Increasing Renewable Energies

by implementing New
Technologies/Innovation on
Hydropower

Dr. Zainal Arifin

Executive Vice President of Renewable Energy

Young Water Sustainability Leaders

program 2024:
“Conserving Water Conserving Our Future”
04 April 2024
Global Energy Mix
 The world remains heavily
reliant on fossil fuels for
energy needs.
 While renewable power
expanded at record rates, fossil
fuels maintained an 82% share
of total primary energy
consumption.
 Natural gas and coal demand
stayed nearly flat with oil
rebounding close to pre-
pandemic levels (For reference,
this is down from an 87% share in
2010).
 At that rate of decline, it would
be nearly 200 years before
fossil fuel consumption
reached zero.

Source: Forbes (2023) www.pln.co.id | 01

World Electricity Generation
The world remains heavily reliant
on fossil fuels for energy needs,
even as renewables like solar and
wind continue rapid growth.
While renewable power expanded
at record rates, fossil fuels
maintained an 82% share of total
primary energy consumption.
Natural gas and coal demand
stayed nearly flat with oil
rebounding close to pre-pandemic
levels. For reference, this is down
from an 87% share in 2010. At that
rate of decline, it would be nearly
200 years before fossil fuel
consumption reached zero.

Source: https://www.worldenergydata.org/world-electricity-generation/ www.pln.co.id | 02

World Hydropower
 Hydropower currently
generates more
Low-carbon electricity generation by technology and shares in global electricity than all other
electricity supply, 2020 renewable technologies
combined and is
expected to remain the
world’s largest source
of renewable
electricity generation
into the 2030s.
 It will continue to play a
critical role in
decarbonising the
power system and
improving system
flexibility.

Source: IEA (2021) www.pln.co.id | 03

 Indonesia Hydropower
Provinces
PROVINSI KAP (MW)

BENGKULU 246.00

JAWA BARAT 1935.32

JAWA TENGAH 229.80

JAWA TIMUR 224.00

KALIMANTAN BARAT 170.00

LAMPUNG 174.60

PAPUA 20.04

RIAU 114.00

SULAWESI SELATAN 229.68

SULAWESI TENGAH 515.00

SUMATERA BARAT 243.00

SUMATERA UTARA 486.00

TOTAL 4587.45

Hydropower Technology
TIPE PLTA KAP (MW) PERSEN
• Total capacity of Renwable Energy (RE) is only • RE contribution to the Indonesia electricity fuel RES 3479.12 76%
8.2 of 64.5 GW Power generation mix is 12,74%
ROR 1108.333 24%
• Hydropower contributes 8,2% of the total capacity • Hydropower supply ratio to the electricity fuel mix
TOTAL 4587.453
or 5,3 GW of Power capacity is 6,93%

Source: PLN (2022) www.pln.co.id | 04

Advantages of Hydropower
1. The only RE solving “Trilemma Energy” (Reliability, Affordability, Sustainability)
 A high efficiency (70 – 90%)
 A high-capacity factor (typically >40%)
 Short start-up and shut-down time
 Able to accommodate rapid fluctuations in power load
 Wide range of capacity: pico, micro, mini etc.
2. Multi mode operation: Base-load, Load follower, Peaker
3. HEPP Reservoir can be multifunction (raw water resources, irrigation, fishery, tourism etc.)
4. Able to be large “mechanical storage” (Pumped Storage)

Source: WEF (2017), IEA (2021), IRENA (2020) www.pln.co.id | 05

 Global Trend
To successfully limit global temperature rises to 1.5°C, reducing global CO₂ emissions to net zero
is essential.

 In IEA Net Zero Emissions

scenario, while solar PV and
wind power are projected as
generating the vast majority of
electricity, global hydropower
capacity will also need to
significantly grow, “doubling by
2050”.
 The role pumped storage
hydropower can play in the
energy transition, it “offers an
attractive means of providing
flexibility over a matter of
hours and days”.

