Investigation of Early Age Abrasion Erosion of Self Compacting Concrete

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INVESTIGATION OF EARLY AGE ABRASION EROSION OF SELF COMPACTING

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2nd International Energy & Engineering Conference
12-13 October 2017, Gaziantep, Turkey 1
UEMK 2017
CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS
12-13 October 2017
Mavera Kongre ve Kültür Merkezi
GAZIANTEP UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
TURKEY
UEMK 2017
BİLDİRİ ÖZETLERİ KİTABI
12-13 Ekim 2017
Mavera Kongre ve Kültür Merkezi
GAZİANTEP ÜNİVERSİTESİ
ENERJİ SİSTEMLERİ MÜHENDİSLİĞİ BÖLÜMÜ
TÜRKİYE
 Copyright 2017 UEMK 2017

2nd INTERNATIONAL ENERGY & ENGINEERING CONFERENCE

2017
CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS
2. ULUSLARARASI ENERJİ & MÜHENDİSLİK KONFERANSI

2017
BİLDİRİLER KİTABI
ISBN
978-975-7375-41-8
Onaylanma Tarihi
2017-10-17 15:56:43
Editör
Y. Doç. Dr. Adem ATMACA
Gaziantep Üniversitesi
Mühendislik Fakültesi
Enerji Sistemleri Mühendisliği Yayınları
Gaziantep/ TÜRKİYE
Tel: +90 342 360 1200

Fax: +90 342 360 1013
e-posta: uemk2017@gmail.com
web-site: https://uemk-conferences.wixsite.com/2017
SPONSORS
HONORORIAL CHAIR of UEMK 2017

Prof. Dr. Ali GÜR
Rector of Gaziantep University
TURKEY
CHAIR of UEMK 2017

Asst. Prof. Dr. Adem ATMACA
Energy Systems Engineering
Gaziantep University
TURKEY
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC BOARD

Asst. Prof. Dr. Adem Atmaca - TURKEY
Dr. Alexander Hollberg - GERMANY
Prof. Dr. Arif Hepbaşlı - TURKEY
Prof. Dr. Benedict D. Ilozor - USA
Dr. Bert Liebold - GERMANY
Prof. Dr. Bin Chen - CHINA
Asst. Prof. Dr. Derya Bakbak - TURKEY
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Erdihan Tunç - TURKEY
Asst. Prof. Dr. Fatih Balcı - TURKEY
Assoc.Prof.Dr.Gillian F.Menzies - ENGLAND
Prof. Dr. Hüsamettin Bulut- TURKEY
Prof. Dr. Ignacio Acosta Garcia - SPAIN
Asst. Prof. Dr. Jitender Grover - INDIA
Prof. Dr. Joerg Baumeister - AUSTRALIA
Prof. Dr. Jürgen Ruth - GERMANY
Dr. Katrin Linne - GERMANY
Asst.Prof.Dr.Luis Martín Pomares- QATAR
Dr. Martin Brabant - AUSTRIA
Prof. Dr. Mehmet Kanoğlu - TURKEY
Prof. Dr. Metin Bedir - TURKEY
Asst. Prof. Dr. Mohammed Kamil - UAE
Asst. Prof. Dr. Mortaza Aghbashlo - IRAN
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Necip Fazıl Yılmaz - TURKEY
Asst. Prof. Dr. Nihat Atmaca - TURKEY
Dr. Qian Yin - CHINA
Prof. Dr. Recep Yumrutaş - TURKEY
Prof. Dr. Sait Söylemez - TURKEY
Asst. Prof. Dr. Serap Sur Çelik - TURKEY
Prof. Dr. Tamara Nestorovic - GERMANY
Dr. Usep Surahman - INDONESIA
Prof. Dr. Yunus Çengel - TURKEY
ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
Asst. Prof. Dr. Adem Atmaca - TURKEY
Prof. Dr. Bin Chen - CHINA
Asst. Prof. Dr. Fatih Balcı - TURKEY
Asst. Prof. Dr. Nihat Atmaca - TURKEY
Asst. Prof. Dr. Serap Sur Çelik - TURKEY
Ayşegül Öztürk - TURKEY

Ghaith AlQudsi - IRAQ
Gökçe Yürekli - TURKEY
Hanse Özel - TURKEY
Harun Taştan - TURKEY
Hasan Ataş - TURKEY
Merve Çamcı - TURKEY
Muhammet Yücel - TURKEY
Sara Kanbar - SYRIA
Serhat Baykara - TURKEY
Yurdagül Dağlar - TURKEY
CONFERENCE TOPICS
Energy
Modeling of Energy and Systems
Energy Transport, Power & Fuels
Energy Systems
Energy Supply and Demand
Renewable Energy Resources and Technologies
Energy Audit and Rational Use of Energy
Advanced Energy Technologies
Energy-Saving Technologies
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Civil Engineering and green buildings
Climate Change and Global Warming
Environmental engineering, Environmental Systems and Telecommunications
Environmental Safety and Health
Water Resources and Future Conflicts
Solid Waste, Waste Treatment and Management
Soil pollution
Air Pollution Control
Noise and Vibration Control
Planning & Sustainable Development Policy
Environmental Policy, Planning and Economy
Energy Policy, Planning and Economics.
Computer engineering
Global Climate Change
International cooperation to reduce carbon emissions
Industrial Engineering, Sustainable Materials
More Sustainable Product Design
Science for Sustainable Development
Social Security, Process Safety and Hazard Management
Waste Assessment and Treatment
Sustainable Urban Development
Mechanical Engineering
Mechanical and Structural Sustainability
Sustainable Chemical ProcessesTools to plan, design and operate integrated green
technology
Adsorption and Gas Storage Materials
Sustainable Agriculture and Organic Farming; Green Agriculture Technology
Food engineering, Food Safety and Organic Food
Nanotechnology for Sustainability
Life Cycle Assessment
Computation, Modeling and Simulation, Ecological Sustainability
Management, Green Economy and Sustainable Economic Development
Natural Sciences
ÖNSÖZ
Bu sene ikincisi düzenlenen konferansımız kamu, özel sektör ve akademik kurumları
biraraya getirerek karşılıklı görüş alış verişinde bulunma fırsatı vermiştir. Enerji sektörü ve
çevre başta olmak üzere mühendislik teknolojileri konularında yapılan güncel akademik
çalışmalar, yaklaşık 100’ü yurt dışından olmak üzere 500’e yakın katılımcı tarafından
sunulmuştur. Gerçekleştirilecek olan oturumlarda, enerji piyasaları, sanayide enerji
verimliliği, yenilenebilir enerji teknolojileri ile makine, inşaat, gida ve elektrik elektronik
mühendisliklerinin kapsamına giren birçok farklı alanda sorunlar tartışılacak ve akademik
çözüm önerileri ortaya konulacaktır.
2017 yılında enerji sektörü dünyanın gündeminde yine ön sıralarda yer almayı
sürdürmektedir. Son yıllarda özellikle ülkemize yakın coğrafyalarda yaşanan gelişmelerin
uluslar arası enerji politikaları üzerinde önemli etkileri olmaktadır. Sürekli artan enerji
talebini karşılamak ve dışa bağımlılığımızı azaltmak için varolan bütün potansiyelimizi
kullanmak, yerli ve yenilenebilirkaynaklarımızın tamamından yararlanmak durumundayız.
Hedeflerimizi gerçekleştirmek için en önemli araç olan özellikle mühendislik alanında
yapılacak AR-GE faaliyetlerinin sürdürülmesiyle hem dünyadaki teknolojik gelişmeleri
ülkemize kazandırmak hem de kendi YERLİ teknolojilerimizi geliştirmemiz
gerekmektedir. Gelişmiş dünya ülkeleri arasındaki yerimizi almak için 2023 hedefleri
doğrultusunda, Ülke olarak tüm kaynaklarımızı en verimli bir şekilde kullanarak, çevreye
duyarlı, sürdürülebiliryeni teknolojiler geliştirmemiz gerekmektedir.
Türkiye son 10 yılda, dünyada doğalgaz ve elektrik talebinin Çin’den sonra en fazla arttığı
ülke konumundadır. Ülkemizin önümüzdeki dönemde de enerji talebi artışı bakımından
dünyanın en dinamik ekonomilerinden biri olmaya devam etmesi beklenmektedir.
Ülkemizin enerji talebinin yaklaşık %74’ü yabancı kaynaklardan karşılanmaktadır. Bu
durum yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarından ciddi oranda yararlanılması gerektiği hususunu
gözler önüne sermektedir. Önümüzde sürdürülebilir yerli enerji kaynaklarının kullanılması
için atılması gereken büyük adımlar vardır. Bu kapsamda Üniversitemizde örnek
olabileceğini düşündüğümüz bir fizibilite çalışması yapıldı. Çalışma kapsamında sadece tıp
fakültesi bina çatı durumu incelendi ve mevcut çatının üzerine 1.2 MW kurulu güce sahip
bir güneş enerjisi santralinin kurulabileceği tespit edildi.
Bu çalışmayla yıllık 1,800,000 kWh enerji üretilebileceği ve bu enerjinin üniversitemiz

