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Solutions to End-of-Section and Chapter Review Problems 211
CHAPTER 6
6.1 PHStat output:
Normal Probabilities
Common Data
Mean 0
Standard Deviation 1
Probability for a Range
Probability for X <= From X Value 1.57
X Value 1.57 To X Value 1.84
Z Value 1.57 Z Value for 1.57 1.57
P(X<=1.57) 0.9417924 Z Value for 1.84 1.84
P(X<=1.57) 0.9418
Probability for X > P(X<=1.84) 0.9671
X Value 1.84 P(1.57<=X<=1.84) 0.0253
Z Value 1.84
P(X>1.84) 0.0329 Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage.
Cumulative Percentage 95.00%
Probability for X<1.57 or X >1.84 Z Value 1.644854
P(X<1.57 or X >1.84) 0.9747 X Value 1.644854
(a) P(Z < 1.57) = 0.9418
(b) P(Z > 1.84) = 1 – 0.9671 = 0.0329
(c) P(1.57 < Z < 1.84) = 0.9671 – 0.9418 = 0.0253
(d) P(Z < 1.57) + P(Z > 1.84) = 0.9418 + (1 – 0.9671) = 0.9747
6.2 PHStat output:

Common Data
Mean 0
X Value -1.57 To X Value 1.84
Z Value -1.57 Z Value for 1.57 1.57
P(X<=-1.57) 0.0582076 Z Value for 1.84 1.84
P(X<=1.57) 0.9418
X Value 1.84 P(1.57<=X<=1.84) 0.0253
Z Value 1.84
Probability for X<-1.57 or X >1.84 Z Value 0.999815
P(X<-1.57 or X >1.84) 0.0911 X Value 0.999815
(a) P(– 1.57 < Z < 1.84) = 0.9671 – 0.0582 = 0.9089
Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

212 Chapter 6: The Normal Distribution
6.2 (b) P(Z < – 1.57) + P(Z > 1.84) = 0.0582 + 0.0329 = 0.0911
cont. (c) If P(Z > A) = 0.025, P(Z < A) = 0.975. A = + 1.96.
(d) If P(–A < Z < A) = 0.6826, P(Z < A) = 0.8413. So 68.26% of the area is captured between
–A = – 1.00 and A = + 1.00.
6.3 (a) Partial PHStat output:

Normal
Probabilities
Common Data
Mean 0
X Value 1.08 To X Value 1.84
Z Value 1.08 Z Value for 1.57 1.57
P(X<=1.08) 0.8599289 Z Value for 1.84 1.84
P(X<=1.57) 0.9418
X Value -0.21 P(1.57<=X<=1.84) 0.0253
Z Value -0.21
P(X>-0.21) 0.5832 Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage.
Probability for X<1.08 or X >-0.21 Z Value 0.999815
P(X<1.08 or X >- 1.4431 X Value 0.999815
0.21)
P(Z < 1.08) = 0.8599
(b) P(Z > – 0.21) = 1.0 – 0.4168 = 0.5832
(c) Partial PHStat output:
Probability for X<-0.21 or X >0
P(X<-0.21 or X >0) 0.9168
P(Z < – 0.21) + P(Z > 0) = 0.4168 + 0.5 = 0.9168
(d) Partial PHStat output:
Probability for X<-0.21 or X >1.08
P(X<-0.21 or X >1.08) 0.5569
P(Z < – 0.21) + P(Z > 1.08) = 0.4168 + (1 – 0.8599) = 0.5569

6.4 PHStat output:

Common Data
Mean 0
Probability for X <= From X Value -1.96
X Value -0.21 To X Value -0.21
Z Value -0.21 Z Value for -1.96 -1.96
P(X<=-0.21) 0.4168338 Z Value for -0.21 -0.21
P(X<=-1.96) 0.0250
Probability for X > P(X<=-0.21) 0.4168
X Value 1.08 P(-1.96<=X<=-0.21) 0.3918
Z Value 1.08
Probability for X<-0.21 or X >1.08 Z Value 0.999815
P(X<-0.21 or X >1.08) 0.5569 X Value 0.999815
(a) P(Z > 1.08) = 1 – 0.8599 = 0.1401
(b) P(Z < – 0.21) = 0.4168
(c) P(– 1.96 < Z < – 0.21) = 0.4168 – 0.0250 = 0.3918
(d) P(Z > A) = 0.1587, P(Z < A) = 0.8413. A = + 1.00.
Common Data
Mean 100
Probability for X <=

X Value 70
Z Value -3
P(X<=70) 0.0013499
Probability for X >

X Value 75
Z Value -2.5
P(X>75) 0.9938
X–μ 75 –100
Z= = = – 2.50
σ 10
P(X > 75) = P(Z > – 2.50) = 1 – P(Z< – 2.50) = 1 – 0.0062 = 0.9938
X–μ 70 – 100
(b) Z= = = – 3.00
σ 10
P(X < 70) = P(Z < – 3.00) = 0.00135

6.5 (c) Partial PHStat output:

cont.
Common Data
Mean 100
X Value 80
Z Value -2
P(X<=80) 0.0227501
Probability for X >

X Value 110
Z Value 1
P(X>110) 0.1587
Probability for X<80 or X >110

P(X<80 or X >110) 0.1814
X–μ 80 – 100 X–μ 110 – 100
Z= = = –2.00 Z= = = 1.00
σ 10 σ 10
P(X < 80) = P(Z < – 2.00) = 0.0228
P(X > 110) = P(Z > 1.00) = 1 – P(Z < 1.00) = 1.0 – 0.8413 = 0.1587
P(X < 80) + P(X > 110) = 0.0228 + 0.1587 = 0.1815
(d) P(Xlower < X < Xupper) = 0.80
P(– 1.28 < Z) = 0.10 and P(Z < 1.28) = 0.90
X lower –100 Xupper – 100
Z = –1.28 = Z = +1.28 =
10 10
Xlower = 100 – 1.28(10) = 87.20 and Xupper = 100 + 1.28(10) = 112.80

Common Data
Mean 50
Probability for X <= From X Value 42
X Value 42 To X Value 43
Z Value -2 Z Value for 42 -2
P(X<=42) 0.0227501 Z Value for 43 -1.75
P(X<=42) 0.0228
Probability for X > P(X<=43) 0.0401
X Value 43 P(42<=X<=43) 0.0173
Z Value -1.75
P(X>43) 0.9599 Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage.
Probability for X<42 or X >43 Z Value -1.644854
P(X<42 or X >43) 0.9827 X Value 43.42059
P(X > 43) = P(Z > – 1.75) = 1 – 0.0401 = 0.9599

6.6 (b) P(X < 42) = P(Z < – 2.00) = 0.0228

cont. (c) P(X < A) = 0.05,
A − 50
Z = −1.645 = A = 50 – 1.645(4) = 43.42
4
Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage.
Z Value 0.841621
X Value 53.36648
P(Xlower < X < Xupper) = 0.60
P(Z < – 0.84) = 0.20 and P(Z < 0.84) = 0.80
Xlower – 50 Xupper – 50
Z = –0.84 = Z = +0.84 =
4 4
Xlower = 50 – 0.84(4) = 46.64 and Xupper = 50 + 0.84(4) = 53.36
6.7 (a) P(X > 32) = P(Z > 0.02) = 0.4920

Probability for X >
X Value 32
Z Value 0.02
P(X>32) 0.4920
(b) P(10 < X < 20) = P(-2.18 < Z < -1.18) = 0.1044
From X Value 10
To X Value 20
Z Value for 10 -2.18
P(X<=10) 0.0146
P(X<=20) 0.1190
P(10<=X<=20) 0.1044
(c) P(X < 10) = P(Z < -2.18) = 0.0146
X Value 10
Z Value -2.18
P(X<=10) 0.0146
A − 31.8
(d) P(X < A) = 0.99 Z = 2.3263= A = 55.0635
10
Z Value 2.3263
X Value 55.0635
Note: The above answers are obtained using PHStat. They may be slightly different
when Table E.2 is used.

