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(Download PDF) Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis 4th Edition Mannering Solutions Manual Full Chapter
(Download PDF) Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis 4th Edition Mannering Solutions Manual Full Chapter
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Solutions Manual
to accompany
Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e
By
Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski
Chapter 6
Highway Capacity and Level of Service
Analysis
U.S. Customary Units
Copyright © 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Preface
The solutions to the fourth edition of Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis
were prepared with the Mathcad1 software program. You will notice several notation
conventions that you may not be familiar with if you are not a Mathcad user. Most of these
notation conventions are self-explanatory or easily understood. The most common Mathcad
specific notations in these solutions relate to the equals sign. You will notice the equals sign
being used in three different contexts, and Mathcad uses three different notations to distinguish
between each of these contexts. The differences between these equals sign notations are
explained as follows.
• The ‘:=’ (colon-equals) is an assignment operator, that is, the value of the variable or
expression on the left side of ‘:=’is set equal to the value of the expression on the right
side. For example, in the statement, L := 1234, the variable ‘L’ is assigned (i.e., set
equal to) the value of 1234. Another example is x := y + z. In this case, x is assigned
the value of y + z.
• The ‘=’ (bold equals) is used when the Mathcad function solver was used to find the
value of a variable in the equation. For example, in the equation
, the = is used to tell Mathcad that the value of
the expression on the left side needs to equal the value of the expression on the right
side. Thus, the Mathcad solver can be employed to find a value for the variable ‘t’ that
satisfies this relationship. This particular example is from a problem where the function
for arrivals at some time ‘t’ is set equal to the function for departures at some time ‘t’ to
find the time to queue clearance.
• The ‘=’ (standard equals) is used for a simple numeric evaluation. For example,
referring to the x := y + z assignment used previously, if the value of y was 10 [either by
assignment (with :=), or the result of an equation solution (through the use of =) and the
value of z was 15, then the expression ‘x =’ would yield 25. Another example would be
as follows: s := 1800/3600, with s = 0.5. That is, ‘s’ was assigned the value of 1800
divided by 3600 (using :=), which equals 0.5 (as given by using =).
Another symbol you will see frequently is ‘→’. In these solutions, it is used to perform an
evaluation of an assignment expression in a single statement. For example, in the following
statement, , Q(t) is assigned the value of
Arrivals(t) – Departures(t), and this evaluates to 2.2t – 0.10t2.
Finally, to assist in quickly identifying the final answer, or answers, for what is being asked in
the problem statement, yellow highlighting has been used (which will print as light gray).
1
www.mathcad.com
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e,
by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski.
Copyright © 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.1
Determine the hourly volume.
BFFS := 65 (given)
PT := 0.10 (given)
1
fHV := fHV = 0.87 (Eq. 6.5)
(
1 + P T⋅ E T − 1 )
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e,
by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski.
Copyright © 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.2
Determine the grade length.
V := 5435 (given)
V
vp (Eq. 6.3)
PHF ⋅ N ⋅ fHV ⋅ fp
fHV = 0.867
PT := 0.10 (given)
1
( )
fHV (Eq. 6.5)
1 + P T⋅ E T − 1
ET = 2.54
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e,
by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski.
Copyright © 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.3
Determine the maximum number of large trucks and buses.
first, determine the heavy vehicle factor
assume urban freeway
BFFS := 70 (given)
1800
PHF := PHF = 0.6429 (Eq. 6.4)
700⋅ 4
fp := 1.0 N := 2 (given)
1800 1400
vp (Eq. 6.3)
PHF ⋅ N ⋅ fHV ⋅ fp fHV
⎛ 1770 − 1680 ⎞
vp := 1680 + ( FFS − 65) ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ vp = 1689
⎝ 70 − 65 ⎠
1400
fHV := fHV = 0.8289
vp
1 1 1
(Eq. 6.5)
( )
fHV
1 + P T⋅ E T − 1 1 + PT⋅ ( 2.5 − 1) 1 + 1.5PT
1
1 + 1.5 ⋅ PT
fHV
PT = 0.1376
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e,
by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski.
Copyright © 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.4
Determine the level of service
V := 1800 (given)
180
PT := PT = 0.1
V
1
fHV := fHV = 0.769 (Eq. 6.5)
(
1 + P T⋅ E T − 1 )
(given)
PHF := 0.643 N := 2
V (Eq. 6.3)
vp := vp = 1819.6 pc/h/ln
PHF ⋅ N ⋅ fHV
LOS C = 1680
LOS D = 2090
Alternative solution:
by interpolation,
V
D := D = 28.125 pc/mi/ln (Eq. 6.6)
64
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e,
by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski.
