MATHEMATICS : Review Notes

TABLE OF CONTENTS: Example: Simplify i 1978 + i 1645 + i 2045

Solution:
I. Basic Math 1 1978 = 4(494) + 2
II. Algebra 6 1645 = 4(411) + 1
III. Geometry 12 2045 = 4(511) + 1
IV. Trigonometry 15 i 1978 + i 1645 + i 2045 = i 2 + i + i = 2i − 1
V. Differential and Integral Calculus 19
VI. Engineering Economy 22 Example: Evaluate (4-5i)/(3+6i)
VII. Basic Hydraulics 26 Solution:
4 − 5i 3 − 6i 12 − 24i − 15i + 30i 2
= x =
BASIC MATH: 3 + 6i 3 − 6i 3 2 − (6i )2
12 − 39i + 30( −1) −18 − 39i
A. CONVERSIONS = =
9 − 36( −1) 45
UNIT SI ENGLISH
1 Fathom 1.829 meters 6 feet
1 Foot 30.48 cm 12 inches
2 2 2 C. LEAST COMMON DENOMINATOR (LCD)
1 Foot 929.030 cm 144 inches
3 - the product of several prime numbers
1 Foot 28.317 liters 7.481 gallons occurring in the denominator
1 Gallon 3.785 liters 4 quarts - the greatest multiplicity
1 Gram 1,000 milligram 0.0353 ounces - the least common multiple of two or more
1 Inch 2.54 cm 0.0833 foot denominators
1 Kilogram 0.001 metric ton 2.205 pounds
3 3
1 Liter 0.001 m 61.024 in Example: What is the LCD of 1 12 , 2 15 , 5 27 ,
1 Meter 100 cm 1.094 yards
1 Meter2 10,000 cm2 1.196 yards2 and 7 30 ?
1 Meter3 1,000 liters 1.308 yards3 Solutions: 12 = 22 x 3
1 Ounce 29.574 ml 0.0625 pints 15 = 3 x 5
3
1 Pint 0.4732 liters 0.5 quarts 27 = 3
1 Quart 0.9464 liters 2 pints 30 = 2 x 3 x 5
3 3 2 3
1 Stere 1m 1.308 yards LCD = 2 x 3 x 5 = 540
1 Ton 1,000 kilograms 2,204.62pounds
1 Yard 0.9144 meters 3 feet
D. LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE (LCM)
- the smallest positive integer that is a
B. SYSTEM OF NUMBERS multiple of all the given numbers
Real Numbers - the smallest positive integer that all the
i. Natural Numbers – the counting numbers given numbers will evenly divide into
ii. Integers – the natural numbers, zero and the
negative of the natural numbers Example: What is the LCM of 12, 15, 27, and 30?
2
iii. Rational Numbers – comes from the word Solutions: 12 = 2 x 3
ratio; expressed as the quotient or ratio of 15 = 3 x 5
3
two integers; commonly expressed in 27 = 3
decimals and/or as ratio 30 = 2 x 3 x 5
2 3
iv. Irrational Numbers – cannot be expressed as LCM = 2 x 3 x 5 = 540
a quotient of two integers; with non-
terminating decimals ( 2, π,e ) E. GREATEST COMMON FACTOR (GCF)
- the largest integer which is a common
factor of two or more numbers
Imaginary Numbers - the largest positive integer that divides all
i. i = −1 the given numbers evenly without a
2 remainder
ii. i = −1
3
iii. i = −i = − −1 Example: What is the GCF of 12, and 30?
4 Solutions: 12 = 22 x 3
iv. i = 1
n 30 = 2 x 3 x 5
( )
i 4 n + k = i 4 n ii k = i 4 ik = ik GCF = 2 x 3 = 6

1
MATHEMATICS : Review Notes

F. CLOCK PROBLEMS c. Note that:

5min = 30 ⇒ 1min = 6
 1min 
75    = 12.5min
x  6 
x
15 − x = 12.5 − y = 12.5 −
12
11
2.5 = x ⇒ x = 2.73min
y 12
x

Let:
x : the number of minute spaces covered by the 75°
minute hand
y : the number of minute spaces covered by the y
hour hand

Note: In an hour:
i. Minute hand traveled 60minutes space (x)
ii. Hour hand traveled 5minutes space (y)
y 5 x G. PROGRESSION AND SERIES PROBLEMS
therefore: = ⇒y = Arithmetic Progression (AP)
x 60 12 - a sequence of numbers such that the difference
of any two successive numbers on the sequence
Example: It is now 3 o’clock, after how many is a constant
minutes will the hands of the clock be: - a series of numbers is in arithmetic progression if
a. opposite each other for the first time any number after the first is obtained by adding a
b. coincident for the first time fixed number to the one immediately preceding it.
c. forming an angle of 75˚ for the first time The fixed number added is called the common
Solutions: difference, d.
x 11 a1 = 1st term in the series
x = 45 + y = 45 + ⇒ x = 45 th
a. 12 12 an = n term in the series
x = 49.09min d = common difference
n = number of terms
Sn = Sum of the terms
d = a2 − a1 = a3 − a2 ...
an = a1 + ( n − 1) d
an = am + ( n − m ) d
y n n
Sn = ( a1 + an ) = 2a1 + ( n − 1) d 
2 2
x
Example: 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, and 17 is an AP with a
common difference, d=3
x 11
x = 15 + y = 15 + ⇒ x = 15
b. 12 12
x = 16.36min Geometric Progression (GP)
- a sequence of numbers in which each term after
the first is obtained by multiplying the previous
x with a fixed non-zero integer
- a series of numbers is in geometric progression if
any numbers after the first is obtained by
multiplying a fixed number to the one immediately
y preceding it. The fixed number being multiplied is
called the common ratio, r.
st
a1 = 1 term in the series
th
an = n term in the series
r = common ratio
n = number of terms
Sn = Sum of the terms

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MATHEMATICS : Review Notes

a2 a3 H. VENN DIAGRAM
r = = ... - set theory visual or graphical illustration
a1 a2
- shows all the possible mathematical or
an = a1r n −1
logical relations between sets

Sn =
(
a1 1 − r n )
Example: 300 students took both the Math and
1− r
Hydraulics Design exams. If 152 students passed
the Hydraulics Design exam and 207 passed the
Example: 1, 3, 9, 27 and 81 is a GP with a common
Math exam, but only 39% of the total examinees
ratio, r=3
passed both subjects; what is the total number of
students who passed neither one of the subjects?
Solution:
Infinite Geometric Progression (IGP)
- an infinite series with which the successive terms
has a common ratio
- a geometric progression in which r<1.0 and n=∞
a 207-x
Sn = 1
1− r x
152-x
Harmonic Progression (HP) y
- a series is in harmonic progression if their
reciprocals are in arithmetic progression.
- every term of the series after the first is the x = number of students who passed both the
harmonic mean of the adjacent terms subjects
y = number of student who passed neither of the
Example: the following series of numbers is in HP subjects
1 1 1 x = 0.39 x 300 = 117
1, , ,
2 4 5 y = 300 − (152 − x ) − ( 207 − x ) − x
y = 300 − 152 + x − 207 + x − x
Example: There are 5 geometric sequence
th
between 4 and 2,916. What is the 4 term of the y = 300 − 359 + x = −59 + 117
geometric progression? y = 58students
Solution:
4, __, __, __, __, __, 2,916
a1 = 4; n = 7; an = 2,916 I. PERMUTATION/COMBINATION/PROBABILITY
an = a1r n −1 ⇒ 2,916 = 4r 7 −1 ⇒ r 6 = 729 ⇒ r = 3
3 Fundamental Principle
a4 = a1r 4 −1 = 4r 3 = 4 ( 3 ) = 108 If there are m ways for a thing to be done, and n
ways for the second; then the total number of ways
Example: If I save Php10 on March 1, Php20 on for which both thing can be done is mxn
March 2, Php40 on March 3, and so on; when will I
become a millionaire? Example: How many 4 digits number can you form
Solution: from 1,2,3,5,6,8?
r = 2; a1 = 10; Sn = 1,000,000 a. if repetition of digits is not allowed?

Sn =
(
a1 1 − r n )
⇒ 1,000,000 =
10 1 − 2n ( ) b. if repetition of digits is allowed?
c. if the numbers must not exceed 3000?
1− r 1− 2 Solutions:
(
−1,000,000 = 10 1 − 2 ⇒ −100,000 = 1 − 2n
n
) a. 6x5x4x3 = 360
b. 6x6x6x6 = 1,296
2 = 100,001 ⇒ log2 = log100,001
n n
c. 2x5x4x3 = 120
n log2 = log100,001 ⇒ n = 16.6 ≈ 17days
Example: How many ways can you arrange 8
persons in a row? (Note: n objects → n!)
Solution: 8! = 8x7x6x5x4x3x2x1=40,320

Example: How many ways can you arrange 8

persons in a round table? (Note: circular
arrangements → [n-1]!)
Solution: [8-1]! =7x6x5x4x3x2x1=5,040

3
MATHEMATICS : Review Notes

Example: There are 10-items in a multiple choice Combination

quiz with 4 choices per question; how many - Does not involve the arrangement of
possible answer patterns are there? objects nor the order of the selection
Solution: 410 = 1,048,576 - un-ordered selection of elements on a list
- the order of the selected elements is not
Example: How many 4-letters word can be formed important (un-ordered collection)
from the word PASSING; if the words should start - no two the elements is repeated (all
and end with a vowel, and no two letters should be elements are unique with each other)
repeated in a word?
Solution: (2)(4)(3)(1) = 24
3rd Theorem: The number of combinations of n
objects taken r at a time is:
Permutation n!
- arrangement of objects in a definite order C ( n, r ) = nCr =
r !(n − r )!
- called the arrangement or order
- rearrangement of the elements of an
Example: 8 siblings wants to form a company with
ordered list into distinguished sequences
which they want to form a committee of 3 members
- selection of elements on a list in which the
whose main task is to coordinate the finances. In
arrangement of the elements matters
how many ways can they form the committee?
(ordered collection)
Solution:
8! 8!
C ( 8,3 ) = =
1st Theorem: The number of permutations for n (8 − 3)! 5!
different objects taken r at a time is: 8 x 7 x 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x1
n! C ( 8,3 ) = = 8 x7x 6x5 x 4
P ( n, r ) = nPr = 3 x 2 x1
(n − r )! C ( 8,3 ) = 6,720

Example: How many arrangement can you make

Example: How many number combinations can you
from the word BEAUTIFUL if make from the 6/42 lotto game?
a. 4 letters are taken at a time?
Solution:
b. If all letters are used?
42! 42!
Solutions: C ( 42,6 ) = = = 5,245,786
9! 9! (42 − 6)! 36!
a. P ( 9,4 ) = =
(9 − 4)! 5!
9 x 8 x 7 x 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x1 th
4 Theorem: The number of combinations of n
P ( 9,4 ) = = 3,024
5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x1 objects taken 1 at a time, 2 at a time, 3 at a time,…
b. Note that 0!=1, therefore and n at a time is:
9! C = 2n − 1
P ( 9,9 ) = = 9!
(9 − 9)!