6.8 Partial PHStat output:

Common Data
Mean 50
Standard
Deviation 12
Z Value -1.666667 Z Value for 34 -1.333333
P(X<=30) 0.0477904 Z Value for 50 0
P(X<=34) 0.0912
X Value 60 P(34<=X<=50) 0.4088
Z Value 0.8333333
P(X<30 or X >60) 0.2501 X Value 39.90055
(a) P(34 < X < 50) = P(– 1.33 < Z < 0) = 0.4088
(b) P(X < 30) + P(X > 60) = P(Z < – 1.67) + P(Z > 0.83)
= 0.0475 + (1.0 – 0.7967) = 0.2508
A – 50
(c) P(X > A) = 0.80 P(Z < – 0.84) ≅ 0.20 Z = –0.84 =
12
A = 50 – 0.84(12) = 39.92 thousand miles or 39,920 miles
Common Data
Mean 50
Standard
Deviation 10
Z Value -2 Z Value for 34 -1.6
P(X<=30) 0.0227501 Z Value for 50 0
P(X<=34) 0.0548
X Value 60 P(34<=X<=50) 0.4452
Z Value 1
P(X<30 or X >60) 0.1814 X Value 41.58379
The smaller standard deviation makes the Z-values larger.
(a) P(34 < X < 50) = P(– 1.60 < Z < 0) = 0.4452
(b) P(X < 30) + P(X > 60) = P(Z < – 2.00) + P(Z > 1.00)
= 0.0228 + (1.0 – 0.8413) = 0.1815
(c) A = 50 – 0.84(10) = 41.6 thousand miles or 41,600 miles

6.9 (a) P(X > 15) = PZ > 0.005) = 0.4980

Partial PHStat output:
Probability for X >
X Value 15
Z Value 0.005
P(X>15) 0.4980
(b) P(10 < X < 12) = P(-2.495< Z < -1.495) = 0.0612
From X Value 10
To X Value 12
P(X<=10) 0.0063
P(X<=12) 0.0675
P(10<=X<=12) 0.0612
(c) P(Xlower < X < Xupper) = 0.95
P(Z < – 1.96) = 0.0250 and P(Z < 1.96) = 0.9750
X lower –14.99 X upper –14.99
Z = –1.96 = Z = +1.96 =
2 2
Xlower = 11.0701 and Xupper = 18.9099
Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage. Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage.
Cumulative Percentage 2.50% Cumulative Percentage 97.50%
Z Value -1.9600 Z Value 1.9600
X Value 11.0701 X Value 18.9099
6.10 PHStat output:

Common Data
Mean 73
Z Value 2.25 Z Value for 65 -1
P(X<=91) 0.9877755 Z Value for 89 2
P(X<=65) 0.1587
X Value 81 P(65<=X<=89) 0.8186
Z Value 1
Probability for X<91 or X >81 Z Value 1.644854
P(X<91 or X >81) 1.1464 X Value 86.15883

6.10 (a) P(X < 91) = P(Z < 2.25) = 0.9878

cont. (b) P(65 < X < 89) = P(– 1.00 < Z < 2.00) = 0.9772 – 0.1587 = 0.8185
(c) P(X > A) = 0.05 P(Z < 1.645) = 0.9500
A – 73
Z = 1.645 = A = 73 + 1.645(8) = 86.16%
8
(d) Option 1: P(X > A) = 0.10 P(Z < 1.28) ≅ 0.9000
81 – 73
Z= = 1.00
8
Since your score of 81% on this exam represents a Z-score of 1.00, which is below the
minimum Z-score of 1.28, you will not earn an “A” grade on the exam under this grading
option.
68 – 62
Option 2: Z = = 2.00
3
Since your score of 68% on this exam represents a Z-score of 2.00, which is well above
the minimum Z-score of 1.28, you will earn an “A” grade on the exam under this grading
option. You should prefer Option 2.
6.11 PHStat output:

(a) P(X < 112) = P(Z < – 1.5333) = 0.0626
X Value 112
Z Value -1.533333
P(X<=112) 0.0626
(b) P(112 < X < 158) = P(–1.5333 < Z < 1.5333) = 0.8748
From X Value 112
To X Value 158
Z Value for 112 -1.533333
Z Value for 158 1.533333
P(X<=112) 0.0626
P(X<=158) 0.9374
P(112<=X<=158) 0.8748
(c) P(X > 158) = P(Z > 1.5333) = 0.0626
Probability for X >
X Value 158
Z Value 1.5333333
P(X>158) 0.0626
(d) P(X < A) = 0.01 P(Z < -2.3263) = 0.01
A = 135 – 15(2.3263) = 100.1048
Z Value -2.3263
X Value 100.1048

6.12 (a) P(X > 60) = P(Z > 1.3692) = 0.0855

Probability for X >
X Value 60
Z Value 1.3692308
P(X>60) 0.0855
(b) P(15 < X < 30) = P(-2.0923 < Z < -0.9385) = 0.1558
From X Value 15
To X Value 30
Z Value for 15 -2.092308
Z Value for 30 -0.938462
P(X<=15) 0.0182
P(X<=30) 0.1740
P(15<=X<=30) 0.1558
(c) P(X < 15) = P(Z < -2.0923) = 0.0182
X Value 15
Z Value -2.092308
P(X<=15) 0.0182
(d) P(X < A) = 0.99 Z = 2.3263 A = 72.4425
Z Value 2.3263
X Value 72.4425

From X Value 21.99
To X Value 22
Z Value for 21.99 -2.4
Z Value for 22 -0.4
P(X<=21.99) 0.0082
P(X<=22) 0.3446
P(21.99<=X<=22) 0.3364
P(21.99 < X < 22.00) = P(– 2.4 < Z < – 0.4) = 0.3364
(b) Partial PHStat output:
From X Value 21.99
To X Value 22.01
Z Value for 22.01 1.6
P(X<=21.99) 0.0082
P(X<=22.01) 0.9452
P(21.99<=X<=22.01) 0.9370
P(21.99 < X < 22.01) = P(– 2.4 < Z < 1.6) = 0.9370


cont.
Z Value 2.05375
X Value 22.0123
P(X > A) = 0.02 Z = 2.05 A = 22.0123
(d) (a) Partial PHStat output:
From X Value 21.99
To X Value 22
Z Value for 21.99 -3
Z Value for 22 -0.5
P(X<=21.99) 0.0013
P(X<=22) 0.3085
P(21.99<=X<=22) 0.3072
P(21.99 < X < 22.00) = P(– 3.0 < Z < – 0.5) = 0.3072
(d) (b) Partial PHStat output:
From X Value 21.99
To X Value 22.01
Z Value for 21.99 -3
Z Value for 22.01 2
P(X<=21.99) 0.0013
P(X<=22.01) 0.9772
P(21.99<=X<=22.01) 0.9759
P(21.99 < X < 22.01) = P(– 3.0 < Z < 2) = 0.9759
Z Value 2.05375
X Value 22.0102
P(X > A) = 0.02 Z = 2.05 A = 22.0102
6.14 With 39 values, the smallest of the standard normal quantile values covers an area under the normal
curve of 0.025. The corresponding Z value is -1.96. The middle (20th) value has a cumulative area
of 0.50 and a corresponding Z value of 0.0. The largest of the standard normal quantile values covers
an area under the normal curve of 0.975, and its corresponding Z value is +1.96.
6.15 Area under normal curve covered: 0.1429 0.2857 0.4286 0.5714 0.7143 0.8571
Standardized normal quantile value: – 1.07 – 0.57 – 0.18 + 0.18 + 0.57 + 1.07