Copyright © 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.5
Determine the driver population factor.
Solve for f
HV
1
fHV := fHV = 0.833 (Eq. 6.5)
( ) (
1 + P T⋅ E T − 1 + P R ⋅ E R − 1 )
Freeway is operating at capacity, so for FFS = 55 mi/h vp := 2250 (Table 6.1)
V
vp
PHF ⋅ fHV ⋅ N ⋅ fp
fp = 0.867
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e,
by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski.
Copyright © 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.6
Determine the new level of service.
BFFS := 60
FFS := BFFS − fLW − fLC − fN − fID FFS = 57.5 mi/h (Eq. 6.2)
PT := 0.12 PR := 0.06
1
fHV := fHV = 0.625 (Eq. 6.5)
( )
1 + P T⋅ E T − 1 + P R ⋅ E R − 1 ( )
calculate LOS before and after lane addition
2300 + 2250
= 2275 vp := 2275 (Table 6.1 by interpolation)
2
V
vp V := vp ⋅ PHF ⋅ fHV ⋅ N1 ⋅ fp (Eq. 6.3)
PHF ⋅ fHV ⋅ N1 ⋅ fp
V = 2252.25
V
vp2 := (Eq. 6.3)
PHF ⋅ fHV ⋅ N2 ⋅ fp
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e,
by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski.
Copyright © 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.7
Determine the LOS.
2500
= 0.473 mi
5280
PT := 0.05 (given)
1
fHV := fHV = 0.952 (Eq. 6.5)
(
1 + P T⋅ E T − 1 )
N := 2.0 PHF := 0.90 fp := 1.0 V := 2000 (given)
V
vp := vp = 1166.667 pc/h/ln (Eq. 6.3)
PHF ⋅ N ⋅ fHV ⋅ fp
determine FFS
BFFS := 65 (given)
vp
D := D = 19.88 pc/mi/ln therefore LOS is C (Eq. 6.6)
FFS
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e,
by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski.
Copyright © 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e,
by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski.
Copyright © 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Determine density and level of service before and after the ban.
Problem 6.9
Before:
1
fHVTB := fHVTB = 0.858
(
1 + PTB⋅ ETB − 1 ) (Eq. 6.5)
V
vp := vp = 1655.526 (Eq. 6.3)
PHF ⋅ fHVTB⋅ fp ⋅ N
BFFS := 70 (given)
vp
D := D = 26.5 pc/mi/ln LOS D (Eq. 6.6)
S
After:
(
Vnew := V ⋅ 1 − PT ) Vnew = 5076
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e,
by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski.
Copyright © 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
NumBuses
PBnew :=
Vnew PBnew = 0.053
EB := 2.5 (given)
1
fHVB := fHVB = 0.926 (Table 6.7)
(
1 + PBnew ⋅ EB − 1 )
(Eq. 6.5)
Vnew
vp := vp = 1442.368
PHF ⋅ fHVB ⋅ fp ⋅ N
(Eq. 6.3)
S := 62.5
vp (Figure 6.2)
D := D = 23.1 pc/mi/ln LOS C
S
(Eq. 6.6)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e,
by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski.
Copyright © 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.10
Determine the density, v/c ratio, and LOS before and after the strike.
BFFS := 65 (given)
(Eq. 6.7)
FFS := BFFS − fLW − fLC − fN − fID FFS = 57 mi/h
(
V2 := V1 − PB ⋅ V1 + 6 ⋅ PB ⋅ V1 ) V2 = 4560
1
fHVTB := fHVTB = 0.847 (Eq. 6.5)
(
1 + PTB ⋅ ETB − 1 )
V1 ⋅ PT
Calculate new P
T PT := PT = 0.017
V2
1
fHVT := fHVT = 0.938
(
1 + P T⋅ E T − 1 )
N := 3 fp := 1.0 (given)
V1
vp1 := vp1 = 1660.741 (Eq. 6.3)
PHF ⋅ N ⋅ fHVTB⋅ fp
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e,
by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski.
