B1.

3 – Transport in cells

Most substances move in and out of cells across the cell membranes by d……………

Diffusion is the spreading out of any substance in solution or particles of a gas,

resulting in n…………… movement from an area of h……………… concentration to an
area of l……………… concentration.

In most organisms o……………. will diffuse into cells for use in r…………………… and
the waste product c……………. d……………. will diffuse out of cells. The waste product
u……………. diffuses from cells into the blood plasma for excretion in the k…………….

When plants are photosynthesising carbon dioxide will diffuse i……………. cells for
photosynthesis and o……………. will diffuse out.

The rate of diffusion is increased if there is a bigger difference in c………………….

(the concentration gradient), if there are higher t………………….. (because the
particles have more k……………… energy) and if the s……………… a……………… of the
membrane is increased.

S……………… celled organisms have a l……………… surface area to volume r………………

which allows them to transport the molecules they need in and out of the cell
directly across the cell m……………….

Larger, multicellular organisms have a much s……………… surface area to volume

ratio so they need specialised e………..………… s……………..…… and t……….………
systems to transport enough molecules into and out of the organism.

These specialised exchange surfaces will usually have a l……………… surface area, a
thin m……………… (to provide a short d……………… path), and an efficient b………………
supply and / or good ventilation to maintain the c……………… g………………
In mammals the small intestine and the l……………… show these features, while in
fish the g……………… have these features and the r……………… and l……………… of
plants are also adapted for efficient exchange of molecules.

O……………… is the net movement of w……………… molecules from a d………………

solution (h……………… water concentration or pure water) to a more c……………………
solution (l……………… water concentration or less pure water) across a p………………
permeable membrane.

A……………… t……………… is used to transport substances from an area of low

concentration to an area of higher concentration. Energy r……………… by r..
……………… is required to move substances a……………… a concentration gradient.
Cells adapted for active transport will have lots of m……………………. to provide
e……………… for active transport.

Active transport allows m……………… ions to be absorbed into plant root hairs from
very l……………… concentrations in the soil. Plants require ions for healthy growth.

Active transport allows sugar molecules to be absorbed from low concentrations

in the gut to higher concentrations in the blood. The sugar molecules will be used
for r……………….
 B1.3 – Transport in cells
Most substances move in and out of cells across the cell membranes by diffusion.

Diffusion is the spreading out of any substance in solution or particles of a gas,

resulting in net movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of
lower concentration.

In most organisms oxygen will diffuse into cells for use in respirations and the
waste product carbon dioxide will diffuse out of cells. The waste product urea
diffuses from cells into the blood plasma for excretion in the kidney.

When plants are photosynthesising carbon dioxide will diffuse into cells for
photosynthesis and oxygen will diffuse out.

The rate of diffusion is increased if there is a bigger difference in concentrations

(the concentration gradient), if there are higher temperatures (because the
particles have more kinetic energy) and if the surface area of the membrane is
increased.

Single celled organisms have a large surface area to volume ratio which allows
them to transport the molecule they need in and out of the cell directly across the
cell membrane.

Larger, multicellular organisms have a much smaller surface area to volume ratio
so they need specialised exchange surfaces and transport systems to transport
enough molecules into and out of the organism.

These specialised exchange surfaces will usually have a large surface area, a thin
membrane (to provide a short diffusion path), and an efficient blood supply and /
or good ventilation to maintain the concentration gradient.
In mammals the small intestine and the lungs show these features, while in fish
the gills have these features and the roots and leaves of plants are also adapted
for efficient exchange of molecules.

Osmosis is the net movement of water molecules from a dilute solution (high
water concentration or pure water) to a more concentrated solution (lower water
potential or less pure water) across a partially permeable membrane.

Active transport is used to transport substances from an area of low concentration

to an area of higher concentration. Energy released by respiration is required to
move substances against a concentration gradient. Cells adapted for active
transport will have lots of mitochondria to provide energy for active transport.

Active transport allows mineral ions to be absorbed into plant root hairs from very
low concentrations in the soil. Plants require ions for healthy growth.

Active transport allows sugar molecules to be absorbed from low concentrations

in the gut to higher concentrations in the blood. The sugar molecules will be used
for respiration.