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(Download PDF) Principles of Learning and Behavior 7th Edition Domjan Test Bank Full Chapter
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Chapter 07 : Instrumental Conditioning
1. An instrumental conditioning procedure provides the opportunity for a subject to learn many associations. Which of
the following possible associations is thought to arise due to classical conditioning?
a. S-O
b. R-O
c. S-R
d. All of the above
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Page 186
KEYWORDS: Fact
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Page 186
KEYWORDS: Fact
3. Hull and Spence added a classical conditioning component to Thorndike’s Law of Effect by suggesting that the
presence of stimuli S
a. elicits the response.
b. elicits an expectation of the response.
c. elicits the outcome.
d. elicits an expectation of the outcome.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Page 186
KEYWORDS: Fact
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Pages 186-187
KEYWORDS: Concept
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Pages 186-187
KEYWORDS: Fact
6. According to the two-process theory, the emotional state generated by an instrumental conditioning procedure is
determined by
a. the CS modality.
b. the type of reinforcer presented.
c. the type of instrumental response.
d. the rg mechanism.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Pages 186-187
KEYWORDS: Fact
7. According to the two-process theory, classically conditioned emotional states are assumed to
a. elicit specific conditioned responses.
b. elicit specific instrumental responses.
c. motivate instrumental behavior.
d. arise from the rg-sg mechanism.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Pages 186-187
KEYWORDS: Fact
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Pages 186-187
KEYWORDS: Concept
9. A CS that had previously been paired with shock termination is presented to a rat pressing a lever for food
reinforcement. According the two-process theory, the rate of lever presses is likely to
a. increase.
b. decrease.
c. remain the same.
d. increase briefly, then decrease.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Pages 186-187
KEYWORDS: Concept
OTHER: WWW
10. Sally was pushing the buttons of a video game to earn gold pieces when she heard the bicycle-bell belonging to her
cruel older brother, signaling that he was home. According to the two-process theory, she will push the buttons
a. more rapidly.
b. less rapidly.
c. at the same rate.
d. more rapidly at first and then less rapidly.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Pages 186-187
KEYWORDS: Concept
11. Bob was washing dishes to avoid getting fired. Just then he heard the sound of his crazy boss arriving at the
restaurant. According to the two-process theory, he will now wash the dishes
a. more rapidly.
b. less rapidly.
c. at the same rate.
d. more rapidly at first and then less rapidly.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Pages 186-187
KEYWORDS: Concept
12. Fearing failure, Keith was cramming for his upcoming exam under the watchful eye of mean old Professor Jones.
According to two-process theory, when Keith notices the evil professor pull out his briefcase in order to leave, Keith
will study
a. more intensely at first and the less intensely.
b. at the same rate.
c. less intensely.
d. more intensely.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Pages 186-187
KEYWORDS: Concept
13. Kim was working diligently on her art project in order to earn a gold star. According to two-process theory, when
she smelled the perfume of her favorite teacher, signaling the teacher’s arrival, Kim’s work rate
a. remained the same.
b. increased at first, then decreased.
c. increased.
d. decreased.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Pages 186-187
KEYWORDS: Concept
14. A male Japanese quail was pecking at a key light for access to a quail hen. During this time, the researcher
presented the male with a tone CS that had previously signaled the end of a period of access to food. According to
the two-process theory, in response to the CS, the keypeck rate will
a. remain the same.
b. decrease.
c. increase.
d. decrease, then increase.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Pages 186-187
KEYWORDS: Concept
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Page 187
KEYWORDS: Fact
16. A rat is first trained to press a lever for food reinforcement. Then, a tone is sounded and a brief footshock is
delivered. Lastly, the rat is again allowed to press the lever for food, and the experimenter records how the rat’s
lever pressing behavior changes when the tone is sounded. This researcher is employing
a. a Pavlovian instrumental transfer procedure.
b. an omission control procedure.
c. a blocking procedure.
d. negative reinforcement procedure.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Page 187
KEYWORDS: Concept
17. What is likely to occur in the testing phase of a Pavlovian instrumental transfer experiment?
a. A conditional stimulus that had previously been trained in a compound is presented alone.
b. A conditional stimulus is presented while an organism is engaged in an instrumental behavior.
c. A conditional response is recorded as an organism makes an instrumental response.
d. An unconditional stimulus is presented while an organism is making a conditional response.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Page 187
KEYWORDS: Concept
18. The findings from Pavlovian instrumental transfer experiments generally support
a. the Hull-Spence rg-sg mechanism.
b. reward-specific expectancy theory.
c. the modern two-process theory.