6.16 (a) Excel output:

MPG
Mean 22.85
Standard Error 0.364728
Median 22
Mode 22
Standard Deviation 1.631112
Sample Variance 2.660526
Kurtosis -0.54229
Skewness 0.752148
Range 5
Minimum 21
Maximum 26
Sum 457
Count 20
First Quartile 22
Third Quartile 24
Interquartile Range 2
CV 7.14%
6*std.dev 9.786672
1.33*std.dev 2.169379
The mean is about the same as the median. The range is smaller than 6 times the standard
deviation and the interquartile range is slightly smaller than 1.33 times the standard
deviation.
(b)
Normal Probability Plot
30
25
20
MPG
15
MPG
10
0
-2 -1 0 1 2
Z Value
The normal probability plot indicates departure from normal distribution. The kurtosis is
-0.5423, indicating some departure from a normal distribution.. The skewness of 0.7521
indicates a slightly right-skewed distribution.

6.17 Excel output:

Cost($)
Mean 326.264
Median 308.74
Mode #N/A
Kurtosis 2.881548
Skewness 1.563491
Range 456.86
Minimum 203.06
Maximum 659.92
Sum 9787.92
Count 30
First Quartile 263.1
Third Quartile 344.92
Interquartile Range 81.82
CV 31.49%
6*std.dev 616.4047
1.33*std.dev 136.6364
(a) The mean is higher than the median. The range is smaller than 6 times the standard
deviation. The interquartile range is much smaller than 1.33 times the standard deviation.
(b)
700
600
500
400
Cost($)
300 Cost($)
200
100
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Z Value
According to the normal probability plot, the data appear to be right skewed. The kurtosis
is 2.8815 indicating a distribution that is more peaked than a normal distribution, with
more values in the tails. The skewness of 1.5635 indicates a right-skewed distribution.

6.18 Excel output:

Property Taxes Per Capita ($)
Mean 1332.235
Median 1230
Mode #N/A
Kurtosis 0.539467
Skewness 0.918321
Range 2479
Minimum 506
Maximum 2985
Sum 67944
Count 51
First Quartile 867
Third Quartile 1633
Interquartile Range 766
CV 43.37%
6*std.dev 3466.985
1.33*std.dev 768.515
(a) Because the mean is slightly larger than the median, the interquartile range is slightly less
than 1.33 times the standard deviation, and the range is smaller than 6 times the standard
deviation, the data appear to deviate from the normal distribution.
(b)
3500
3000
Property Taxes Per Capita ($)
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Z Value
The normal probability plot suggests that the data appear to be right-skewed. The kurtosis
is 0.5395 indicating a distribution that is slightly more peaked than a normal distribution,
with more values in the tails. A skewness of 0.9183 indicates a right-skewed distribution.

6.19 Excel output:

Market Cap ($billions)
Mean 155.55
Median 140.1
Mode 74.9
Kurtosis 1.064385
Skewness 0.96722
Range 374.8
Minimum 29.1
Maximum 403.9
Sum 4666.5
Count 30
First Quartile 91.5
CV 54.52%
6*std.dev 508.8801
1.33*std.dev 112.8018
(a) The mean is greater than the median; the range is smaller than 6 times the standard
deviation and the interquartile range is greater than 1.33 times the standard deviation.
The data do not appear to be normally distributed.
(b)
450
400
350
Market Cap ($billions)
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Z Value
The normal probability plot suggests that the data are skewed to the right.

6.19 (c)
cont.
Histogram of Market Cap ($billions)

10
9
8
7
Frequency
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
25 75 125 175 225 275 325 375 425
Midpoints
The histogram suggests that the data are skewed to the right.
6.20 Excel output:

Error
Mean -0.00023
Median 0
Mode 0
Sample Variance 2.88E-06
Range 0.008
Minimum -0.003
Maximum 0.005
First Quartile -0.0015
1.33 Std Dev 0.002255
6 Std Dev 0.010175
(a) Because the interquartile range is close to 1.33S and the range is also close to 6S, the data
appear to be approximately normally distributed.

6.20 (b)
cont.
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
Error
0.001
0
-0.001 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
-0.002
-0.003
-0.004
Z Value
The normal probability plot suggests that the data appear to be approximately normally
distributed.
6.21 Excel output:

One-Year Five-Year
Mean 0.71 1.535455
Standard Error 0.063753 0.090462
Median 0.8 1.5
Mode 0.2 1.5
Standard Deviation 0.29903 0.424306
Sample Variance 0.089419 0.180035
Kurtosis -0.94783 -0.27393
Skewness -0.68845 -0.16452
Range 0.85 1.65
Minimum 0.2 0.6
Maximum 1.05 2.25
Sum 15.62 33.78
Count 22 22
First Quartile 0.55 1.35
Third Quartile 0.95 1.94
Interquartile Range 0.4 0.59
CV 42.12% 27.63%
6*std.dev 1.794181 2.545835
1.33*std.dev 0.39771 0.564327
One-year CD:
(a) The mean is smaller than the median; the range is smaller than 6 times the standard
deviation and the interquartile range is about the same as 1.33 times the standard
deviation. The data do not appear to be normally distributed.

6.21 (b)
cont.
1.2
0.8
One-Year
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Z Value
The normal probability plot suggests that the data are left skewed. The kurtosis is
-0.9478 indicating a distribution that is less peaked than a normal distribution, with fewer
values in the tails. The skewness of -0.6884 indicates that the distribution is left-skewed.
Five-Year CD:
(a) The mean is about the same as the median; the range is smaller than 6 times the standard
deviation and the interquartile range is slightly greater than 1.33 times the standard
deviation. The data appear to deviate from the normal distribution.
(b)
2.5
1.5
Five-Year
0.5
0
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Z Value
The normal probability plot suggests that the data are somewhat normally distributed.
The kurtosis is -0.2739 indicating a distribution that is slightly less peaked than a normal
distribution, with more values in the tails. The skewness of -0.16452 indicates that the
distribution is slightly left-skewed.

6.22 (a) Five-number summary: 82 127 148.5 168 213 mean = 147.06
range = 131 interquartile range = 41 standard deviation = 31.69
The mean is very close to the median. The five-number summary suggests that the
distribution is quite symmetrical around the median. The interquartile range is very close
to 1.33 times the standard deviation. The range is about $50 below 6 times the standard
deviation. In general, the distribution of the data appears to closely resemble a normal
distribution.
Note: The quartiles are obtained using PHStat without any interpolation.
(b)
Normal Probability Plot of Electricity Cost
250
200
150
Utility Charge
100
50
0
-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Z Value
The normal probability plot confirms that the data appear to be approximately normally
distributed.
6.23 Using the tables of the normal distribution with knowledge of μ and σ along with the
transformation formula, we can find any probability under the normal curve.
6.24 Using Table E.2, first find the cumulative area up to the larger value, and then subtract the
cumulative area up to the smaller value.
6.25 Find the Z value corresponding to the given percentile and then use the equation X = μ + zσ .
6.26 The normal distribution is bell-shaped; its measures of central tendency are all equal; its middle
50% is within 1.33 standard deviations of its mean; and 99.7% of its values are contained within
three standard deviations of its mean.
6.27 Both the normal distribution and the uniform distribution are symmetric but the uniform
distribution has a bounded range while the normal distribution ranges from negative infinity to
positive infinity. The exponential distribution is right-skewed and ranges from zero to infinity.

