏 𝒏𝝅 𝟏 𝒏𝝅 𝟏 𝒏𝝅
𝒂𝒏 = − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏
𝝅 𝟐𝒏 𝟐 𝒏 𝟐 𝟐𝒏 𝟐

𝒂𝒏 = 𝟎
Hallar 𝒃𝒏 : 1 (
𝑏$ = D 𝑓 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥, 𝑛 = 1,2,3, …
𝜋 +(

( (
+ !
1 1 # # 1 (
𝑏$ = D sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + D 0 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + D sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + D sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥]
𝜋 2 +( +
(
! 2 (
# #

( (
+ (
1 1 # 1 # 1
𝑏$ = D sin 𝑛𝑥 (𝑛) 𝑑𝑥 + D sin 𝑛𝑥 (𝑛)𝑑𝑥 + D sin 𝑛𝑥 (𝑛)𝑑𝑥]
𝜋 2(𝑛) +( 𝑛 ! 2(𝑛) (
#
 ( (
+ (
Hallar 𝒃𝒏 : 1 1 # 1 # 1
𝑏$ = D sin 𝑛𝑥 (𝑛) 𝑑𝑥 + D sin 𝑛𝑥 (𝑛)𝑑𝑥 + D sin 𝑛𝑥 (𝑛)𝑑𝑥]
𝜋 2(𝑛) +( 𝑛 ! 2(𝑛) (
#

( (
1 1 + 1 1 (
𝑏$ = − cos 𝑛𝑥+(# − cos 𝑛𝑥!# − cos 𝑛𝑥(
𝜋 2𝑛 𝑛 2𝑛 #

𝟏 𝟏 𝒏𝝅 𝟏 𝒏𝝅 𝟏 𝒏𝝅
𝒃𝒏 = − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 − − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 −𝒏𝝅 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟎 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒏𝝅) − 𝒄𝒐𝒔
𝝅 𝟐𝒏 𝟐 𝒏 𝟐 𝟐𝒏 𝟐

𝟏 𝟏 𝒏𝝅 𝟏 𝒏𝝅 𝟏 𝒏𝝅
𝒃𝒏 = − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝝅 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 −𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒏𝝅) − 𝒄𝒐𝒔
𝝅 𝟐𝒏 𝟐 𝒏 𝟐 𝟐𝒏 𝟐
Hallar 𝒃𝒏 :
𝟏 𝟏 𝒏𝝅 𝟏 𝒏𝝅 𝟏 𝒏𝝅
𝒃𝒏 = − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝝅 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 −𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒏𝝅) − 𝒄𝒐𝒔
𝝅 𝟐𝒏 𝟐 𝒏 𝟐 𝟐𝒏 𝟐

𝟏 𝟏 𝒏𝝅 𝟏 𝟏 𝒏𝝅 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒏𝝅
𝒃𝒏 = − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝝅 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 + − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝝅 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔
𝝅 𝟐𝒏 𝟐 𝟐𝒏 𝒏 𝟐 𝒏 𝟐𝒏 𝟐𝒏 𝟐

𝟏 𝟏 𝒏𝝅 𝟏
𝒃𝒏 = − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 +
𝝅 𝒏 𝟐 𝒏
Para n par: 𝟏 𝟏 𝒏𝝅 𝟏
𝒃𝒏 = − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 +
𝝅 𝒏 𝟐 𝒏

𝟏 𝟏 𝒏𝝅 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝒃𝒏 = − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 = − −𝟏 = , 𝑠𝑖 𝑛 = 2,6,10, …
𝒏𝝅 𝒏𝝅 𝟐 𝒏𝝅 𝒏𝝅 𝒏𝝅

𝟏 𝟏 𝒏𝝅 𝟏 𝟏
𝒃𝒏 = − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 = − 𝟏 = 𝟎, 𝑠𝑖 𝑛 = 4,8,12, …
𝒏𝝅 𝒏𝝅 𝟐 𝒏𝝅 𝒏𝝅
Para n impar: 𝟏 𝟏 𝒏𝝅 𝟏
𝒃𝒏 = − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 +
𝝅 𝒏 𝟐 𝒏

𝟏 𝟏 𝒏𝝅 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒃𝒏 = − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 = − 𝟎 = , 𝑠𝑖 𝑛 = 1,3,5,7,9,11,13, …
𝒏𝝅 𝒏𝝅 𝟐 𝒏𝝅 𝒏𝝅 𝒏𝝅
 1 𝟐
𝑎' = 𝒃𝒏 = , 𝑠𝑖 𝑛 = 2,6,10, …
2 𝒏𝝅
𝟏
𝒃𝒏 = , 𝑠𝑖 𝑛 = 1,3,5,7,9,11,13, …
𝒏𝝅
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎! + 𝑎" cos 𝑥 + 𝑏" sin 𝑥 + 𝑎# cos 2𝑥 + 𝑏# sin 2𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑎$ cos 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑏$ sin 𝑛𝑥 + ⋯