Probability
nd S(successfull )
2 Theorem: The number of permutations for n PE = : for a successful event
different objects taken all at a time in which ni of the T ( total )
objects are alike is:
n! Example: What is the probability of drawing a either
P=
ni ! a king or a spade in a single draw from a pack of 52
playing cards?
Example: How many arrangements can you make Solution:
from the word : 4
PK = : getting a King
a. PRETTY 52
b. MATHEMATICS 13
Solutions: PS = : getting a Diamond
52
6! 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2x1
a. P = = = 360 1
2! 2 x1 PK ,S = : King and Spade at the same time
52
11! 11x10 x 9 x 8 x 7 x 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x1
b. P = = PKorS = PK + PS − PK ,S
2!2!2! 2 x1x 2x1x 2 x1
11x10 x 9 x 8 x 7 x 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 4 13 1 15
P= = 4,989,600 PKorS = + − =
2 x1x 2x1 52 52 52 52

4
MATHEMATICS : Review Notes

Example: From box of playing cards, if I took all the
clubs and diamonds leaving all the hearts and
spades randomly in the box. If am to pick two
cards, 1 at a time; what is the chance that I would
pick a spade on the first draw and a King on the
second draw?
Solution:
P = PSpade xPKing
13 2 1 1 1
P= x = x =
26 26 2 13 26
Example: In a bouquet throwing game in a wedding
where in there are 4 participants; what is the
chance that same lady would get the bouquet on
three consecutive rounds of the game?
Solution:
P = Cp r q n − r
p : probability of getting the bouquet from a
single round of the game
q : probability of not getting the bouquet from a
single trial
n : total number of rounds
r : number of successful rounds
Example: A bacteria is found to have formed in a
water jag after it had been exposed to
contaminated air. From laboratory experiments it
had been found that the bacteria are growing at a
rate of 90 per cubic meter of water. If the growth
rate of the said bacteria in water is proportional to
the square of its time of exposure to contamination,
in days; how long had it been exposed to
contamination?
Solution:
1 90
= ⇒ t 2 = 90
12 t 2
t = 90 = 9.49days
Example: From experiments 5g of hydrogen is
produced by adding 35g of aluminum to an excess
hydrochloric acid. If the hydrogen produced varies
directly with the amount of aluminum added; how
many grams of aluminum must be added to
produce 80g of hydrogen?
Solution:
5 80
= ⇒ 5 y = ( 80 )( 35 )
35 y

3!
3
 1 3
0
1 ( 80 )( 35 )
P= = y= = 560g
( 3 − 3 )!3!  4   4  64 5

Example: In a bouquet throwing game in a wedding

where in there are 4 participants; what is the
chance that same lady would get the bouquet on
two consecutive rounds if the game is repeated
only three times?
Solution:
P = Cp r q n − r
3 1
3!  1 3 3
P=     =
( 3 − 2 ) !3!  4   4  256

J. RATIO AND PROPORTION

A x
A:B = x:y → = → Ay = Bx
B y

Example: A man bought a car with which the gas

consumption is directly proportional to the distance
it covered. If the car consumed 30 liters after
traveling 350km; what is the average distance
covered by the car per liter of gasoline?
Solution:
A x 350km x
= ⇒ =
B y 30li 1li
x ( 30li ) = ( 350km )(1li )
x = 11.67km

5
MATHEMATICS : Review Notes

ALGEBRA: PROPERTIES OF EXPONENTS

xn = x · x · x ··· x
A. FUNDAMENTALS OF ALGEBRA 1 2 3 n
Special Products:
2 2 PROPERTY EXAMPLES
Difference of 2 squares (x + y)(x – y) = x – y m n m+n 4 3 4+3 7
2 2 2 x ·x = x 2 · 2 = 2 = 2 = 128
Square of a binomial (x + y) = x + 2xy + y
2 2
(x – y) = x – 2xy + y
2 (xm / xn) = xm-n (24 / 23) = 24-3 = 21 = 2
Cube of a binomial
3 3 2
(x + y) = x + 3x y + 3xy + y
2 3 (xm)n = xm·n (24)3 = 2(4)(3) = 212 =
3 3 2
(x – y) = x – 3x y + 3xy – y
2 3 (ax)m = amxm (3x)4 = 34·x4 = 81x4
m m m 4 4 4
Difference of 2 cubes x3 – y3 = (x – y)(x2 + xy + y2) (a/x) = a / x (3/x) = 3 / x
3 3 2 2
Sum of 2 cubes x + y = (x + y)(x – xy + y ) m/n n m 4/3 3 4
Square of a trinomial
2 2 2 2
(x + y + z) = x + y + z + 2xy x = x 2 = 2
+ 2xz + 2yz x-m = 1/xm 2-4 = ½4 = 1/16
0 0
x = 1 ; x≠0 2 =1

Properties of Algebra: PROPERTIES OF RADICALS

PROPERTY EXAMPLES
THE BASIC PROPERTIES OF ALGEBRA m
( x)
4

PROPERTY ADDITION MULTIPLICATION

n
xm = n 3
27 =
4
( 3
27 ) 4
= 3 = 81
Closure a+b a·b
Commutative a+b = b+a a·b = b·a
n
a i n x = n ax 3
27 i 3 x = 3
27x
Associative (a + b) + c = (a · b) · c = n
a + (b + c) a · (b · c) x x 3
x x
= n ; a≠0 = 3
Identity a+0 = 0+a = a a·1 = 1·a = a n
a a 3
27 27
Inverse a + (-a) = 0 a(1/a) = 1
= (-a) + a = (1/a)a ; a≠0 m n 4 3
x = mn x x = 4 i3 x = 12 x
m 4
PROPERTY
Distributive
LEFT
a(b+c) = ab + ac
RIGHT
(a+b)c = ac + bc ( x)
m
=x ( x)4
=x
*if ‘x’ is negative:
Note that: m
1. a, b, and c are real numbers, variables or xm = x ;m→even 4
( −16 ) 4
= −16 = 16
algebraic expressions; m
2. for the Identity Property: 0 is the additive xm = x ; m→odd 3
( −16 ) 3
= −16
identity, while 1 is the multiplicative identity;
3. for the Inverse Property: (-a) is the additive PROPERTIES OF PROPORTION
inverse of ‘a’, while (1/a) is the IF THEN
multiplicative inverse of ‘a’.
a b
= a:b = x: y
x y
PROPERTIES OF EQUALITY a b a x
PROPERTY IF THEN = =
Reflexive a=a x y b y
Symmetric a=b b=a
Transitive a=b & b=c a=c a b x y
= =
Substitution a=b b can replace a x y a b
Addition/Subtraction a=b a+c = b+c
a=b a-c = b-c a b a−x b−y
= =
Multiplication/Division a=b ac = bc x y x y
a=b a/c = b/c ; c≠0
Cancellation a+c = b+c a=b a b a+x b+y
= =
ac = bc ; c≠0 a=b x y x y
a b a+x b+y
= =
PROPERTIES OF ZERO x y a−x b−y
i. a + 0 = a and a – 0 = a
ii. a · 0 = 0
iii. (0/a) = 0; a≠0
B. QUADRATIC EQUATION
iv. (a/0) → Undefined
- defined as a second-degree polynomial
v. If ab = 0 ; a=0 or b=0
equation

General Quadratic Equation:

2
ax + bx + c = 0

6
MATHEMATICS : Review Notes

Quadratic Formula: to find the roots of the equation Pascal’s Triangle

2 - to determine the coefficients of the binomial
−b ± b − 4ac
x= expansion
2a
Binomial Pascal’s Triangle
(x + y)0 1
Roots of a quadratic equation: (x + y)1 1 1
2
2 2 (x + y) 1 2 1
−b + b − 4ac −b − b − 4ac (x + y)3 1 3 3 1
x1 = ; x2 = 4
2a 2a (x + y) 1 4 6 4 1
(x + y)5 1 5 10 10 5 1
6
(x + y) 1 6 15 20 15 6 1
Nature of the Roots of a Quadratic Equation:
2
- defined by the discriminant b − 4ac
Properties of Binomial Expansion
b − 4ac = 0 2 roots are real and equal
2
- for the expansion of the binomial (x + y)n:
2
b − 4ac > 0 2 roots are real and unequal
2 2 roots are imaginary and unequal i. There are (n + 1) terms in the expansion
b − 4ac < 0 ii. The power of x decreases by 1 in successive
terms; while the power of y increases by 1 in
successive terms
Properties of the Roots of a Quadratic Equation: iii. The sum of the powers of x and y in each
- if we let x1 and x 2 be the roots of the quadratic term is always n
n n
equation: iv. The first terms starts with x and ends with y
v. If the coefficient of a term is multiplied by the
Sum of roots x 1 + x 2 = −b power of x and divided by the power of y
a
increased by 1, the result is the coefficient of
Product of roots x 1x 2 = c the next term
a
Pure Quadratic Equation x1 = − x 2 ; b = 0 Note: The degree of polynomial is referred to as the
maximum sum of the exponents of the variables in
any term of the polynomial.
C. BINOMIAL THEOREM
- for binomial expansion
Example: Find the value of x in the relation
n n(n − 1) n − 2 2
( x + y ) = x n + nx n −1y + x y 2x + 5 5x
2! + = 50 − 2 x
3 4
n(n − 1)(n − 2) n − 3 3 n −1 n Solution:
+ x y + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + nxy + y
3! 8 x + 20 + 20 x = 50 − 2 x
8 x + 20 x + 2 x = 50 − 20
th n
- the r term in a binomial expression (x+y) : 30 x = 30 ⇒ x = 1
n!
r th = x n −m y m ; m = r − 1
m ! ( n − m )! Example: What are the factors of the expression
x 2 + 4 x − 21 = 0 ?
- a binomial is a polynomial expressed in 2 terms Solution:
−4 ± 42 − 4 (1)( −21) −4 ± 100
( x + y) 0
=1 x= =
2 2
(x + y) 1
=x+y −4 − 10 −14
x1 = = = −7
2
2 2
( x + y) 2
= x + 2xy + y
2
−4 + 10 6
x2 = = =3
( x + y) 3 3 2
= x + 3x y + 3xy + y
2 3 2 2
4
factors ⇒ ( x + 7 )( x − 3 )
( x + y) 4 3
= x + 4x y + 6x y + 4xy + y
2 2 3 4