Source: IHA (2021), IEA (2021) www.pln.co.id | 06

How do we increase RE from the Hydro resources?
 Simply put, upgrading and expanding
hydropower means either replacing old
components with newer and more
efficient components (upgrading), or
increasing the production capacity of
hydropower plants (expanding).
 Expansion can be achieved in multiple
ways, such as by using more water (for
example, by transferring water from a
different drainage basin), by increasing
the fall height of the water to the
hydropower plant (for example, by
building a higher dam), or by employing
a combination of these methods.
 Basically we develop it either based on
the existing one (exploitation) or within
something new (exploration)

www.pln.co.id | 07
 #1: Uprating the Existing HEPP
With hydropower fleets in many advanced
economies dating from the large construction
wave of the 1960s to the 1980s, almost 40%
(476 GW) of the global fleet is at least
40 years old (the average age is 33). When
hydropower plants are 45-60 years old, major
modernisation and refurbishment are
required to maintain or improve their
performance and increase their flexibility.
For example, in 2000 to 2003, The Larona
HEPP in South Sulawesi, Indonesia has been
successfully uprated its generator unit
capacity from 73 MVA to 85 MVA.

Enel’s ongoing Repowering and Refurbishment campaign in Italy includes interventions in about 20 plants
with a total installed capacity of about 4,500 MW. The Crego power plant in Piedmont is an excellent
example to an increase in production of more than 28 GWh per year.

Source: IEA (2023), enel (2023) www.pln.co.id | 08

#2: More Hydropower from the Existing Reservoir
By building large, engineered How Many Reservoirs on Earth?
dams, humans have added over
half-a-million artificial lakes to
the world's surface.
The water trapped behind dams
on earth covers 258,570 square
kilometres (99,834 square
miles).
Through erecting dams and
digging ponds, people have
flooded a total of 335,000 square
kilometres (129,344 square
miles) of the earth's surface.

In Indonesia, 84 of 207 dams belonging to the Ministry of Public Works has potentially to be installed some HEPP with a capacity of
632 MW. They can be developed based on further studies in accordance with supply and demand conditions around the dam location.

Source: Downing et al (2022), PUPR Indonesia (2023) www.pln.co.id | 09

 #3: PV Floating on the Reservoir
Typical FPV Applications Off Shore/ Near Shore FPV

Deployment of FPV is accelerating with global installed capacity It is also possible to float specially designed PV panels directly on water
up from below 1 MW in 2007 to 1,314 MW in 2018 and is or in a semi-submerged manner. However, so-called submerged FPV is
expected to reach approximately 13,000 MW by 2022 [5,7]. not yet a mainstream solution and is not widely deployed.

Source: some resources www.pln.co.id | 10

 Potential Reservoir for Floating PV in the World
• Here are more than 400,000 square kilometers (Km2) of man-made reservoirs in the
world (Shiklomanov 1993), suggesting that FPV has a theoretical potential on a
terawatt scale, purely from the perspective of the available surface area.
• The most conservative estimate of FPV’s overall global potential based on available
man-made water surfaces exceeds 400 GWp, which is equal to the 2017 cumulative
installed PV capacity globally.
Source: some resources
• Larger Dot indicates larger potential of FPV can be implemented,
while the color is indicates GHI (Global Horizontal Irradiance)
• Indonesia is not yet clearly captured by Potential Global Map, but at
a glance Indonesia have more than 86.000 Hectares Bodies of Water,
which can produce more than 4000 MW if we occupy only 5% of
water bodies
www.pln.co.id | 11
Distribution of Floating PV Plants

* Data: Mid 2018

• Above table shows of the largest (5 MWp and above) FPV installations in the World, ranked by size, as December 2018
• The Largest FPV in the world is in China, 150 MWp, using the ex-Coal Mining, Installed in 2018