Copyright © 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
vp1 vp1 (Eq. 6.6)
= 0.732 D :=
c FFS
V2 (Eq. 6.3)
vp2 := vp2 = 1801.481
PHF ⋅ N ⋅ fHVT⋅ fp
vp2 vp2
= 0.794 D := D = 31.6 pc/mi/ln LOS D (Eq. 6.6)
c FFS
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e,
by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski.
Copyright © 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.11
Determine level of service.
PT := 0.06 PR := 0.02 (given)
1
fHV := fHV = 0.967 (Eq. 6.5)
( ) (
1 + P T⋅ E T − 1 + P R ⋅ E R − 1 )
V := 1300 PHF := 0.85 fp := 0.95 N := 2 (given)
V
vp := vp = 832.322 pc/mi/ln (Eq. 6.3)
PHF ⋅ N ⋅ fHV ⋅ fp
FFS := 45 (given)
Problem 6.12
Determine the number of vehicles added.
FFS := 45 (given)
PT := 0.06 PR := 0.02
ET := 1.5 ER := 1.2
1
fHV := fHV := 0.967
( ) (
1 + P T⋅ E T − 1 + P R ⋅ E R − 1 )
(from Problem 6.11)
Vprev := 1300
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e,
by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski.
Copyright © 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.13
Determine the level of service.
Estimate FFS
fM := 0 (Table 6.14)
1
fHV := fHV = 0.833 (Eq. 6.5)
( ) (
1 + P T⋅ E T − 1 + P R ⋅ E R − 1 )
V := 4000 veh/h PHF := 0.90 N := 3 fp := 0.95 (given)
V
vp := vp = 1871.345 pc/h/ln (Eq. 6.3)
PHF ⋅ N ⋅ fHV ⋅ fp
vp
D := (Eq. 6.6)
S
D = 36.34 veh/mi/ln
(Table 6.11 or Figure 6.4)
LOS E
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e,
by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski.
Copyright © 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.14
Determine LOS before and after the development.
Before:
1
fHV := fHV = 0.847 (Eq. 6.5)
( ) (
1 + P T⋅ E T − 1 + P R ⋅ E R − 1 )
PHF := 0.95 N := 2 fp := 0.90 V := 2300 (given)
V
vp := vp = 1587.135 (Eq. 6.3)
N ⋅ PHF ⋅ fHV ⋅ fp
vp
D := D = 34.5 which is LOS D (Eq. 6.6)
S
After:
(Table 6.15)
fA := 3.0
Vnew := 2700
Vnew
vp := vp = 1863.158 (Eq. 6.3)
N ⋅ PHF ⋅ fHV ⋅ fp
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e,
by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski.
Copyright © 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.15
Determine the level of service before and after trucks are allowed.
Before:
PB := 0.02 (given)
1
fHVB := fHVB = 0.952 (Eq. 6.5)
(
1 + PB ⋅ EB − 1 )
V := 1900 PHF := 0.80 N := 2 fp1 := 1.0 (given)
V
vp := vp = 1246.875 pc/h/ln (Eq. 6.3)
PHF ⋅ N ⋅ fHVB ⋅ fp1
After:
Vnew := V + 150
Buses := PB ⋅ V Buses = 38
Buses
PBnew := PBnew = 0.019
Vnew
150
PT := PT = 0.073
Vnew
1
fHV := fHV = 0.879 (Eq. 6.5)
(
1 + PTB⋅ ETB − 1. )
fp2 := 0.97 (given)
Vnew
vpnew := vpnew = 1502.577 (Eq. 6.3)
PHF ⋅ N ⋅ fHV ⋅ fp2
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e,
by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski.
Copyright © 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.16
Determine the directional hourly volume.
calculate FFS
PT := 0.08 (given)
1
fHV := fHV = 0.962 (Eq. 6.5)
(
1 + P T⋅ E T − 1 )
calculate directional hourly volume
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e,
by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski.
Copyright © 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.17
Determine the level of service.
calculate the heavy vehicle factor
trucks + buses
PT := PT = 0.09
V
rvs
PR := PR = 0.005
V
1
fHV := fHV = 0.956 (Eq. 6.5)
( ) (
1 + P T⋅ E T − 1 + P R ⋅ E R − 1 )
determine the level of service
fp := 1.0 (Assumed)
V
vp := vp = 1225 pc/h/ln (Eq. 6.3)
N ⋅ PHF ⋅ fHV ⋅ fp
fA := 1 (Table 6.15)
S := FFS
vp
D := D = 22.68 pc/mi/ln therefore LOS is C (Eq. 6.6)
S
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e,
by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski.