7
MATHEMATICS : Review Notes

Example: Find x and y from the expressions: Example: Evaluate log16 750
6 x + 5 y = 7 and 9 x + 13 y = 30 Solution:
x
Solution: log16 750 = x → 16 = 750
x
log 16 = log 750 → x log 16 = log 750
3 ( 6 x + 5y − 7 ) − 6 ( 3 x + 10 y − 41) = 0
log750
(18 x + 15y − 21) + ( −18 x − 60 y + 246 ) = 0 x= = 2.388
log16
−45y = −225
y =5 Example: Find x in the expression:
6 x + 5 ( 5 ) = 7 ⇒ 6 x = 7 − 25 = −18 log3 ( 4 x − 5 ) − log3 ( 3 x − 7 ) = 2
x = −3 Solution:
log3 ( 4 x − 5 ) 4x − 5
= 2 ⇒ 32 =
log3 ( 3 x − 7 ) 3x − 7
D. LOGARITHM
9 ( 3 x − 7 ) = 4 x − 5 ⇒ 27 x − 63 = 4 x − 5
Common Logarithm
- also known as the Brigg’s or Briggsian 23 x = 58 ⇒ x = 2.52
Logarithm; or the decadic logarithm
- logarithm with base 10 (log10 or log) Example: Find b from logb 3373 = 3
- the power of 10 necessary to equal a given Solution:
number logb 3373 = 3
Natural Logarithm log10 3373
=3
- also known as the Napier’s or Napierian log10 b
Logarithm log10 3373
- logarithm with base e (ln); log10 b = = 1.176
e=2.718281828459 3
- the power of e necessary to equal a given b = anti log (1.176 ) = 15
number

Binary Logarithm E. AGE PROBLEMS

- logarithm with base 2
- denoted as lb Example: Hannah is now 44 years old and she is
twice as old as Susan was when she was as old as
Illustration Susan is now. How old is Susan?
4
Log2 16 = 4 → 2 = 16 (the exponent to which Solution:
the base ‘2’ must be
Name Past Present
raised to obtain 16)
Hannah x 44
Susan 22 x
Properties of Logarithm
Loga (xy) = loga x + loga y 44 − x = x − 22
Loga (x/y) = loga x – loga y 2 x = 66
Loga xn = n loga x x = 33 years old
Loga a =1
Log10 x = log x Example: Kelvin is now 24years old and his
Loge x = ln x colleague Gemma is 21years old. How many years
ago was Kelvin twice as old as Gemma?
Example: Find y if y = ln (ex-1/ex-4) Solution:
Solution: Name Past Present
(x-1)-(x-4) 3
y = ln e = ln e Kelvin 24-x 24
y = 3 ln e → y = 3 Gemma 21-x 21
24 − x = 2 ( 21 − x )
Example: Solve for x : 4x(23x+2) = 64-2x
24 − x = 42 − 2 x
Solution:
x 3x+2
log 4 (2 ) = log 6
4-2x x = 42 − 24
x 3x+2
log 4 + log 2 = log 64-2x x = 18 years ago
x log 4 + (3x+2) log 2 = (4-2x) log 6
x log 4 + 3x log 2 + 2x log 6 = 4 log 6 – 2 log 2
4log6 − 2log2 2.51
x= = = 0.82
log4 + 3log2 + 2log6 3.06

8
MATHEMATICS : Review Notes

Example: 5 years ago, Charles was 4 times as old 60 ± 50.99

as Mel. In 5 years, Charles will be twice as old as x=
2
Mel. How old is Mel?
x1 = 55.495hrs; x2 = 4.505hrs
Solution:
Name Past Present Future take 4.505hours
Charles 4(x-5) 2(x+5)
Mel x-5 x x+5 Example: Pipe A can fill the tank in 9hours, Pipe B
can fill the same tank in 6hours; if a drain pipe can
2 ( x + 5) − 4 ( x − 5) = x + 5 − ( x − 5) drain the tank in 15hours and all the pipes are
2 x + 10 − 4 x + 20 = 10 open, how long will it take to fill the tank?
−2 x + 30 = 10 Solution:
1 1 1 1
2 x = 30 − 10 = 20 + − =
9 6 12 x
x = 10 years old
4+6+3 1
=
Example: Mike is 8 times as old as Pauline and 17 36 x
years younger than Louie. If the sum of their age is 13 x = 36
47; how old is Pauline? 36
Solution: x= hours
13
x : Pauline’s age
8x : Mike’s age Example: 15,000m3 of water was drawn with Pump
x + 17 : Louie’s age A working for 30hours and Pump B for 45hours. If
x + 8 x + ( x + 17 ) = 47 they filled a 25,000m3 tank with Pump A working for
10 x + 17 = 47 60hours and Pump B for 30hours; what is the
average rate of each pump to draw water?
10 x = 47 − 17 = 30 Solution:
x = 3 years old x : capacity of Pump A
y : capacity of Pump B
30 x + 45 y = 15,000
F. WORK PROBLEMS
30 x = 15,000 − 45y
Example: It takes Allie twice as long as it takes x = 500 − 1.5 y
Bernice to do a job. Together they can do it in 8hrs. 60 x + 30 y = 25,000
How long will it take Bernice to do it alone?
60 ( 500 − 1.5 y ) + 30 y = 25,000
Solution:
x = number of hours for Bernice to do it alone 30,000 − 90 y + 30 y = 25,000
2x = number of hours for Allie to do it alone ( 90 − 30 ) y = 30,000 − 25,000
1 1 1 2 +1 1 3 1
+ = ⇒ = ⇒ = 60 y = 5,000
x 2x 6 2x 6 2x 6 3
y = 83.33 m /hr
2 x = 18 ⇒ x = 9hours
x = 500 − 1.5 ( 83.33 )
Example: A reservoir is filled and emptied by an x = 375 m3/hr
inlet and outlet pipes respectively, in a total time of
10hours. If both the inlet and outlet pipes are
opened, it will take 25hours to fill the reservoir. How G. MIXTURE PROBLEMS
long will it take the inlet pipe to fill the reservoir?
Solution: Example: 12 liters of 10% salt solution and 16 liters
x = filling time if the outlet pipe is closed of 25% salt solution is added to 30 liters of 15% salt
y = emptying time if the inlet is closed solution. What is the percent concentration of salt in
x + y = 10 ⇒ y = 10 − x the mixture?
1 1 1 1 1 1 Solution:
− = ⇒ − =
x y 25 x (10 − x ) 25 0.10 (10 ) + 0.25 ( 20 ) + 0.15 ( 30 ) = x ( 60 )
10 − x − x 10 − 2 x 1 60 x = 1 + 5 + 4.5 = 10.5
2
= 2
=
10 x − x 10 x − x 25 10.5
x=
250 − 50 x = 10 x − x 2 ⇒ x 2 − 60 x + 250 = 0 60
-using the quadratic equation x = 0.175
60 ± ( −60 )
2
− 4 (1)( 250 ) x = 17.5%
60 ± 2,600
x= =
2 (1) 2

9
MATHEMATICS : Review Notes

Example: From two types of Gold, 80% pure and Example: If a ball is thrown vertically up at an initial
65% pure; how many ounces of 80% Gold is rate of 35m/s:
required to produce 200 ounces of 75% Gold? a. How far up will the ball go before it will start to
Solution: fall back?
0.80 x + 0.65 ( 200 − x ) = 0.75 ( 200 ) b. How long will it take the ball to reach its highest
peak?
0.80 x + 130 − 0.65 x = 150 Solution:
0.15 x = 20 a. d=?
20 v i = 35 m ;v f = 0
x= s
0.15
v f2 = v i2 + 2ad ; a = g = −9.81m 2
x = 133.33 ounces s
0 = 35 2 − 2 ( 9.81) d
Example: In a distillery, the two sources of alcohol
solution is of different concentration, one with 40% 19.62d = 1225
concentration and the other with 60% d = 62.44m
3 b. t=?
concentration. If 70m of the 40% concentration
3
and 30m of the 60% concentration is used to v f = v i + at
produce 100m3 of alcohol, what is the mixture’s 0 = 35 − 9.81t
concentration?
Solution: 35
t= = 3.57s
0.40 ( 70 ) + 0.60 ( 30 ) = x (100 ) 9.81

28 + 18 = 100 x Example: If the ball in the previous problem is

46 = 100 x thrown also with a constant horizontal velocity
46 component equal to 12m/s:
x= = 0.46 a. How far up will the ball go?
100 b. How long will it take the ball to reach its
x = 46% maximum peak?
c. What is the maximum horizontal distance the
projectile will traverse?
H. RATE & MOTION PROBLEMS Solution:
a. d=?
Example: With the water current of 4kph, it takes a
v iy = 35 m ;v fy = 0
boat as long to travel 120km with the current as s
90km against it. How fast can the boat go in still v fy = v iy + 2ad ; a = g = −9.81m 2
2 2

current? s
Solution 0 = 35 − 2 ( 9.81) d
2

t120 = t90 19.62d = 1225

120 90 d = 62.44m
= ⇒ ( x + 4 ) 90 = ( x − 4 )120
x+4 x−4 b. t=?
90 x + 360 = 120 x − 480 ⇒ 30 x = 840 v f = v i + at
x = 28kph 0 = 35 − 9.81t
35
Example: Keith starts to jog at a constant rate of t= = 3.57s
9.81
1.1m/s. After 10minutes, Ryan starts off at a rate of c. x=?
1.3m/s. How long will it take Ryan to catch-up with
Keith? v ix = 12 m ;v fy = 12
s
Solution: 1
xf = xo + v ix t + at 2
(
v Keith = 1.1m
s
60s
min )(
= 66 m
min) 2
t = 2 ( 3.57s ) = 7.14s
(
v Ryan = 1.3 m
s
60 s
min)(
= 73 m
min ) 1 2
SKeith = SRyan xf = 0 + (12 )( 7.14 ) + ( 0 )( 7.14 )
2
v Keith tKeith = v Ryan tRyan ; tRyan = tKeith − 10 xf = 0 + 85.68 + 0
xf = 85.68m
( 66 m min) t Keith (
= 73 m
min ( Keith
t )
− 10 )
66tKeith = 73tKeith − 730 ⇒ 7tKeith = 730
tKeith = 104.3 minutes