d. SOP and AESOP theories.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Page 187
KEYWORDS: Fact
19. Which of the following CS pairings during Phase 2 is most likely to result in a sign tracking response that will
complicate the interpretation of a Pavlovian instrumental transfer experiment?
a. A tone CS is paired with an annoying noise.
b. A key light CS is paired with footshock.
c. An odor CS is paired with the termination of an annoying noise.
d. A puff of air CS is paired with termination of food access.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Pages 188-189
KEYWORDS: Concept
20. The pairing of activity of which two neurotransmitters is thought to act as a "teacher" that binds sensory attributes
with reward value?
a. GABA and dopamine
b. dopamine and glutamate
c. glutamate and GABA
d. acetylcholine and GABA
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Page 190
KEYWORDS: Fact
21. Based on the data presented in the textbook, the best description of the action of dopamine is
a. that it codes negative valences for stimuli.
b. that it codes positive valences for stimuli.
c. that it codes the reward prediction error.
d. that it codes the reward.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Page 190
KEYWORDS: Fact
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Page 191
KEYWORDS: Fact
23. According to reward-specific expectancies, lever press behavior rewarded with access to food will most increase if
a CS is presented that had previously been paired with
a. water
b. sugar water
c. food
d. all of the above
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Page 192
KEYWORDS: Fact
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Page 192
KEYWORDS: Fact
25. Which of the following cannot be explained well without R-O mechanisms?
a. A rat decreases lever-pressing for food when presented with a CS for footshock, but increases pressing when
a CS signaling access to food is presented.
b. A rat decreases rod-pushing for food when presented with a CS that signals the end of access to food, but
increases pushing when a CS signaling access to sugar water is presented.
c. A rat decreases licking a grape-flavored solution after that solution was paired with illness, but continues to
lick a strawberry-flavored solution.
d. A rat decreases pushing a bar to the right for food after that food was paired with illness, but continues to
push the bar to the left for water.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Pages 192-194
KEYWORDS: Concept
26. Which technique is similar to that employed to provide evidence of R-O associations?
a. US devaluation
b. blocking
c. overshadowing
d. response prevention
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Pages 192-194
KEYWORDS: Fact
27. Which of the following relationships are not included in two process theory?
a. O-O
b. R-O
c. S(R-O)
d. none of the above are included
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Page 192
KEYWORDS: Fact
28. The problem with assuming that R-O relationships act alone to produce instrumental behavior is that
a. it is difficult to demonstrate R-O relationships in the laboratory.
b. R-O relationships are theoretical constructs.
c. the R-O relationship does not explain what causes the response in the first place.
d. R-O relationships ignore rg-sg mechanisms.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Page 194
KEYWORDS: Concept
29. Artificially sweetened solutions made a substantial contribution to theories of reinforcement because
a. they have a bitter aftertaste and provide bidirectional reward.
b. they cannot reduce a biological need but still are rewarding.
c. they are a supernormal stimulus.
d. all of the above
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Page 195
KEYWORDS: Concept
30. Thirsty rats will drink more than they run in a wheel. When they are not thirsty, the same rats will run more than
they drink. The evidence suggesting that running can be reinforced by drinking in thirsty rats, and drinking reinforced
by running in non-thirsty rats, supports
a. the differential probability theory.
b. the drive reduction theory.
c. the optimal foraging theory.
d. the incentive motivation theory.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Pages 195-196
KEYWORDS: Concept
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Pages 195-196
KEYWORDS: Fact
OTHER: WWW
32. In order to determine if one response will reinforce another, what would Premack suggest you need to know?
a. the primary drive level of the subject
b. the incentive drive level of the subject
c. the species typical response rate
d. the probabilities of each response
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Pages 195-196
KEYWORDS: Concept
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Pages 195-196
KEYWORDS: Concept
34. Which of the following is not considered a contribution of the Premack principle?
a. It encouraged thinking about reinforcers as responses.
b. It pointed out that any activity could be used as a reinforcer.
c. It pointed out sensory reinforcement as an alternative to drive reduction.
d. It paved the way for applications of reinforcement procedures to many differing human problems.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Pages 195-196
KEYWORDS: Fact
35. Which of the following theories suggests it is possible for a low probability response to reinforce a high probability
response?
a. the Premack principle
b. the differential probability theory
c. drive reduction theory
d. the response deprivation hypothesis
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Pages 197-198
KEYWORDS: Fact
36. According to the response deprivation hypothesis, an organism will work to gain access to a reinforcer response if
a. access to that reinforcer response has been restricted.
b. the baseline probability of making that response is greater than that of making the instrumental response.
c. the baseline probability of making that response is less than that of the making the instrumental response.