Copyright © 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.18
Determine the number of vehicles that can be added.
find initial volume
FFS := 50
1
fHV := fHV = 0.787 (Eq. 6.5)
( ) (
1 + P T⋅ E T − 1 + P R ⋅ E R − 1 )
N := 3 PHF1 := 0.90 fp := 0.92 (given)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e,
by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski.
Copyright © 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.19
Determine how many access points must be blocked.
calculate analysis flow rate
trucks
PT := PT = 0.074 (Table 6.8)
V
(Table 6.8)
ET := 2.0
1
fHV := fHV = 0.931
(
1 + P T⋅ E T − 1 )
V15 := 720 (given)
V
PHF := PHF = 0.938 (Eq. 6.4)
V15 ⋅ 4
fp := 1.0 N := 2 (given)
V
vp := vp = 1547 (Eq. 6.3)
PHF ⋅ N ⋅ fHV ⋅ fp
find BFFS
FFS := 55 (given)
for fA, first convert the 15 access points in 0.62 mile to the number of
access points per mile
15
= 24.2
0.62
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e,
by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski.
Copyright © 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
S := 54.5 (interpolated from Fig. 6.4, for FFS = 55)
vp (Eq. 6.6)
D := D = 28.4
S
vp
S := S = 59.5 (Eq. 6.6)
D
for fA = 1.25 mi/h (reduction in FFS), access points per mile = 5 (from Table 6.15)
(fA ⋅ 4)0.62 = 3.1 access points over 0.62 mile (4 to 1 relationship between f A and access
points/mile)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e,
by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski.
Copyright © 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.20
Determine the level of service.
ATS:
PT := 0.15 (given)
V
vp := vp = 221 (Eq. 6.11)
PHF ⋅ fG ⋅ fHV
FFS := 65 (given)
PTSF:
PT := 0.15 (given)
V
vp := vp = 203 (Eq. 6.11)
PHF ⋅ fG ⋅ fHV
⎛ − 0.000879 ⋅ vp ⎞
BPTSF := 100⋅ ⎝ 1 − e ⎠ BPTSF = 16.342 (Eq. 6.14)
PTSF := BPTSF + fdnp PTSF = 38.342 % LOS is B (Table 6.21) (Eq. 6.13)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e,
by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski.
Copyright © 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.21
Determine the level of service.
ATS:
V := 540 PHF := 0.87 (given)
V
V15 := V15 = 620.69
PHF
1
fHV := fHV = 0.948
( ) (
1 + P T⋅ E T − 1 + P R ⋅ E R − 1 ) (Eq. 6.5)
V
vp := vp = 704.116 (Eq. 6.11)
PHF ⋅ fG ⋅ fHV
Vf
FFS := SFM + 0.00776⋅ FFS = 59.251 (Eq. 6.9)
fHV
PTSF:
1
fHV := fHV = 0.976 (Eq. 6.5)
( ) (
1 + P T⋅ E T − 1 + P R ⋅ E R − 1 )
(Table 6.17)
fG := 0.94
V
vp := vp = 676.816 (Eq. 6.11)
PHF ⋅ fG ⋅ fHV
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e,
by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski.
Copyright © 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.22
Determine the level of service.
ATS:
PT := PT + PB
1
fHV := fHV = 0.986 (Eq. 6.5)
( ) (
1 + P T⋅ E T − 1 + P R ⋅ E R − 1 )
VNB := 440 VSB := 360 V := VNB + VSB V = 800 PHF := 0.87 (given)
V
= 919.54
PHF
V
vp := vp = 932.414 (Eq. 6.11)
PHF ⋅ fG ⋅ fHV
BFFS := 60 (given)
fA := 4 (Table 6.15)
PTSF:
1
fHV := fHV = 0.993 (Eq. 6.5)
( ) (
1 + P T⋅ E T − 1 + P R ⋅ E R − 1 )
fG := 1.00 (Table 6.17)
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e,
by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski.
Copyright © 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
V
vp := vp = 925.977 (Eq. 6.11)
PHF ⋅ fG ⋅ fHV
⎛ − 0.000879 ⋅ vp ⎞
BPTSF := 100⋅ ⎝ 1 − e ⎠ BPTSF = 55.689 (Eq. 6.14)
VNB
= 0.55 so a 55/45 split
V
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e,
by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski.