10
MATHEMATICS : Review Notes

Example: If a bus traveled at a constant rate of Solution:

50kph before it accelerated at a rate of 12km/hr2: a. distance of the professor from the foot of the
a. What is the bus velocity a minute after it building:
accelerated? -first solve for the time for the egg to free fall at the
b. What is the distanced traversed by the bus head level of the professor
from the time it started to accelerate up to a 1
minute after the acceleration is applied? ∆y = v iegg t + at 2
2
c. What is to total distance traveled if the bus had
1
been traveling for 30 minutes prior to the 30 − 1.52 = 0 + ( 9.81) t 2
application of the acceleration? 2
Solution: 28.48 = 4.905t 2
(
v bus = 50 km
hr )(
1000m
km )(
1hr
60min )
= 833.33 m
min t2 =
28.48
⇒t =
28.48
4.905 4.905
) (1000m km )(1hr 60min)
2

(
abus = 12 km
hr 2
= 3.33 m
min2 t = 2.41s : time for the egg to fall
-use this time to calculate the distance the
a. velocity at 1 minute after acceleration: professor should be from the foot of the building
v f = v i + at x = v prof t

v f = 833.33 m
min (
+ 3.33 m
min2 ) (1min) (
x = 1.2 m
s ()2.41s )
x = 2.892m
v f = 833.33 m + 3.33 m
min min b. time before the student should drops the egg:
v f = 836.66 m x = v prof t
min
b. distance traveled at 1 minute after acceleration: 20 − 2.892 = 1.2 m ( s )t
1
xf = xo + v i t + at 2 1.2t = 17.108
2
t = 14.26s after the professor started walking
1 2
xf = 0 + ( 833.33 )(1) + ( 3.33 )(1) from the parking lot
2 c. final speed of the egg right before the impact:
xf = 833.33m + 1.665m v f2 = v i2 + 2ad
xf = 835m v f2 = 2 ( 9.81)( 30 − 1.52 )
c. total distance traveled:
v f2 = 2 ( 9.81)( 28.48 )
1
xf = xo + v i t + at 2
2 v f = 2 ( 9.81)( 28.48 ) = 558.78
xo = v i t
v f = 23.64 m
xo = ( 833.33 )( 30 ) s
-another solution
xo = 24,999.9m = 24.99km v f = v i + at
1
xf = 24,999.9 + ( 833.33 )(1) +
2
( 3.33 )(1)
2
(
v f = 0 + 9.81m
s2 ) ( 2.41s )
xf = 24,999.9 + 833.33m + 1.665m v f = 23.64 m
s
xf = 25,834.9m

Example: A professor, 1.52m tall, walks towards a

building from a parking lot that is 20m from the foot
of the building. The building is 30m high and the
professor walks at a constant speed of 1.2m/s;
now if a student on top of the building wishes to
drop a rotten egg on the head of the teacher:
a. How far the teacher should be from the foot of
the building at the instant the egg should be
released in order for it to hit the head of the
professor?
b. When should the student drop the egg for it to
hit the head of the professor?
c. What is the speed of the egg at the point just
before it hit the head of the professor?

11
MATHEMATICS : Review Notes

GEOMETRY: POLYGONS: a closed plane figure with 3 or more

angles
A. THEORIES IN PLANE AND SOLID i. Regular polygon:
GEOMETRY ii. Convex Polygon:
Plane Geometry iii. Concave Polygon:
ANGLES: formed by two rays that extends from a iv. Diagonal:
common point called vertex. v. Number of diagonals in a polygon:
i. Complimentary angles: two angles whose n
sum is 90˚ (right angles) Diagonals = ( n − 3 )
2
ii. Supplementary angles: two angles whose vi. Sum of interior angles in a polygon:
sum is 180˚ (straight angle)
S = ( n − 2 )180 ; n=no. of sides of polygon
iii. Explementary angles: two angles whose sum
is 360˚ (perigon)
iv. Adjacent angles: two angles with a common TRIANGLES: a three sided polygon
leg i. Equilateral triangle:
v. Vertical angles: formed by two intersecting ii. Isosceles triangle:
lines; vertical angles are equal iii. Scalene triangle:
iv. Acute triangle:
The different types of angles: v. Egyptian triangle:

θ B. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
Distance Between 2 Points; Midpoint Formula
P2 (x 2 , y 2)

P1 (x 1 , y 1) y2

CIRCLES: a figure that is a locus of equidistant y1

points from a given point in a plane.
i. Circumference: the perimeter of a circle
C = 2πr = πd x1
ii. Sector: area bounded by two-radii and an x2
included arc 2 2

1
P1P2 = ( x2 − x1 ) + ( y 2 − y1 )
A = r 2 θ → θ is in radians Midpoints:
2
x + x2 y1 + y 2
πr 2 θ x= 1 ; y=
A= → θ in degrees 2 2
360
iii. Segment: area bounded by a chord and the Division of a Line Segment
arc subtending the chord
A = Asec tor − Atriangle P2 (x 2 , y 2 )

(y2 -y)
n
P(x,y)

m (y-y1)
P1 (x 1 , y 1 )

(x-x1) (x2 -x)

P1P m x − x1 m
if = ; then =
PP2 n x2 − x n
nx − nx1 = mx2 − mx ⇒ x ( m + n ) = mx2 + nx1

mx2 + nx1 my 2 + ny1

x= y=
m+n m+n

12
MATHEMATICS : Review Notes

Equation of the Line TWO-INTERCEPT FORM

POINT-SLOPE FORM
P(x,y)
b P(x,y)
(y-y1)
y
P1 (x 1 , y 1)
y
(x-x1)
x (a-x)
y1 a
Given:
a = x-intercept
x1 b = y-intercept
x
Given: m = slope y b
P1 (x1,y1) = → ay = ba − bx
a−x a
bx ay ab x y
rise y − y1 + = → + =1
m= = y − y1 = m ( x − x1 ) ab ab ab a b
run x − x1

GENERAL FORM
SLOPE-INTERCEPT FORM Ax + By + C = 0
P(x,y)
m = −A
B
(y-b) y 2 − y1 rise
y m = tan θ = =
x2 − x1 run
x
b
Parallel Lines
x - L1 and L2 are parallel if m1 = m2
Given: m = slope
b = y-intercept
Perpendicular Lines
y −b - L1 and L2 are perpendicular if m1m2 = −1 or
m= y = mx + b
x m1 = −1
m2

TWO-POINT FORM Angle Between 2-Lines

P2 (x 2 , y 2) L2 m2 − m1
tan θ =
1 + m2 m1
(y2-y1) β θ L1
P(x,y) m1 − m2
(y-y1) y2 tan β =
P1 (x 1 , y 1) 1 + m1m2
y
(x-x1)
y1
(x2-x1)

x1 Perpendicular Distance Between Point and Line

x P1 (x 1 , y 1)
x2
Given: P1 (x1,y1)
P2 (x2,y2) d
L:A
x+
y − y1 y − y1 y 2 − y1 By +
m= 2 = C=
x2 − x1 x − x1 x2 − x1 0
Ax1 + By1 + C
d=
± A2 + B 2

13
MATHEMATICS : Review Notes

Notes: The Circle

iv. use (+) if point is above the line, provided B
P(x,y)
is (+);
v. use (–) if point is below the line, provided B
is (+); or
vi. write (+1) if point is above the line, (–1) if C(h,k)
point is below the line; then multiply by the
sign of B

Distance Between Two Parallel Lines

PC = r
L:A 2 2
x+
By +
( x − h) + (y − k ) = r
C2 =
0
- Center at C(h,k):
d 2 2
L:A ( x − h) + (y − k ) = r 2
x+
By + - Center at origin:
C1 =
0 x2 + y 2 = r 2
- General Form:
C1 − C2 x 2 + y 2 + Cx + Dy + E = 0
d=
± A2 + B 2
Example: Find the equation of the circle whose
center is at (4,5) and is with a radius equal to 7.
Division of Line Segment Solution:
2 2
( x − 4) + ( y − 5 ) = 72
r1
x 2 − 8 x + 16 + y 2 − 10y + 25 = 49
(x 1 , y 1) x 2 + y 2 − 8 x − 10 y − 8 = 0
r2
P(x,y)
Example: Find the center and the radius of the
(x 2 , y 2) circle x 2 + y 2 − 8 x − 10 y − 8 = 0 .
l1 l Solution:
r1 = ; r2 = 2
L L x 2 − 8 x + + y 2 − 10 y + = 8
( 1 2 ) ( x2 r1 )
x r + ( y1r2 ) + ( y 2 r1 ) x 2 − 8 x + 16 + y 2 − 10y + 25 = 8 + 16 + 25 = 49
x= ;y = 2 2
r1 + r2 r1 + r2 ( x − 4) + ( y − 5 ) = 72
therefore C ( 4,5 ) and r = 7
Example: Find the equation of the line passing
through the point of intersection of the lines Example: Find the equation of a circle passing
2 x − 3y + 8 = 0 and 2 x + 5 y − 8 = 0 ; and through the 3 points: A (1,5 ) , B ( 4,7 ) and
perpendicular through y − 3 x + 5 = 0 . D ( −1, −2 ) .
Solution: Solution:
Point of intersection of the two lines: for A (1,5 )
[2x − 3y + 8] − [ 2x + 5y − 8] = −8y + 16 = 0 12 + 52 + C + 5D + E = 0 ⇒ C + 5D + E = −26
y =2 for B ( 4,7 )
2 x − 3 ( 2 ) + 8 = 0 ⇒ 2x + 2 = 0
4 2 + 7 2 + 4C + 7D + E = 0 ⇒ 4C + 7D + E = −65
x =1 for D ( −1, −2 )
therefore point of intersection is at (1,2) 2 2
( −1) + ( −2 ) − C − 2D + E = 0 ⇒ −C − 2D + E = −5
the slope of y − 3 x + 5 = 0 is 3
y − y1 = m ( x − x1 ) [C + 5D + E + 26] − [ −C − 2D + E + 5] = 0
y − 1 = 3 ( x − 1) ⇒ y = 3 x − 3 + 1 7D + 21 = 0 ⇒ D = −3
y = 3x − 2