6.28 If the distribution is normal, the plot of the Z values on the horizontal axis and the original values
on the vertical axis will be a straight line.

From X Value 0.75
To X Value 0.753
Z Value for 0.753 0
P(X<=0.75) 0.2266
P(X<=0.753) 0.5000
P(0.75<=X<=0.753) 0.2734
P(0.75 < X < 0.753) = P(– 0.75 < Z < 0) = 0.2734
From X Value 0.74
To X Value 0.75
P(X<=0.74) 0.0006
P(X<=0.75) 0.2266
P(0.74<=X<=0.75) 0.2261
P(0.74 < X < 0.75) = P(– 3.25 < Z < – 0.75) = 0.2266 – 0.00058 = 0.2260
Probability for X >

X Value 0.76
Z Value 1.75
P(X>0.76) 0.0401
P(X > 0.76) = P(Z > 1.75) = 1.0 – 0.9599 = 0.0401
X Value 0.74
Z Value -3.25
P(X<=0.74) 0.000577
P(X < 0.74) = P(Z < – 3.25) = 0.00058
(e) Partial PHStat output:
Z Value -1.475791
X Value 0.747097
P(X < A) = P(Z < – 1.48) = 0.07 A = 0.753 – 1.48(0.004) = 0.7471


From X Value 1.9
To X Value 2
Z Value for 1.9 -2
Z Value for 2 0
P(X<=1.9) 0.0228
P(X<=2) 0.5000
P(1.9<=X<=2) 0.4772
P(1.90 < X < 2.00) = P(– 2.00 < Z < 0) = 0.4772
From X Value 1.9
To X Value 2.1
Z Value for 1.9 -2
Z Value for 2.1 2
P(X<=1.9) 0.0228
P(X<=2.1) 0.9772
P(1.9<=X<=2.1) 0.9545
P(1.90 < X < 2.10) = P(– 2.00 < Z < 2.00) = 0.9772 – 0.0228 = 0.9544
Probability for X<1.9 or X >2.1
P(X<1.9 or X >2.1) 0.0455
P(X < 1.90) + P(X > 2.10) = 1 – P(1.90 < X < 2.10) = 0.0456

Z Value -2.326348
X Value 1.883683
P(X > A) = P( Z > – 2.33) = 0.99 A = 2.00 – 2.33(0.05) = 1.8835
Z Value 2.575829
X Value 2.128791
P(A < X < B) = P(– 2.58 < Z < 2.58) = 0.99
A = 2.00 – 2.58(0.05) = 1.8710 B = 2.00 + 2.58(0.05) = 2.1290


From X Value 1.9
To X Value 2
Z Value for 2 -0.4
P(X<=1.9) 0.0082
P(X<=2) 0.3446
P(1.9<=X<=2) 0.3364
P(1.90 < X < 2.00) = P(– 2.40 < Z < – 0.40) = 0.3446 – 0.0082 = 0.3364
From X Value 1.9
To X Value 2.1
Z Value for 2.1 1.6
P(X<=1.9) 0.0082
P(X<=2.1) 0.9452
P(1.9<=X<=2.1) 0.9370
P(1.90 < X < 2.10) = P(– 2.40 < Z < 1.60) = 0.9452 – 0.0082 = 0.9370
From X Value 1.9
To X Value 2.1
Z Value for 2.1 1.6
P(X<=1.9) 0.0082
P(X<=2.1) 0.9452
P(1.9<=X<=2.1) 0.9370
P(X < 1.90) + P(X > 2.10) = 1 – P(1.90 < X < 2.10) = 0.0630

Z Value -2.326348
X Value 1.903683
P(X > A) = P(Z > – 2.33) = 0.99 A = 2.02 – 2.33(0.05) = 1.9035
Z Value 2.575829
X Value 2.148791
P(A < X < B) = P(– 2.58 < Z < 2.58) = 0.99
A = 2.02 – 2.58(0.05) = 1.8910 B = 2.02 + 2.58(0.05) = 2.1490


X Value 1000
Z Value -1.0780
P(X<=1000) 0.1405
P(X < 1000) = P(Z < -1.0780) = 0.1405
(b)
FromX Value 2500
To X Value 3000
Z Value for 2500 1.9220
Z Value for 3000 2.922
P(X<=2500) 0.9727
P(X<=3000) 0.9983
P(2500<=X<=3000) 0.0256
P(2500 < X < 3000) = P(1.9220 < Z < 2.922) = 0.0256
(c)
Z Value 1.2816
X Value 2179.7758
P(X < A) = P(Z < 1.2816) = 0.90 A = 1539 + 500(1.2816) = $2,179.7758
(d)
Z Value 1.2816
X Value 2179.7758
P(A < X < B) = P(– 1.2816 < Z < 1.2816) = 0.80
A = 1539 – 1.28(500) = $898.2242
B = 1539 + 1.28(500) = $ 2,179.7758

6.33 Excel output:

Alcohol % Calories Carbohydrates
Mean 5.236602564 154.3974359 11.92833333
Standard Error 0.11324748 3.528246875 0.389874965
Median 4.9 150 12.005
Mode 5 110 12
Standard Deviation 1.414460571 44.06778935 4.869536751
Sample Variance 2.000698706 1941.970058 23.71238817
Kurtosis 4.495729542 3.0694263 1.330446708
Skewness 1.442614331 1.217087045 0.49830297
Range 11.1 275 30.2
Minimum 0.4 55 1.9
Maximum 11.5 330 32.1
Sum 816.91 24086 1860.82
Count 156 156 156
First Quartile 4.4 130 8.6
Third Quartile 5.6 166 14.3
Interquartile Range 1.2 36 5.7
CV 27.01% 28.54% 40.82%
6*std.dev 8.486763423 264.4067361 29.21722051
1.33*std.dev 1.881232559 58.61015983 6.476483879
Alcohol %:
The mean is slightly greater than the median; the range is larger than 6 times the standard
deviation and the interquartile range is smaller than 1.33 times the standard deviation.
The data appear to deviate from the normal distribution.
14
12
10
Alcohol %
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Z Value
The normal probability plot suggests that data are not normally distributed. The kurtosis
is 4.4957 indicating a distribution that is more peaked than a normal distribution, with
more values in the tails. The skewness of 1.4426 suggests that the distribution is right-
skewed.

6.33 Calories:
cont. The mean is approximately equal to the median; the range is slightly greater than 6 times
the standard deviation and the interquartile range is much smaller than 1.33 times the
standard deviation. The data appear to deviate away from the normal distribution.
350
300
250
200
Calories
150
100
50
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Z Value
The normal probability plot suggests that the data are somewhat right-skewed. The
kurtosis is 3.0694 indicating a distribution that is more peaked than a normal distribution,
with more values in the tails. The skewness of 1.2171 suggests that the distribution is
right-skewed.
Carbohydrates:
(a) The mean is approximately equal to the median; the range is approximately equal to 6
times the standard deviation and the interquartile range is slightly smaller than 1.33 times
the standard deviation. The data appear to be normally distributed.
(b)
35
30
25
Carbohydrates
20
15
10
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Z Value
The normal probability plot suggests that the data are somewhat right-skewed. The
kurtosis is 1.3304 indicating a distribution that is more peaked than a normal distribution,
with more values in the tails. The skewness of 0.4983 indicates that the distribution is
slightly right-skewed.