Copyright © 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.23
Determine the percentage of trucks.
V := V15 ⋅ 4 V = 2880
vp := 3200
PHF := 1
V
fHV := fHV = 0.909 (Eq. 6.11)
PHF ⋅ fG ⋅ vp
1
(Eq. 6.5)
( )
fHV
1 + P T⋅ E T − 1
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e,
by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski.
Copyright © 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Determine the maximum percentage of no-passing zones.
Problem 6.24
PTB := PT + PB
1
fHV := fHV = 0.926 (Eq. 6.5)
( )
1 + PTB ⋅ ET − 1 + PR ⋅ ER − 1 ( )
V := 500 PHF := 0.85 (given)
V
vp := (Eq. 6.11)
PHF ⋅ fG ⋅ fHV
1
fHV := fHV = 0.952 (Eq. 6.5)
( )
1 + PTB ⋅ ET − 1 + PR ⋅ ER − 1 ( )
V
vp := (Eq. 6.11)
PHF ⋅ fG ⋅ fHV
⎛ − 0.000879 ⋅ vp ⎞
BPTSF := 100⋅ ⎝ 1 − e ⎠ BPTSF = 43.874 (Eq. 6.14)
to maintain maximum passing zones and still LOS B, from Table 6.22, PTSF = 55%
PTSF := 55
fdnp := PTSF − BPTSF fdnp = 11.126 (Eq. 6.13, rearranged to solve for fd/np )
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e,
by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski.
Copyright © 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e,
by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski.
Copyright © 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Determine the freeway's AADT. Problem 6.26
PT := 0.08 (given)
BFFS := 70 (assumed)
S := 51.5 ( interpolated)
vp
D (Eq. 6.6)
S
vp = 2317.5
V
vp (Eq. 6.3)
PHF ⋅ N ⋅ fHV ⋅ 1.0
V = 3517.634
DDHV := V
K := 0.12 D := 0.6
AADT⋅ K ⋅ D DDHV
veh
AADT = 48856
day
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e,
by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski.
Copyright © 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Alternate Solution:
V
vp
PHF ⋅ N ⋅ fHV ⋅ 1.0
V = 3529.018
V veh
AADT := AADT = 49014
K ⋅D day
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e,
by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski.
Copyright © 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problem 6.27
Determine the total directional traffic volume.
fp := 1.0 N := 3 vp := 1430 (Table 6.1)
K := 0.20
1
fHV := fHV = 0.833 (Eq. 6.5)
( ) (
1 + P T⋅ E T − 1 + P R ⋅ E R − 1 )
V := vp ⋅ PHF ⋅ N ⋅ fp ⋅ fHV V = 3360 (Eq. 6.3)
V
VD := VD = 16802 veh/day
K
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e,
by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski.
Copyright © 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
What is the density of the traffic stream? Problem 6.28
(Table 6.7)
ET := 2.5 ER := 2.0
1
fHV := fHV = 0.806 (Eq 6.5)
( )
1 + PT⋅ ET − 1 + PR⋅ ER − 1 ( )
V
PHF := PHF = 0.833 (Eq 6.4)
600⋅ 4
V
v p := v p = 992 (Eq 6.3)
PHF⋅ N ⋅ fHV⋅ fp
vp
D := D = 19.04 pc/mi/ln
S
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Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e,
by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski.
Copyright © 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Alternative Answers
S := BFFS
vp
D := D = 14.171
S
PHF := 1.0
V
v p := v p = 826.667
PHF⋅ N ⋅ fHV⋅ fp
vp
D := D = 15.867
52.1
3) use level terrain PCE values from Table 6.7 instead of rolling terrain
ET := 1.5 ER := 1.2
1
fHV := fHV = 0.933
(
1 + PT⋅ ET − 1 + PR⋅ ER − 1 ) ( )
V
PHF := PHF = 0.833
600⋅ 4
V
v p :=
PHF⋅ N ⋅ fHV⋅ fp v p = 857.6
S := FFS S = 52.1
vp
D := D = 16.461
S
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e,
by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski.
Copyright © 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Determine is the level of service.