14
MATHEMATICS : Review Notes

[ 4C + 7D + E + 65] − [ −C − 2D + E + 5] = 0 TRIGONOMETRY:
5C + 9D + 60 = 0; D = −3 ⇒ 5C + 9 ( −3 ) + 60 = 0 Right Triangles
5C = −33 ⇒ C = −33
5
a c
C + 5D + E + 26 = 0;C = −33 ; D = −3
5
−33 + 5 ( −3 ) + E + 26 = 0 ⇒ E = −4.4
5 A
b
therefore the equation of the circle is:
x 2 + y 2 − 33 x − 3 y − 4.4 = 0 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
5
a c
sin A = csc A =
Example: Find the distance between points c a
x ( 5, −9 ) and y ( −3,7 ) b c
cos A = sec A =
Solution: c b
2 2 a b
d= ( x2 − x1 ) + ( y 2 − y1 ) tan A = cot A =
b a
2 2
d= ( −3 − 5 ) + (7 + 9)
PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM
d = 17.89units
a2 + b2 = c 2
Example: Find the angle between the lines
y = 3 x + 8 and y = −5 x + 9
Oblique Triangles
Solution:
B
m1 = 3; m2 = −5
a c
m − m1
θ = tan−1 2
1 + m1m2 C
A
−5 − 3 b
θ = tan−1
1 + ( 3 )( −5 ) SINE LAW
−8 a b c
θ = tan−1 = =
−14 sin A sinB sin C
θ = 29.74
COSINE LAW
Example: Find the distance of the line 7 y = 5 x + 8 2 2 2
a = b + c − 2bccosA
to the origin ( 0,0 ) 2 2 2
b = a + c − 2accosB
Solution: 2 2 2
c = a + b − 2abcosC
Ax1 + By1 + C
d=
± A2 + B 2 LAW OF TANGENTS
A = 5; B = −7;C = 8 1
tan ( A − B )
( 5 )( 0 ) + ( −7 )( 0 ) + 8 a−b 2
d= =
2 a+b 1
± 52 + ( −7 ) tan ( A + B )
2
8
d=
± 25 + 49
8 Fundamental Relations
d= RECIPROCAL RELATIONS
±8.6
1 1
d = ±0.93 sin A = cot A =
csc A tan A
1 1
cos A = sec A =
sec A cos A
1 1
tan A = csc A =
cot A sin A

15
MATHEMATICS : Review Notes

PYTHAGOREAN RELATIONS HALF-ANGLES

2 2
sin A + cos A = 1 A 1 − cos A
sin =±
2 2
1 + cot A = csc A 2 2
2
1 + tan A = sec A
2
A 1 + cos A
cos =±
2 2
QUOTIENT RELATIONS
sin A cos A A 1 − cos A sin A
tan A = cot A = tan = =
cos A sin A 2 sin A 1 + cos A
A 1 + cos A sin A
cot = =
2 sin A 1 − cos A
Identities
SUM OF ANGLES
sin( A + B ) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B SUM OF TWO FUNCTIONS
1 1
cos( A + B ) = cos A cos B − sin A sin B sin A + sin B = 2 sin ( A + B ) cos ( A − B )
2 2
tan A + tan B
tan( A + B ) = 1 1
1 − tan A tan B cos A + cos B = 2 cos ( A + B ) cos ( A − B )
2 2
cot A cot B − 1
cot( A + B ) = sin( A + B )
cot A + cot B tan A + tan B =
cos A cos B
DIFFERENCE OF ANGLES
DIFFERENCE OF TWO FUNCTIONS
sin( A − B ) = sin A cos B − cos A sin B
1 1
cos( A − B ) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B sin A − sin B = 2 cos ( A + B ) sin ( A − B )
2 2
tan A − tan B 1 1
tan( A − B ) = cos A − cos B = 2 sin ( A + B ) sin ( A − B )
1 + tan A tan B 2 2
cot A cot B + 1 sin( A − B )
cot( A − B ) = tan A − tan B =
cot B − cot A cos A cos B

DOUBLE ANGLE PRODUCT OF TWO FUNCTIONS

sin 2 A = 2 sin A cos A 2 sin A sin B = cos( A − B ) − cos( A + B )
2 2
cos 2 A = cos A − sin A 2 sin A cos B = sin( A + B ) + sin( A − B )
2 tan A 2 cos A cos B = cos( A + B ) + cos( A − B )
tan 2 A = 2
1 − tan A
2 PLANE AREA
cot A − 1
cot 2 A = i. Area of Triangles
2 cot A B
a c
SQUARES
2 1 C
sin A = (1 − cos 2 A ) A
2 b
1 a b c a sin B
2 = = b=
cos A = (1 + cos 2 A ) sin A sin B sin C sin A
2
2 1 − cos 2 A ii. Given 1-side and all the included angles
tan A =
1 + cos 2 A 1 sin A sin B
A = a2
1 + cos 2 A 2 sin C
2
cot A = iii. Given the base and altitude
1 − cos 2 A 1
A = bh
2
h
sin A = → h = c sin A
c

16
MATHEMATICS : Review Notes

iv. Given 2-sides and 1-included angle

1 r
A = bc sin A
2 θ
1 r
= ab sin C
2
v. Triangle Circumscribing a Circle
a. Area of a circle
A = πr 2
a c

b. Area of a sector
b θ
A = πr 2 ; θ → degrees
1 360
Atriangle = r ( a + b + c ) = rs 1
2 A = r 2 θ ; θ → radians
vi. Triangle Inscribed in a Circle 2

c. Inscribed Angles
r c
a
2C
r B=2A A 2A

C A A
b
A

θ
1 1 c 2 180 − 2α + 180 − 2θ + B = 360
c/2 Atriangle = ab sin C = ab 
2 2  r  B
r c B = 2θ + 2α
abc θ
α
2C Atriangle = α B
4r = θ+α
r 2

vii. Triangle with Escribed Circle x. Quadrilateral

a. Any Quadrilateral
r b C

B
a r c
c r a

b A

d D

a r r
c A= ( s − a )( s − b )( s − c )( s − d ) − abcd cos2 θ 
b a+b+c +d
s=
1 1 1 r 2
Atriangle = br + ar − cr = (b + a − c ) A +C B+D
2 2 2 2 θ= ;θ =
r a+b+c  2 2
Atriangle = (b + a + c − 2c ) = r  −c b. Cyclic Quadrilateral
2  2  b
Atriangle = r ( s − c ) B C

viii. Given all the sides d1

A + C = 180
c
A = s ( s − a )( s − b )( s − c ) a
B + D = 180
d2
a+b+c D θ = 90
s= A
2 d

ix. Area of Circles and Sectors A= ( s − a )( s − b )( s − c )( s − d )

17
MATHEMATICS : Review Notes

c. Ptolemy’s Theorem Example: Find the diameter of the circle in the

ac + bd = d1d 2 given figure:
5m

6m
6 POSSIBLE CASES 4m
d2
d1

Given Req’d Solution

d=?
All sides given A,B,C cosine law for sides
(a,b,c)
All angles given a,b,c cosine law for
(A,B,C) angles
2 sides & included c,A,B cosine law for sides Solution:
angle (a,b,C) Using Ptolemy’s Theorem:
2 angles and B,a,c cosine law for ac + bd = d1d 2
included side angles
(A,C,b) 42 + d12 = d 2 ⇒ d1 = d 2 − 16
2 sides and 1 A,C,c sine law and 62 + d 22 = d 2 ⇒ d 2 = d 2 − 36
opposite angle Napier’s analogies
(a,b,B) ( 4 )( 6 ) + ( 5 ) d = d1d2 = ( d 2 − 16 )( d 2 − 36 )
2 angles and 1 C,a,c sine law and 2
opposite side
(A,B,b)
Napier’s analogies =  d 2 − 16
( 24 + 5d )
2
(
d 2 − 36 
 )( )
2 2 4 2
24 + 240d + 25d = d − 52d + 576
d 4 − 77d 2 − 240d = 0
AREA OF SPHERICAL TRIANGLE
πr 2 E ( )
d d 3 − 77d − 240 = 0 ⇒ T .A.E.
A=
180
E = Sum of all angles – 180˚ : Spherical Excess Example: If the sides of a triangle are 20mm, 40mm
and 25mm; what is the radius of the inscribed
Example: Find the area of the spherical triangle if circle?
A = 145 , B = 75 , C = 80 , and r = 45m Solution:
Solution: a+b+c
s=
E = (145 + 75 + 80 ) − 180 = 120 2
20 + 40 + 25
s=
πr 2 E π ( 45 ) (120 )
2


A= = = 4,241.15 2
180 180 s = 42.5
A = s ( s − a )( s − b )( s − c )
Example: The sides of the triangle are AB=2m,
BC=3m, CA=4m. Find the length of the median A = 42.5 ( 22.5 )( 2.5 )(17.5 )
from vertex A to the side BC.
A = 204.54
Solution:
B abc abc
A= ⇒r =
3m 4r 4A
2m
ma C ( 20 )( 40 )( 25 )
r =
4 ( 204.54 )
4m
A
r = 24.445mm
Using Cosine Law:
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C Example: For a triangle, given an included angle of
22 = 32 + 42 − 2 ( 3 )( 4 ) cos C 105˚ and the two sides being 16m and 24m in
length, what is the length of the 3rd side that is
24 cos C = 9 + 16 − 4 = 21 opposite of the given included angle?
cos C = 7 ⇒ C = 28.955 Solution:
8
c = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos C
ma = 4 + 1.5 − 2 ( 4 )(1.5 ) cos C
2 2

ma = 16 + 2.25 − 12cos 28.955 c = 162 + 242 − 2 (16 )( 24 ) cos105

ma = 7.75m c = 32.11m

18
MATHEMATICS : Review Notes

Example: Find the radius of the circle DIFFERENTIAL AND INTEGRAL CALCULUS:
circumscribing an isosceles triangle with an area of
2
72mm A. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
Solution: Derivatives of Common Functions
1 1 d d du
A = ab = a 2 (C ) = 0 ( tan u ) = sec 2 u
2 2 dx dx dx
1 d d du
72 = a2 ⇒ a 2 = 72 ( 2 ) (x) = 1 ( cot u ) = − csc u2
2 dx dx dx
a = 12mm d d du
-using Pythagorean Theorem (Cx ) = C ( sec u ) = sec u tan u
dx dx dx
c = a 2 + b 2 = 122 + 122 d d du
c = 16.97mm dx
( )
x n = nx n −1
dx
( csc u ) = − csc u cot u
dx
c du
c = 2r ⇒ r = d n du
2 dx
( )
u = nu n −1
dx
d
( arcsin u ) = dx2
16.97 dx 1− u
r = = 8.49mm
2 d 1 du −du
dx
( )u =
2 u dx
d
( arccos u ) = dx
Example: In a triangle ABC it is given that angle A dx 1− u2
is 40º and angle B is 80º; if the side opposite angle d du dv du
A is 65m long, what is the length of the side (u ± v ) = ± d
( arctan u ) = dx
dx dx dx
opposite angle B? dx 1+ u2
Solution: d du dv −du
-use Sine Law ( uv ) = v + u d
( arc cot u ) = dx
dx dx dx dx
sin A sin B 1+ u2
=
a b du dv du
v −u d dx
sin 40 sin80
=
d u 
= dx dx ( arc sec u ) =
dx  v 
dx 2
u u −1
65 b v2
sin80 0.985
b = 65 = 65
sin 40 0.623 d x −du
b = 102.77m dx
(e ) = ex d
( arc csc u ) = dx
dx u u2 − 1
d u du d du
dx
( e ) = eu
dx dx
( sinh u ) = cosh u
dx
d u du d du
dx
( )
a = au ln a
dx dx
( cosh u ) = sinh u
dx
d 1 d du
( ln x ) = ( tanh u ) = sech2 u
dx x dx dx
d 1 du d du
( ln u ) = ( coth u ) = − csch2 u
dx u dx dx dx
d du d du
( sin u ) = cos u ( sech u ) = − sech u tanh u
dx dx dx dx

d du d du
( cos u ) = − sin u ( csch u ) = − csch u coth u
dx dx dx dx

Note that:
ex − e−x e x + e− x e x − e− x
sinh = cosh = tanh =
2 2 e x + e− x

19
MATHEMATICS : Review Notes

Example: Find the slope of the curve y = 2x 3 − 7 x Radius of Curvature

3
at ( 2,2 ) . 1 + ( y ' )2  2

Solution: R= 
y"
dy dy
= slope ⇒ = 6x 2 − 7
dx dx Example: What is the radius of curvature of the
@ ( 2,2 ) : curve y = x 2 at point ( 2,4 )
dy 2 Solution:
= 6 ( 2 ) − 7 = 17 3
dx
1 + ( 2 x )2  2
y ' = 2x
then R =  
Example: At what point does the curve y" = 2 2
y = 2 x 3 − 7 x has a slope of 17? 3 3
1 + ( 2i2 )2  2
1 + ( 4 )2  2 3
Solution:
R=  =  =
[17] 2
dy dy 2 2 2
= slope ⇒ = 6 x 2 − 7 = 17
dx dx
6 x 2 − 7 = 17 ⇒ 6 x 2 = 24 ⇒ x 2 = 4
Time Rate Problems
x=2
@x = 2 Example: A particle moves along the curve
3
y = 2 x − 7 x = 2 ( 2 ) − 7 ( 2 ) = 16 − 14
3 4 y 3 = 2 x 2 , with the velocity along-y equal to 3m/s
y =2 at y=2; find the velocity and acceleration of the
motion.
therefore the point is at ( 2,2 ) Solution:
3
@ y = 2 ⇒ 4 ( 2) = 2x 2 ⇒ x = 4
Example: What is the equation of the curve that
passes through the point (2,3) with a slope of dy dx 2 dx
12 y 2 = 4x ⇒ 12 ( 2 ) ( 3 ) = 4 ( 4 )
dt dt dt
5x − 3 ?
Solution: dx
=9
dy dt
= 8 x − 3 ⇒ dy = ( 8 x − 3 ) dx
dx v = 92 + 3 2 = 90 = 3 10 m
s
∫ dy = ∫ ( 8 x − 3 ) dx d 2y d 2x d2y
24 y 2 = 4 2 ; 2 = 0
8x 2 dt dt dt
y= − 3x + C = 4x 2 − 3x + C
2 d x 24 y 24 ( 2 )
2
= = = 12
at point (2,3): dt 2 4 4
2
y = 4x 2 − 3x + C ⇒ 3 = 4 ( 2) − 3 ( 2) + C a = 122 + 0 2 = 122 = 12 m
s2
3 = 16 − 6 + C ⇒ 3 − 16 + 6 = C
C = −7 Example: An alcohol is flowing into a conical vessel
3
then y = 4 x 2 − 3 x − 7 at a rate of 9 cm . If the cone is 20cm in diameter
s
at the top and 35cm high, at what depth is the
Example: What is the point of inflection of the curve alcohol in the cone at the instant when its top is
y = x 3 + 6x 2 − 7x + 5 ?
rising at a rate of 0.12 cm ?
Solution: s
y ' = 3 x 2 + 12 x − 7 Solution:
dV 3
y " = 6 x + 12 = 0 ⇒ 6 x = −12 = 4 cm
dt s
x = −12 = −2 2
6 πr h r 20 20h 400h 2
V = ; = ⇒r = ⇒ r2 =
y = x 3 + 6 x 2 − 3 x − 7 , at x = −2 3 h 35 35 1,225
πh  400h 2  400πh3
3 2
y = ( −2 ) + 6 ( −2 ) − 3 ( −2 ) − 7
V =  =
y = −8 + 24 + 6 − 7 = 15 3  1,225  3,675
2
therefore the point of inflection is at ( −2,15 ) dV 400πh dh 400 π
= ⇒4= ( 0.12 ) h 2
dt 1,225 dt 1,225
h = 5.7cm

20
MATHEMATICS : Review Notes

B. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 6 6 6 7 4
x ( x − 2) ( x − 2) x ( x − 2) ( x − 2)
Standard Integration Formulas = −∫ dx = −
6 6 6 ( 6 )( 7 )
∫ du = u + c 2

 4 ( 4 − 2 ) 6 ( 4 − 2 )7   2 ( 2 − 2 ) 6 ( 2 − 2 )7 
∫ adu = a ∫ du =a (u + c ) = − − − 
u n +1  6 ( 6 )( 7 )   6 ( 6 )( 7 ) 
∫ u du =
n
+ c; n ≠ −1
n +1  4 ( 2 )6 ( 2 ) 
7
256 128 128 64
= − −0 = − = −
∫ u du = ln u + c
−1
 6 ( 6 )( 7 )  6 42 3 21
∫ e du = e
u u
+c 832
u
= = 39.62
a 21
∫ a du = ln a + c
u

∫ ( du ± dv ) = ∫ du ± ∫ dv Wallis’ Formula
∫ udv = uv − ∫ vdu
π2
∫0
sinm x cosn xdx

∫ sin udu = − cos u + c

[( m − 1)( m − 3 )( m − 5 ) ... (1or 2 )][( n − 1)( n − 3 )( n − 5 ) ... (1or 2 )]
∫ cos udu = sin u + c =
[( m + n )( m + n − 2 )( m + n − 4 ) ... (1or 2 )]
α

∫ tan udu = ln ( sec u ) + c

where α = π 2 if m & n are both even; otherwise,
∫ cot udu = − ln ( csc u ) + c α = 1.
∫ sec udu = ln ( sec u + tan u ) + c Note: if ( m − 1) or ( n − 1) becomes 0 or -1; replace it by 1.

∫ csc udu = − ln (csc u + cot u ) + c

∫ sec u tan udu = sec u + c π8
Example: Evaluate ∫ sin9 4t cos6 4tdt
∫ csc u cot udu = − csc u + c
0

Solution:
∫ sec udu = tan u + c
2
@t = 0 → x = 0
x = 4t
therefore: π π π
∫ csc udu = − cot u + c
2
dx = 4dt @t = → x = 4  =
8 8 2
du u 
∫ 2
a −u
= sin−1   + c
2
a π8 1 π8 9
du 1 −1  u 
∫0
sin9 4t cos6 4tdt =
4 ∫0
sin 4t cos6 4t 4dx
∫ a2 + u 2 = a tan  a  + c 1 π2 9
4 ∫0
sin x cos6 xdx
du 1 u
∫u =
a
secan−1   + c
a ( 8 )( 6 )( 4 )( 2 )  ( 5 )( 3 )(1) 
= 
2 2
u −a
(1)
(15 )(13 )(11)( 9 )( 7 )( 5 )( 3 )(1) 
Example:
Solution: ( 8 )( 6 )( 4 )( 2 ) 
= (1) = 2.84 x10−3
(15 )(13 )(11)( 9 )( 7 ) 
Integration by Parts
∫ udv = uv − ∫ vdu π2
Example: Evaluate ∫
0
sin8 x cos6 xdx
4 5 Solution:
Example: Evaluate ∫ x ( x − 2) dx
( 7 )( 5 )( 3 )(1)  ( 5 )( 3 )(1)   π 
= 
2

Solution:  
5 (14 )(12 )(10 )( 8 )( 6 )( 4 )( 2 )  2 
dv = ( x − 2 )
u=x [1,575]
6 π
=
du = dx
v=
( x − 2)
6
[ 645,120]  2 

21
MATHEMATICS : Review Notes

Trigonometric Substitution ENGINEERING ECONOMY:

2 2
CASE 1: for a − u , use u = a sin θ
A. BASIC THEORIES AND DEFINITIONS
CASE 2: for a 2 + u 2 , use u = a tan θ Engineering Economy:
CASE 3: for u 2 − a 2 , use u = a sec θ - the analysis of the economic consequences
of engineering decisions
- a subset of economics for application to
Example: Evaluate the integral: engineering projects

16 − x 2 a. Interest
∫ x2
dx
- the fee charged by a lender to a borrower
Solution: for the use of the borrowed money
x = 4 sin θ - fee paid on a borrowed capital
dx = 4cos θd θ b. Loan or Principal
- debt or the amount borrowed
16 − x 2 16 − 16 sin2 θ c. Sole Proprietor
∫ x2
dx = ∫ 16 sin2 θ
4 cos θd θ
- simplest legal structure of business
- business is owned/managed/controlled by
one person
4 1 − sin2 θ 4 1 − sin2 θ
=∫ 2
4 cos θd θ = ∫ 4cos θd θ d. Partnership
16 sin θ 16 sin2 θ - business is owned/manage/controlled by
4cos θ 16 cos2 θ two or more person
=∫ 4cos θd θ = ∫ d θ = ∫ cot 2 θd θ
2
16 sin θ 16 sin2 θ - owners are called partners who are bound
to a partnership agreement
( )
= ∫ csc 2 θ − 1 d θ = ∫ csc 2 θd θ − ∫ d θ = − cot θ − θ + c
- partners share with each other the profits
and losses of the business undertaking to
sin θ = x
4
⇒ θ = arcsin x
4 ( ) which all have invested
e. Corporation
cos θ 4
x =4sinθ - the business is owned by a group of
cot θ =
sin θ shareholders
θ
16 − x 2 4cos θ
- the capital is divided up to the number of
cot θ = shares
x
- is a legal entity that has a separate legal
personality with from its members
therefore: f. Bond
16 − x 2 16 − x 2 - Debt security: the authorized issuer owes the
∫ x 2
dx =
x
− arcsin x + c
4 ( ) holder and is obliged to pay the principal and
interest at a later date
- bonds bears a fixed nominal rate of interest
and is repayable on maturity
- bond rate is the rate of interest quoted in the
bond

Simple Interest: F = Pin

- interest on a load or principal that is based
only on the original amount of the loan or
principal
- Calculated only on the principal, or on the
portion of the principal which remains unpaid
- the interest grow in a linear function over time

a. Ordinary Simple Interest

- the interest is calculated on a 360-day-a-
year basis
d d
- F = Pi → n=
360 360

b. Exact Simple Interest

- the interest is calculated on a 365-day-a-
year basis

22
MATHEMATICS : Review Notes

d Sinking Fund
- n= for normal year - sinking fund differs from compound interest in
365 that we now have uniform payments over
d time in addition to the compound interest
- n= for leap year
366

note: P = Principal
i = interest per period
n = number of interest period

Nominal and Effective Rate of Interest  (1 + i ) n − 1 

S = A 
a. Nominal rate of interest
 i 
- the basic annual rate of interest
b. Effective rate of interest
- the actual or the exact rate of interest Annuity
earned on the principal for a 1-year period - series of equal payment at equal time
n
intervals
- EIR = (1 + i ) − 1 ; where n is the number - used to find the present value of a sinking
of interest periods per year fund

Example: Given a rate of interest of 7% a. Ordinary Annuity

compounded quarterly: - Series of fixed payments made at the end
a. Nominal Interest Rate: of each period over a fixed amount of time
- the nominal interest rate, NIR = 7%
b. Effective Interest Rate:
4 4
EIR = (1 + 0.07 ) − 1 = (1.07 ) − 1

Compound Interest
- the concept of adding accumulated interest
back on the principal, so that interest is
earned on interest
 ( 1 + i ) n − 1
P = A n 
 i (1 + i ) 
a. Total Amount, S
b. Annuity Due
- series of fixed payments made at the start
of each period, starting from the first
period

n
S = P (1 + i ) : the future value

b. Present Worth, P

c. Deferred Annuity
- payment does not start until some later
date in the cash flow

S
P= n
(1 + i )

23
MATHEMATICS : Review Notes

d. Perpetuity d. Sum-of-Years Digits Method

- annuity that continues indefinitely i. Sum of years digit
∞ ( n )( n + 1)
Σ years =
2

ii. Respective depreciation charges

n
d1 = ( Co − Cn ) : 1st year
A Σ years
P=
i ( n − 1) nd
d2 = ( Co − Cn ) :2 year
Σ years
Depreciation … and so on…
- reduction or loss in the market value of an
asset or property during its useful life
Break-Even Analysis
a. Definitions - used to analyze the potential profitability of

Value: the money worth of an asset or an expenditure in a sales-based business
product; also commonly referred to as the - break-even refers to the situation where in
current worth unless otherwise specified the income is equal to the expenses

Market value: the price at which an asset
would trade in the market

Book value: the value of an asset as it
appears on a balance sheet; equal to the
cost minus the accumulated depreciation

Use value: the amount of a property base on
its operating unit

Fair value: the unbiased estimate of the
market value of an asset

Salvage value: the estimate value of an asset
at the end of its useful life; also referred to as
the terminal or residual value of an asset

b. Straight Line Method

i. Annual depreciation charge, d
C − Cn
d= o
n Example: If Php250,000 was deposited today with
Co : first cost an interest rate of 5% that is compounded annually,
what would be the account balance after 6 years.
Cn : value after n years (salvage value)
Solution:
n : life of the property n 6
S = P (1 + i ) = 250,000 (1 + 0.05 )
ii. Book value after ‘m’ years 6
S = 250,000 (1.05 ) =
Cm = Co − Dm
Dm : total depreciation after ‘m’ years Example: If Php500,000 is needed in 10 years,
what should be deposited today assuming 3%
c. Sinking Fund Method interest compounded annually?
i. Annual depreciation charge, d Solution:
S 500,000
d=
( Co − Cn ) P= =
(1 + i )n − 1 (1 + i ) (1 + 0.03 )10
n

  500,000
ii. Book value after ‘m’ years P= 10
=
D m = C o − Cm (1.03 )
n
d (1 + i ) − 1 Example: If Php500,000 is needed in 10 years,
Dm = what should be deposited today assuming 3%
i interest compounded quarterly?
Solution:

24
MATHEMATICS : Review Notes

S 500,000 Example: A man borrowed Php20,000 at 15%

P= = interest. If it is to be paid at Php4,000 per annum
(1 + i 4 ) (1 + 0.03 4 )
n 10
th
for 4 years; how much will he pay on the 5 year to
pay off his debt?
500,000 Solution:
P= =
10 P1 + P2 = 20,000
(1.0075 )
 (1 + i ) n
− 1 F
Example: If Php100 is deposited every month at an
A n + = 20,000n
 i (1 + i )  (1 + i )
account that pays 7% interest, compounded
monthly, what will be the balance at the end of 18  (1 + 0.15 ) 4
 −1 F
4, 000  + 4
= 20, 000 5
months?  0.15 ( 1 + 0.15 )  ( 1 + 0.15 )
Solution: 5
F = [ 20, 000 − 11, 419.91] (1.15 )
 1+ i
( )
n
− 1  1 + 0.07
( )
18
− 1 F = 17,257.62
S = A 12  = 100  12 
 i   0.07 
 12   12  Example: A pump can be bought for Php20,000
cash or for a down payment of Php8,000 and
Example: If you borrowed Php36,000 to fix the payments of Php5,000 per year for 3 years; what is
plumbing of your new house, and it is to be paid by the annual rate of interest?
installment in 24 months, how much would you pay Solution:
if the interest is at 15%?  (1 + i ) − 1  n

20,000 = 8, 000 + A  
Solution:  i (1 + i ) 
n

 1+ ( i )
n
− 1  1 + 0.15
( − 1)
24

 (1 + i ) − 1 3

S = A 12  ⇒ 36,000 = A  12  20,000 = 8, 000 + 5, 000   3

 i   0.15   i (1 + i ) 
 12   12  12,000  (1 + i ) − 1 3

=  = 2.4
36,000 5,000  i (1 + i ) 
3

A= =
 1 + 0.15 24 − 1
( ) - the interest i can be solved by substituting
 12  values from the choices of by trial and error
 0.15 
 12  Example: A pump is purchased for Php30,000 and
its installation cost is Php3,500. If the salvage value
Example: If Php15,000 is invested today at a is 12% of the equipment cost at the end of 8years,
simple interest rate of 3% per month; how much what is the book value at the end of the 6th year?
would it be after a year? Solution:
Solution: -using straight line method
F = P (1 + in ) Co = 30,000 + 3,500 = 33,500
Cn = 0.12 ( 30,000 ) = 3,600
F = 15,000 (1 + [0.03][12])
Cn = ( 30,000 ) + 3,500 = 33,500
F = 15,000 (1 + 0.36 ) = 15,000 (1.36 ) Co − Cn 33,500 − 3,600
d = = = 3,737.5
F = 20,400 n 8
Cm = Co − d ( m ) = 33,500 − 3,737.5 ( 6 ) = 11,075
Example: What is the effective annual interest rate
of 15% when compounded semi-annually? Example: A pump cost Php30,000 has a book
Solution: value of Php5,500 at the end of 8years. What is the
2 annual rate of depreciation in %?
 i
EIR = 1 +  − 1 Solution:
 2 Cm = Co (1 − i )
m

2
 0.15  2 5,500 = 30,000 (1 − i )
8
EIR = 1 +  − 1 = [1 + 0.075] − 1
 2  5,500
2 (1 − i) = 8
EIR = [1.075] − 1 = 1.16 − 1 30,000

EIR = 0.16 (1 − i) = 0.809 ⇒ i = 1 − 0.809

EIR = 16% i = 0.191
i = 19.1%

25
 MATHEMATICS : Review Notes

BASIC HYDRAULICS: Solution:

A. FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW Q = vA ⇒ v = =

Q 175 m (
min
1min 3

60 sec)( )
Bernoulli’s Principle A π 2
3 3
1. Q = discharge or volume flow rate (m /s, ft /s) ( 0.5m )
4
Q = viA v = 14.85 m
v = velocity of flow (m/s, ft/s) s
2 2
A = cross-sectional area of flow (m , ft )
Example: What is the volume flow rate of a 75mm
2. Bernoulli’s Equation: diameter pipe with a mean flow velocity of 3.5 m .
s
a. E1 = E2 Solution:
v
2
 π [0.075m ]2 
b. eg = hg +
2g
(
Q = vA = 3.5 m  )
s  4
 = 0.0155 m

3

s
 
i. eg = Energy Gradient
= line connecting (v2/2g)
ii. hg = hydraulic Gradient Head Losses
= line connecting (P/γ) HEAD LOSS DUE TO FRICTION
c. Q1 = Q2 = Q3 : for continuous flow
Name hf (SI) Application
3. 3 Forms of Energy Head: Darcy-Weisbach L v 2 All sections
2
a. Velocity Head: (v /2g) f
b. Pressure Head: (P/γ) D 2g
c. Elevation Head: z LQ 2 Circular pipes
0.0826f only
D5
4. Theoretical Energy Head: No Head Loss Manning All sections
v2
eg 6.35n 2 L 4
v2 1 D 3
2g v2 2

hg 2g Q2 Circular pipes
P 1 10.29n 2L 16 only
γ
D 3
Q P 2 Hazen-Williams 10.64LQ1.85
γ
z 1
C 1.85 D 4.87

z 2
- for Hazen-Williams Equation:
DATUM LINE
v = 0.8492CR 0.63S 0.54
Q = 0.2785CD 2.63S 0.54

5. Actual Energy Head: With Head Loss Note that:

v1
2
HL 12
h
2g eg S = f : Slope of the energy gradient
P1 hg v2
2
L
γ 2g
L : length of pipe (m)
hf : head loss due to friction (m)
Q P2

γ f : friction factor
z1
n : roughness coefficient
z 2
C : Hazen-William’s coefficient
DATUM LINE D : diameter of the pipe (m)
A
R = : hydraulic radius; P is the wetted
P
 v12 P1   v 22 P2  perimeter
 + + z1 =  + + z 2 + HL12 
 2g γ   2g γ 
HEAD LOSS DUE TO CHANGE IN SIZE,
DIRECTION AND OBSTRUCTIONS
Example: What is the mean velocity of the water
v2
flowing through a 500mm diameter pipe at a flow hm = km : minor loss (m)
3 2g
rate of 175 m ?
min k m : coefficient of minor loss

26
MATHEMATICS : Review Notes

HEAD LOSS from REYNOLD’S NUMBER Example: A 500mm diameter pipe conveys water
vD with an estimated head loss of 3cm per meter of its
NR = length. Calculate the discharge assuming f=0.032.
ν
Solution:
vD ρvD : the Reynold’s Number
NR = = LQ 2 (1) Q 2
µ
ρ( ) µ hf = 0.0826f 5 ⇒ 0.06 = 0.0826 ( 0.032 )
D ( 0.5 )
5

µ 5
ν= : Kinematic viscosity (m2/s) ( 0.06 )( 0.5 )
ρ Q2 = = 0.709
µ : Dynamic or Absolute viscosity (Pa·s)
( 0.0826 )( 0.032 )
3
3
ρ : Mass density (kg/m ) Q = 0.842 m
s

i. Laminar Flow Example: A 500mm diameter cast iron pipe is

64 1.5km long. If the head loss is 0.98m and C=130,
NR ≤ 2000 → f =
NR calculate the discharge capacity of the pipe.
Solution:
ii. Turbulent Flow
NR > 2000 → use Moody Diagram Q = 0.2785CD 2.63S 0.54
0.54
2.63  0.98 
Q = 0.2785 (130 )( 0.5 )  1500 
The Moody Diagram  
3
Q = 0.11m
s

Example: A fluid flows through a 120m long and

150mm diameter pipe at 12m/s. What is the head
loss in the pipe? Take ρ = 1,256.56 kg 3 and
m
µ = 1.489Pais
Solution:
-solve for the Reynold’s Number
ρvD
NR =
µ
(1,256.56 )(12 )( 0.15 )
NR =
1.489
NR = 1518.27
NR = 1518.27 < 2000 therefore the flow is
laminar
-solve for the friction coefficient f
64 64
f = =
NR 1518.27
f = 0.042
-solve for the head loss
L v2
hf = f
D 2g
Example: Calculate the head loss in a 300mm  120   12 
2

diameter pipe, catering 90li/s of water in a 2km hf = ( 0.042 )    

stretch pipeline. Assume n=0.023.  0.15   2 ( 9.81) 
Solution: hf = 247.51m
Q2
hf = 10.29n 2L 16
D 3 B. HOOP TENSION
2 - the wall carrying stress capacity of tank and pipes
2 ( 0.09 )
hf = 10.29 ( 0.023 ) ( 2000 ) 16
( 0.3 ) 3 Example: What is the required pipe thickness that
is capable to resist the static pressure in a 90cm
hf = 54.21m diameter steel pipe carrying water under a pressure
head of 200m. Assume pipe capacity of 110MPa.

27
MATHEMATICS : Review Notes

Solution: 0.0589
v1 = = 3m
pD s
t=
2σT
: wall thickness of the pipe 4( )
π ( 0.05 )

p : the static pressure on the pipe P1 = 10kPa

D : inside diameter of the pipe z1 = 0
σT : allowable tensile stress of the material v2 = 0

(
p = γw h = 9.8 kN
m3 ) ( 200m ) = 1,960 kN m 2
P2 = 0
z2 = (10 ) 3m = 30m

t=
(
1.96 x10 N 6
) (900mm ) = 8.02mm
m2 HL12 = hf 12 + hen = 8.8m + 0.23 = 9.03m

m )
2 (110 x10 N
2
6
( 30 )( 0.00589 )
2
hf 12 = 0.0826 ( 0.032 ) 5
= 8.8m
( 0.05 )
32
C. PUMPS hen = 0.5 = 0.23m
2 ( 9.81)
 v12 P1   v 22 P2 
 + + z1 + HA  =  + + z2 + HL12   32 10 x103 
 + + 0 + HA  = [0 + 0 + 30 + 9.03]
 2g γ   2g γ 
 2 ( 9.81) 9.8 x10
3

HA : head added by the pump (m)
HA = 30 + 9.03 − 1.02 − 0.46 = 37.55m
P = Q γE = Q γ ( HA )
Power
P = Q γE : power (watts, hp) (
P = 0.0589 m
s
3
)(
9810 N 2 ( 37.55m )
m )
Q : discharge rate ( m
3
) P = 21,696.73W = 21.7kW
s
γ : density of the flowing fluid ( N ) b. from BE:
m3
E : energy (m)  v12 P1   v 22 P2 
 + + z1 + HA  =  + + z2 + HL12 
 2g γ   2g γ 
Note:
1hp=746W  10,000   P2 
Q γE 0 + 9,810 + 0 + 37.55  = 0 + 9,810 + 0 + 0 
hp =    
746
P2 = 38.57m 9,810 N (
m3 )
Efficiency P2 = 378,371.7Pa = 378.37kPa
Output
Eff = (100 )
Input
D. PIPES IN SERIES AND PARALLEL
Pipes in Series
Example: Water is pumped up a tank on top of a Q3
10-storey building (assume 3m height per storey). If
the pressure and rate of flow at the inlet is
3
Q1 Q2
measured as 10kPa and 0.0589 m respectively,
s
and the inside pipe diameter is 50mm:
a. what is the minimum power required? Assume
an entrance coefficient of 0.5 and f = 0.032 .
Q
b. to push the water up into the tank, what is the Q = Q1 = Q2 = Q3 ...
minimum pressure at the point after the pump? HL = hf 1 + hf 2 + hf 3 + ...
Solution:
a. use BE to solve for HA
-from the inlet to the top of the tank
 v12 P1   v 22 P2 
 + + z1 + HA  =  + + z2 + HL12 
 2g γ   2g γ 

28
 MATHEMATICS : Review Notes

Pipes in Parallel 31 = 118944Q12 + 2918092.8Q22 + 2588221.44Q12

Q4 31 = 2707165.44Q12 + 2918092.8Q22
(
31 = 2707165.44 2.2Q22 + 2918092.8Q22 )
Q2 31 = 5955763.968Q + 2918092.8Q22
2
Q1 Q5
2

31
Q Q22 =
8873856.768
Q6 31
Q2 =
8873856.768
3
Q1 = Q2 = Q3 + Q4 + Q5 Q2 = 1.87 x10 −3 m
s
hf 3 = hf 4 = hf 5
HL = hf 1 + hf 2 + hf 3 -solve for the flow in each pipes

HL = hf 1 + hf 2 + hf 4
Q1 = 2.2Q2 = 2.2 1.87 x10 −3 ( )
3
HL = hf 1 + hf 2 + hf 5 Q1 = 4.114 x10 m −3
s
Q1 = Q4
3
Example: From the given figure below, slve for the Q4 = 4.114 x103 m
s
flow in each pipe and the pressures at junctions B
Q3 = Q1 − Q2
and C.
el. 40m Q3 = 4.114 x10 −3 − 1.87 x10 −3
3
Q3 = 2.244 x10 −3 m
s
A
L=15m -use Bernoulli’s Equation to solve for the Pressures
D=0.05m at the junction B
Q 1f=0.03 L=12m
D=0.025m v A2 PA v2 P
B Q 3f=0.02 + + zA = B + B + zB + hf
el. 24m 2g γ 2g γ
vA = 0
L=15m C PA = 0
D=0.025m el. 12m −3 m 3
Q 2f=0.023 L=18m Q1 4.114 x10 s
D=0.025m vB = =
Q
4f=0.017 A1 π
( 0.05m )
2

4
D
el. 9m v B = 2.095 m
s
Solution: 0.0826f1L1Q12
-find the relation between Q2 and Q3 hf =
D15
hf 2 = hf 3 2

0.0826 ( 0.023 )(15 ) Q22 0.0826 ( 0.02 )(12 ) Q32 hf =

0.0826 ( 0.03 )(15 ) 4.114 x10 −3 ( )
= 5
0.0255 0.0255 ( 0.05 )
( 0.023 )(15 ) Q22 = ( 0.02 )(12 ) Q32 hf = 2.013m
2
Q3 = 1.2Q2 ( 2.095 ) P
0 + 0 + 40 = + B + 24 + 2.013
-find the flow relations in each pipes 2 ( 9.81) 9810
Q1 = Q4 = Q2 + Q3 2

Q1 = Q4 = Q2 + 1.2Q2 = 2.2Q2
PB ( 2.095 )
= 40 − − 24 − 2.013
9810 2 ( 9.81)
40 − 9 = hf 1 + hf 2 + hf 4
PB
0.0826 ( 0.03 )(15 ) Q12 0.0826 ( 0.023 )(15 ) Q22 = 40 − 0.224 − 24 − 2.013 = 13.763m
31 = + 9810
0.055 0.0255

+
0.0826 ( 0.017 )(18 ) Q1
2
(
PB = (13.763m ) 9810 N 3
m )
0.0255 PB = 135015.03 N = 135.02 kN 2 = 135.02kPa
m2 m

29
MATHEMATICS : Review Notes

-use Bernoulli’s Equation to solve for the Pressures

at the junction C
v C2 PC v2 P
+ + zC = D + D + zD + hf
2g γ 2g γ
vC = v D
PD = 0
0.0826f4 L4Q42
hf =
D45
2

hf =
(
0.0826 ( 0.017 )(18 ) 4.114 x10 −3 )
5
( 0.025 )
hf = 43.806m
PC
+ 12 = 0 + 9 + 43.806
9810
PC
= 9 + 43.806 − 12 = 40.806m
9810

(
PC = ( 40.806m ) 9810 N 3
m )
PC = 400306.86 N 2 = 400.31kN 2 = 400.31kPa
m m

30