6.34 (a) Waiting time will more closely resemble an exponential distribution.
(b) Seating time will more closely resemble a normal distribution.
(c)
Histogram
60 100.00%
50 80.00%
Frequency
40
60.00% Frequency
30
40.00% Cumulative %
20
10 20.00%
0 0.00%
6
14
22
30
38
---
Midpoints
45
40
35
30
Waiting
25
20
15
10
5
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Z Value
Both the histogram and normal probability plot suggest that waiting time more closely
resembles an exponential distribution.
(d)
Histogram
30 100.00%
25 80.00%
Frequency
20
60.00% Frequency
15
40.00% Cumulative %
10
5 20.00%
0 0.00%
35
43
51
59
67
---
Midpoints

6.34
cont.
80
70
60
50
Seating
40
30
20
10
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Z Value
Both the histogram and normal probability plot suggest that seating time more closely
resembles a normal distribution.
6.35 (a) PHStat output: S&P

Probability for X >
X Value 0
Z Value -1.48
P(X>0) 0.9306
P(X > 0) = P(Z > 0) = 0.9306
(b) PHStat output:
Probability for X >
X Value 10
Z Value -0.98
P(X>10) 0.8365
P(X > 10) = P(Z > -0.98) = 0.8365
(c) PHStat output:
X Value -20
Z Value -2.48
P(X<=-20) 0.0066
P(X < -20) = P(Z < -2.48) = 0.0066
(d) PHStat output:
X Value -30
Z Value -2.98
P(X<=-30) 0.0014
P(X < -30) = P(Z < -2.98) = 0.0014

6.35 (e) NASDAQ (a)

cont.
PHStat output:
Probability for X >
X Value 0
Z Value -1.2767
P(X>0) 0.8991
P(X > 0) = P(Z > -1.2767) = 0.8991
(b) PHStat output:
Probability for X >
X Value 10
Z Value -0.9433
P(X>10) 0.8272
P(X > 10) = P(Z > -0.9433) = 0.8272
(c)
X Value -20
Z Value -1.9433
P(X<=-20) 0.0260
P(X < -20) = P(Z < -1.9433) = 0.0260
(d)
X Value -30
Z Value -2.2767
P(X<=-30) 0.0114
P(X < -30) = P(Z < -2.2767) = 0.0114

X Value 4500
Z Value -0.37
P(X<=4500) 0.3557
P(X < 4500) = P(Z < -0.37) = 0.3557
From X Value 4300
To X Value 4700
Z Value for 4700 0.13
P(X<=4300) 0.1922
P(X<=4700) 0.5517
P(4300<=X<=4700) 0.3596
P(4300 < X < 4700) = P(-0.87 < Z < 0.13) = 0.3596


cont.
Probability for X >
X Value 5200
Z Value 1.38
P(X>5200) 0.0838
P(X > 5200) = P(Z > 1.38) = 0.0838
Z Value -2.3263
X Value 3717.4609
P(A < X) = 0.01 Z = -2.3263 A = $3,717.46
X Value 3864.0144 X Value 5431.9856
P(A < X < B) = 0.95 Z = -1.9600 A = $3,864.01
Z = 1.96 B = $5,431.99

X Value 4500
Z Value -3.426
P(X<=4500) 0.0003
P(X < 4500) = P(Z < -3.426) = 0.0003
From X Value 4300
To X Value 4700
Z Value for 4300 -3.826
Z Value for 4700 -3.026
P(X<=4300) 0.0001
P(X<=4700) 0.0012
P(4300<=X<=4700) 0.0012
P(4300 < X < 4700) = P(-3.826 < Z < -3.026) = 0.0012


cont.
Probability for X >
X Value 5200
Z Value -2.026
P(X>5200) 0.9786
P(X > 5200) = P(Z > -2.026) = 0.9786
Z Value -2.3263
X Value 5049.8261
P(A < X) = 0.01 Z = -2.3263 A = $5,049.83
X Value 5233.0180 X Value 7192.9820
P(A < X < B) = 0.95 Z = -1.9600 A = $5,233.02
Z = 1.96 B = $7,192.98
(f) Since the mean monthly pay of interns at Facebook is quite a bit higher than that at Intel
while the standard deviation is only $100 higher, the answers in (a)-(c) in Problem 6.36
for the Intel interns are quite a bit higher than those in this problem while the answers in
(d)-(e) are quite a bit lower.

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themselves, for this outrage was more than they could bear: and
Scedasus, when he could get no reparation at Lacedæmon for this
outrage, returned to Leuctra and committed suicide. Then
Epaminondas offered funeral rites to Scedasus and his daughters,
and vowed that a battle should take place there, as much for their
vengeance as for the safety of Thebes. But the Bœotarchs were not
all of the same view, but differed in their opinions. Epaminondas and
Malgis and Xenocrates were for engaging the Lacedæmonians
without delay, whereas Damoclidas and Damophilus and
Simangelus were against an engagement, and recommended the
withdrawal of the women and children into Attica, and that they
should themselves prepare for a siege. Thus the votes of the six
were equally divided, but the vote of the 7th Bœotarch on his return
to the camp, (he had been on the look-out at Cithæron, and his
name was Bacchylides), being given on the side of Epaminondas, it
was agreed to stake everything on a battle. Now Epaminondas had
suspicions about the fidelity of several of the Bœotians especially the
Thespians, fearing therefore that they would desert in the battle, he
gave leave to whoever would to go home, and the Thespians went
off in full force, and any other Bœotians who had ill-will to the
Thebans. And when the engagement came on, the allies of the
Lacedæmonians, who had previously not been overwell pleased with
them, openly showed their hostility by not standing their ground, but
giving way wherever the enemy attacked. But the battle between the
Lacedæmonians and the Thebans was well contested, the former
relying on their long military experience and ashamed to impair the
old prestige of Sparta, while the latter saw that the fate of their
country their wives and children was staked on the result of this fight.
But after many Lacedæmonians of high rank had fallen as also their
king Cleombrotus, then the Spartans though hard pressed felt
obliged to continue the combat, for amongst the Lacedæmonians it
was considered most disgraceful to allow the dead body of one of
their kings to remain in the hands of the enemy.
This victory of the Thebans was the most notable of all victories won
by Greeks over Greeks: for the Lacedæmonians on the next day
instead of renewing the battle purposed burying their dead, and sent
a herald to the Thebans to ask leave to do so. And Epaminondas
knowing that it was always the custom of the Lacedæmonians to
conceal their losses, said that their allies must first bury their dead,
and afterwards he would permit the Lacedæmonians to bury theirs.
And as some of the allies had none to bury, (as none of them were
killed), and others had lost only a few, the Lacedæmonians buried
their dead, and thus it was clear that most of the dead were
Spartans. Of the Thebans and Bœotians who remained to share in
the battle there fell only 47 men, while the Lacedæmonians lost more
than 1,000.
CHAPTER XIV.
D irectly after the battle Epaminondas allowed all the other

