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Chemistry, 6e (McMurry/Fay)
Chapter 10 Liquids, Solids, and Phase Changes
10.1 Multiple-Choice Questions
1) The bonds in the polyatomic ion CO32– are classified as

A) ionic
B) metallic
C) nonpolar covalent
D) polar covalent
Answer: D
Topic: Section 10.1 Polar Covalent Bonds and Dipole Moments
2) Which covalent bond is the most polar?

A) N F
B) C F
C) Cl F
D) F F
Answer: B
3) Which has a dipole moment?

A) CO2
B) CO32–
C) SO2
D) SO42–
Answer: C
4) Which of the following molecules does not have a dipole moment?

A) CH2=CH2
B) NH3
C) CH3NH2
D) HCl
Answer: A
5) Which of the following should have the largest dipole moment?

A) H2(g)
B) CO2(g)
C) KCl(g)
D) CH3F(g)
Answer: C
1
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
6) The dipole moment of ClF is 0.88 D, and its bond length is 163 pm. What is the percent ionic
character of the Cl F bond?
A) 0.54%
B) 7.8%
C) 11%
D) 25%
Answer: C
7) The dipole moment of BrF is 1.29 D, and its bond length is 178 pm. What is the percent ionic
character of the Br F bond?
A) 3.9%
B) 8.5%
C) 15%
D) 33%
Answer: C
8) AgCl is found to have 78.1% ionic character, and its gas phase dipole moment is 11.5 D. What is the
distance between the Ag and Cl atoms in gaseous AgCl?
A) 9.19 x 10-10 pm
B) 14.7 pm
C) 307 pm
D) 903 pm
Answer: C
9) Which compound, shown with its dipole moment, is expected to exhibit the smallest percent ionic
character?
A) HCl, 1.11 D
B) HF, 1.83 D
C) LiH,6.00 D
D) LiF, 6.28 D
Answer: A
10) The HI bond has a length of 161 pm and 4.92% ionic character. What is the experimental dipole
moment of HI?
A) 0.380 D
B) 0.772 D
C) 3.80 D
D) 7.72 D
Answer: A
2
11) Which compound below could have a zero dipole moment?
A) CCl2F2 (tetrahedral)
B) CuCl2F2 (tetrahedral)
C) PtCl2F2 (square planar)
D) SCl2F2 (see-saw)
Answer: C
12) Which has the smallest dipole-dipole forces?

A) CH3F
B) HCl
C) N2
D) CO
Answer: C
Topic: Section 10.2 Intermolecular Forces
13) Which of the following compounds exhibits hydrogen bonding?

A) CH3Cl
B) HI
C) H3C-O-CH3
D) NH3
Answer: D
14) Which of the following exhibits ion-dipole forces?

A) NaCl(s)
B) NaCl(aq)
C) Na(s)
D) Cl2(g)
Answer: B
15) Which is expected to have the largest dispersion forces?

A) C2H6
B) C8H18
C) N2
D) CO2
Answer: B
3
16) Which substance in each of the following pairs is expected to have the larger dispersion forces?
A) Br2 in set I and n-butane in set II

B) Br2 in set I and isobutane in set II
C) I2 in set I and n-butane in set II
D) I2 in set I and isobutane in set II
Answer: C
17) Which of the following compounds exhibits only dispersion and dipole-dipole intermolecular
interactions?
A) N2
B) HBr
C) CO2
D) H2O
Answer: B
18) In liquid methanol, CH3OH, which intermolecular forces are present?

A) Dispersion, hydrogen bonding and dipole-dipole forces are present.
B) Only dipole-dipole and ion-dipole forces are present.
C) Only dispersion and dipole-dipole forces are present.
D) Only hydrogen bonding forces are present.
Answer: A
19) When a narrow diameter glass tube is inserted into a body of water, water rises in the tube and its
surface inside is concave upwards. Which statement, concerning the strength of the intermolecular
forces between glass and water molecules compared to those between water molecules, is accurate?
A) The forces of attraction between the glass and water are weaker than those in water.
B) The forces of attraction between the glass and water are stronger than those in water.
C) The forces of attraction between the glass and water are the same as those in water.
D) Intermolecular forces are irrelevant to this situation.
Answer: B
Topic: Section 10.3 Some Properties of Liquids
4
20) Which of the intermolecular forces is the most important contributor to the high surface tension
shown by water?
A) dipole-dipole forces
B) dispersion forces
C) hydrogen bonding
D) ion-dipole forces
Answer: C
21) The property of a liquid that measure the liquid’s resistance to flow is
A) boiling point.
B) heat of vaporization.
C) surface tension.
D) viscosity.
Answer: D
22) Which of the following is most likely to have the highest viscosity at 25°C?
A) C4H10
B) HOCH2CH2OH
C) C8H18
D) C2H5NH2
Answer: B
23) Which is expected to have the highest surface tension at 25°?

A) C5H12
B) C6H6
C) C2H5OH
D) C3H5(OH)3
Answer: D
24) The magnitude of the heats of vaporization, fusion and sublimation of a substance reflect the
A) density of the substance.
B) magnitudes of the boiling and melting points of the substance.
C) strength of the covalent bonds between atoms in each molecule of the substance.
D) strength of the intermolecular forces of the substance.
Answer: D
Topic: Section 10.4 Phase Changes
25) For a particular compound, which is expected to be the largest in general?

A) the heat required to raise the temperature of one mole of the gas 10.0°C
B) the heat required to raise the temperature of one mole of the liquid 10.0°C
C) the molar heat of fusion at the normal melting point
D) the molar heat of vaporization at the normal boiling point
Answer: D
5
26) Which of the following phase changes has a positive value for its entropy change?
A) boiling water
B) formation of raindrops from a cloud
C) making dry ice from gaseous CO2
D) making ice cubes from liquid water
Answer: A
27) For which of the following phase changes is the sign of ΔS negative?
A) boiling of water
B) formation of snow from water vapor in clouds
C) melting of ice cream
D) sublimation of I2
Answer: B
28) When a substance melts at its normal melting point, the sign of ΔH is ________ and the sign of ΔS
of this phase change is ________.
A) +, -
B) -, +
C) +, +
D) -, -
Answer: C
29) Ethyl chloride, C2H5Cl, is used as a local anesthetic. It works by cooling tissue as it vaporizes. The
heat of vaporization is 26.4 kJ/mol. How much heat could be removed by 10.0 g of ethyl chloride?
A) 4.09 kJ
B) 170 kJ
C) 264 kJ
D) 1700 kJ
Answer: A
30) Bromine is one of only two elements that is a liquid at room temperature. Bromine has a heat of
vaporization of 30.91 kJ/mol and its boiling point is 59°C. What is the entropy of vaporization for
bromine?
A) -301 J/(mol ∙ K)
B) -93.1 J/(mol ∙ K)
C) 10.7 J/(mol ∙ K)
D) 93.1 J/(mol ∙ K)
Answer: D
6
31) CFC-11 (trichlorofluoromethane, CCl3F) has been used for many years as the working fluid in
refrigerators. Given its heat of vaporization is 26.88 kJ/mol and its entropy of vaporization is 90.51
J/(mol ∙ K), what is the boiling point of CFC-11?
A) -272.9°C
B) 0.297°C
C) 2.44°C
D) 23.8°C
Answer: D
32) How much heat is released when 75.0 g of steam at 100.0°C is cooled to ice at -15.0°C? The
enthalpy of vaporization of water is 40.67 kJ/mol, the enthalpy of fusion for water is 6.01 kJ/mol, the
molar heat capacity of liquid water is 75.4 J/(mol ∙ °C), and the molar heat capacity of ice is 36.4 J/(mol
∙ °C).
A) 54.8 kJ
B) 195 kJ
C) 228 kJ
D) 248 kJ
Answer: C
33) For the process: HNO3(g) ⇌ HNO3(l)

ΔH° is -39.04 kJ/mol and ΔS° is -111.74 J/(mol ∙ K). What is the normal boiling point of pure HNO3?
A) 2.86°C
B) 76.2°C
C) 270.3°C
D) 349.4°C
Answer: B
34) When a liquid is heated at its boiling point, the

A) covalent bonds are broken, allowing vaporization to occur.
B) temperature of the liquid increases.
C) temperature of the liquid remains the same as long as any liquid is present.
D) temperature of the vapor phase increases.
Answer: C
35) As a liquid evaporates at a temperature below its boiling point, the temperature of the liquid
A) decreases.
B) decreases at low temperatures, but increases at high temperatures.
C) increases.
D) remains unchanged.
Answer: A
Topic: Section 10.5 Evaporation, Vapor Pressure, and Boiling Point
7
36) Molecules of a liquid can pass into the vapor phase only if the
A) liquid has little surface tension.
B) molecules have sufficient kinetic energy to overcome the intermolecular forces in the liquid.
C) temperature of the liquid is near its boiling point.
D) vapor pressure of the liquid is high.
Answer: B
37) The vapor pressure of a pure liquid increases as the

A) average kinetic energy of the molecules in the liquid phase decreases.
B) intermolecular attractive forces increase.
C) temperature of the liquid phase decreases.
D) temperature of the liquid phase increases.
Answer: D
38) The normal boiling point occurs when the

A) intermolecular forces within the liquid phase are broken.
B) temperature of the pure liquid equals the external temperature.
C) vapor pressure of a pure liquid equals an external pressure of one atmosphere.
D) vapor pressure of the liquid equals the external pressure.
Answer: C
39) Which of the following compounds has the highest boiling point?
A) H2O
B) HCl
C) H2S
D) NH3
Answer: A
40) Which of the following substances has the highest boiling point?
A) CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
B) Xe
C) CH3-CH2-CH3
D) (CH3)4C
Answer: A
A) CH3CH2OH
B) HOCH2CH2OH
C) H3C-O-CH3
D) CH3CH2CH2CH3
Answer: B
8
42) Arrange the following in order of increasing boiling point.
CH3CH2OH CH3CH2CH3 H3C-O-CH3 CH3CH2NH2
I II III IV
A) IV < III < II < I
B) II < III < IV < I
C) I < IV < III < II
D) II < III < I < IV
Answer: B
43) The normal boiling point for HBr is higher than the normal boiling point for HCl. This can be
explained by
A) larger dipole-dipole forces for HBr.
B) larger dispersion forces for HBr.
C) larger hydrogen-bond forces for HBr.
D) larger dipole-dipole forces, larger dispersion forces, and larger hydrogen-bond forces for HBr.
Answer: B
44) A kitchen pressure cooker operates at 1.50 atm. The ΔHvap of water is 40.7 kJ/mol. What is the
boiling point of water in the pressure cooker?
A) 362 K
B) 373 K
C) 385 K
D) 410 K
Answer: C
45) While mercury is very useful in barometers, mercury vapor is toxic. Given that mercury has a
ΔHvap of 59.11 kJ/mol and its normal boiling point is 356.7°C, calculate the vapor pressure in mm Hg
at room temperature, 25°C.
A) 2.68 × 10-3 mm Hg
B) 2.99 mm Hg
C) 372 mm Hg
D) 753 mm Hg
Answer: A
46) Hydroquinone is an antioxidant that is also used as a photographic reducer and developer. The
normal boiling point of hydroquinone is 310°C. Calculate the pressure at which hydroquinone will boil
at 200°C given that its ΔHvap is 73.38 kJ/mol.
A) 1.210 × 10-4 mm Hg
B) 1.35 mm Hg
C) 22.5 mm Hg
D) 757 mm Hg
Answer: C
9
47) The vapor pressure of liquid chloroform, CHCl3, is 400.0 torr at 24.1°C and 100.0 torr at -6.3°C.
What is ΔHvap of chloroform?
A) 15.3 kJ/mol
B) 30.1 kJ/mol
C) 57.6 kJ/mol
D) 86.7 kJ/mol
Answer: B
48) Solids having no ordered long-range structure are classified as

A) amorphous
B) crystalline
C) metallic
D) molecular
Answer: A
Topic: Section 10.6 Kinds of Solids
49) Which is classified as an amorphous solid?

A) palladium(II) chloride
B) phosphorus tetrachloride
C) plastic
D) platinum
Answer: C
50) Which of the following forms a molecular solid?

A) CaO
B) C10H22
C) C(graphite)
D) gold
Answer: B
51) Which of the following statements is not consistent with the properties of a molecular solid?
A) a compound that conducts electricity when molten
B) a low melting solid
C) a solid formed by the combination of two nonmetallic elements
D) a solid that is a nonconductor of electricity
Answer: A
52) Which of the following forms an ionic solid?

A) Ag
B) C7H15NH2
C) RbI
D) SO3
Answer: C
10
53) A crystalline solid of unknown origin forms an aqueous solution that conducts an electrical current.
The solid has a high melting point and shatters when struck with a hammer. The solid is likely to be
A) a covalent network solid.
B) an ionic solid.
C) a metallic solid.
D) a molecular solid.
Answer: B
54) Which of the following compounds forms a covalent network solid?

A) Li
B) C (diamond)
C) O2
D) CO2
Answer: B
55) Which of the following compounds forms a covalent network solid?

A) C8H18
B) NO2
C) SiO2
D) SnCl4
Answer: C
56) Which type of bonding does Mg form upon solidification?

A) covalent network
B) ionic
C) metallic
D) molecular
Answer: C
57) The wavelength of light used to observe an object must be ________ than the object itself.
A) larger
B) smaller
C) of higher energy
D) of lower energy
Answer: B
Topic: Section 10.7 Probing the Structure of Solids: X-Ray Crystallography
11
58) The structure of a solid can be determined by diffraction of radiation in which region of the
electromagnetic radiation spectrum?
A) infrared
B) microwave
C) visible
D) X-ray
Answer: D
59) How many atoms are in one face-centered cubic unit cell of a metal?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
Answer: D
Topic: Section 10.8 Unit Cells & Packing of Spheres in Crystalline Solids
60) How many atoms are in one body-centered cubic unit cell of a metal?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
Answer: B
61) When cubic unit cells stack together, how many unit cells share a common corner?
A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8
Answer: D
62) How many unit cells share an atom that is on the face of a face-centered cubic unit cell?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 8
Answer: B
63) Which type of spherical packing has the most unused space?
A) body-centered cubic
B) cubic closest-packed
C) cubic closest-packed and hexagonal closest-packed
D) simple cubic
Answer: D
12
64) Iron crystallizes in a body-centered cubic cell having an edge length of 287 pm. What is the density
of iron in g/cm3.
A) 1.99
B) 7.85
C) 11.9
D) 15.9
Answer: B
65) What is the edge length of a face-centered cubic unit cell made up of atoms having a radius of 175
pm?
A) 247 pm
B) 495 pm
C) 700 pm
D) 1400 pm
Answer: B
66) Rhodium has a face-centered cubic structure and has a density of 12.4 g/cm3. What is its atomic
radius?
A) 134 pm
B) 268 pm
C) 380 pm
D) 1070 pm
Answer: A
67) Silver crystallizes in a face-centered cubic structure. What is the edge length of the unit cell if the
atomic radius of silver is 144 pm?
A) 204 pm
B) 288 pm
C) 333 pm
D) 407 pm
Answer: D
68) An element forms a body-centered cubic crystalline substance. The edge length of the unit cell is
287 pm and the density of the crystal is 7.92 g/cm3. Calculate the atomic weight of the substance.
A) 45.0 amu
B) 48.0 amu
C) 56.4 amu
D) 63.5 amu
Answer: C
13
69) Cesium has a radius of 272 pm and crystallizes in a face-centered cubic unit cell. What is the edge
length of the unit cell?
A) 314 pm
B) 385 pm
C) 544 pm
D) 769 pm
Answer: D
70) Manganese crystallizes in a body-centered cubic structure. What is the coordination number of each
atom?
A) 4
B) 6
C) 8
D) 12
Answer: C
71) Cubic closest-packing

A) has a body-centered cubic unit cell.
B) has a face-centered cubic unit cell.
C) has a simple cubic unit cell.
D) has the same unit cell as hexagonal closest-packing.
Answer: B
72) The highest coordination number for spherical packing is found in the
A) body-centered cubic structure.
B) simple cubic structure.
C) body-centered cubic and face-centered cubic.
D) cubic closest-packing and hexagonal closest packing.
Answer: D
73) KCl crystallizes in a cubic unit cell with Cl- ions on each corner and each face. How many K+ ions
and Cl- ions are in each unit cell of KCl?
A) 1 K+ ion and 1 Cl- ion
B) 2 K+ ions and 2 Cl- ions
C) 4 K+ ions and 4 Cl- ions
D) 8 K+ ions and 8 Cl- ions
Answer: C
Topic: Section 10.9 Structures of Some Ionic Solids
14
74) An ionic compound crystallizes in a unit cell having a face-centered cubic array of anions, X–, and
half of the tetrahedral holes filled with metal ions, Mn+ The empirical formula of this ionic compound is
A) MX.
B) MX2.
C) M2X.
D) M2X7.
Answer: A
75) An ionic compound crystallizes in a unit cell having a face-centered cubic array of metal ions, Mn+,
and all of the tetrahedral holes occupied by anions, X–. The empirical formula of this ionic compound is
A) MX.
B) MX2.
C) M2X.
D) M7X4.
Answer: B
76) The edge length of a face-centered cubic lattice of NaCl is 564 pm. What is the density of NaCl in
g/cm3?
A) 0.720
B) 1.08
C) 2.16
D) 4.32
Answer: C
77) How many Cl- ions are around each K+ ion in KCl, which has a cubic unit cell with Cl- ions on each
corner and each face?
A) 1
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8
Answer: C
78) A binary ionic compound, MxAy, crystallizes in a cubic structure that contains eight anions (A)
entirely within its unit cell and a cation (M) on each corner and on each face. What is the empirical
formula of this compound?
A) MA
B) MA2
C) M2A
D) M4A8
Answer: B
15
79) O2 and O3 are ________ of oxygen.
A) allotropes
B) isomers
C) isotopes
D) stereomers
Answer: A
Topic: Section 10.10 Structures of Some Covalent Network Solids
80) Which of the following is not an allotrope of carbon?

A) coal
B) diamond
C) fullerene
D) graphite
Answer: A
81) The layers of graphite are held together by

A) covalent bonds.
B) dipole-dipole forces.
C) London dispersion forces.
D) All of these
Answer: C
82) Diamond is held together by

A) covalent bonds.
B) dipole-dipole forces.
C) London dispersion forces.
D) All of these
Answer: A
83) Pencil lead is actually

A) fullerene.
B) graphite.
C) lead.
D) silica.
Answer: B
84) The critical temperature of a substance is the

A) highest temperature at which the liquid phase can exist in equilibrium with the gas phase.
B) temperature above which the compound decomposes.
C) temperature at which all three phases can exist in equilibrium.
D) temperature at which sublimation occurs.
Answer: A
Topic: Section 10.11 Phase Diagrams
16
85) Which transition could occur if a solid is heated at a pressure below the triple point pressure?
A) condensation
B) deposition
C) melting
D) sublimation
Answer: D
86) Which transition could occur if a solid is heated at a pressure above the triple point pressure?
A) condensation
B) deposition
C) melting
D) sublimation
Answer: C
87) A supercritical fluid refers to a substance

A) above both its critical temperature and its critical pressure.
B) at its triple point.
C) that is in the liquid crystal state.
D) with a viscosity of zero.
Answer: A
88) The liquid crystal state

A) is a liquid in which the molecules tend to assume an overall orientation with respect to each other.
B) occurs when a supercritical fluid is rapidly cooled below the critical point.
C) occurs when an amorphous solid first begins to melt.
D) occurs when the first crystals form in the liquid during freezing.
Answer: A
Topic: Chapter 10 Interlude - Ionic Liquids
89) In the drawing of acetaldehyde, CH3CHO, the largest partial positive charge (δ+) occurs on
A) atom (a).
B) atom (b).
C) atom (c).
D) atom (d).
Answer: B
Topic: Conceptual Problems
17
90) In the drawing of acetaldehyde, CH3CHO, the largest partial negative charge (δ -) occurs on
A) atom (a).
B) atom (b).
C) atom (c).
D) atom (d).
Answer: C
91) In the drawing of acetic acid, CH3CO2H, a partial positive charge (δ+) occurs on
A) only atom (a).
B) only atom (b).
C) atoms (a) and (c).
D) atoms (b) and (d).
Answer: D
92) In the drawing of acetic acid, CH3CO2H, a partial negative charge (δ-) occurs on
A) only atom (a).
B) only atom (b).
C) atoms (a) and (c).
D) atoms (b) and (d).
Answer: C
18
93) Which drawing best accounts for the polarity of water, H2O, and the bond polarities that make a
major contribution to the overall molecular polarity?
A) drawing (1)
B) drawing (2)
C) drawing (3)
D) drawing (4)
Answer: D
19
94) Which drawing best accounts for the polarity of methanol, CH3OH, and the bond polarities that
make a major contribution to the overall molecular polarity?
A) drawing (1)
B) drawing (2)
C) drawing (3)
D) drawing (4)
Answer: B
20
95) Which drawing best shows the molecular polarity of methylamine, CH3NH2, and the bond polarities
that make a major contribution to the overall molecular polarity?
A) drawing (1)
B) drawing (2)
C) drawing (3)
D) drawing (4)
Answer: A
21
96) Which drawing best shows the direction of the dipole moment in H2C=CCl2?
A) drawing (1)
B) drawing (2)
C) drawing (3)
D) drawing (4)
Answer: C
22
97) Which best indicates the direction of the dipole moment in formaldehyde, H2C=O?
A) drawing (1)
B) drawing (2)
C) drawing (3)
D) drawing (4)
Answer: C
23
98) Which best indicates the direction of the dipole moment in acetone, (CH3)2C=O?
A) drawing (1)
B) drawing (2)
C) drawing (3)
D) drawing (4)
Answer: B
99) Which drawing best represents hydrogen bonding?
A) drawing (1)
B) drawing (2)
C) drawing (3)
D) drawing (4)
Answer: C
24
100) Which drawing below best represents hydrogen bonding methanol, CH3OH?
A) drawing (1)
B) drawing (2)
C) drawing (3)
D) drawing (4)
Answer: C
25
101) Which drawing best represents hydrogen bonding in methylamine, CH3NH2?
A) drawing (1)
B) drawing (2)
C) drawing (3)
D) drawing (4)
Answer: A
102) If figure (1) represents the vapor pressure of water at 25°C, which figure represents the vapor
pressure of water at 45°C?
A) figure (2)
B) figure (3)
C) figure (4)
Answer: B
26
103) If figure (1) represents the vapor pressure of water at 25°C in a 1 liter container, which figure
represents the vapor pressure of water at 25°C in a 2 liter container?
A) figure (2)
B) figure (3)
C) figure (4)
Answer: B
104) If figure (1) represents the vapor pressure of water at 25°C, which figure represents the vapor
pressure of ethanol, CH3CH2OH at 25°C?
A) figure (2)
B) figure (3)
C) figure (4)
Answer: B
105) If figure (1) represents the vapor pressure of diethyl ether, CH3CH2OCH2CH3, at 25°C, which
figure represents the vapor pressure of ethanol at 25°C?
A) figure (2)
B) figure (3)
C) figure (4)
Answer: C
27
106) If figure (1) represents the vapor pressure of water, at 25°C, which figure represents the vapor
pressure of mercury at 25°C?
A) figure (2)
B) figure (3)
C) figure (4)
Answer: C
The plots below represent vapor pressure vs. temperature curves for diethyl ether, ethanol, mercury, and
water, not necessarily in that order.
107) Based on the relative strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction of each substance, which is
the most likely vapor pressure vs. temperature curve for diethyl ether?
A) curve (a)
B) curve (b)
C) curve (c)
D) curve (d)
Answer: A
the most likely vapor pressure vs. temperature curve for ethanol?
A) curve (a)
B) curve (b)
C) curve (c)
D) curve (d)
Answer: B
the most likely vapor pressure vs. temperature curve for mercury?
A) curve (a)
B) curve (b)
C) curve (c)
D) curve (d)
Answer: D
28
the most likely vapor pressure vs. temperature curve for water?
A) curve (a)
B) curve (b)
C) curve (c)
D) curve (d)
Answer: C
111) From the plot of vapor pressure as a function of temperature shown below, the normal boiling point
for tert-butyl alcohol is approximately
A) 0°C.
B) 40°C.
C) 85°C.
D) 100°C.
Answer: C
29
The picture shown below represents a two-dimensional lattice of atoms M and X.
112) Which of the areas designated A, B, and C are smallest repeating units, analogous to two-
dimensional unit cells?
A) only A
B) only B
C) only C
D) A, B, or C
Answer: D
113) What is the formula of the compound formed from M and X?

A) MX
B) MX2
C) MX3
D) MX4
Answer: A
114) Identify the packing in the figure shown below.
B) cubic closest packed (face-centered cubic)
C) hexagonal closest packed
D) simple cubic
Answer: B
30
D) simple cubic
Answer: D
D) simple cubic
Answer: C
D) simple cubic
Answer: A
31
A certain mineral crystallizes in the cubic unit cell shown below.
118) What kind of packing do the anions adopt?

D) simple cubic
Answer: B
119) How many cations and how many anions are in the unit cell?
A) 4 cations and 4 anions
B) 4 cations and 8 anions
C) 4 cations and 14 anions
D) 8 cations and 4 anions
Answer: A
120) A certain mineral crystallizes in the cubic unit cell shown below. M represents the cations and A
represents the anions. What is the empirical formula of the mineral?
A) MA
B) MA2
C) M2A
D) M4A4
Answer: A
32
A certain mineral, MxM'yAz, crystallizes in the cubic unit cell shown below. M and M' represent cations
and A represents the anions.
121) How many cations M are in the unit cell?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 8
Answer: A
122) How many anions are in the unit cell?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 6
Answer: C
123) What is the empirical formula of the mineral?

A) MM'A
B) MM'A3
C) M2M'A3
D) M8M'A6
Answer: B
124) If cation M has a 2+ charge and anion A has a 2- charge, what is the oxidation state of cation M'?
A) +1
B) +2
C) +3
D) +4
Answer: D
33
125) Consider a compound that undergoes sublimation at 125°C and a pressure of one atm. Which of the
following could be a heating curve appropriate for heating the compound from 100°C to 150°C?
A) graph a
B) graph b
C) graph c
D) graph d
Answer: B
34
Use the diagram below to answer the following questions.
126) According to the diagram, the solid phase of this substance

A) has the same density as the liquid phase.
B) is less dense than water.
C) is less dense than the liquid phase.
D) is more dense than the liquid phase.
Answer: D
127) Melting occurs along the

A) AC line.
B) CB line.
C) CD line.
D) All of these
Answer: B
128) The solid and liquid phases can exist in equilibrium along line
A) AC.
B) CB.
C) CD.
D) BD.
Answer: B
129) The temperature and pressure at which all three phases can coexist in equilibrium is
A) 0.25 atm and 110°C.
B) 1.0 atm and 140°C.
C) 1.25 atm and 300°C.
D) 0.45 atm and 130°C.
Answer: D
35
130) From the phase diagram above, the minimum pressure at which this substance can exist in the
liquid phase is
A) 0.25 atm.
B) 0.45 atm.
C) 1.0 atm.
D) 1.2 atm.
Answer: B
131) The normal boiling point of this substance is approximately

A) 25°C.
B) 140°C.
C) 300°C.
D) 350°C.
Answer: C
132) What phases can be present at 200°C and 0.75 atm pressure?
A) only the vapor phase
B) only the liquid phase
C) only the solid phase
D) both the solid and vapor phases
Answer: B
133) What phase changes occur when the temperature is held constant at 140°C and the pressure is
increased from 0.25 atm to 1.4 atm?
A) gas → liquid → solid
B) gas → solid → liquid
C) liquid → solid → gas
D) solid → liquid → vapor
Answer: A
134) What phase changes occur when the pressure is held constant at 0.25 atm and the temperature
increases from 100°C to 300°C?
A) liquid → gas
B) solid → gas
C) solid → liquid
D) solid → liquid → gas
Answer: B
36
The phase diagram of a substance is shown below.
135) The approximate normal boiling point of this substance is

A) 180 K.
B) 190 K.
C) 300 K.
D) 430 K.
Answer: C
136) The approximate normal melting point of this substance is

A) 100 K.
B) 190 K.
C) 300 K.
D) 430 K.
Answer: B
137) What is the physical phase of the substance at T = 100 K and P = 0.1 atm?
A) gas
B) liquid
C) solid
D) supercritical fluid
Answer: C
A) gas
B) liquid
C) solid
Answer: B
37
A) gas
B) liquid
C) solid
Answer: A
10.2 Algorithmic Questions
1) Which covalent bond is the most polar?

A) N- F
B) C- F
C) Cl- F
D) F- F
Answer: B
2) Which of the following should have the largest dipole moment?

A) F2(g)
B) BCl3(g)
C) KBr(g)
D) CH3I(g)
Answer: C
3) Which of the following molecules does not have a dipole moment?

A) C2H2
B) H2O
C) CH3CH2OH
D) H I
Answer: A
4) Which has the smallest dipole-dipole forces?

A) CH3Cl
B) HBr
C) O2
D) NO
Answer: C
38
5) Which is expected to have the largest dispersion forces?
A) C3H8
B) C12H26
C) F2
D) Be Cl2
Answer: B
6) Which of the following compounds exhibits hydrogen bonding?

A) CH3Cl
B) HI
C) CH3OCH3
D) NH3
Answer: D

A) H2O
B) H Cl
C) H2S
D) N H3
Answer: A
8) In liquid propanol, CH3CH2CH2OH, which intermolecular forces are present?

A) Dispersion, hydrogen bonding and dipole-dipole forces are present.
B) Only dipole-dipole and ion-dipole forces are present.
C) Only dispersion and dipole-dipole forces are present.
D) Only hydrogen bonding forces are present.
Answer: A
9) Which of the following compounds exhibits only dispersion and dipole-dipole intermolecular
interactions?
A) H2
B) HI
C) CO2
D) CH3NH2
Answer: B
39
10) The normal boiling point for H2Te is higher than the normal boiling point for H2Se . This can be
explained by
A) larger dipole-dipole forces for H2Te .
B) larger dispersion forces for H2Te .
C) larger hydrogen-bond forces for H2Te .
D) larger dipole-dipole forces, larger dispersion forces, and larger hydrogen-bond forces for H2Te .
Answer: B
11) Ethyl chloride, C2H5Cl, is used as a local anesthetic. It works by cooling tissue as it vaporizes; its
heat of vaporization is 26.4 kJ/mol. How much heat could be removed by 20.0 g of ethyl chloride?
A) 8.18 kJ
B) 341 kJ
C) 528 kJ
D) 3410 kJ
Answer: A
12) How much heat is released when 105 g of steam at 100.0°C is cooled to ice at -15.0°C? The
enthalpy of vaporization of water is 40.67 kJ/mol, the enthalpy of fusion for water is 6.01 kJ/mol, the
molar heat capacity of liquid water is 75.4 J/(mol ∙ °C), and the molar heat capacity of ice is 36.4 J/(mol
∙ °C).
A) 54.8 kJ
B) 273 kJ
C) 319 kJ
D) 347 kJ
Answer: C
13) Which of the following forms a molecular solid?

A) NH4NO3
B) C6H4Cl2
C) SiO2
D) copper
Answer: B
14) Which of the following forms an ionic solid?

A) Ag
B) C7H15NH2
C) Rb I
D) S O3
Answer: C
40
15) Which type of bonding does Sr form upon solidification?
A) covalent network
B) ionic
C) metallic
D) molecular
Answer: C
16) What is the edge length of a face-centered cubic unit cell made up of atoms having a radius of 128
pm?
A) 181 pm
B) 362 pm
C) 512 pm
D) 1020 pm
Answer: B
17) Nickel has a face-centered cubic structure and has a density of 8.90 g/cm3. What is its atomic
radius?
A) 125 pm
B) 249 pm
C) 353 pm
D) 997 pm
Answer: A
18) A certain metal crystallizes in a face-centered cubic structure. What is the edge length of the unit
cell if the atomic radius of the metal is 144 pm?
A) 204 pm
B) 288 pm
C) 333 pm
D) 407 pm
Answer: D
19) Cesium has a radius of 272 pm and crystallizes in a body-centered cubic structure. What is the edge
length of the unit cell?
A) 314 pm
B) 385 pm
C) 544 pm
D) 628 pm
Answer: D
41
20) Lithium crystallizes in a body-centered cubic structure. What is the coordination number of each
atom?
A) 4
B) 6
C) 8
D) 12
Answer: C
21) Na Cl crystallizes in a cubic unit cell with Cl- ions on each corner and each face. How many Na+
and Cl- ions are in each unit cell of Na Cl?
A) 1 Na+ ion and 1 Cl- ion
B) 2 Na+ ions and 2 Cl- ions
C) 4 Na+ ions and 4 Cl- ions
D) 8 Na+ ions and 8 Cl- ions
Answer: C
22) How many H- ions are around each Na+ ion in NaH, which has a cubic unit cell with H- ions on
each corner and each face?
A) 1
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8
Answer: C
10.3 Short Answer Questions
1) The bonds in the polyatomic ion NO3– are classified as ________.

Answer: polar covalent.
2) In the molecule BF3 there is a δ+ charge on the ________ atom and a δ– charge on the ________
atom.
Answer: boron, fluorine
3) LiH has an experimental dipole moment, μ = 6.00 D. If LiH were 100% ionic, the distance between
positive and negative charges would be 161 pm. What is the percent ionic character in the LiH bond?
Answer: 77.7%
4) The Br-Cl bond has 5.05% ionic character and a dipole moment of 0.518 D. What is the distance
between atoms in BrCl?
Answer: 214 pm
42
5) The HBr bond has a length of 141 pm and 12.1% ionic character. What is the dipole moment of HBr?
Answer: 0.82 D
6) Pt(NH3)2Cl2 is square planar. The isomer of Pt(NH3)2Cl2 that has a non-zero dipole moment has a
Cl-Pt-Cl bond angle of ________ degrees.
Answer: 90
7) The intermolecular forces formed when NaCl is dissolved in water are ________ forces.
Answer: ion-dipole
8) The intermolecular forces responsible for CH3CH2OH being at liquid at 20°C are ________ bonds.
Answer: hydrogen
9) Helium can be liquefied when He atoms are attracted to one another by intermolecular ________
forces.
Answer: dispersion (or London dispersion)
10) The property of a liquid that is a measure of the liquid’s resistance to increase its surface area is
________.
Answer: surface tension
11) Of C2H5OH and C3H5(OH)3 the one expected to have the higher viscosity is ________, and the
one expected to have the higher surface tension is ________.
Answer: C3H5(OH)3, C3H5(OH)3
12) The phase change H2(g) → H2(s) is called ________, and the enthalpy change, ΔH, for this phase
change has a ________ sign.
Answer: deposition, negative (–)
13) Of C2H5OH and C3H5(OH)3 the one expected to have the higher vapor pressure is ________, and
the one expected to have the higher boiling point is ________.
Answer: C2H5OH, C3H5(OH)3
14) The solids formed by K, K2O2, SiO2, and O2 are classified as ________, ________, ________, and
________, respectively.
Answer: metallic, ionic, covalent network, molecular
43
15) Rubber is classified as an ________ solid, whereas diamond is classified as a ________ solid.
Answer: amorphous, covalent network
16) A low-melting crystalline compound that does not conduct electricity in the solid or liquid state is
classified as a ________ solid.
Answer: molecular
17) First-order diffraction of X-rays with d = 154.2 pm at an angle of 32.5° is caused by layers of atoms
in a crystalline solid with a spacing of ________ pm.
Answer: 143
18) Layers of atoms having a spacing of 105 pm will diffract X-rays with d = 154.2 pm at an angle of
________ degrees.
Answer: 47.2
19) The cubic closest-packed arrangement of atoms is the same as which cubic unit cell?
Answer: face-centered cubic
20) The two most efficiently packed unit cells have the hexagonal closest-packed and the ________ the
atomic arrangements.
Answer: cubic closest-packed
21) The coordination number of each atom in a simple cubic unit cell is ________.
Answer: 6
22) The cubic unit cell in which the radius of an atom is 31/2 d/4, where d is the unit cell edge length, is
the ________ unit cell.
Answer: body-centered cubic
23) A certain metal can exist in two different cubic cells, body-centered cubic and face-centered cubic.
Which unit cell will have the greater density?
Answer: face-centered
24) Ni has a face-centered unit cell. The number of Ni atoms in the unit cell is ________.
Answer: four
44
25) A compound having A ions on each corner and B ions on each face of a cubic unit cell has the
empirical formula ________.
Answer: AB3
45
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sometimes there came into them a look that was almost wild.... The
blackness and the brightness of his eyes were brought into greater
relief by the almost deadly pallor of his complexion.... As he walked
up the floor of the House he seemed to be enveloped by a great
solitude, so unmistakably did he stand out from all the figures around
him.
I must add to this description of his extreme physical gifts the
wonderful quality of his voice. It was a powerful voice, but sweet and
melodious, and it was managed as exquisitely and as faithfully as
the song of a great prima donna. If the speech were ringing, it came
to your ears almost soft by that constant change of tone which the
voice displayed; it could whisper, it could thunder.... I have seen
many great figures, but, with all respect to the greatest among them,
the House of Commons without Gladstone seems to me as great a
contrast as a chamber illumined by a farthing dip when the electric
light has failed.”
XIV
A ROOM WITHOUT A VIEW
What is the worst poem ever written by a man of genius? It is

certain that if an anthology should be made of the most terrible
verses of the English bards the results would be both surprising and
appalling. I cannot at this moment think of any worse pair of lines in
English literature than those offered in all seriousness by the
seventeenth-century poet, Richard Crashaw. They occur in a poem
containing many lovely passages. In comparing the tearful eyes of
Mary Magdalene to many different things he perpetrated a couplet
more remarkable for ingenuity than for beauty. Her eyes are
Two walking baths, two weeping motions,

Portable and compendious oceans.
Alfred Tennyson, in his second volume of poems, bearing the

date 1833, included the following, though it is only fair to say that he
afterward suppressed it. It aroused the mirth of the critics and still is
often resurrected as a specimen of what Tennyson could do when he
was deserted by both inspiration and taste.
O DARLING ROOM
O darling room, my heart’s delight,
Dear room, the apple of my sight,
With thy two couches soft and white,
There is no room so exquisite,
No little room so warm and bright,
Wherein to read, wherein to write.
For I the Nonnenwerth have seen,

And Oberwinter’s vineyards green,
Musical Lurlei; and between
The hills to Bingen have I been,
Bingen in Darmstadt, where the Rhene
Curves toward Mentz, a woody scene.
Yet never did there meet my sight,

In any town, to left or right,
A little room so exquisite,
With two such couches soft and white;
Not any room so warm and bright,
Wherein to read, wherein to write.
Imagine the profanity and laughter this piffle must have aroused
among the book reviewers; some of his severer critics called him
“Miss Alfred,” not knowing that he was a six-footer, with a voice like a
sea captain in a fog.
I have no mind to defend the poem. Apart from the fact that the
reading of it ought to teach Americans the correct accent on the word
“exquisite,” it must be admitted that when Tennyson wrote this stuff
he not only nodded but snored.
But, although it is difficult for me to understand how he could
have written it, have read it in proof and then published it, I perfectly
understand and sympathise with his enthusiasm for the room.
It is often said that polygamous gentlemen are—at any rate, for a
considerable period—monogamous; the Turk may have a long list of
wives, but he will cleave to one, either because he wants to or
because she compels him to. Thus, even in a house that has a
variety of sitting rooms, or living rooms or whatever you choose to
call them, the family will use only one. After the evening meal they
will instinctively move toward this one favourite room.
There is no doubt that even as dogs and cats have their
favourite corner or chair, or favourite cushion of nightly repose, men
and women have favourite rooms. And if this is true of a family in
general, it is especially true of a man or a woman whose
professional occupation is writing; and he becomes so attached to
his room that Tennyson’s sentiments, no matter how silly in
expression, accurately represent his emotion.
Twice a year, once in June and once in September,
circumstances force me to leave a room where I have for a long time
spent the larger part of my waking hours; I always feel the pain of
parting, look around the walls and at the desk and wish the place an
affectionate farewell, hoping to see it again, either in the autumn or
in the next summer, as the case may be. I love that room, as
Tennyson loved his room. I love it not because of the view from the
windows, for a working room should not have too good a view, but
for the visions that have there appeared to the eyes of the mind. It is
the place where I have sat in thought, where such ideas as are
possible to my limited range have appeared to me and where I have
endeavoured to express them in words.
And if I can have so strong a passion for a room, with what
tremendous intensity must an inspired poet or novelist love the
secluded chamber where his imagination has found free play!
We know that Hawthorne, after his graduation from college,
spent twelve years in one room in Salem. When he revisited that
room as a famous writer he looked at it with unspeakable affection
and declared that if ever he had a biographer great mention must be
made in his memoir of this chamber, for here his mind and character
had been formed and here the immortal children of his fancy had
played around him. He was alone and not alone. As far as a mortal
man may understand the feelings of a man of genius, I understand
the emotion of Hawthorne.
I think nearly every one, if he were able to afford it, would like to
have a room all his own. I believe it to be an important factor in the
development of the average boy or girl if in the family house each
child could have one room sacred to its own personality. When I was
a small boy, although I loved to be with family and friends, I also
loved to escape to my own room and read and meditate in solitude.
The age of machinery is not so adverse to spiritual development
as the age of hotels and apartment houses; there is no opportunity
for solitude, and a certain amount of solitude, serene and secure
from interruption, is almost essential for the growth of the mind. A
great many girls and women could be saved from the curse of
“nerves” if there were a place somewhere in the building where they
could be for a time alone. One of the worst evils of poverty is that
there is no solitude; eating, sleeping, living, all without privacy.
When I was a graduate student in the university I was fortunate
enough to possess for one year exactly the right kind of room. The
young philosopher, George Santayana, came to see me and
exclaimed, “What a perfect room for a scholar! The windows high up,
as they should be.” For if one is to have clear mental vision it is not
well that the room should have a view.
XV
TEA
“Thank God,” said Sydney Smith, “thank God for tea! What
would the world do without tea?—how did it exist? I am glad I was
not born before tea.” Well, I get along very well without tea, though I
rejoice to see that more and more in “big business” houses in
American cities there is a fifteen-minute pause for afternoon tea.
One of the chief differences between the life of Englishmen and
of Americans is tea. Millions of Englishmen take tea three times a
day. Tea is brought to their bedside early in the morning, and thirstily
swallowed while in a horizontal attitude. The first thing an
Englishman thinks of, if he wakes at dawn, is tea. When Arnold
Bennett was travelling in America he took a limited train from New
York to Chicago. Early in the morning he rang for the porter and
when that individual appeared he commanded nonchalantly a cup of
tea. He might as well have asked for a pot of hashish. The porter
mechanically remarked that the “diner” would be put on at such-and-
such an hour. This unintelligible contribution to the conversation was
ignored by the famous novelist, who repeated his demand for tea.
He was amazed to find there was no tea. “And you call this a first-
class train!”
Then at breakfast—a substantial meal in British homes, though
having somewhat the air of a cafeteria—tea is drunk copiously. To
the average American tea for breakfast is flat and unprofitable. We
are accustomed to the most inspiring beverage in the world, actual
coffee. The coffee in England is so detestable that when an
American tastes it for the first time he thinks it is a mistake. And he is
right. It is. Many Americans give it up and reluctantly order tea. In my
judgment, for breakfast the worst coffee is better than the best tea.
There are many Americans who have tea served at luncheon.
For some reason this seems to the Englishman sacrilegious. The
late Professor Mahaffy, who is now (I suppose) drinking nectar, was
absolutely horrified to find that in my house he was offered a cup of
tea at lunch. “Tea for lunch!” he screamed, and talked about it for the
rest of the meal.
I was invited by a charming American lady to meet an English
author at her house for luncheon. Tea was served and she said
deprecatingly to the British author, “I don’t suppose you have tea at
this time in England.” “Oh, yes,” said he, “the servants often have it
below stairs.” To my delight, the hostess said, “Now, Mr. ——, aren’t
you really ashamed of offering me an insult like that? Isn’t that
remark of yours exactly the kind of thing you are going to be
ashamed of when you think it over, all by yourself?”
At precisely 4:13 p.m. every day the average Englishman has a
thirst for the astringent taste of tea. He does not care for hot water or
hot lemonade coloured with tea. He likes his tea so strong that to me
it has a hairy flavour. Many years ago the famous Scot William
Archer invited me to his rooms in the Hotel Belmont, New York, for
afternoon tea at 4:15. He had several cups and at five o’clock
excused himself, as he had to go out to an American home for tea. I
suggested that he had already had it. “Oh, that makes no difference.”
There are several good reasons (besides bad coffee) for tea in
England. Breakfast is often at nine (the middle of the morning to me),
so that early tea is desirable. Dinner is often at eight-thirty, so that
afternoon tea is by no means superfluous. Furthermore, of the three
hundred and sixty-five days of the year in England, very, very few
are warm; and afternoon tea is not only cheerful and sociable but in
most British interiors really necessary to start the blood circulating.
There are few more agreeable moments in life than tea in an
English country house in winter. It is dark at four o’clock. The family
and guests come in from the cold air. The curtains are drawn, the
open wood fire is blazing, the people sit down around the table and
with a delightful meal—for the most attractive food in England is
served at afternoon tea—drink of the cheering beverage.
William Cowper, in the eighteenth century, gave an excellent
description:
Now stir the fire and close the shutters fast,

Let fall the curtains, wheel the sofa round,
And while the bubbling and loud-hissing urn
Throws up a steamy column, and the cups
That cheer but not inebriate wait on each,
So let us welcome peaceful evening in.
Not long before this poem was written the traveller Jonas
Hanway had the bad luck to publish an essay on tea, “considered as
pernicious to health, obstructing industry, and impoverishing the
nation,” which naturally drew the artillery fire of the great Dr.
Johnson. Sir John Hawkins, in his life of Johnson, comments on this
controversy. He says: “That it is pernicious to health is disputed by
physicians”—where have I heard something like that recently? But
Hawkins continues: “Bishop Burnet, for many years, drank sixteen
large cups of it every morning, and never complained that it did him
the least injury.”
As for Johnson, “he was a lover of tea to an excess hardly
credible; whenever it appeared, he was almost raving, and by his
impatience to be served, his incessant calls for those ingredients
which make that liquor palatable, and the haste with which he
swallowed it down, he seldom failed to make that a fatigue to every
one else, which was intended as a general refreshment.”
In nearly every English novel I find the expression, “I am dying
for my tea!” On a voyage to Alaska, where tea was served on deck
every afternoon, at precisely the same moment an elderly British
lady appeared from below with precisely the same exclamation: “Oh,
is there tea going?” And on her face was a holy look.
Alfred Noyes told me that during the war, when he was writing up
important incidents for the benefit of the public, he was assigned to
interview the sailors immediately after the tremendous naval battle of
Jutland. He found a bluejacket who had been sent aloft and kept
there during the fearful engagement, when shells weighing half a ton
came hurtling through the air and when ships blew up around him.
Thinking he would get a marvellous “story” out of this sailor, Mr.
Noyes asked him to describe his sensations during those frightful
hours. All the man said was, “Well, of course, I had to miss my tea!”
XVI
THE WEATHER
Nearly all the great poetry of the world, ancient and modern, has
been written in Europe. This fact should never be forgotten in
reading literature that alludes to the weather. The reason every one
talks about the weather is not that the average person has nothing
else to say; it is that the weather is usually the most interesting topic
available. It is the first thing we think of in the hour of waking; it
affects our plans, projects and temperament.
When I was a little boy at school there was a song sung in
unison called “Hail, Autumn, Jovial Fellow!” It seemed to me to
express correctly the true character of autumn. It was not until I had
reached maturity in years that I discovered that the song, as judged
by the world’s most famous writers, was a misfit. Instead of autumn’s
being jovial, it was dull, damp, dark, depressing. To be sure, I never
really felt that way about it; the evidence of my eyes was in favour of
the school song, but, as the great poets had given autumn a bad
reputation, I supposed in some way she must have earned it.
Still later I learned that Goethe was right when he said that in
order to understand a poet you must personally visit the country
where he wrote. Literary geography is seldom taught or seriously
considered, but it is impossible to read famous authors intelligently
without knowing their climatic and geographical environment. So
keenly did I come to feel about this that I finally prepared a
cardboard map of England, marking only the literary places, and I
required my students to become familiar with it. One of them
subsequently wrote me a magnificent testimonial, which I have often
considered printing on the margin of the map.
Dear Mr. Phelps—I have been bicycling all over England this
summer, and have found your Literary Map immensely useful. I
have carried it inside my shirt, and I think on several occasions it
has saved me from an attack of pneumonia.
There are millions of boys and girls studying Shakespeare in

South Africa, Australia and New Zealand; the poet’s frequent
allusions to the climate and the weather must seem strange.
That you have such a February face.
February “down under” is midsummer. Southern latitudes give

the lie to Shakespeare’s metaphors.
The reason autumn has so bad a name in the world’s poetry and
prose is that autumn in Northern Europe is a miserable season. In
London, Paris, Berlin, November (and often October) is one of the
worst times of the year. A chronically overcast sky, a continual
drizzle, a damp chill even on mistily rainless days, combine to
produce gloom. The first autumn and winter I spent in Paris revised
my notions of those two seasons. As an American, I had thought of
the difference between summer and winter as a difference only in
temperature; I reasonably expected as much sunshine in autumn
and winter as in summer. A typical January day in New York is cold
and cloudless.
Well, in Paris the sun disappeared for weeks at a time, and on
the rare occasions when it shone people ran out in the street to look
at it. One of the worst jokes in the world is the expression, “sunny
France.” The French themselves know better. François Coppée
wrote of the “rare smiles” of the Norman climate, and Anatole
France, describing a pretty girl, wrote “Her eyes were grey; the grey
of the Paris sky.”
For the same reason “Italian skies” have been overpraised,
because their eulogists are English or French or German. The Italian
sky is usually so much better than the sky of more northerly
European localities that it seems good by contrast. Now, as a matter
of fact the winter sky over Bridgeport, Conn., is superior in
brightness and blueness to the sky over Florence or Venice.
November, one of the best months of the year in America, is
dreaded by all who live in France, England or Germany. Walking in
New Haven one brilliant (and quite typical) day in mid-November,
exhibiting the university and city to a visiting French professor, I
enquired, “What do you think of our November climate?” He replied,
“It is crazy.”
A strange thing is that Bryant, born in the glorious Berkshires of
western Massachusetts, where autumn, instead of being pale and
wet as the European poets have described it, is brilliant and
inspiring, all blue and gold, did not use his eyes; he followed the
English poetical tradition.
The melancholy days are come, the saddest of the year.
James Whitcomb Riley used the evidence of his senses, and

wrote an autumnal masterpiece.
O it’s then’s the times a feller is a-feelin’ at his best....

They’s something kind o’ hearty-like about the atmosphere
When the beat of summer’s over and the coolin’ fall is here—Of
course we miss the flowers, and the blossoms on the trees,
And the mumble of the hummin’-birds and buzzin’ of the bees;
But the air’s so appetizin’; and the landscape through the haze
Of a crisp and sunny morning of the airly autumn days
Is a picture that no painter has the colorin’ to mock—
When the frost is on the punkin and the fodder’s in the shock.
One difference between the temperament of the typical

Englishman and the typical American is caused largely by the
climate, and foreigners in writing books about us should not forget
the fact. If nearly every morning the sky were overcast and the air
filled with drizzle, we might not be quite so enthusiastic.
On the other hand, the early spring in England and France is
more inspiring than ours, perhaps by reason of the darkness of
winter. It comes much earlier. Alfred Housman says:
Loveliest of trees, the cherry now

Is hung with bloom along the bough,
And stands about the woodland ride
Wearing white for Eastertide.
In our Northern American States a blossoming fruit tree at

Eastertide would be a strange spectacle.
XVII
WAR
War is a sentimental affair; that is why it is so difficult to abolish.

War is opposed to the dictates of common sense, prudence,
rationality, and wisdom. But the sentiments of man and the passions
of man are deeper, more elemental, and more primitive than his
intelligence, knowledge, and reasoning powers. For intelligence and
morality belong to man alone; his instincts he shares with the entire
animal creation.
My own plan for getting rid of war would not win a peace prize,
because it would never be adopted. But I believe it strikes at the root
of war—sentiment. My plan would be to spoil the good looks of the
officers and also take away all their drums, fifes, and brass bands.
The uniforms are altogether too handsome, too attractive, too
becoming.
It is a familiar saying that every woman is in love with a uniform;
to which I would add that every man is also. The naval officers look
magnificent in their bright blue frock coats, their yellow buttons, and
their shining epaulets. These gorgeous hawks of war are decorated
by the government as lavishly as Nature, the greatest of all tailors,
fits out her birds of prey. A naval officer excels in brilliance the
appearance of a civilian, even as the gay feathers of a sparrowhawk
excel those of a sparrow.
Furthermore, every military and naval officer has a capable man
to look after his wardrobe. Not only are his various uniforms beautiful
in design and ornamentation, they are without spot or blemish. His
trousers are mathematically creased, his coat unwrinkled, his linen
like virgin snow. My suggestion is, that if you really want to get rid of
war, the first thing to do is to compel all professional warriors to wear
ill-fitting hand-me-downs, shabby and unpressed, and without gold
trimmings. The glamour and the glory would vanish with the gold.
Then I would abolish the dance of death. Instead of having
perfect drill, hundreds of men deploying with exactitude, I would
make them look like Coxey’s Army, every man for himself, and the
devil take the hindmost.
But above all, I would silence the drum and fife, and the big
brass band. Although I myself hate war, and should like to see it
abolished, whenever I hear the thrilling roll of the drums and the shrill
scream of the fifes, followed by the sight and sound of marching
men, their bayonets gleaming in the sunshine, I want to cry. A lump
comes up in my throat and I am ready to fight anybody or anything. If
you really want to get rid of war, you must not surround it with pomp
and majesty, you must not give it such a chance at our hearts.
Although wars are never started by warriors, but only by
politicians and tradesmen, for the very last place where a foreign war
could begin would be at Annapolis or West Point; still, there is no
doubt that high officers have a ripping time during a great war, and
that the surviving soldiers love to talk about it (among themselves) at
their regular reunions in later years. Shakespeare, himself no soldier,
understood perfectly how the professional feels. This is the farewell
he put in the mouth of Othello:
Farewell the tranquil mind: farewell content!

Farewell the plumed troop and the big wars
That make ambition virtue! O, farewell!
Farewell the neighing steed, and the shrill trump,
The spirit-stirring drum, the ear-piercing fife,
The royal banner, and all quality,
Pride, pomp, and circumstance of glorious war!
Even so: Othello was a sentimentalist. He had more passion

than brains. That is why Iago and not Desdemona made him jealous;
that is why, with the loss of war and women, he lost everything. He
was without any intellectual resources.
The leaders of thought and the leaders of morals have usually
been against war. Although the historical books of the Old Testament
and the emotional Psalms celebrated the glory of war, the
contemporary sober-minded prophets were against it. They
prophesied the coming of universal peace, when the money spent on
armaments would be devoted to agriculture and to education. The
appearance of Jesus was the signal for peace on earth and good will
to men.
Jonathan Swift, more than two hundred years ago, said that men
were less intelligent than beasts. A single wild beast would fight for
his food or his mate; but you could never, said Swift, induce a lot of
wild beasts to line up in dress parade, and then fight another set of
wild beasts, whom they did not know.
Benjamin Franklin, the wisest of Americans, immediately after
the Revolutionary War, which he had helped to win, said there had
never been a good war or a bad peace.
But although the wisdom and morality of mankind have been
against war, war goes on; the moment it breaks out in any country,
all the forces of sentimentalism are employed to glorify, yes, even to
sanctify its course. The first great casualty is Reason.
What shall we say of a scholar like the late Sir Walter Raleigh,
Professor of English Literature at Oxford? He continually ridiculed
religion for its sentimentality; but the moment the great war broke
out, no school-girl was more sentimental than he.
Thus the hope for peace lies not in the poets, the literary men,
the preachers and the philanthropists; the hope lies in hardheaded
Scotsmen like Ramsay MacDonald, whose idealism is built on a
foundation of shrewd sense.
XVIII
MAN AND BOY
F. P. A., in his excellent Conning Tower in the New York World for
the Ides of March, pays a fine tribute to E. W. Howe and his
paragraphs long ago in the Atchison Globe. He says: “There were
two paragraphs that appeared just about the time we began reading
the Globe, which we are willing to bet were written by Ed himself. He
was less oracular in those days. They were something like the
following:
‘We have been editing a newspaper for twenty-five years,

and have learned that the only thing a newspaper can safely
attack is the man-eating shark.
‘A boy thinks, “What a fine time a man has!” And a man
thinks, “What a fine time a boy has!” And what a rotten time they
both have!’”
There is a strange reluctance on the part of most people to admit

that they enjoy life. Having the honour of a personal acquaintance
with both F. P. A. and Ed Howe, it is my belief they both had a happy
childhood and that they are now having a good time in this strangest
of all possible worlds. No one can judge another’s inner state of
mind, but as these distinguished humorists are men of unusually
high intelligence I think they find life immensely interesting; and to be
constantly interested is to be happy.
I remember a magnificent reply made by F. P. A. to a remark of
that hirsute Englishman, D. H. Lawrence; the latter, commenting in
that tactless fashion so characteristic of foreign visitors to these
shores, said, “It must be terrible to be funny every day.” “No,” said
F. P. A., “not so terrible as never to be funny at all.”
I spent an agreeable afternoon in Florida talking with Ed Howe,
or rather in hearing him talk. He told a succession of anecdotes and
stories, and it was clear that he not only enjoyed telling them, which
he did with consummate art, but that he enjoyed having them in his
mind.
Why is it so many people are afraid to admit they are happy? I
have a large and intimate acquaintance with farmers; many of them
are splendid men. But how cautious they are in their replies to casual
questions! If everything is going as well as could possibly be
expected and you ask them how they are, they say, “Can’t
complain.”
If a man says, “I have had and am having a happy life,” he is
regarded by many as being a shallow and superficial thinker; but if
he says, “My most earnest wish is that I had never been born,” many
believe that he has a profound mind.
With regard to the saying quoted from the Atchison Globe that a
boy thinks a man has a fine time and a man thinks a boy has a fine
time and in reality both have a rotten time—well, the statement,
whoever said it, is shallow and untrue. When I was a boy I had lots
of fun, and I deeply pitied old men of thirty-two because I supposed
they had no fun at all. Then, when I became a man, I realised how
enormously richer in happiness is manhood than boyhood.
The average American boy has a pretty good time. What fun, on
emerging from school on Friday afternoon, to know that tomorrow is
Saturday! What fun to play games, to go on exploring adventures in
neighbouring woods, to have picnics and jollifications, to live a life of
active uselessness! The mere physical health of boyhood makes one
feel like a young dog released from a chain. “Mere living” is good.
I remember seeing a picture of an old man addressing a small
boy. “How old are you?” “Well, if you go by what Mama says, I’m five.
But if you go by the fun I’ve had, I’m most a hundred.”
Joseph Conrad, who was a grave and serious man, said he was
neither an optimist nor a pessimist. He did not think life was perfect,
but pessimism, he said, was intellectual arrogance. He made the
point that no matter what was one’s religion or philosophy, this at all
events is a spectacular universe.
To deny life, to show no appreciation of it, seems to me both
ungrateful and stupid. If you showed a man the Himalaya Mountains,
the ocean in a storm, sunrise in the desert, the Court of Honour in
1893, the Cathedral of Chartres, and he looked at them all with a
lack-lustre eye, we should think him stupid. Well, the universe itself
is tremendously spectacular, and the best shows in it are free. To go
through life in rebellion, disgust or even in petulance, is the sign, not
of a great, but of a dull mind.
How ridiculous it is for a boy to wish he were a man and how
much more ridiculous for a man to wish he were a boy! It is as silly
as crying for the moon. Instead of always longing for something
beyond our reach, why not simply make the best of what we have?
This would be a platitude if it were not that so very few people follow
it.
There is certainly enough sorrow in the world, but I sometimes
think we should enjoy life more if we had more of the divine gift of
appreciation, if we were not so unappreciative. When Addison
thanked God for the various pleasures of life, he thanked Him most
of all for a cheerful heart.
More than two hundred years ago he wrote in the Spectator:
Ten thousand thousand precious gifts

My daily thanks employ;
Nor is the least a cheerful heart
That tastes these gifts with joy.
XIX
AMBITION
What do we really mean when we say of a man, “He is too good

for this world?” Do we mean exactly that, do we mean he is so far
loftier in character than the average person that he seems almost out
of place in a world like this? Don’t we rather mean that he lacks
human sympathy and understanding, and therefore can be of no real
use to anybody?
If you remember the character of Hilda in Hawthorne’s novel,
The Marble Faun, you may remember that she used to be held up as
an ideal of the religious life. “Her soul was like a star and dwelt
apart.” But from the selfish sanctity of its seclusion, no real good
resulted; no one was aided or cheered in the struggle of life. No one
could confide in her, for she could not even confide in herself. Her
nature may have had the purity of an angel, but it lacked the purity of
a noble woman. She was no help to sinners; she was their despair.
Her purity was like that of one who hesitates to rescue a drowning
man, for fear of soiling his clothes.
Hilda gave up the world and worldly pleasure; easily enough, for
she abhorred it, and felt ill at ease in society. But though she gave up
many things precious to the average person, she had no conception
of the meaning of the word self-denial.
For the true sacrifice, if one wishes to be of real use in this world,
consists not in the giving of things, but in giving oneself. If a man’s
life consists not in the abundance of things which he possesses, so
the sacrificial life consists not in the number of luxuries one
surrenders, but in the devotion of oneself, in the denial of the will.
There is a certain kind of purity which is fundamentally selfish.

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10.1 Multiple-Choice Questions

1) The bonds in the polyatomic ion CO32– are classified as

2) Which covalent bond is the most polar?

3) Which has a dipole moment?

4) Which of the following molecules does not have a dipole moment?

5) Which of the following should have the largest dipole moment?

12) Which has the smallest dipole-dipole forces?

13) Which of the following compounds exhibits hydrogen bonding?

14) Which of the following exhibits ion-dipole forces?

15) Which is expected to have the largest dispersion forces?

A) Br2 in set I and n-butane in set II

18) In liquid methanol, CH3OH, which intermolecular forces are present?

23) Which is expected to have the highest surface tension at 25°?

25) For a particular compound, which is expected to be the largest in general?

33) For the process: HNO3(g) ⇌ HNO3(l)

34) When a liquid is heated at its boiling point, the

37) The vapor pressure of a pure liquid increases as the

38) The normal boiling point occurs when the

48) Solids having no ordered long-range structure are classified as

49) Which is classified as an amorphous solid?

50) Which of the following forms a molecular solid?

52) Which of the following forms an ionic solid?

54) Which of the following compounds forms a covalent network solid?

55) Which of the following compounds forms a covalent network solid?

56) Which type of bonding does Mg form upon solidification?

71) Cubic closest-packing

80) Which of the following is not an allotrope of carbon?

81) The layers of graphite are held together by

82) Diamond is held together by

83) Pencil lead is actually

84) The critical temperature of a substance is the

87) A supercritical fluid refers to a substance

88) The liquid crystal state

99) Which drawing best represents hydrogen bonding?

113) What is the formula of the compound formed from M and X?

114) Identify the packing in the figure shown below.

116) Identify the packing in the figure shown below.

117) Identify the packing in the figure shown below.

118) What kind of packing do the anions adopt?

121) How many cations M are in the unit cell?

122) How many anions are in the unit cell?

123) What is the empirical formula of the mineral?

126) According to the diagram, the solid phase of this substance

127) Melting occurs along the

131) The normal boiling point of this substance is approximately

135) The approximate normal boiling point of this substance is

136) The approximate normal melting point of this substance is

10.2 Algorithmic Questions

1) Which covalent bond is the most polar?

2) Which of the following should have the largest dipole moment?