Problem 6.29
PHF := 0.84 V := 2500 veh PR := 0.04 N := 3 lanes (given)
mi
BFFS := 70 fp := 1 (assumed)
h
flw := 6.6 (Table 6.3) fn := 3.0 (Table 6.5) ER := 4.0 (Table 6.7)
V
v p := v p = 1111.11 pc/h/ln (Eq 6.3)
PHF⋅ N ⋅ fHV⋅ fp
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−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Alternative Answers:
1) LOS D
2) LOS A
3) LOS B
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e,
by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski.
Copyright © 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Determine the peak-hour volume.
Problem 6.30
PT := .06 + .04 PR := .03 fp := 0.94 v p := 1250 pc/h/ln
(given)
mi
PHF := 0.81 N := 2 lanes BFFS := 60.0
h
ET := 2.5 (Table 6.7) ER := 2.0 (Table 6.7) flw := 1.9 (Table 6.3)
flc := 1.3 (Table 6.13, with TLC = 4 + 2 = 6 from Eq 6.8) fM := 0.0 (Table 6.14)
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e,
by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski.
Copyright © 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Alternative Answers:
1) Reverse V and vp
veh V veh
V := 1250 v p := v p = 969 (different units, supposed to be
h PHF⋅ N ⋅ fHV⋅ fp h pc/h/ln)
2) Use fp of 1.0
veh
fp := 1.0 V := v p ⋅ PHF⋅ N ⋅ fHV⋅ fp V = 1329.79
h
1
fHV := fHV = 1
( )
1 + PT⋅ ET − 1 + PR⋅ ER − 1 ( )
veh
V := v p ⋅ PHF⋅ N ⋅ fHV⋅ fp V = 1288.21
h
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e,
by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski.
Copyright © 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Estimate the free flow speed (in mi/h).
Problem 6.31
mi
N := 3 lanes PostedSpeed := 50 (given)
h
look up adjustments
(Eq 6.8)
TLC := 6 + 2 (LCL = 6 ft since undivided highway)
mi mi
fLW := 0.0 (Table 6.3) fLC := 0.9 (Table 6.13)
h h
mi
fM := 1.6 (Table 6.14) fA := 0.5 (Table 6.15, with interpolation)
h
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e,
by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski.
Copyright © 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
A six-lane undivided multilane highway (three lanes in each direction) has 12-ft lanes with 2-ft
shoulders on the right side. Estimate the free flow speed (in mi/h).
mi
N := 3 lanes PostedSpeed := 50 (given)
h
look up adjustments
(Eq 6.8)
TLC := 6 + 2 (LCL = 6 ft since undivided highway)
mi mi
fLW := 0.0 (Table 6.3) fLC := 0.9 (Table 6.13)
h h
mi
fM := 1.6 (Table 6.14) fA := 0.5 (Table 6.15, with interpolation)
h
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e,
by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski.
Copyright © 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Determine the analysis flow rate, based on average travel speed. Problem 6.32
mi
PHF := 0.92 V := 550 PT := .07 + .03 PR := .07 (given)
h
1
fHV := fHV = 0.912 (Eq 6.5)
( )
1 + PT⋅ ET − 1 + PR⋅ ER − 1 ( )
determine 15-min passenger car equivalent flow rate
V
v p := v p = 705 pc/h (Eq 6.11)
PHF⋅ fG⋅ fHV
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e,
by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski.
Copyright © 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Alternative Answers
1) Misuse Tables 6.17 and 6.18
1
fHV := fHV = 0.864
( )
1 + PT⋅ ET − 1 + PR⋅ ER − 1 ( )
V
v p := v p = 974 pc/h/ln
PHF⋅ fG⋅ fHV
PT := 0.07
fG := 0.93 (Table 6.17; >600-1200)
1
fHV := fHV = 0.935
(
1 + PT⋅ ET − 1 + PR⋅ ER − 1) ( )
V
v p := v p = 688 pc/h
PHF⋅ fG⋅ fHV
N := 2 fp := 1 fHV := 0.912
V
v p := v p = 328 pc/h
PHF⋅ N ⋅ fHV⋅ fp
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e,
by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski.
Copyright © 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Determine the number of lanes required to provide at least LOS D.
Problem 6.33
mi
PHF := 0.88 D := 0.65 FFS := 70 AADT := 75000 (given)
h
From Table 6.1, the maximum service flow rate for LOS D at 70 mi/h is 2150 pc/h/ln.
N := 3 lanes
DDHV
v p := v p = 2031.25 pc/h/ln (Eq 6.3)
PHF⋅ N ⋅ fp ⋅ fHV
This value of vp is less than 2150 pc/h/ln, so six lanes (both directions) is sufficient.