Peloponnesians to depart to their homes, but the
Lacedæmonians he kept shut up at Leuctra. But when he heard that
the Spartans were coming in full force to their relief, then he allowed
them to depart on conditions of war, for he said that it was better to
fight on Lacedæmonian than Bœotian ground. And the Thespians,
looking with regret at their past ill-will to the Thebans and with
anxiety at their present fortunes, thought it best to abandon their own
city and flee to Ceressus, a fortified place belonging to them, into
which they had formerly thrown themselves when the Thessalians
invaded their country. But the Thessalians on that occasion, as they
seemed hardly likely to capture Ceressus consulted the oracle at
Delphi, and this was the response they received. “Shady Leuctra and
the Alesian soil are dear to me, dear to me too are the unfortunate
daughters of Scedasus. In the future looms a lamentable battle
there: but no one shall capture it till the Dorians lose the flower of
their young men, when its day of fate shall have come. Then shall
Ceressus be captured, but not before.”
And now when Epaminondas had captured Ceressus, and taken
captive the Thespians who had fled for refuge there, he forthwith
turned his attention to affairs in the Peloponnese, as the Arcadians
eagerly invited his co-operation. And when he went to the
Peloponnese he made the Argives his voluntary allies, and restored
the Mantineans, who had been dispersed in villages by Agesipolis, to
Mantinea, and, as the small towns of the Arcadians were insecure,
he persuaded the Arcadians to evacuate them, and established for
them one large town still called Megalopolis. By this time
Epaminondas’ period of office as Bœotarch had expired, and the
penalty for continuing office longer was death. But Epaminondas,
considering the law an illtimed one, disregarded it and continued
Bœotarch: and marched with an army against Sparta and, as
Agesilaus declined a combat, turned his attention towards colonizing
Messene, as I have shewn in my account of Messenia. And
meantime the Theban allies overran Laconia and plundered it,
scouring over the whole country. This induced Epaminondas to take
the Thebans back into Bœotia. And when he got with his army as far
as Lechæum, and was about to pass through a narrow and difficult
defile, Iphicrates the son of Timotheus with a force of Athenians and
some targeteers attacked him. And Epaminondas routed them and
pursued them as far as Athens, but as Iphicrates would not allow the
Athenians to go out and fight, he returned to Thebes. And there he
was acquitted for continuing Bœotarch beyond the proper time: for it
is said that none of the judges would pass sentence upon him.
CHAPTER XV.
A nd after this when Alexander the ruler in Thessaly with a high

hand treacherously imprisoned Pelopidas, (who had come to his
court as to a ruler who was personally a friend of his and publicly a
friend of the Theban people), the Thebans immediately marched
against Alexander, putting at their head Cleomenes and Hypatus
who were then Bœotarchs, and Epaminondas happened to be one
of the force. And when they were near Pylæ, Alexander who lay in
ambush attacked them in the pass. And when they saw their
condition was desperate, then the soldiers gave the command to
Epaminondas, and the Bœotarchs willingly conceded the command.
And Alexander lost his confidence in victory, when he saw that
Epaminondas had taken the command, and gave up Pelopidas. And
during the absence of Epaminondas the Thebans drove the
Orchomenians out of their country. Epaminondas looked on this as a
misfortune, and said the Thebans would never have committed this
outrage had he been at home. And as he was chosen Bœotarch
again, he marched with an army to the Peloponnese again, and beat
the Lacedæmonians in battle at Lechæum, and also the Achæans
from Pellene and the Athenians who were under the command of
Chabrias. And it was the rule with the Thebans to ransom all their
prisoners, except Bœotian deserters, whom they put to death. But
Epaminondas after capturing a small town of the Sicyonians called
Phœbia, where were a good many Bœotian deserters, contented
himself with leaving a stigma upon them by calling them each by the
name of a different nationality. And when he got with his army as far
as Mantinea, he was killed in the moment of victory by an Athenian.
The Athenian who killed Epaminondas is represented in a painting at
Athens of the cavalry-skirmish to have been Gryllus, the son of that
Xenophon who took part in the expedition of Cyrus against king
Artaxerxes, and who led the Greeks back again to the sea.
On the statue of Epaminondas are four elegiac lines about him, that
tell how he restored Messene, and how the Greeks got their freedom
through him. These are the lines.
“Sparta cut off the glory from our councils, but in time sacred
Messene got back her children. Megalopolis was crowned by the
arms of Thebes, and all Greece became autonomous and free.”
Such were the glorious deeds of Epaminondas.
CHAPTER XVI.
A nd at no great distance from the statue of Epaminondas is the

temple of Ammon, the statue by Calamis and a votive offering
from Pindar, who also sent a Hymn in honour of Ammon to the
Ammonians in Libya, which Hymn is now inscribed on a triangular
pillar near the altar which Ptolemy the son of Lagus dedicated to
Ammon. Next to the temple of Ammon the Thebans have what is
called Tiresias’ tower to observe the omens, and near it is a temple
of Fortune carrying in her arms Wealth as a child. The Thebans say
that Xenophon the Athenian made the hands and face of the statue,
and Callistonicus a native of Thebes all the other parts. The idea is
ingenious of putting Wealth in the hands of Fortune as her mother or
nurse, as is also the idea of Cephisodotus who made for the
Athenians a statue of Peace holding Wealth.
The Thebans have also some wooden statues of Aphrodite, so
ancient that they are said to be votive offerings of Harmonia, made
out of the wood of the gunwales of the ships of Cadmus. One they
call the Celestial Aphrodite, the other the Pandemian, and the third
the Heart-Turner. Harmonia meant by these titles of Aphrodite the
following. The Celestial is a pure love and has no connection with
bodily appetite, the Pandemian is the common vulgar sensual love,
and thirdly the goddess is called Heart-Turner because she turns the
heart of men away by lawless passion and unholy deeds. For
Harmonia knew that many bold deeds had been done in lawless
passion both among the Greeks and barbarians, such as were
afterwards sung by poets, as the legends about the mother of
Adonis, and Phædra the daughter of Minos, and the Thracian
Tereus. And the temple of Law-giving Demeter was they say formerly
the house of Cadmus and his descendants. And the statue of
Demeter is only visible down to the chest. And there are some
brazen shields hung up here, which they say belonged to some of
the Lacedæmonian notables that fell at Leuctra.
At the gate called Prœtis is a theatre, and near it the temple of
Lysian Dionysus. The god was so called because, when some
Thebans were taken captive by the Thracians, and conducted to
Haliartia, the god freed them, and gave them an opportunity to kill
the Thracians in their sleep. One of the statues in the temple the
Thebans say is Semele. Once every year the temple is open on
stated days. There are also the ruins of the house of Lycus, and the
sepulchre of Semele, it cannot be the sepulchre of Alcmene, for
when she died she became a stone. But the Theban account about
her differs from the Megarian: in fact the Greek traditions mostly
vary. The Thebans have here also monuments of the sons and
daughters of Amphion, the two sexes apart.
CHAPTER XVII.
A nd next is the temple of Artemis Euclea, the statue of the

goddess is by Scopas. They say the daughters of Antipœnus,
Androclea and Alcis, are buried in this temple. For when Hercules
and the Thebans were going to engage in battle with the
Orchomenians, an oracle informed them that, if any one of their most
notable citizens in respect to birth was willing to commit suicide, they
would obtain victory in the war. To Antipœnus, who was of most
illustrious descent, it did not appear agreeable to die for the people,
but his daughters had no objection, so they committed suicide and
were honoured accordingly. In front of the temple of Artemis Euclea
is a lion in stone, which was it is said a votive offering of Hercules,
when he had vanquished in battle the Orchomenians and their king
Erginus the son of Clymenus. And near it is a statue of Apollo
Boedromius, and one of Hermes Agoræus, this last the votive
offering of Pindar. The funeral pile of the children of Amphion is
about half a stade from their tombs, the ashes still remain. And near
the statue of Amphitryon are they say two stone statues of Athene
Zosteria (the Girder), and they say Amphitryon armed himself here,
when he was on the point of engaging the Eubœans and Chalcodon.
The ancients called putting on one’s armour girding oneself: and
they say that when Homer represents Agamemnon as having a belt
like Ares, he refers to his armour.[54]
A mound of earth not very high is the sepulchre of Zethus and
Amphion. The inhabitants of Tithorea in Phocis like to carry away
earth from this mound when the Sun is in Taurus, for if they take of
this soil then, and put it on the tomb of Antiope, their land gains in
fertility while the Theban loses. So the Thebans guard the sepulchre
at that time of the year. And these two cities believe this in
consequence of the oracles of Bacis, in which the following lines
occur.
“Whenever a native of Tithorea shall pour libations on the
earth to Amphion and Zethus, and offer prayers and
propitiations when the Sun is in Taurus, then be on your
guard against a terrible misfortune coming on your city: for
the fruits of the earth will suffer a blight, if they take of the
earth and put it on the sepulchre of Phocus.”
Bacis calls it the sepulchre of Phocus for the following reason. Dirce,
the wife of Lycus, honoured Dionysus more than any of the gods,
and when she suffered according to the tradition a cruel death[55] he
was angry with Antiope: and the excessive wrath of the gods is
somehow fatal. They say Antiope went mad and wandered over all
Greece out of her mind, and that Phocus the son of Ornytion the son
of Sisyphus fell in with her and cured her, and made her his wife.
And certainly Antiope and Phocus are buried together. And the
stones by the tomb of Amphion, which lie about in no particular
order, are they say those which followed Amphion’s music. Similar
legends are told of Orpheus, how the animals followed his harping.
[54] See Iliad, ii. 478, 479.
[55] See the story in Propertius, iv. 15.
CHAPTER XVIII.
T he road to Chalcis from Thebes is by the gate Prœtis. On the

high road is the tomb of Melanippus, one of the greatest warriors
of the Thebans, who, when the Argives besieged Thebes, slew
Tydeus and Mecisteus one of the brothers of Adrastus, and was
himself slain they say by Amphiaraus. And very near this tomb are
three rude stones, the Theban antiquarians say that Tydeus was
buried here, and that he was interred by Mæon. And they confirm
their statement by the following line from the Iliad,
“Tydeus, who lies ’neath mound of earth at Thebes.”[56]
And next are the tombs of the children of Œdipus, I have not myself
seen the funeral rites performed to their memory, but I have received
trustworthy accounts. The Thebans say that they offer funeral
sacrifices to several heroes as well as to the children of Œdipus, and
that during these sacrifices the flame and smoke divide. I was
induced to credit this from the following thing which I have myself
seen. In Mysia above Caicus is a small city called Pioniæ, whose
founder was they say Pionis one of the descendants of Hercules,
and when they are celebrating his funeral sacrifices the smoke rises
up from the tomb spontaneously. I have myself seen this. The
Thebans also show the tomb of Tiresias, about 15 stades distant
from the tomb of the children of Œdipus: but they admit that Tiresias
died in Haliartia, so that they allow the tomb here to be a cenotaph.
The Thebans also shew the tomb of Hector the son of Priam near
the Well of Œdipus. They say that his remains were brought here
from Ilium in accordance with the following oracle.
“Ye Thebans, who inhabit the city of Cadmus, if ye wish your country
to enjoy abundant wealth, bring to your city from Asia Minor the
bones of Hector the son of Priam, and respect the hero at the
suggestion of Zeus.”
The Well is called Œdipus’ Well, because he washed off in it the
blood of his father’s murder. And near the Well is the tomb of
Asphodicus, who slew in the battle against the Argives
Parthenopæus the son of Talaus, (according to the tradition of the
Thebans, for the verses in the Thebais about the death of
Parthenopæus say that Periclymenus killed him).
[56] xiv. 114.
CHAPTER XIX.
O n this high-road is a place called Teumessus, where they say