Source: some resources (2018) www.pln.co.id | 12

Potential Reservoir for Floating PV in Indonesia
Indonesia has more than 192 Dam and reservoir, with catchment area 86,247 Hectares, and high potential to optimize the utilization as
Floating PV Power plant more than 4,300 MWp (5% utilization of catchment area) or 13,800 MWp and on the latest regulation (20%
utilization of catchment area)
Kalimantan, 7 Dams Sulawersi, 4 Dams &
& Reservoir Reservoir

Sumatera, 8 Dams Maluku, 1 Dams &

& Reservoir Reservoir

Java, 82 Dams &

Reservoir

Bali & Nusa , 90 Dams & Reservoir

Source: Ministry of Public Works , Republic of Indonesia (2023) www.pln.co.id | 13

#4: Hybrid – PV Floating and HEPP
 A recent study identify
significant potential globally
for FPV 23 hybridized with
hydropower ranging from
3.0 TW to 7.6 TW (4,251
TWh to 10,616 TWh annual
24 generation).
 Previous studies estimate
the global potential of FPV
at 400 to 1,000 GW and the
global potential of FPV 24
paired with hydropower at
4,400 to 5,700 GW [5,18].

Source: Hanwa Energy (2020), POSCO (2021), HDF (2021) www.pln.co.id | 14

 PLN Nusantara Power
PV Floating Cirata - 192 MW
Location: Cirata Dam, Purwakarta, Jawa Barat.

Business Structure:

Inaugurated by President of RI
27 October 2023
51% 49%

Cirata Floating PV is the second largest Floating PV in the world, and

“The largest Floating PV at The Southeast Asia”

The large Floating PV around the world in commercial

1. Dezhou Dingzhuang Floating Solar Farm, China - 320 MW
2. Three Gorges New Energy Floating Solar Farm, China - 150 MW (COD 2017)
PLTS Terapung Cirata, Purwakarta, Jawa Barat – 145 MW (COD 2023)
3. CECEP Floating Solar Farm, China - 70 MW (COD 2019)
4. Sembcorp Floating Solar Farm, Singapore - 60 MW (COD 2021)
5. Sirindhorn Dam Floating Solar Farm, Thailand - 45 MW (COD 2021)

15
#5: Run-off Hydro Pumped
ANU’s global off-river pumped hydro atlas
• 616,000 off-river sites (60°N to 56°S)
• 23 million Gigawatt-hours (1 million GW * 23 hours)
• All outside national parks & urban areas

Source: http://re100.eng.ANU.edu.au www.pln.co.id | 16

ASEAN’s enormous Pumped Hydro Energy Storage

Source: http://re100.eng.ANU.edu.au www.pln.co.id | 17

Toba lake - Hydro Pumped potential
Bluefield atlas: 500 GWh, 10 GW

Source: http://re100.eng.ANU.edu.au www.pln.co.id | 18

Six emerging Hydropower Technology trends

1. Hydropower flexibility
2. Hydropower digitalisation
3. Energy storage and variable
speed turbines
4. Generators with current-
controlled rotors
5. Novel small-scale hydropower
technologies
6. Fish-friendly hydropower
technologies

Source: IHA (2023), GE Vernova (2023) www.pln.co.id | 19

Conclusion
1. Hydropower is the largest of RE contributing more than 16% for electricity production
over the world. It will continue to decarbonizing power and make grid flexible to
smoothly connect with much VRE.
2. Two basic ways for increasing of RE on Hydro:
a) Exploitation Innovation/technologies
b) Exploration Innovation/technologies
3. Several exploitation innovation to increase RE of Hydro:
a) Uprating the existing HEPP
b) More HEP from the existing water reservoir
4. However, instead building a new HEPP, increasing RE of Hydro can be done by some
exploration innovation:
a) PV Floating on the water reservoir
b) Hybrid PV Floating and HEPP
c) Close lope Hydro Pumped Storage
5. In Indonesia case, both innovation can increase RE up to 39,7 GW from the existing
identified potential

www.pln.co.id | 20
 THANK YOU
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Zainal-Arifin-13/research