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−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Alternative Answers:
Solutions Manual to accompany Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, 4e,
by Fred L. Mannering, Scott S. Washburn, and Walter P. Kilareski.
Copyright © 2008, by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
enumerare, Diotima la cui saviezza fu encomiata da questo grande
filosofo, Erpilli che passò la sua vita con Aristotile ed alla quale ei
legò la casa de’ suoi padri, e Aspasia, che bella e filosofa, maestra
prima di retorica a Socrate, amica di Alcibiade e Fidia, fu poi
amatissima da Pericle, in guisa che l’avesse a sposare, e cui la
Grecia andò debitrice di progresso e incivilimento.
Tanto era costei considerata in Atene, che la sua casa divenisse il
convegno de’ più dotti e celebrati uomini d’allora, come i filosofi
Anassagora e Socrate, Sofocle ed Euripide i due sommi tragici,
Iclino l’architetto del Partenone e Fidia lo scultore degli Dei, e gli si
assegnasse tanta dottrina, che per molti si tenne che i discorsi che
Pericle pronunciava nello Pnice, e alla cui eloquenza nulla resisteva,
fossero composti da Aspasia, come il discorso in commemorazione
dei morti ne’ primi anni della guerra del Peloponneso e riferito da
Tucidide. L’aristocrazia, nemica di Pericle, così ne temeva l’influenza
e il consiglio, che a perderla facesse accusare Aspasia di empietà
da Ermippo, poeta comico, e tratta avanti agli Eliasti, avrebbe corso
gravissimo pericolo d’esserne condannata a morte, se per lei non
avesse perorato Pericle stesso, il qual fu visto piangere per la prima
volta.
È strano il vedere codeste eterie amare e darsi ad uomini
unicamente per le virtù di essi, come la Teodota di Socrate e la Laide
dello schifoso Diogene: la loro storia sarà però sempre più poetica e
simpatica che non quella delle cortigiane di altri paesi. E più strano
parrà che Aspasia venga raffigurata nei dialoghi di Platone come
propugnatrice della più pura morale e, in capo d’ogni altra cosa,
della morale della famiglia.
E così savii infatti ne erano gli ammonimenti, che le più rispettabili
matrone vedevansi condurre a lei le proprie figliuole; onde non
saprebbesi poi comprendere come colla retorica si facesse altresì
maestra d’amore a Socrate, come taluni scrissero di lei, che si
scostasse della virtù, e meno ancora che servisse mezzana agli
impudici ardori di lui per il bello Alcibiade. Molto di lei si favoleggiò, si
scrisse contrariamente a verità e si calunniò, massime da Aristofane
nelle sue commedie-libelli e credo rimanga ancor molto a studiarsi
per rivendicarla interamente dalle brutte accuse, motivate
unicamente forse da ire di parte.
Nè le altre classi della greca prostituzione mancarono di nomi celebri
e basti il ricordare Boa auletride, che fu madre di Filetario re di
Pergamo e Abrotone ditteriade tassata un obolo, che in onta a ciò, fu
madre di Temistocle.
Prima di congedarmi dalla prostituzione greca, dovrò far cenno della
poetessa Saffo, che nacque da distinta famiglia di Lesbo e ricca e la
quale, se non prostituivasi a denaro, teneva tuttavia scuola di
prostituzione la più dannosa, predicando l’amor delle donne, detto
perciò l’amor lesbio. Platone la disse bella; Massimo di Tiro, seguito
pure da Ovidio, nera e piccola: vi fu chi avrebbe voluto riabilitarne la
dottrina e i costumi; ma Dionisio Longino, avendoci conservata l’ode
di lei, capolavoro di passione isterica, tolse ogni attendibilità alla
difesa [148].
L’Egitto, la Fenicia, la Grecia, colonizzando l’Italia, vi importarono coi
costumi anche la religione e il culto di Venere vi attecchì primo fra
tutti. La prostituzione ospitale regnava tra’ monti e nelle foreste, la
sacra nelle città. I dipinti e vasi etruschi che si rinvennero, sono
altrettanti monumenti che attestano in Etruria la prostituzione.