1 1 2 1 1 2
𝑓 𝑥 = + sin 𝑥 + sin 2𝑥 + sin 3𝑥 + sin 5𝑥 + sin 6𝑥 + ⋯
2 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 6𝜋

1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑓 𝑥 = + sin 𝑥 + sin 2𝑥 + sin 3𝑥 + sin 5𝑥 + sin 6𝑥 + ⋯
2 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 3𝜋
EJEMPLO 3 Hallar la serie de Fourier de:
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥, −𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋 (𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑎 𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑜)
Resolución: 1 (
𝑎' = D 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Hallar 𝒂𝟎 : 2𝜋 +(

(
1
𝑎' = D 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2𝜋 +(

( # (
1 𝑥 𝜋# −𝜋 #
𝑎' = D 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ` = − =0
2𝜋 +( 4𝜋 +( 4𝜋 4𝜋

𝒂𝒐 = 𝟎
Hallar 𝒂𝒏 : 1 (
𝑎$ = D 𝑓 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥, 𝑛 = 1,2,3, …
𝜋 +(

1 (
𝑎$ = D 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑟 𝑓ó𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑠 D 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − D 𝑣 𝑑𝑢
𝜋 +(
1
𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 D 𝑑𝑣 = D n cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑛
1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = sin 𝑛𝑥
𝑛
(
1 𝑥 ( 1
𝑎$ = sin 𝑛𝑥b − D sin 𝑛𝑥 (𝑛)𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑛 +( 𝑛(𝑛) +(

1 𝑥 ( 1
𝑎$ = sin 𝑛𝑥b + # cos 𝑛𝑥](+(
𝜋 𝑛 +( 𝑛
Hallar 𝒂𝒏 :
1 𝑥 ( 1
𝑎$ = sin 𝑛𝑥b + # cos 𝑛𝑥](+(
𝜋 𝑛 +( 𝑛

1 𝜋 𝜋 1 1
𝑎$ = sin(𝜋𝑛) − sin(−𝜋𝑛) + # cos(𝜋𝑛) − # cos(−𝜋𝑛)
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

1 𝜋 𝜋 1 1
𝑎$ = sin 𝜋𝑛 + sin(𝜋𝑛) + # cos(𝜋𝑛) − # cos(𝜋𝑛)
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

𝒂𝒏 = 𝟎
 1 (
Hallar 𝒃𝒏 : 𝑏$ = D 𝑓 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥, 𝑛 = 1,2,3, …
𝜋 +(

1 (
𝑏$ = D 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑟 𝑓ó𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑠 D 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − D 𝑣 𝑑𝑢
𝜋 +(
1
𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 D 𝑑𝑣 = D n sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑛
1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = − cos 𝑛𝑥
𝑛
(
1 𝑥 ( 1
𝑏$ = − cos 𝑛𝑥b + D cos 𝑛𝑥 (𝑛)𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑛 +( 𝑛(𝑛) +(

1 −𝑥 ( 1
𝑏$ = cos 𝑛𝑥b + # sin 𝑛𝑥](+(
𝜋 𝑛 +( 𝑛
Hallar 𝒃𝒏 : 1 𝑥 ( 1
𝑏$ = − cos 𝑛𝑥b + # sin 𝑛𝑥](+(
𝜋 𝑛 +( 𝑛

1 𝜋 𝜋 1 1
𝑏$ = − cos 𝜋𝑛 − cos −𝜋𝑛 + # sin 𝜋𝑛 − # sin −𝜋𝑛
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

1 𝜋 𝜋 1 1
𝑏$ = − cos 𝜋𝑛 − cos 𝜋𝑛 + # sin 𝜋𝑛 + # sin 𝜋𝑛
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

" ( ( " #(
𝑏$ = − cos 𝜋𝑛 − cos 𝜋𝑛 = − cos 𝜋𝑛
( $ $ ( $

2
𝑏$ = − cos 𝜋𝑛
𝑛
Para n par: 𝟐
𝒃𝒏 = − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝅𝒏
𝒏
𝟐 𝟐
𝒃𝒏 = − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝅𝒏 = − , 𝑠𝑖 𝑛 = 2,4,6,8,10, …
𝒏 𝒏

Para n impar:
𝟐 𝟐
𝒃𝒏 = − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝅𝒏 = , 𝑠𝑖 𝑛 = 1,3,5,7,9, …
𝒏 𝒏
 𝟐 𝟐
𝒃𝒏 = − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝅𝒏 = − , 𝑠𝑖 𝑛 = 2,4,6,8,10, …
𝒏 𝒏
𝟐 𝟐
𝒃𝒏 = − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝅𝒏 = , 𝑠𝑖 𝑛 = 1,3,5,7,9, …
𝒏 𝒏

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎! + 𝑎" cos 𝑥 + 𝑏" sin 𝑥 + 𝑎# cos 2𝑥 + 𝑏# sin 2𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑎$ cos 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑏$ sin 𝑛𝑥 + ⋯

𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝒙 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟓𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟔𝒙 + ⋯
𝟑 𝟐 𝟓 𝟑