bütçesine yıllık 720,000 TL katkı sağlayacağı hesaplanmıştır. Proje geri dönüşü ise 6 yıl
olarak öngörülmüştür.
Uluslararası Enerji ve Mühendislik konferansının Gaziantep sanayisi ile akademisyenleri

ortak bir platformda buluşturarak bu tip projelere kapılar aralamasını diliyorum.
Konferansımız Mavera Kongre ve Sanat Merkezi’nde bulunan 4 farklı salonda, toplam 20

oturumda yapılmış olup, 500’e yakın katılımcı hocamız 225 akademik bildiri sunmuştur.
Konferansın gerçekleşmesinde emeği geçen herkese, özellikle ev sahibi Gaziantep

Üniversitesi yöneticilerine, konferansın ta en başından beri sunduğu bütün imkanlar ve
teşvik edici yardımlar için Sayın Rektörümüz Prof. Dr. Ali GÜR’e, Rektör yardımcıları
Prof. Dr. Metin BEDİR’e, Mühendislik fakültesi dekanımız Sayın Prof. Dr. Mustafa
GÜNAL’a, Organizasyonda emeği geçen Y.Doç.Dr. Nihat ATMACA’ya, Y.Doç.Dr.

Serap ÇELİK ve Y.Doç.Dr. Fatih BALCI’ya, destekleyen SANKO Enerji, Büyükşehir
Belediyesi, Gaziantep Ticaret Odası, Austrotherm ve Limitsiz Enerji firmasına, bildiri
sunan bütün akademisyenlere, ve matbaasından ağaç işlerine emeği geçen herkese,
Yürütme Kurulu adına teşekkür eder, saygılarımı sunarım.
Organizasyon Komitesi Başkanı

Y.Doç.Dr. Adem ATMACA
Enerji Sistemleri Mühendisliği Bölümü

Gaziantep Universitesi
Ekim 2017
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ÖNSÖZ .................................................................................................................................. 9
REDUCING ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS AND ENHANCING DESIGN
CAPABILITIES OF ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES BY USING WASTE
POLYPROPYLENE ............................................................................................................ 24
THE SUSTAINABILITY OF RECYCLED AGGREGATE .............................................. 25
EVALUATION OF SUB-SYSTEMS IN INTELLIGENT BUILDINGS: KİLİS 7 ARALIK
UNIVERSITY CENTER PLACE BUILDINGS ................................................................ 26
AKILLI BİNALARDA BULUNAN ALT SİSTEMLERİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ:
KİLİS 7 ARALIK ÜNİVERSİTESİ MERKEZ YERLEŞKESİ BİNALARI .................. 27
INVESTIGATION ON THE OF NATURAL STONES USED AS THE BUILDING
MATERIALS AND THE SECTOR PROBLEMS IN MARDİN REGION ....................... 28
RESEARCH ON THE DETERMINATION AND PROTECTION OF MATERIAL
PROPERTIES OF KAYSERI HISTORICAL STRUCTURES .......................................... 37
THE EFFECTS OF NATURAL POZZOLANES ON SUSTAINABLE CEMENT
PRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 49
THE USE OF RECYCLED WASTE IN GAZIANTEP ..................................................... 57
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DROUGHT AND
ECOLOGY IN BARAK PLAIN ......................................................................................... 59
INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF COCOA ON BOZA ........................................ 61
A RESEARCH ABOUT DETERMINATION OF VINEGAR FROM WHEY POWDER 62
FUNCTIONAL YOGHURT PRODUCTION .................................................................... 63
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE PREPERATION OF ANTICORROSIVE PAINTS
............................................................................................................................................. 64
ASSESSMENT OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN FEED PLANTS: A REVIEW OF
NECESSITY AND OBJECTIVE ........................................................................................ 72
ELECTROCHEMICAL AND STRUCTURAL STUDY OF ZN-CU COATED LOW
CARBON STEEL FROM PYROPHOSPHATE ELECTROLYTE: THE EFFECT OF PH
............................................................................................................................................. 76
CHARACTERISATION OF CO-CO(OH)2 ELECTRODES ON CARBON STEEL FOR
CORROSION RESISTIVITY ............................................................................................. 77
OPTIMIZATION OF POLYPYRROLE ELECTRODE ON GRAHITE SUBSTRATE
FOR SUPERCAPACITOR APPLICATIONS .................................................................... 79
CORROSION CHARACTERISTICS OF BORON CARBIDE AND BORAX
REINFORCED ALIMINIUM MATRIX COMPOSITES .................................................. 81
DRYING SHRINKAGE AND COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE WITH

NANO-SILICA ................................................................................................................... 83
USE OF SEWAGE SLUDGE ASH IN SOIL IMPROVEMENT ....................................... 84
APHIDS SPECIES IN WHEAT FIELDS IN DIYARBAKIR PROVINCE, TURKEY .... 90
POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING ON INSECTS ..................................... 91
EFFECTS OF PLANT EXTRACTS OF BAKAYAN TREE (MELIA AZADIRACHTA L.)
ON COTTON APHID, APHIS GOSSYPII GLOVER (HEMIPTERA: APHIDIDAE) ...... 92
PTS BASED ON REAL-CODED SIMULATED ANNEALING ALGORITHM FOR
PAPR REDUCTION IN OFDM SYSTEMS ...................................................................... 93
CALCULATION of SOLAR HEAT GAIN FACTOR VALUES FOR GAZİANTEP .... 101
TOGUCHI IN AUTOMOTIVE COMPONENT DESIGN: GEOMETRY EFFECTS ON
SPECIFIC ENERGY ABSORBTION RATIO OF GFRP RODS .................................... 112
FOR POROSITY ELIMATION DURING MANUFACTURING OF TIRE CURING
MOLD, MOLDING DESING AND PROTOTYPE MANUFACTURING ..................... 119
ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS OF AN AUTOMOBILE ASSEMBLY PLANT.. 127
THE ANALYSIS OF MUTUAL INDUCTANCE IN DIRECT AND ALTERNATIVE
CURRENT ........................................................................................................................ 128
INVESTIGATION OF EFFECT OF INTERMEDIATE SILL ON LOCAL SCOURING
AT THE END OF STILLING BASIN .............................................................................. 130
MECHANICAL MODELLING OF WIND TURBINES ................................................. 131
THE EFFECT OF WINDOW ALTERNATIVES ON ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND
LIFE CYCLE COST IN MODERATE-HUMID CLIMATE REGIONS IN RESIDENTIAL
BUILDINGS ...................................................................................................................... 139
A REVIEW OF WIRELESS NETWORK DETECTION AND ANALYSIS TOOLS .... 154
THE TIME OF THE FLY ASH GRINDING EFFECT ON SHORT AND LONG TERM
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH .......................................................................................... 156
ECOLOGICAL SUSTAINABILITY IN TEXTILE INDUSTRY .................................... 157
ACCOUNTING PRACTICES IN TURKEY'S RENEWABLE ENERGY SECTOR
UNDER TFRS ................................................................................................................... 159
DESIGN OF MULTIBAND ANTENNAS LOADED WITH ARRAYS OF CSRR AND
CIRCULAR HEAD DUMBBELL STRUCTURE ........................................................... 167
A NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF (PEMFC) SYSTEM ........................................ 179
OPTIMIZATION OF TILT ANGLE FOR SOLAR PANEL ........................................... 180
INVESTIGATION OF CHANGE OF BATMAN AIR QUALITY WITH USING
NATURAL GAS ............................................................................................................... 188
INTERWIEV OF THE SOFT SWITCHING TECHNIQUES FOR INVERTERS .......... 194
COMPARATIVE ANALYSES OF GAS LIQUEFACTION CYCLES: ENERGY AND

COST ................................................................................................................................. 204
EXPERIMENTAL SECOND LAW ANALYSIS OF A GAS TURBINE ....................... 218
AERODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF A RC AIRPLANE ................................................... 219
LIFE CYCLE ASSEMENT OF A 3 MW WIND TURBINE LOCATED ON THREE
DIFFERENT REGIONS IN TURKEY ............................................................................. 228
INVESTIGATION OF CHANGES IN SOME QUALITY CRITERIA WITH STORING
OLIVE OIL PROCESS STAGES ..................................................................................... 237
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF HEAT TRANSFER IN A RECTANGULAR
CHANNEL WITH DIFFERENT PIN-FIN ....................................................................... 244
ENERGY SAVING BY USING SLAGS AS RAW MATERIAL IN NEW PAVEMENT
DESIGNS .......................................................................................................................... 245
ADSORPTION OF METHYLENE BLUE DYE FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION ON
URFA STONE: ADSORPTION KINETICS, EQUILIBRIUM, THERMODYNAMICS
AND MECHANISM ......................................................................................................... 253
WIND TURBINE CONCEPTS AND GENERATOR TOPOLOGIES FOR WIND
ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS ............................................................................. 255
USE OF GEOTHERMAL WATER OBTAINED FROM DIFFERENT RESOURCES IN
THE PRODUCTION OF SPIRULINA (ARTHROSPIRA PLATENSIS) ........................... 262
SANDWICH FABRICS AS INDUSTRIAL TEXTILE PRODUCT ................................ 265
EFFECT OF MATERIAL AND PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY ON PRODUCT ...... 267
THE PLACE OF THREE DIMENSIONAL (3D) BODY SCANNING SYSTEMS IN
TURKEY'S TEXTILE INDUSTRY ................................................................................. 269
BIO INSPIRED TEXTILE DESIGN ................................................................................ 271
SEA WATER RESISTANCE OF FLY ASH- AND SLAG-BASED GEOPOLYMER
CONCRETE ...................................................................................................................... 273
SHORT TERM DURABILITY OF NANO-SILICA-MODIFIED FLY ASH-BASED
GEO-POLYMER CONCRETE EXPOSED TO SEA WATER ....................................... 279
DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY CIRCUIT COMPONENT .................. 285
MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ALUMINUM
BASED ALLOYS ............................................................................................................. 290
STRUCTURAL, THERMAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF Al85Ni7,5Cu7,5
ALLOY PRODUCTION BY ARC MELTING ................................................................ 291
MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF AlMgTiB ALLOYS . 293
CRYSTALLINE SILICON SOLAR CELLS ENERGY PERFORMANCE
ENHANCEMENT BY USING PHOSPHORS ................................................................. 295
GENERATING ELECTRICAL ENERGY BY USING AIR FLOW OCCURRENCE ON

VERTICAL WIND TURBINES IN UNDERGROUND METROS; A CASE STUDY IN
LONDON .......................................................................................................................... 296
INVESTIGATION OF INDUCTION MOTOR ROTOR VOLTAGE AND FREQUENCY
BY THE SLIP CHANGE .................................................................................................. 310
INDICATION OF THE EFFECT OF COMPENSATION IN ELECTRICAL
EDUCATION .................................................................................................................... 312
DETERMINING ENERGY DISSIPATION OF A PIEZOELECTRIC ACTUATOR
USING DIGITAL MEASUREMENT SYSTEM ............................................................. 313
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE DETERMINATION OF THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY, HEAT CAPACITY AND THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY OF A POROUS
METAL FOAM ................................................................................................................. 323
THERMAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE POROUS COPPER FOAM SAMPLES 329
PHARMACOPHORE MODELING FOR DESIGN OF MULTI-TARGET CAs
INHIBITORS .................................................................................................................... 336
EFFECT OF ARTIFICIAL AGING ENVIRONMENT ON MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS .............................................................. 339
DESIGN OF WIRELESS PATIENT MONITOR ............................................................ 340
SUSTAINABLE DESIGN OF COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS ....................................... 350
ON THE ENERGY STORAGE SITES FOR NATURAL GAS: AN OVERVIEW FOR
TURKISH CASE AND REGULATION .......................................................................... 351
A REVIEW OF WIRELESS NETWORK DETECTION AND ANALYSIS TOOLS .... 355
INVESTIGATION OF PERFORMANCE OF STITCHING AND TEARING STRENGTH
OF POLYPROPYLENE WOVEN FABRICS .................................................................. 372
PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WHEY OBTAINED FROM WHITE CHEESE,
KASHAR CHEESE AND TULUM CHEESE .................................................................. 385
REMOVAL OF HAZARDOUS DYES BY USING MORINGA OLEIFERA SEEDS .... 395
A REVIEW OF NETWORK VISUALIZATION SYSTEMS .......................................... 396
THE COMPARISON OF THE PERFORMANCE OF FUEL OIL AND DIESEL
EQUIPPED EQUIPMENTS IN THERMAL POWER PLANT IN TRNC BY USING
EXERGY ANALYSIS ...................................................................................................... 414
INVESTIGATION OF ENERGY QUALITY IN OPEN-END YARN FACILITIES ..... 434
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS HIGH CURRENT SOLID STATE RELAY DESIGN
AND PRODUCTION FOR DIRECT CURRENT INDUCTIVE SWITCHING .............. 436
PRODUCTION OF POROUS Ti-6Al-XFe ALLOY BY POWDER METALLURGY
METHOD, INVESTIGATION OF THE MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES .................................................................................................................... 438
WIND AND SOLAR ENERGY EFFICIENT ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNS AND

ENERGY SAVING COMPATIBLE CITY PLANNING................................................. 439
APPLICATION OF SOUS- VIDE TECHNOLOGY ON ZUCCHINI AND EGGPLANT
........................................................................................................................................... 441
PRODUCTION of ETHYLIC BIODIESEL FROM WASTE FRYING OIL ................... 442
INVESTIGATION OF THE SUCCESS OF PID AND FUZZY TYPE INSPECTION
METHODS IN SPEED CONTROL OF SHUNT EXCITED DC MOTOR ..................... 451
EFFECT OF STIFFENERS ON STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF STEEL LIQUIDS
TANK ................................................................................................................................ 462
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF HEAT TRANSFER AND DEVELOPMENT
OF TUBE SIDE HEAT TRANSFER CORRELATION IN A MINI-CHANNEL SHELL
AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER .................................................................................. 473
THE THEORETICAL STUDY OF A NEW COMPOSITE MATERIAL VIBRATION
FOR WIND TURBINE BLADE ....................................................................................... 486
TRAINING OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS WITH AMOEBA
OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM: NUMBER RECOGNITION IMPLEMENTATION . 487
A NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF (PEMFC) SYSTEM ........................................ 488
MODELLING OF VELOCITY PROFILE AND PRESSURE DROP OF FLOWING
WATER BASED NANOFLUIDS AND PURE WATER IN THE MICROCHANNELS
WITH CFD ........................................................................................................................ 489
MODELLING OF COOLING LOAD WITH CFD ACCORDING TO ETHYLENE
GLYCOL + PURE WATER BY USING NANOFLUID IN THE AUTOMOBİLE
RADIATORS .................................................................................................................... 498
ENERGY EFFICIENCY STUDIES IN THE PRODUCTION OF THE CERAMIC TILE
MATERIALS IN TURKEY .............................................................................................. 514
ENERGY EFFICIENCY STUDIES IN CERAMIC SANITARY WARE INDUSTRY IN
TURKEY ........................................................................................................................... 515
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES GENERAL STATUS AND ASSESSMENT OF
CO2 EMISSION IN TURKEY .......................................................................................... 516
DESIGNING A DISTRICT HEATING SYSTEM BY DETERMINING THE WASTE
HEAT OF A BIOGAS POWER PLANT .......................................................................... 534
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AUTOMATION SYSTEM FOR WATER
LEAKAGE TEST IN VEHICLES .................................................................................... 535
REHABILITATION OF HIGH STRENGTH REINFORCED CONCRETE CORBELS
USING BASALT FIBER FABRIC ................................................................................... 536
RESULT REPORT OF PROJECT DRINKING, HOUSEHOLD AND INDUSTRIAL
WATER DEMAND ASSESSMENT OF KİLİS PROVINCE ......................................... 547
THE ANALYSIS OF TAŞKÖPRÜ WHICH IS LOCATED IN PROVINCE OF ADANA

FROM THE POINT OF TODAY’S ENGINEERING CRITERIA .................................. 548
URBANISATION IN TURKEY WITH A CASE OF ŞANLIURFA PROVINCE .......... 549
WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY WITH A CASE STUDY OF GAZİANTEP
PROVINCE ....................................................................................................................... 550
EXAMINATION OF RISK FACTORS IN TURKEY HIGHWAYS BY THE EXAMPLE
OF GAZİANTEP-KİLİS PROVINCES ............................................................................ 551
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ACTIVATED CARBON FROM
WOODY BIOMASS BY CHEMICAL ACTIVATION ................................................... 552
TECHNO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF HORIZONTAL GROUND SOURCE HEAT
PUMP IN TURKEY; SIMAV CASE STUDY ................................................................. 553
COMPARISON OF TWO DIFFERENT ALGORITHM MODELS WITH SOLUTION OF
WIND FARM LAYOUT OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM ................................................. 566
AS AN ENERGY OPTIONS: WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT IN TURKEY576
PRODUCTION OF SUSTAINABLE ENERGY VIA INTEGRATION OF DIRECT
BOROHYDRIDE .............................................................................................................. 588
MICROALGAL BIODIESEL AND PRODUCTION ...................................................... 589
TECHNO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF SOLAR ENERGY POTENTIAL OF AEGEAN
REGION OF TURKEY ..................................................................................................... 590
EMPIRICAL MODELING, CONTROL, AND OPTIMIZATION OF CHEMICAL
PROCESSES ..................................................................................................................... 602
EVALUATION OF WEAR BEHAVIOUR OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS UNDER
DIFFERENT CHEWING LOADING .............................................................................. 634
CONCRETE ...................................................................................................................... 642
EXERGY ANALYSIS OF A 1 MW SOLAR POWER PLANT FOR DIFFERENT
LOCATIONS; TURKEY CASE STUDY......................................................................... 651
INVESTIGATION OF THE FRACTURE ENERGY OF CONCRETE STRENGTHENED
BY NYLON-MONOFILAMENT AND STEEL FIBER .................................................. 659
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND FINANCIAL
DEVELOPMENT IN OECD COUNTRIES: PANEL CAUSALITY ANALYSIS.......... 667
INTELLIGENT ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN HEALTH CARE
INSTITUTIONS: PRIORITIES AND ACHIEVEMENTS .............................................. 682
A VIBROACOUSTIC STUDY ON WOVEN COMPOSITE PLATES IN THERMAL
ENVIROMENTS .............................................................................................................. 684
EVALUATION OF A MEDICINAL AROMATIC PLANT WASTE FOR
WASTEWATER BIOTREATMENT ............................................................................... 693
AN ALTERNATIVE METHOD FOR THE SUN DRYING OF TRADITIONAL DRIED

EGGPLANT ...................................................................................................................... 694
EXAMINATION OF KILIS 7 ARALIK UNIVERSITY CENTRAL CAMPUS WATER
CONSUMPTION .............................................................................................................. 700
THE IMPORTANCE OF WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT ON GAZİANTEP
SAMPLING ....................................................................................................................... 701
HIGHWAY FEASIBILITY REPORT: A CASE STUDY FROM MARDİN-KIZILTEPE
HIGHWAY........................................................................................................................ 702
THE PROBLEMS OF NATURAL HAZARDS OCCURRED IN URBAN
CONSTRUCTIONS WITHIN KİLİS SAMPLE .............................................................. 703
DETERMINING THE PRECIPITATION MAP OF TURKEY BY USING KRIGING
AND IDW METHODS ..................................................................................................... 704
MEANS FOR STORING ENERGY AND THEIR THERMO-ECONOMIC
COMPARISON ................................................................................................................. 712
A TEST AND ILLUSTRATION CHAMBER FOR RENEWABLES: DESIGN AND
APPLICATION ................................................................................................................. 722
FACILITY LOCATION SELECTION PROBLEM: AN APPLICATION ...................... 731
SWITCHING SURFACE DESIGN METHODS FOR SLIDING MODE CONTROL OF
UNCERTAIN SYSTEMS ................................................................................................. 741
AUTOMATION SYSTEM DESIGN FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN LIGHTING
APPLICATIONS ............................................................................................................... 749
MANUFACTURING AND EXPERIMENTING A VERTICAL WIND TURBINE WITH
MOVABLE BLADES ....................................................................................................... 759
INVESTIGATION OF ENERGY AND EXERGY EFFICIENCY OF PEM FUEL CELL
AT DIFFERENT OPERATING CONDITIONS .............................................................. 769
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF MONOCRYSTALLINE POLYCRYSTALLINE,
AMORPHOUS SILICON FOTOVOLTAIK PANELS IN DUZCE ................................ 781
EFFECT OF TUNCELİ GARLIC (Allium tuncelianium) ON CETYLCHOLINESTERASE
(AChE) ENZYME ACTIVITY IN Cyprinus carpio EXPOSED TO CHLORPYRIFOS 782
MONITORING NETWORK RESOURCES IN SOFTWARE DEFINED NETWORKING
(SDN) ENVIRONMENT .................................................................................................. 783
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SMART CAR SECURITY AND TRACKING
SYSTEM BY USING GSM AND GPS MODELS .......................................................... 794
IMPORTANCE OF SOLAR ENERGY FOR OUR COUNTRY AND ITS AVAILABLE
POTENTIAL ..................................................................................................................... 803
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF SCREW PRODUCTION
METHOD ON MECHANICAL RESISTANCE IN DIFFERENT MATERIALS ........... 804
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF POLY(VINYL

ALCOHOL)/BORON MINERAL (PVA/BM) COMPOSITE MATERIAL TO BE USED
IN SOLAR ENERGY CONVERSION AND STORAGE ................................................ 818
SOME PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND SENSORY PROPERTIES OF ICE CREAM
SAMPLES PRODUCED BY DIFFERENT MILK TYPES WITH DIFFERENT
AMOUNTS ....................................................................................................................... 820
HOW COULD PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED DURING FILE TRANSFER IN
BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING BE SOLVED? ......................................... 826
A REVIEW OF ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS OF MINING WASTE IN THE
WORLDWIDE .................................................................................................................. 827
NEW GENERATION PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY/ 3D PRINTER ....................... 831
IRON (FE) AND MANGANESE (MN) REMOVAL FROM BİNGÖL MUNICIPAL
LANDFILL LEACHATE BY USING PHANEROCHAETE CHRYSOSPORIUM UNDER
STATIC LIQUID CULTURE CONDITIONS.................................................................. 832
NON-ENZYMATIC ANTIOXIDANT RESPONSE OF GAMMARUS PULEX TO
MALACHITE GREEN DECOLORIZED WITH CORIOLUS VERSIVOLOR UNDER
BATCH ADSORPTION CONDITIONS OPTIMIZED BY RESPONSE SURFACE
METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................ 833
A CFD INVESTIGATION OF THE FIRE INDUCED SMOKE FLOW BEHAVIOR IN A
COMPARTMENT FIRE CASE........................................................................................ 835
NEW SENSE OF EDUCATION IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING: MOVABLE TEST
BENCHES ......................................................................................................................... 836
ENERGY HARVESTING APPLICATIONS IN AUTOMOBILE TIRES ...................... 837
A COMPERATIVE STUDY: MISSING VALUE ESTIMATION METHODS WITH
CLASSIFICATION BY k-NN ALGORITHM ................................................................. 838
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON COMPOSITE SLABS WITH PROFILED STEEL
SHEETS AND STEEL FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE ......................................... 839
THREE-DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF COMBUSTION IN
PELLET FUELLED BOILERS AT VARIOUS LOADING CONDITIONS .................. 862
OPEN SOURCE VIRTUALIZATION A UNIVERSITY CASE: GAZIANTEP
UNIVERSITY ................................................................................................................... 872
ENHANCEMENT OF FLAT PLATE SOLAR STORAGE COLLECTORS BY
OPTIMIZATION OF DIAMETERS AND GEOMETRY IN IRAQ-BAGHDAD .......... 882
IMAGE PROCESSING FOR CLASSIFICATION OF EGGS ......................................... 894
ANT COLONY OPTIMIZATION TO SOLVE TWO-DIMENSIONAL CUTTING
PLANE PROBLEMS ........................................................................................................ 895
BIOACCUMULATOR OF COPPER IN PLANTS GROWN NATURALLY AROUND
AND IN DELICE-TERZILI (YOZGAT- YERKOY), TURKEY .................................... 896
ACCUMULATION OF LEAD- ZINC OF G. ACUTIDENTATUM, J. FRUTICANS AND

E. SMYRNAEUM PLANTS GROWN NATURALLY IN THE GORGU VILLAGE
(MALATYA -YESİLYURT), TURKEY .......................................................................... 911
EFFECT OF GRAPHENE NANO-PLATELETS ON IMPACT PROPERTIES OF
CARBON-KEVLAR COMPOSITES ............................................................................... 924
CARBON-GLASS COMPOSITES................................................................................... 937
EFFECT OF JUTE FIBER HYBRIDIZATION ON IMPACT RESPONSE OF GLASS
FIBER/ EPOXY COMPOSITE LAMINATES ................................................................. 949
EVALUATION OF NANO CLAY REINFORCED SINGLE LAP SHEAR JOINTS OF
COMPOSITES .................................................................................................................. 962
ANALYSIS OF THERMAL TRANSPORT THROUGH A FLAT-PLATE SOLAR
COLLECTOR INTEGRATED WITH METAL-FOAM BLOCKS ................................. 971
THE EFFECT OF NANOSILICA ON TENSILE AND FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR OF
GLASS FIBER REINFORCED COMPOSITE LAMINATES ........................................ 984
EFFECT OF STEAM CURING BY SOLAR ENERGY ON THE MECHANICAL
STRENGTH AND DURABILITY OF CONCRETES ..................................................... 991
REVIEW OF HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT USING CORRUGATED
CHANNEL ...................................................................................................................... 1002
TOWARDS A NEW METHOD TO ENHANCE THE CHANNEL HEAT TRANSFER
RATE USING A ROTATING THIN STRAIGHT ROD ............................................... 1003
ELECTRICAL POWER CALCULATION OF A LOW BYPASS AERODERIVATIVE
TURBOFAN ENGINE .................................................................................................... 1004
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF Chrysocamela noeana .......................................... 1005
EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF DIFFERENT EXTRACTS
FROM Chrysocamela velutina AGAINST SOME HUMAN PATHOGENIC BACTERIA
......................................................................................................................................... 1006
PV MODULED TRAINING SET DESIGN FOR ENGINEERING .............................. 1007
THE COD REMOVAL FROM SYNTHETIC MALATHION SOLUTIONS BY
ARMILLARIA TABESCENS UNDER SUBMERGED CULTURE CONDITIONS ....... 1009
POLYETHYLENE TEREFTALATE (PET) POLYMER WASTE RECOVERY,
POLYESTER FIBER PRODUCTION AND ENERGY CONSERVATION ................ 1010
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CONDUCTIVE
POLIANILINE/POLYACRYLIC ACID (PANI/PAA) COPOLYMER MATERIALS FOR
SOLAR ENERGY PRODUCTION ................................................................................ 1012
OVERVIEW OF WIND TURBINE TECHNOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENTS IN
TURKEY ......................................................................................................................... 1014
FUEL PRODUCTION IN EURO 5 QUALITY WITH PYROLYSIS METHOD ......... 1036

ADSORPTION OF METHYLENE BLUE ON Agaricus campestris FROM AQUES
SOLUTION ..................................................................................................................... 1038
RANGE OF COLIFORM BACTERIA IN GOLDEN HORNE SURFACE WATER AND
EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS .............................................................. 1040
DETERMINATION OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF Escheria coli WITH COLILERT
TEST METHOD IN GOLDEN HORN SURFACE WATER ........................................ 1042
A QUALITY COMPARISON BETWEEN IMAGE SECURING METHODS USING GUI
......................................................................................................................................... 1044
APPLICATION OF RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY TO MALACHITE
GREEN REMOVAL FROM WASTEWATER USING CORIOLUS VERSICOLOR ... 1053
SAUDI ARAMCO ENERGY MANAGEMENT PROGRAM - DEVELOPMENT &
IMPLEMENTATION ..................................................................................................... 1054
EARTHQUAKE ANALYSIS OF 12-STOREY BUILDING CONSIDERING BUILT ON
THREE TYPE OF SOIL INCLUDE EFFECT OF SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION
......................................................................................................................................... 1055
ECO-FRIENDLY REMOVAL OF TEXTILE DYE FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION
WITH LOW COST AGRICULTURAL BY-PRODUCT ............................................... 1073
THE BIOREMEDIATION PERFORMANCE OF SOME SOIL FUNGI ON HERBICIDE
ACETOCHLOR .............................................................................................................. 1074
CONTRIBUTION OF EXTERNALLY BONDED CFRP TO THE SHEAR CAPACITY
OF RC BEAMS ............................................................................................................... 1076
THE IMMOBILIZATION OF SULFAMETHAZINE ON LANGERMANNIA
GIGANTEAN and EXPLORING OF ADSORPTION MODELS ................................. 1087
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF FEATURE EXTRACTION METHODS IN SPEAKER
RECOGNITION .............................................................................................................. 1090
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF MACHINE LEARNING METHODS IN SPEAKER
RECOGNITION TASK BY USING LINEAR PREDICTIVE CODING METHOD .... 1100
EXTRACTION KINETICS OF GROUNDNUT SEEDS DURING VEGAN MILK
PRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1112
SIZE EFFECT ON PUNCHING SHEAR BEHAVIOR OF SLAB-COLUMN
ASSEMBLY MADE FROM ENGINEERING CEMENTITIOUS COMPOSITE
MATERIALS WITH POLYVINYL ALCOHOL FIBERS ............................................ 1113
RESPONSE OF STEEL FIBER CONCRETE HOLLOW BEAMS UNDER FOUR
POINTS TEST ................................................................................................................. 1122
EFFECT OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND HEAT TREATMENT ON THE
DEGRADATION OF MANGANESE STEELS ............................................................. 1133
PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION ANALYSIS OF ETHANOL AND ISOPROPANOL

AS ADDITIVES WITH DIESEL FUEL IN A CRDI DIESEL ENGINE ...................... 1134
NUMERICAL MODEL FOR PREDICTING THERMAL DAMAGE DURING LASER-
IRRADIATED TISSUE .................................................................................................. 1144
A STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF SOLAR PV PANEL EFFICIENCY AND
POWER OUTPUT .......................................................................................................... 1145
ANTIOXIDANT RESPONSE IN GAMMARUS PULEX AFTER EXPOSURE TO
SECONDARY EFFLUENT FROM MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT
PLANT, TUNCELI, TURKEY ....................................................................................... 1153
GLUTATHIONE AND MALONDIALDEHYDE LEVELS IN GAMMARUS PULEX
AFTER EXPOSURE TO SECONDARY EFFLUENT FROM TUNCELI MUNICIPAL
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT ...................................................................... 1154
INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT REVERSE OSMOSIS AUTOMATION ....... 1156
ENZYMATIC ANTIOXIDANT BIOMARKERS IN GAMMARUS PULEX TO ASSESS
THE ABILITY OF ELECTROCOAGULATION PROCESS IN LANDFILL LEACHATE
TREATMENT ................................................................................................................. 1166
ENERGY DEMAND FORECAST OF TURKEY BY GRAVITATIONAL SEARCH
ALGORITHM ................................................................................................................. 1167
THE INVESTIGATION of MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE POTENTIAL of EASTERN
ANATOLIAN REGION ................................................................................................. 1176
THE EFFECT OF NANOCLAY ON DAMPING AND VIBRATION
CHARACTERISTICS OF GLASS/EPOXY FIBER REINFORCEMENT COMPOSITE
LAMINATES .................................................................................................................. 1177
INVESTIGATION OF ACCUMULATION CAPACITIES OF Lemna minor L. AND
Lemna gibba L. TO REMOVE SOME MICRONUTRIENTS IN WASTEWATERS ... 1184
THE ABILITY OF AQUATIC PLANTS (Lemna gibba L. ve Lemna minor L.) TO
ACCUMULATE MACRONUTRIENTS ....................................................................... 1186
AN ALTERNATIVE ENERGY RESOURCE FOR CHICKEN FARMS: CHICKEN
FERTILIZER ................................................................................................................... 1188
NUMERICAL STUDY OF NATURAL CONVECTION AND ENTROPY
GENERATION IN AN OPEN ENCLOSURE WITH PARTITIONS ............................ 1190
DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE OF VERTICAL WIND TURBINE WITH MOVING
BLADES .......................................................................................................................... 1199
EVALUATION OF NANO CLAY REINFORCED SINGLE LAP JOINT OF
COMPOSITES ................................................................................................................ 1200
AN ANALYSIS OF A MANUFACTURING COMPANY TO TRANSFORM INTO
INDUSTRY_4.0 USING SYSTEMS ENGINEERING APPROACH ........................... 1201
ELECTROMAGNETIC SHIELDING PERFORMANCE STUDY OF GRAPHENE

BASED STRUCTURES ................................................................................................. 1213
DEVELOPMENT OF REMOTE CONTROLLABLE POWER STRIP FOR HOME
ENERGY MANAGEMENT THROUGH WEB-SERVICES ........................................ 1215
ASİMETRİK GEZGİN SATICI PROBLEMİNİN GENETİK ALGORİTMA
YARDIMIYLA ÇÖZÜMÜ ............................................................................................. 1222
INVESTIGATION OF REMOVAL OF TETRACYCLINE FROM AQUEOUS
SOLUTION BY Lemna gibba L. .................................................................................... 1223
INVESTIGATION OF Pb AND NI CONCENTRATIONS IN DOWNSTREAM OF
UZUNÇAYIR DAM LAKE (TUNCELİ) ....................................................................... 1225
DETERMINATION OF TETRACYCLINE AND DEGRADATION PRODUCTS IN THE
WASTEWATER SAMPLES SPE APPLIED AND UNAPPLIED ................................ 1227
CARBON-GLASS HYBRID COMPOSITES ................................................................ 1229
CARBON-KEVLAR HYBRID COMPOSITES ............................................................. 1230
WHEAT PURCHASE CRITERIAS OF SOIL CROPS OFFICE (TMO) IN TURKEY
AND EXAMINATION OF ITS SUITABILITY ............................................................ 1231
COMPARISON OF TRANSGLUTAMINASE AND L-ASCORBIC ACID ADDITIVES
IN IMPROVING QUALITY OF BREAD MADE FROM SUNN PEST (EURYGASTER
INTEGRICEPS) DAMAGED WHEAT .......................................................................... 1232
COMPARISON OF AISC 360 – 16 AND EC4 FOR THE PREDICTION OF
COMPOSITE COLUMN CAPACITY ........................................................................... 1233
ANALYSIS METHODS in MOLECULAR COMMUNICATION via DIFFUSION ... 1251
FPGA BASED ANALYSIS METHODS in TL and OSL STUDIES ............................. 1252
BIFURCATION PHENOMENA OF NATURAL CONVECTION IN DIFFERENTIALLY
SYMMETRIC HEATED SQUARE ENCLOSURE ....................................................... 1253
THERMAL ANALYSIS OF THE MULTI-TASKED PERMANENT MAGNET
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE ....................................................................................... 1254

CONCRETE
Natheer S. Aayoob
Civil Engineering Department-Wasit University
natheers227@uowasit.edu.iq
Sallal R. ABID *
sallal@uowasit.edu.iq
Ali N. Hilo
dralinasser@uowasit.edu.iq
Yasir H. Daek
yasirhd327@uowasit.edu.iq
ABSTRACT: Concrete surfaces in hydraulic structures are exposed to abrasion wear

action under the effect of the high-speed flow of water, which is accompanied by
waterborne materials such as sand and gravel. On the other hand, the self-compacting
concrete became a widely used alternative to replace the normal vibratory-placed concretes
where concrete sections are large and deep to be externally vibrated as in the case of
hydraulic structures. In this paper, an experimental study on the early-age underwater
abrasion wear of self-compacting concrete was carried out. The standard ASTM C1138
underwater abrasion testing method was adopted to evaluate the 7-day abrasion resistance
of three self-compacting mixtures incorporating different SP dosages. In addition, the
compressive strength, the rebound number, and the UPV tests were also measured at the
same age for the three mixtures. A fourth vibratory-placed concrete mixture was adopted
as a reference mixture. The test results showed that abrasion weight loss increases as the
testing time increase and that the self-compacting mixtures showed lower abrasion weight
losses after 12 hours of abrasion testing than that of the reference mixture.
Keywords: Abrasion, self-compacting concrete, weight loss, ASTM C1138, UPV.
INTROUCTION
Due to its high flow and perfect filling ability with no segregation and without external
vibration, Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) has many advantages over normal Vibratory-
Placed Concrete (VPC). Among the many advantages that were classified by ACI 237
(ACI 237R-07) are economic and technological ones. The economic advantages can be
summarized by the saving of labor and equipment costs of vibration, reducing the
construction period, and saving or reducing the post casting surfacing costs. On the other
hand, many technological advantages can be achieved by using SCC, especially in large
construction projects. Among which is the assurance of well filling of the formwork and
well spreading among the steel reinforcement, which allows for more flexibility of
reinforcement distribution through the concrete sections. The perfect filling without
segregation helps the development of the desired mechanical properties of concrete as it
642
reduces or eliminates the defects that arise from improper vibration. As it does not require
external vibration, SCC concrete also provides safer and less noisy work environment
(Khayat, 2000; Ghafoori et al., 2014; Zadeh et al., 2015).
The SCC was first developed in Japan approximately three decades ago. Since that time,
many researches have been conducted to introduce better performance and more
economical SCC mixtures. This type of concrete has been used along the last 30 years in
various applications. Among these applications are the repair and the construction of
hydraulic structures including dams (Zadeh et al., 2015). Abrasion erosion of the surfaces
of some hydraulic structures is probable due to the high speed flow of water and the flow
impact on some surfaces. Silt, sand, gravel, and even larger particles are usually
accompanied the water flow on these surfaces as waterborne materials. Thus, the abrasion
erosion of such surfaces is most probably accelerated with the existence of such
waterborne particles. The abrasion erosion of hydraulic structures such as spillways is
usually initiated by weakening, roughing, and ripping away the cementitious surface
layers, which results in exposing the aggregate. This is flowed by losing the bond between
the aggregate and the cement matrix or by the fracturing of the aggregate, which leads to
the acceleration of abrasion process.
Rich literature is available on abrasion erosion of concrete in hydraulic structures (Liu,
1981; Naik et al., 2002; Siddique, 2003; Liu et al., 2006; Horszczaruk, 2005; Kryžanowski
et al., 2012; Horszczaruk, 2012; Liu et al., 2012). However, very limited works were found
on abrasion erosion of SCC (Turk & Karatas, 2011; Ghafoori et al., 2014), none of which
concerns about abrasion in hydraulic structures. In this paper, an experimental work is
directed to evaluate the early age abrasion erosion of SCC in hydraulic structures. For this
purpose, three SCC mixtures in addition to one VPC mixture were prepared. The abrasion
weight loss of cylindrical specimens was evaluated using the standard ASTM C1138
(ASTM C1138, 1997) in addition to other mechanical tests.
EXPERIMENTAL WORK
Materials and Mixtures

The aim of this experimental work is to evaluate the abrasion resistance of SCC concrete
made from local materials. Three SCC mixtures in addition to one VPC mixture were
adopted for this purpose. The gradient fractions of the three mixes are identical. However,
the water content and the dosage of the High Range Water Reducer (HRWR) additive were
variables. Ordinary Portland cement Type 42.5 was used in this investigation in
conjunction with limestone powder, local natural well-graded sand, and crushed gravel
with a maximum size of aggregate of 10 mm. Sika ViscoCrete-5930 was used as the
HRWR in the SCC mixtures of this study. The mix proportions of the four adopted
mixtures are listed in Table 1.
Testing Program
Two types of tests were considered in the current research; fresh concrete tests and
mechanical properties tests. The fresh concrete tests included three of the SCC fresh tests,
in addition to the slump test for the VPC. The first is the slump flow test, which is carried
out using the same standard slump cone, yet the average of the horizontal diameters of the
concrete flow is measured instead of the vertical slump. This test was designed to evaluate
the filling ability of SCC. The second test can be considered as a relative viscosity
measurement, which is the T50 record. Using the same slump flow test, the time at which
the horizontal diameter of the concrete flow reaches 500 mm is the recorded T50 of the
643
tested SCC. The third test is the V-funnel, which is another test to evaluate the filling
ability of SCC. The detailed dimensions of the used V-funnel and the used V-funnel
apparatus are shown in Figure 1. After filling the funnel with a specific quantity of
concrete, the flow time is recorded. The test is then repeated and the concrete is left for a
specific time to settle, then the flow time is recorded again. The shorter the recorded time,
the better is the filling ability. This test can also be used as an indication of segregation,
where longer flow time refers to possible segregation (EFNARC, 2002).
On the other hand, the underwater abrasion was the primary test of the mechanical tests.
Moreover, compressive strength, hammer rebound number, and Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
(UPV) tests were also included in the current experimental program. The compressive
strength, rebound number, and UPV were conducted using the standard 150 mm cubes,
while the abrasion test was conducted using the standard cylinder of ASTM C1138 (1997).
All mechanical tests, including the abrasion test, were carried out at an age of 7 days.
Figure 1. V-Funnel Apparatus

Abrasion Test
The experimental work of this investigation includes the testing of shallow cylindrical
specimens using the standard ASTM underwater abrasion test (ASTM C1138, 1997).
ASTM introduces four standard test methods to qualitatively evaluate the abrasion of
concrete surfaces. Each test simulates the abrasion of concrete under specific conditions.
The four ASTM standard abrasion test methods are the ASTM C418 (2005), ASTM C779
(2012), ASTM C944 (2012), and ASTM C1138 (1997). Among these tests, only the
ASTM C1138 was directed to evaluate abrasion erosion of concrete underwater, which
simulates the abrasion erosion in hydraulic structures due to the action of waterborne
materials. This test method was first introduced by Liu (1981). Figure 2 describes the
apparatus of the ASTM C1138 test, while Figure 3 shows the used testing machine during
testing. The concrete test specimen is a cylinder having a diameter of 300 mm diameter
and a depth of 100 mm, which is placed under water in a fitted cylindrical container. The
waterborne materials (sand and gravel) are simulated using 70 chrome steel grinding balls
having three different diameters of 12.6, 19, and 25.3 mm. The balls are rotated over the
test specimens by an agitation paddle that is rotated through a vertical rode by an electrical
motor at a speed of 1200 rpm. The loss of weight due to the abrasion action of the grinding
balls is calculated at fixed intervals by taking the volume differences of the tested
specimens.
644
Figure 2. Test Apparatus of ASTM C 1138 Test
Figure 3. The Used ASTM C1138 Testing Machine during Testing
Table 1. Mix Proportions

Cement Sand Gravel Powder Water SP
Mixture
(kg/m3) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) (kg /m3) Content
VPC 550 625 937 0 246.4 0%
SCC-2.0 550 625 937 400 253 2%
SCC-1.5 550 625 937 400 270 1.50%
SCC-1.0 550 625 937 400 286 1.00%
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results obtained from the fresh concrete tests, the abrasion test, the compressive
strength test, the hammer test, and the UPV test are discussed in this section.
Fresh Concrete Results
As introduced in the previous section, three fresh concrete tests were considered. The test
results of the three tests are shown in Table 1. It is shown that the slump flow increases as
645
the percentage of the SP increase, which means that this material increases the flowability
of concrete. However, the T50 and v-funnel time records show noticeable increase also,
which reflects more viscous mixtures. The slump flow values of the three SCC mixtures
are within the common flow values addressed by ASTM C1611 (2014), which ranges from
480 to 740 mm. However, European specifications such as EFNARC (2002) specify a
minimum slump flow of 650 mm and a maximum of 800 mm for SCCs. On the other hand,
the Chinese code (2012) specifies slump flow values between 550 and 850 mm. Thus, and
within the limits mentioned above, the slump flow of the first SCC mixture is accepted
based on the ASTM limitations, while it is suspected when the European specifications are
considered. The T50 values of the two first mixtures are shown to be within the limitations
of the European and Chinese limitations, where a record of 2-5 seconds is accepted. On the
other hand, the T50 record of the third mix is still within the wide range records found in
the literature for SCC mixtures. Accepted V-funnel records for SCCs are generally in the
range of 8 to 12 seconds, however, slightly higher time records up to 15 seconds were
frequent in the literature.
Table 2. Fresh Concrete Properties

Slump Slump Flow T50 V Funnel
Mixture
(mm) (mm) (sec) (sec)
VPC 180 - - -
SCC-1.0 _ 505 4.6 9.3
SCC-1.5 _ 695 5 13
SCC-2.0 _ 740 8 15
Figure 4. The Cylindrical Test Specimens after 12 Hours of Abrasion Test
Abrasion Weight Loss Results

The abrasion of concrete was testes using cylindrical specimens in accordance with ASTM
C1138 (1997). The abrasion was recorded as a weight loss at subsequent time intervals of 2
hours. After each testing time, the test specimen was stripped out from the tank of the
testing machine and surface dried. The weight of the specimen was then recorded to the
nearest 1 gram. This weight was then compared with that before abrasion testing to obtain
the weight loss. Figure 4 shows a photo of the cylindrical abrasion test specimens after 12
hours of abrasion testing, while Figures 5 and 6 show the abrasion weight loss results of
the four mixtures. Figure 5 shows that the abrasion weight loss increases as the testing time
646
increase. Except for the 2% SP mixture, the slopes of the weight loss-time curves are close
and are almost constant along the 12 hours test period. It is obvious in Figure 5 that the
VPC specimen shows continuously higher abrasion weight losses than the other three SCC
mixtures. Between 4 and 8 testing hours, there are no significant differences between the
abrasion weight losses of the three SCC mixtures. However, as test continues after 8 hours,
the gap in abrasion weight loss between the three specimens increases reflecting significant
effect of the used percentage of SP on abrasion resistance. These results are also obvious in
Figure 6 where after 6 hours, no obvious differences can be noticed between the abrasion
weight losses of the four specimens, while after 12 hours, it is clear that the abrasion
weight loss decreases with the increase of the SP content. The abrasion weight loss records
of the VPC, SCC-1.0, SCC-1.5, and SCC-2.0 specimens were 120, 115, 95, and 80 grams,
respectively. Figure 4 completely confirms this result as it is clear that the 0% SP specimen
(VPC) and the 1% SP specimen exhibit the most severely abraded surfaces, while the 1.5%
and 2% SP specimens are clearly shown to be less affected by the 12 hours-abrasion test.
Figure 5. Abrasion Weight Loss-Testing Time Curves for Different SP Contents
Figure 6. Abrasion Weight Loss after 6 and 12 Testing Hours for Different SP Contents
Compressive, Hammer, and UPV Results

As indicated previously, the compressive strength, the hammer rebound number, and the
UPV tests were conducted for the four mixtures using 150 mm cubes. The results of the
three tests are shown in Figures 7 to 9. Figure 7 shows that compressive strength increased
when 1.5% and 2.0% SP contents were used, while no significant effect of 1.0% SP on
647
compressive strength was noticed. The 7-day compressive strength of the VPC was 27.3
MPa, while it was 26.7 MPa for the first SCC mixture (SCC-1.0), which means that no
obvious change was noticed in compressive strength compared to the VPC reference
specimen. On the other hand, the use of 1.5% and 2.0% of SP led to the increase of
compressive strength to 29.8 MPa and 35.6 MPa, respectively. Thus, a percentage increase
of approximately 30% was achieved in compressive strength for the SCC mixture with
2.0% SP compared to the VPC mixture as shown in Figure 7.
The test results of the hammer rebound number and the UPV showed that the third SCC
mixture (SCC-2.0) was superior to the VPC mixture. However, the trend was not the same
for the two tests when the other two SCC mixtures are considered as shown in Figures 8
and 9. In general, the hammer rebound number records of the three SCC mixtures were
within the 10% difference from that of the VPC as shown in Figure 8. Similarly, the UPV
records of the four mixtures were very close (3.96 to 4.01 km/sec) with percentage
differences less than 1.2% as it is clear in Figure 9.
Figure 7. Compressive Strength for Different SP Contents
Figure 8. Hammer Rebound Number for Different SP Contents
648
Figure 9. UPV for Different SP Contents
CONCLUSIONS
The early-age underwater abrasion erosion of self-compacting concrete in hydraulic

structures under the effect of high-speed flow of waterborne materials was experimentally
investigated in this research. The tests were conducted using the standard ASTM C1138
abrasion test. Three SCC mixtures were adopted with different SP contents of 1.0, 1.5, and
2.0% in addition to a reference VPC mixture. In addition to abrasion test, compressive
strength, hammer rebound number, and UPV tests were conducted using standard 150 mm
cubes. All tests were conducted at an early age of 7 days.
The test results showed that the abrasion weight loss increases with testing time regardless
of the type of concrete. The slope of the abrasion weight loss-time curves were almost
similar for the VPC mixture and the SCC mixtures containing 1.0% and 1.5% of SP, while
the third SCC mixture with 2.0% SP showed variable slopes during the 12-hour abrasion
test. The final abrasion weight loss after 12 hours of abrasion testing was the highest for
the VPC, while it decreased as the SP content increased for the SCC mixtures. The
recorded abrasion weight losses after 12 hours of abrasion testing were 120, 115, 95, and
80 grams for the VPC, SCC-1.0, SCC-1.5, and SCC-2.0 specimens, respectively.
The compressive strength of the SCC concrete with 2% of SP was approximately 30%
higher than that of the VPC. Similarly, both the hammer rebound number and the UPV
records were higher for this mixture than those of the VPC. On the other hand, no obvious
enhancement performance of hammer rebound number and UPV was noticed for the other
two SCC mixtures (SCC-1.0 and SCC-1.5) over the VPC.
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INVESTIGATION OF EARLY AGE ABRASION EROSION OF SELF COMPACTING

Conference Paper · October 2017

Nadheer S. Ayoob Sallal R. Abid

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Ali Nasser Yasir H. Daek

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Abrasion of Self-compacting concrete in Hydraulic Structures View project

Abrasion of concrete in hydraulic structures View project

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 Copyright 2017 UEMK 2017

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Organizasyon Komitesi Başkanı

Enerji Sistemleri Mühendisliği Bölümü

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COMPARATIVE ANALYSES OF GAS LIQUEFACTION CYCLES: ENERGY AND

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WIND AND SOLAR ENERGY EFFICIENT ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNS AND

THE ANALYSIS OF TAŞKÖPRÜ WHICH IS LOCATED IN PROVINCE OF ADANA

AN ALTERNATIVE METHOD FOR THE SUN DRYING OF TRADITIONAL DRIED

PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF POLY(VINYL

ACCUMULATION OF LEAD- ZINC OF G. ACUTIDENTATUM, J. FRUTICANS AND

FUEL PRODUCTION IN EURO 5 QUALITY WITH PYROLYSIS METHOD ......... 1036

PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION ANALYSIS OF ETHANOL AND ISOPROPANOL

ELECTROMAGNETIC SHIELDING PERFORMANCE STUDY OF GRAPHENE

INVESTIGATION OF EARLY AGE ABRASION EROSION OF SELF COMPACTING

ABSTRACT: Concrete surfaces in hydraulic structures are exposed to abrasion wear

Keywords: Abrasion, self-compacting concrete, weight loss, ASTM C1138, UPV.

Materials and Mixtures

Figure 1. V-Funnel Apparatus

Figure 2. Test Apparatus of ASTM C 1138 Test

Figure 3. The Used ASTM C1138 Testing Machine during Testing

Table 1. Mix Proportions

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 2. Fresh Concrete Properties

Figure 4. The Cylindrical Test Specimens after 12 Hours of Abrasion Test

Abrasion Weight Loss Results

Figure 5. Abrasion Weight Loss-Testing Time Curves for Different SP Contents

Compressive, Hammer, and UPV Results

Figure 7. Compressive Strength for Different SP Contents

Figure 8. Hammer Rebound Number for Different SP Contents

Figure 9. UPV for Different SP Contents

The early-age underwater abrasion erosion of self-compacting concrete in hydraulic

ACI 207R-07 (2007). Self-consolidating concrete. American Concrete Institute, USA.

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