Altrettanto nei primordi di Roma. Romolo e Remo allattati da una
lupa, Aurelio Vittore e Aulio Gellio spiegano che la lupa non fosse
che una meretrice, Acca Laurenta denominata, amante del pastore
Faustolo. In memoria di questa lupa o meretrice, si istituirono le feste
Lupercali, che per rispetto si attribuirono al Dio Pane. Giustino e
Servio con più ragione pretendono che Romolo altro non abbia fatto
se non che dar forma più decente e regolare alle grossolane
istituzioni di Evandro. Tuttavia non modificaronsi di molto le indecenti
azioni de’ Luperci, ovveramente arguir si deve che ben fossero
scandalose ed oscene, se rimasero, sebben modificate, rozze e
invereconde cose e che Cicerone medesimo trattasse il corpo de’
Luperci come agresta società anteriore a qualunque civiltà. In queste
feste lupercali alcuni giovani e i sacerdoti preposti al culto di Pane,
correvano per le vie affatto ignudi tenendo da una mano i coltelli di
cui si eran serviti per immolare le capre e dall’altra delle sferze, colle
quali percuotevano tutti coloro che incontravano. L’opinione che si
aveva che quelle percosse contribuissero a render feconde le donne
o rendessero felice il parto, faceva sì che lungi dall’evitarne
l’incontro, esse si avvicinassero loro per ricevere de’ colpi, a’ quali
attribuivano una sì grande virtù.
Feste e riti congeneri reclamava in Roma anche il culto del Dio
Bacco, epperò designaronsi col nome di Baccanalia, come in Grecia,
da cui vennero, chiamavansi Dionysia. Si appellarono eziandio
Orgiæ ad indicare lo strepito o baccano che si soleva fare ne’ tre
giorni di loro durata. Non altrimenti che in Grecia, anche in Italia
venivano accompagnate dalle più sfrenate dissolutezze.
Dapprincipio si celebravano tre volte all’anno; quindi quasi
mancassero le occasioni alle baldorie ed alle lascivie, si ripetevano
più spesso. Seguendo le tradizioni greche, ed anche egizie, Erodoto
e Diodoro Siculo vogliono che le feste dionisiache procedessero
dalle sacre terre fecondate dal Nilo, non erano che le donne
chiamate in Roma a celebrarne i misteri: poscia, bandito ogni
ritegno, si mescolarono i due sessi, e orribili disordini ne
conseguitarono, tal che il Senato nell’anno 568 di Roma, emise
decreto che tali orgie proscrisse in tutta Italia. L’abolizione dei
Baccanali formò soggetto ad una tragedia di Giovanni Pindemonti, al
suo prodursi applaudita.
Come pratichiamo noi pure di presente nelle feste cristiane di
Madonne e Santi, nelle quali si portano i sacri simulacri
processionalmente, nelle feste di Bacco recavasi la statua del nume
in processione seguita da canefore o portatrici di panieri, coperte di
pampini e da saltanti Tiadi o sacerdotesse con cimbali e trombe, e
da Baccanti con tirsi, dette pur Menadi o furibonde, come si
argomenta dal seguente brano onde si chiude il Carme XVIII del Lib.
1. delle Odi di Orazio:
Ut paternis recrearet
Vernus annum nubibus,
Ovidio, nel quarto libro dei Fasti, forse prima dell’autor del
Pervigilium, aveva splendidamente descritte le feste e le veglie di
Venere, e data la ragione dell’essersi scelta la primavera a
celebrarle. E narra in tal libro come, fra l’altre cerimonie, madri e
spose latine traessero al mirteto di Venere, dove sorgeva il simulacro
della Dea e quivi sciogliessero dal di lei candido collo il monile d’oro
e le gemme e la lavassero interamente, e prosciugata poi di loro
mano la riornassero di quelle preziosità e fregiassero di corone; poi
dovessero esse medesime lavarsi pure, in memoria di quando la
bella Iddia uscita dal mare e ignuda, tergendo gli umidi crini,
sorpresa da impura frotta di satiri, ebbe a riparare appunto sotto un
bosco di mortella. E il lavacro che tutte le vedeva denudate era
presso il tempio della Fortuna Virile, quasi a dire ch’esse le dovesse
proteggere dagli sguardi degli uomini e intanto, pur in memoria di
quel che Venere bevve, quando fu condotta al marito, bevessero
esse bianco latte con pesto papavero e miele; e tutte queste
supplicazioni e cerimonie compissero, a renderla propizia, perchè
reputassero procedere dalla Dea, bellezza, costume e buon nome: