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Full Download PDF of (Ebook PDF) Advances in Sport and Exercise Psychology 4th Edition All Chapter
Full Download PDF of (Ebook PDF) Advances in Sport and Exercise Psychology 4th Edition All Chapter
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Part II: Individual Differences in Behavior
8
Family Influence on Youth Sport Participation
Theoretically Driven Research Examining Parental Influence in Youth
Sport
Future Research Recommendations
Summary
9
Ian D. Boardley, PhD
Structural Development Versus Social Cognitive Perspectives on Moral
Behavior
Individual-Difference Variables
Contextual Influences
Consequences of Moral Behavior
Contemporary Moral Behavior Research
Future Research Recommendations
Summary
10
Chapter 15: Achievement Goals in Sport and Physical Activity
Martyn Standage, PhD, Thomas Curran, PhD, and Peter C. Rouse, PhD
Self-Determination Theory
SDT-Related Extensions
Future Research Recommendations
Summary
11
Future Research Recommendations
Summary
12
Theoretical Perspectives on Burnout
Recent Research on Athlete Burnout
Future Research Recommendations
Summary
13
Maureen R. Weiss, PhD
Historical Foundations of PYD in Youth Sport Psychology
Theoretical Perspectives Underlying the PYD Framework
Progress in Applying PYD to the Physical Activity Domain
Exemplar PA-PYD Programs
Future Research Recommendations
Summary
Contributors
14
Preface
In its most generic sense, physical activity psychology can be defined as
the psychological study of human behavior across a range of physical
activity settings. A close examination of the available literature in the field
suggests that sport and exercise psychologists are particularly interested in
the variation that occurs in the behavior of people in such contexts. This
topic includes the variation between individuals in the same situation as
well as the variation that occurs in the behavior of the same individual
across situations. To illustrate variation between individuals, consider the
case of two athletes from the same team who are both performing in a
crucial athletic contest (e.g., a league, state, or regional championship).
Despite the fact that both athletes are performing in the same or similar
context, their behavior in this situation may differ. That is, they may vary
considerably in anxiety, confidence, motivation, and actual performance.
Equally as interesting to sport and exercise psychologists is the variation in
behavior that occurs when an individual moves from one situation to
another. For example, exercise psychologists have consistently noted that
the amount of commitment that an individual exerciser experiences
depends at least partly on the situation (e.g., group versus individual
exercise context, partner versus solo activity, virtual setting or real life).
Similarly, a middle school physical education student may exhibit a high
level of motivation in a soccer-based unit but be considerably less
motivated to achieve in a conditioning-focused unit. Or a person who
coaches both cross country and track and field teams at the same high
school may exhibit significantly different leadership styles and behaviors
in the two sporting contexts.
15
variables in an effort to explain and predict the behavior of individual
participants in physical activity contexts. Sport and exercise psychologists
have also found that factors within the physical activity or broader social
environment can affect the participants’ behavior. Specifically,
characteristics of the sport or physical activity group (e.g., size, cohesion,
composition) and the behaviors of group leaders (e.g., coach or peer
leaders, personal trainers) have been found to affect the behavior of the
group members. Similarly, significant others in the physical activity
participants’ social environment (e.g., parents, siblings, teammates,
friends) can exert a strong influence on the behavior and affective
reactions of the participants. In addition, the sociocultural or sociopolitical
context (e.g., perceived gender appropriateness of activity) can determine
or strongly affect not only the observable behaviors of individual athletes,
coaches, exercisers, and others in the physical activity environment but
also their attitudes, beliefs, cognitions, and orientations.
The first edition of this text, Advances in Sport Psychology, was published
in 1992 with the express purpose of summarizing the state of knowledge
on research in sport psychology. That first edition contained 13 chapters
and was divided into four parts. The second edition (published a decade
later in 2002) was expanded to 17 chapters to reflect the proliferation of
topics in the field but was still focused predominantly on sport psychology.
The third edition was published in 2008 and contained 17 chapters, divided
into four parts, and was published under the same global purpose: to
summarize the current state of knowledge in sport psychology and to
provide cogent directions for future work.
The fourth edition of this text was written to provide a comprehensive and
up-to-date review of the major issues that are of current research interest—
not only in sport psychology but also in the psychology of exercise and
16
other physical activity settings. As a result, the title of the text has been
expanded from Advances in Sport Psychology to Advances in Sport and
Exercise Psychology. Similar to previous editions, this fourth text
combines discussion and critical analysis of the current state of knowledge
in each topical area with recommendations concerning future research
directions. The text is primarily directed toward graduate students enrolled
in research-oriented sport, exercise, or physical activity–based psychology
courses and toward those currently conducting research in any of these
scholarly areas. Although the book is not intended to serve as a how-to text
for practicing sport psychologists or to provide information oriented only
toward the enhancement of sport performance or the promotion of
exercise, the individual chapters should be useful to current or future
practitioners who need to understand the factors that affect the behavior of
physical activity performers before they can hope to effect behavioral
change.
Given the significant changes to the scope of this fourth edition (as
indicated in the title), the content of the individual chapters and the
organization of the text as a whole have been significantly revised. The
number of chapters in this edition has been increased to a total of 26, and
these are divided into seven parts. The three chapters in part I provide a
comprehensive overview of the field of sport and exercise psychology
(e.g., definitions, history of the field, international perspectives, current
controversies, epistemological approaches, research methodologies,
applied research and practices). The three chapters composing part II
examine characteristics of individuals (i.e., individual difference factors)
that can affect their behavior and psychosocial well-being in sport,
exercise, and physical activity contexts. These characteristics include
global, domain-specific, and situation-specific self-perceptions; self-
presentation concerns; and perfectionism. In part III, four chapters discuss
selected socioenvironmental factors that impinge on participants' behavior
and psychosocial well-being in sport and physical activity contexts. The
first two of these chapters discuss the influence of family and peers, while
the third reviews the research literature on the effects exerted by different
types of leaders (e.g., coaches, exercise leaders, teachers). The remaining
chapter in this part of the book addresses group factors (e.g., sport teams,
exercise groups, social influences, collective group efficacy). In part IV,
the focus is on select psychological factors that can affect behavior and
performance in sport and physical activity settings. Individual chapters
provide a discussion of morality, anxiety, anticipation, and the current use
17
of exergames and virtual partners to enhance performance and behavior in
sport, exercise, and physical activity contexts. The four chapters of part V
provide discussion concerning the major (and more current) motivational
models and theories that have been developed to explain individuals'
motivated behavior in sport, exercise, and physical activity contexts.
Specifically, individual chapters in this section focus on achievement goal
theories, self-determination conceptual frameworks, developmentally
based theories of motivation, and public health–based models of
motivation. The five chapters in part VI address the linkage between
physical activity and health. Individual chapters focus on physical activity
and mental health, injury and rehabilitation, athlete burnout, and sport and
physical activity in selected populations (e.g., people with physical
disabilities, chronic disease). Finally, the three chapters in part VII
examine concepts related to lifespan and developmental issues. Individual
chapters discuss the research pertaining to physical activity and cognitive
abilities (e.g., the effects of physical activity on children with ADHD,
exercise and age-related cognitive decrements), the development of sport
talent and expertise (stages of play and skill development), and positive
youth development through sport and physical activity participation.
18
The production of a textbook of this depth and breadth requires the
coordinated efforts of a number of people. I wish at this time to recognize
the major contributors. First, I would like to welcome (and recognize the
contributions of) my coeditor, Al Smith. The choice to expand this fourth
edition beyond the competitive sport context and to include other physical
activity contexts was not taken lightly. Much thought and effort went into
the process of deciding the specific chapter topics and the foci of the seven
sections of the book. This process was made considerably easier through
the addition of a coeditor. I (Thelma Horn) was the sole editor for the first
three editions of the text, but it became clear to me that the expansion of
the focus of this fourth edition as well as the addition of a number of new
topics, authors, and sections would require the expertise of a coeditor. My
first choice was Al Smith, who has been a chapter coauthor for both the
second and third editions of the text. Given the research work he has
completed and published in the sport, exercise, and physical activity
contexts, I anticipated that he would be very helpful in constructing this
new edition and in carrying out the work associated with producing such a
product. I am happy to report that it was a very effective partnership and
one that I hope to continue in the future.
Second, we, the coeditors of this fourth edition, want to acknowledge the
contributions of the support team at Human Kinetics. Three individuals
warrant specific mention. Myles Schrag and Bridget Melton were the
acquisitions editors for this text. In this role, they both provided the
technical, administrative, and organizational support needed to get the
fourth edition of the text from conceptualization to the publication stage.
Their technical assistance as well as their social support were greatly
appreciated. Judy Park, the developmental editor of this text, also provided
considerable expertise in ensuring that each chapter followed a consistent
format, was structured to maximize readers’ ability to follow the authors’
points, and was written in a clear and understandable, yet scholarly, style.
Al and I are so grateful for the assistance we received from the people at
Human Kinetics that allowed us to get our ideas for the book from vision
to an actual document.
19
three cases involved writing within a new topic area. Notably, however,
this fourth edition includes a whole new cadre of primary authors. These
authors include Robert Eklund, Peter Crocker, Martin Hagger, Brett Smith,
Krista Munroe-Chandler, Catherine Sabiston, Jennifer Brunet, Howard
Hall, Nicholas Holt, Mark Beauchamp, Mark Eys, Ian Boardley, Rich
Neil, Tim Woodman, Mark Williams, Richard Keegan, Martyn Standage,
Stuart Biddle, Panteleimon Ekkekakis, Jeff Martin, Diane Wiese-Bjornstal,
Nancy Gyurcsik, Jennifer Etnier, and Jean Côté, each of whom agreed to
take on the task of being a lead author for a chapter new to this edition of
the text. In addition, a very large number of new coauthors were recruited
to assist in writing each of the chapters. We are grateful for the
enthusiastic and expert participation of this broad group of authors in
producing the substantially transformed current edition of this text.
From our perspective as the book’s coeditors, the 58 authors and coauthors
represented in this text are, or will likely soon be, some of the most prolific
researchers and scholars in our field. Despite their extremely busy
schedules, these 58 individuals invested considerable time and effort in
writing and rewriting their chapters. As several of them noted, condensing
the research and theory that has been accumulated in each particular topic
area into a reasonable manuscript length was not an easy task. In addition,
each author was specifically requested to go beyond writing a summary of
the available research and theory in order to provide a critical review of
what we currently know and an outline of where we need to go in the
future. In summary, the overall idea in writing the individual chapters for
this book was to push the boundaries that have defined and have, in many
cases, limited our field since its inception. This task was certainly
formidable, but each author accomplished this with distinction.
20
work of quality. May our passion for sport, exercise, and physical activity
psychology continue to burn brightly!
21
Part I
Introduction to Sport and Exercise
Psychology
Despite the early work of such individuals as Coleman Griffith, Norman
Triplett, and Dorothy Yates (see the history provided by Eklund and
Crocker in chapter 1), sport and exercise psychology as an area of
academic research within the sport sciences did not really begin in earnest
until the mid-1960s. The field has grown considerably, becoming fully
international in scope and accomplishing much over the last six decades.
As noted in the preface, this edition has been expanded to include research
not only in the sport context but also in the broader physical activity
context (e.g., exercise, leisure, rehabilitation). This expansion is but a
reflection of the changes that have occurred within the scholarly field.
Given such significant changes, it seems particularly appropriate for this
text to begin with three chapters that provide an overview of the area of
study known as physical activity psychology.
In chapter 1, Robert Eklund and Peter Crocker describe the nature of sport,
exercise, and physical activity psychology. They begin this overview by
conceptually positioning the term physical activity psychology as the
broadest label for the field and then identifying sport and exercise
psychology as two important subareas, each relating to a particular type of
human movement. This explanation of the conceptual foundation of the
field is followed by a section comparing and contrasting the various
definitions of sport and exercise psychology, based on perspectives from
major scientific and professional practice organizations. The chapter ends
with a section on current issues in the field and challenges related to
research as well as practice.
22
examples of research studies that illustrate each approach, and they
identify limitations to each approach, along with suggestions as to how
such limitations may be minimized. The authors also identify critical
issues that need to be considered as the field moves forward.
23
Chapter 1
The Nature of Sport, Exercise, and
Physical Activity Psychology
Robert C. Eklund, PhD, and Peter R.E. Crocker, PhD
Abstract
This chapter focuses on providing information on the nature of
sport, exercise, and physical activity psychology as a backdrop for
understanding advances in specific areas of research that are
presented in this textbook. We begin by conceptually situating
physical activity psychology as the broadest label of psychological
endeavor relating to human movement. We then identify sport
psychology and exercise psychology as subareas relating to
specific types of human movement. Definitions of sport and
exercise psychology from major scientific and professional
practice organizations are subsequently highlighted. Their
commonalities and differences are considered to reveal both the
focus and breadth of the field, and to underscore evident
underlying preferences, tensions, and sensitivities. The psychology
of sport, exercise, and physical activity has been shaped by two
parent disciplines—kinesiology and psychology. Both have been
tremendously important. The connections to kinesiology have
ensured that sport and exercise psychology remains grounded in
scholarship on human movement, whereas psychology has exerted
a stronger influence on the nature of research and professional
practice activity. Observations on the period predating the
emergence of a recognizable academic field of inquiry and
professional practice are provided for context to draw historical
links to current manifestations of research and practice activity.
Finally, current issues and challenges in the field are discussed
relating to research and professional practice competencies,
knowledge translation, and responsible and ethical use of the
24
Internet and social media in the field.
Historically, the term sport psychology has been defined as the study and
application of knowledge of psychological aspects of human movement,
even though the broader and more inclusive label physical activity
psychology might be more apt (Gill & Reifsteck, 2014). Presently,
however, the labels sport psychology and exercise psychology are regularly
employed to make finer distinctions regarding scholarly contributions to
both the knowledge base and professional practice contributions. Such
distinctions are based on the notion that important differences exist across
the two physical activity subcategories (Eklund & Tenenbaum, 2014).
Sport psychology, for example, tends to be focused on psychological
factors that are relevant to participation in competitive rule-governed
physical activities involving athleticism or physical skill. Exercise
psychology, by contrast, tends to be focused on psychological factors
implicated in participation in regimented programs of physical activity to
improve or maintain health-related physical fitness. Despite these
distinctions, sport psychology and exercise psychology are closely
interrelated fields of scientific study and professional practice, if only
because of their shared history and their primary interest in human
movement and physical activity (Gill & Reifsteck, 2014). The broader
label of physical activity psychology remains relevant, however, because
the categories sport and exercise do not encompass the entirety of human
movement possibilities that might be of interest to researchers and
practitioners. As one example, people engaging in recreational physical
activity, with little or no regard for considerations of competition or
fitness, also hold interest for scientific study in psychology.
25
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