d. making that response reduces a deprived physiological drive state.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Pages 197-198
KEYWORDS: Fact
37. A child who chewed very little gum was fitted with braces and cannot chew gum at all. Now, the child’s friends can
reward mischievous behavior in the child by sneaking the child pieces of gum. Which of the following theories best
accounts for the ability of gum chewing to reinforce other behaviors in this child?
a. drive reduction theory
b. the response deprivation hypothesis
c. the Premack principle
d. the differential probability theory
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Pages 197-198
KEYWORDS: Concept
38. According to which of the following theories is the instrumental conditioning procedure itself responsible for the
creation of a reinforcer?
a. the Premack principle
b. drive reduction theory
c. the response deprivation hypothesis
d. the differential probability theory
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Pages 197-198
KEYWORDS: Concept
39. Which of the following is the focus of the response allocation approach?
a. the relative probabilities of instrumental responses in instrumental conditioning
b. the relative probabilities of reinforcing responses in instrumental conditioning
c. the drive states of an organism in instrumental conditioning
d. the distribution of responses and how they are altered in instrumental conditioning
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Page 199
KEYWORDS: Fact
40. According to the response allocation approach, when a rat is hungry, it pushes a lever to get food in order to
a. reduce a physiological drive state.
b. stay as close as possible to an unconstrained baseline of behavior.
c. receive the sensory stimulation of consuming the food.
d. make the species typical response of consuming food.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Page 199-200
KEYWORDS: Concept
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Page 199
KEYWORDS: Fact
42. The distribution of responses that occurs in the absence of restrictions is called
a. the unrestricted baseline.
b. the Premack principle.
c. the Premack baseline.
d. the behavioral deprivation point.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Page 199
KEYWORDS: Fact
43. If a situation remains unchanged during an experiment, the unrestricted baseline is assumed to
a. vary with the physiological drive state of the animal.
b. vary with shifting motivational states of the organism.
c. be stable across time for an organism.
d. vary with differing behaviors of the animal.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Page 199
KEYWORDS: Concept
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Page 199
KEYWORDS: Fact
45. A rat spends equal amounts of time running and drinking. In a graph of this behavior, time spent running is
represented on the x axis. The y axis represents time spent drinking. When running is restricted by an instrumental
constraint, the slope of the line representing the new instrumental contingency
a. is steeper than the slope of the line through the bliss point.
b. is less steep than the slope of the line through the bliss point.
c. is the same as the slope of the line through the bliss point.
d. cannot be determined with the above information.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Page 200
KEYWORDS: Concept
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Page 200
KEYWORDS: Fact
47. Which of the following theories views an instrumental contingency as a disruption of distribution of responses from
free baseline?
a. drive reduction theory
b. the response allocation approach
c. the response deprivation hypothesis
d. optimal foraging theory
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Page 200
KEYWORDS: Fact
48. In some cases, imposing an instrumental contingency makes it impossible for an organism to return to the free-
baseline behavioral bliss point. In these circumstances,
a. the animal relies on physiological mechanisms of motivation.
b. the animal relies on sensory reinforcement.
c. the animal performs whichever response was last reinforced.
d. the animal is motivated to defend against challenges to its most comfortable distribution of responses.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Page 200
KEYWORDS: Concept
49. When response allocation cannot return an organism to its bliss point, the response allocation between instrumental
and contingent behaviors becomes a matter of compromise. Which theory suggests that the new distribution of
behaviors is the least different from bliss point?
a. drive reduction theory
b. minimum deviation model of behavioral regulation
c. the Premack principle
d. optimal foraging theory
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Pages 200
KEYWORDS: Fact
50. According to the minimum deviation model, when an instrumental contingency is imposed that will not allow an
animal to achieve its behavioral bliss point,
a. the animal will fulfill the optimal level of responding for biologically driven responses.
b. the animal will fulfill the optimal level of responding only for the instrumental response.
c. the animal will compromise and perform more of the instrumental response and less of the contingent
response.
d. the animal will fulfill the optimal level of the contingent response.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Page 200
KEYWORDS: Concept
51. A child would normally eat candy for 20 minutes of each hour and play pinball for 40 minutes. According to the
minimum deviation model, if the child is required on average to play pinball for 50 minutes in order to eat candy for
20 minutes, the child will most likely distribute its behavior to
a. play pinball for 50 minutes to gain access to 20 minutes of candy.
b. play pinball for only 40 minutes for less than 20 minutes of candy.
c. play pinball for between 40 and 50 minutes for less than 20 minutes of candy.
d. play pinball for more than 50 minutes to get as much candy as possible.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Pages 200
KEYWORDS: Concept
52. According to the response allocation approach, reinforcement effects occur because
a. behavioral regulatory mechanisms function to minimize deviations from the optimal distribution of responses.
b. the drive state changes due to the instrumental contingency.
c. an animal attempts to earn as many reinforcers as possible, given the time constraints.
d. the animal seeks to maximize the sensory reinforcement of the contingent behavior.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Page 200
KEYWORDS: Fact
53. An instrumental contingency results in increased performance of a target instrumental response. According to the
response allocation approach, this increase is due to
a. behavioral regulatory mechanisms that function to minimize deviations from the optimal distribution of
responses.
b. an animal’s attempts to earn as many reinforcers as possible, given the time constraints.
c. changes in the physiological drive state of the organism during response deprivation.
d. activation of dedicated brain pathways sensitive to response contingencies.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Page 200
KEYWORDS: Fact
54. The elasticity of demand for candy is likely to be the elasticity of demand for gasoline.
a. the same as
b. less than
c. greater than
d. This cannot be determined.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Pages 202-203
KEYWORDS: Concept
55. Newspapers have seen a steep decline in readership due to the availability of 24 h news channels. This demonstrates
that the elasticity of demand
a. is dependent on the availability of substitutes.
b. is invariant for luxury items.
c. is invariant for necessary items.
d. is independent of consumer desire.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Page 204
KEYWORDS: Concept
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Page 202-205
KEYWORDS: Fact
57. If you wanted to increase the “price” in an instrumental procedure, you could
a. increase the size of the reinforcer.
b. increase the sensory reinforcement of the reward.
c. increase the number of lever presses required.
d. increase the deprivation time.
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: Pages 202-205
KEYWORDS: Concept
58. If you wanted to study “spending” in an instrumental procedure, you would be interested in
a. the instrumental contingency.
b. the instrumental behavior.
c. the deprivation period.
d. the reinforcer quality.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Page 202-205
KEYWORDS: Concept
59. Which of the following is not considered a determinant of the elasticity of demand?
a. availability of substitutes
b. price range
c. income level
d. reinforcer quantity
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Pages 204-206
KEYWORDS: Fact
60. For which of the following items will a 10% price increase have the greatest impact on the demand for the object?
a. a 50 cent candy bar
b. a 10 cent candy bar
c. a 1 dollar box of candy
d. a 5 dollar box of candy
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Pages 205-206
KEYWORDS: Concept
61. Which of the following will not have much of an effect on the demand a group of rats has for food pellet
reinforcers?
a. the amount of time the rats have to make responses
b. the number of responses required to earn a reinforcer
c. the availability of food substitutes
d. the availability of time on a running wheel
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Pages 204-206
KEYWORDS: Concept
62. One contribution of the response allocation approach was that it moved us toward considering instrumental
conditioning as
a. stamping in instrumental behavior.
b. creating a new distribution of responses.
c. strengthening an instrumental response.
d. a biological mechanism.
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Page 206
KEYWORDS: Fact
63. Which of the following is not a contribution of the response allocation approach?
a. It moved us away from thinking about reinforcers as a special class of stimuli.
b. It highlighted that instrumental behavior cannot be considered in a vacuum.
c. It suggests that behavioral economics is useful in understanding the tradeoffs in an instrumental contingency.
d. Instrumental conditioning began to be viewed as a strengthening of the instrumental response.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Pages 206-207
KEYWORDS: Fact
64. What is the central premise of the modern two-process theory? Describe specific predictions of the theory.
65. Provide evidence that supports the hypothesis that animals can develop specific reward expectancies during
conditioning procedures.
66. Intuition suggests that subjects make responses in order to receive a particular outcome. What evidence is there of
R-O associations in animals?
67. Briefly describe an experiment that would test the Premack differential probability principle.
68. Compare the Premack principle to the response deprivation hypothesis. What evidence supports the response
deprivation hypothesis?
69. What is the unconstrained baseline/behavioral bliss point? How does an experimenter determine this? How does the
baseline/bliss point approach account for reinforcer effects?
70. Suppose you want to reduce the occurrence of some undesired social behavior (like illegal drug use). Describe two
things you would do that, according to economic concepts of response allocation, would decrease the behavior.
71. What factors influence the elasticity of demand? How do these factors influence our understanding of instrumental
conditioning studies with animals?
72. Describe what is an S-R association and what provides the best evidence for it.
73. Describe what an S-O association is and what research tactic provides the best evidence for it.
74. What investigative techniques are used to provide evidence of R-O associations? Why is it not possible to explain
instrumental behavior by assuming only R-O association learning?
75. How do studies of the associative structure of instrumental conditioning help in understanding the nature of drug
addiction?
76. Describe similarities and differences between the Premack principle and subsequent response allocation models.
77. What are the primary contributions of economic concepts to the understanding of the motivational bases of
instrumental behavior?