Europa was hidden by Zeus. And there is also a tradition about
a fox of Teumessus, that it was brought up to hurt the Thebans
through the wrath of Dionysus, and that, when it was about to be
taken by the dog which Artemis gave to Procris the daughter of
Erechtheus, both dog and fox were turned into stone. There is also
at Teumessus a temple of Athene Telchinia without a statue: as to
her title Telchinia one may infer that some of the Telchinians, who
formerly dwelt at Cyprus and who migrated into Bœotia, erected this
temple to her under that title.
On the left of Teumessus about 7 stades further you come to the
ruins of Glisas, and before them on the right of the road is a small
mound shaded by a wild wood, and some trees have been planted
there. It is the tomb of those that went with Ægialeus the son of
Adrastus on the expedition against Thebes, and of several noble
Argives, and among them Promachus the son of Parthenopæus. The
tomb of Ægialeus is at Pagæ, as I have previously shown in my
account about Megara. As you go on the high road from Thebes to
Glisas is a place, surrounded by unhewn stones, which the Thebans
call the head of the serpent. They say this serpent lifted its head out
of its hole, and Tiresias passing by chopped its head off with his
sword. That is how the place got its name. And above Glisas is a
mountain called Highest, and on it is the temple and altar of Highest
Zeus. And the torrent here they call Thermodon. And as you turn
towards Teumessus on the road to Chalcis is the tomb of Chalcodon,
who was slain by Amphitryon in the battle fought by the Eubœans
against the Thebans. And next come the ruins of the towns of Harma
and Mycalessus, the former was so called according to the tradition
of the people of Tanagra because the chariot of Amphiaraus
disappeared here, and not where the Thebans say it did. And
Mycalessus was so called they state because the cow that led
Cadmus and his army to Thebes lowed here.
I have described in my account of Attica how Mycalessus was
depopulated. In it near the sea is a temple of Mycalessian Demeter:
which they say is shut and opened again every night by Hercules,
who they say is one of the Idæan Dactyli. The following miracle
takes place here. At the feet of the statue of Demeter they put some
of the fruits of Autumn, and they remain fresh all the year.
At the place where the Euripus parts Eubœa from Bœotia, as you go
forward a little on the right of the temple of Mycalessian Demeter you
come to Aulis, so called they say from the daughter of Ogygus.
There is here a temple of Artemis and two stone statues of her, one
holding torches, and the other like an archer. They say that when the
Greeks in accordance with the oracle of Calchas were about to
sacrifice Iphigenia, the goddess caused a doe to be sacrificed
instead. And they keep in the temple the remains of the plane-tree
which Homer has mentioned in the Iliad.[57] It is also said that the
wind at Aulis was not favourable to the Greeks, but when at last a
favourable wind appeared then everyone sacrificed to Artemis what
each had, male and female victims, and since then it has been
customary at Aulis to accept all kinds of victims. There are shown
here too the well near which the plane-tree grows, and on a hill near
the tent of Agamemnon a brazen threshold. And some palm trees
grow before the temple, the fruit of which is not throughout good to
eat as in Palestine, but they are more mellow than the fruit of the
palm-trees in Ionia. There are not many inhabitants at Aulis, and all
of them are potters. The people of Tanagra inhabit this district, and
all about Mycalessus and Harma.
[57] Iliad, ii. 307, 310.
CHAPTER XX.
I n that part of the district of Tanagra near the sea is a place called
Delium, in which are statues of Artemis and Leto. And the people
of Tanagra say their founder was Pœmander, the son of
Chæresilaus the son of Iasius the son of Eleuther, who was the son
of Apollo by Æthusa the daughter of Poseidon. And Pœmander they
say married Tanagra the daughter of Æolus, though Corinna in her
verses about her says that she was the daughter of Asopus. As her
life was prolonged to a very advanced age they say that the people
who lived round about called her Graia, and in process of time called
the city so too. And the name remained so long that Homer speaks
of the city by that name in his Catalogue, in the line
“Thespea, and Graia, and spacious Mycalessus.”[58]
But in process of time it got its old name Tanagra back again.
At Tanagra is the tomb of Orion, and the mountain Cerycius, where
they say Hermes was reared. There is also the place called Polus,
where they say Atlas sits and meditates on things under the earth
and things in heaven, of whom Homer writes,
“Daughter of astute Atlas, who knows the depths of every
sea, and who by himself supports the lofty pillars, which
keep apart earth and heaven.”[59]
And in the temple of Dionysus the statue of the god by Calamis in
Parian stone is well worth looking at, but more wonderful still is a
statue of Triton. And a legend about Triton of hoar antiquity says that
the women of Tanagra before the orgies of Dionysus bathed in the
sea to purify themselves, and as they were swimming about Triton
assailed them, and they prayed Dionysus to come to their aid, and
the god hearkened to them and conquered Triton after a fight with
him. Another legend lacks the antiquity of this, but is more plausible.
It relates that, when the herds were driven to the sea, Triton lay in
ambush and carried some of them off. He also plundered small
vessels, till the people of Tanagra filled a bowl full of wine for him.
And he came to it attracted they say by its aroma, and drank of it and
fell asleep and tumbled down the rocks, and a man of Tanagra
smote his head off with an axe. And for this reason his statue has no
head. And because he was captured when drunk they think he was
killed by Dionysus.
[58] Iliad, ii. 498.
[59] Odyssey, i. 52-54.
CHAPTER XXI.
I have also seen another Triton among the Curiosities at Rome, but
not so big as this one at Tanagra. This is the appearance of
Tritons: the hair on their head is like frog-wort in the marshes, and
one hair is not to be distinguished from another, the rest of their body
is rough with thin scales like the shark. Under their ears they have
the gills of a fish, and the nose of a man but a somewhat larger
mouth and the teeth of an animal. Their eyes are I think a greyish
blue, and their hands and fingers and nails are like the claws of
shell-fish. And under the breast and belly they have fins like dolphins
instead of feet. I have also seen the Ethiopian bulls, which they call
rhinoceroses because a horn projects from their nose and a little
horn besides under it, but they have no horns on their head. I have
seen also the Pæonian bulls, which are rough all over their bodies
but especially in the breast and chin. I have seen also the Indian
camels which are like leopards in colour. There is also a wild animal
called the elk, which is something between a stag and a camel, and
is found among the Celts. It is the only animal we know of that men
cannot hunt or see at a distance, but when they are engaged in
hunting other animals sometimes the deity drives the elk into their
hands. But it scents men they say at a great distance, and hides
among the rocks and in the recesses of caves. Hunters therefore,
when they have drawn a large net completely round a large district
or even a mountain, so that nothing in that area can escape, among
other animals that they catch when they draw the net tight capture
occasionally the elk. But if it should not happen to be in this area,
there is no other device by which one could capture the elk. As to the
wild animal which Ctesias speaks of in his account of the Indians,
called by them martiora, but by the Greeks manslayer, I am
convinced this is the tiger. As to the Indian tradition, that it has three
rows of teeth in each of its jaws and stings at the end of its tail, with
which it defends itself and hurls them at a distance like an archer his
arrows, this report I cannot believe, and I think the Indians only
accept it from their excessive terror of this animal. They are also
deceived about its colour, for when it appears in the rays of the Sun
the tiger often looks red and all one colour, either from its speed or if
not running from its incessant motion, especially if it is not seen near.
I think indeed that if anyone were to travel into the remote parts of
Libya or India or Arabia, wishing to find the wild animals that are to
be found in Greece, he would not find them at all, but he would find
others different. For it is not only man that changes his appearance
in different climates and lands, but also everything else is subject to
the same conditions, for the Libyan asps have the same colour as
the Egyptian ones, while in Ethiopia the earth produces them as
black as the men. We ought therefore neither to receive any account
too hastily, nor to discredit the uncommon, for example I myself have
not seen winged serpents yet I believe there are such, for a Phrygian
brought into Ionia a scorpion that had wings like locusts.
CHAPTER XXII.
A t Tanagra besides the temple of Dionysus there is one of

Themis, and another of Aphrodite, and a third of Apollo, near
which are both Artemis and Leto. With respect to the two temples of
Hermes the Ram-carrier and Hermes the Champion, they say
Hermes got the first title because he allayed a pestilence by carrying
a ram round the walls, and that is why Calamis made a statue of
Hermes carrying a ram on his shoulders. And whoever is selected as
the most handsome youth, carries a ram on his shoulders round the
walls during the festival of Hermes. And Hermes they say was called
Champion because, when the Eretrians came with a fleet from
Eubœa to Tanagra, he led the young men out to battle, and himself
(with a scraper like a young man) mainly brought about the rout of
the Eubœans. There is also some purslane preserved in the temple
of Hermes the Champion: for they fancy it was under this tree that
Hermes was reared. And at no great distance is a theatre, and near
it a portico. The people of Tanagra seem to honour their gods most
of all the Greeks, for they keep their houses and temples apart, and
their temples are in a pure place, and apart from men. And Corinna,
the only Poetess of Tanagra, has a tomb in the town in a
conspicuous place, and her painting is in the gymnasium, her head
is adorned with a fillet because of her victory over Pindar at Thebes.
And I think she conquered him because of her dialect, for she did not
compose in Doric like Pindar, but in Æolic which the Æolians would
understand, and she was also one of the handsomest of women as
we can see from her painting. They have also two kinds of cocks,
game cocks and those they call black cocks. The latter are in size
like the Lydian birds and in colour like a crow, and their gills and
crest are like the anemone, and they have small white marks on the
end of their bill and tail. Such is their appearance.
And in Bœotia on the left of the Euripus is the mountain Messapium,
and at the foot of it is the Bœotian city Anthedon on the sea, called
according to some after the Nymph Anthedon, but according to
others from Anthas who they say ruled here, the son of Poseidon by
Alcyone the daughter of Atlas. At Anthedon in about the middle of
the city is a temple and grove round it of the Cabiri, and near it is a
temple of Demeter and Proserpine and their statues in white stone.
There is also a temple of Dionysus and a statue of the god in front of
the city in the land direction. Here too are the tombs of Otus and
Ephialtes the sons of Iphimedea and Aloeus, who were slain by
Apollo as both Homer[60] and Pindar have represented. Fate carried
them off in Naxos beyond Paros, but their tombs are in Anthedon.
And by the sea is a place called the leap of Glaucus. He was a
fisherman but after eating a certain grass became a marine god and
predicts the future, as is believed by many and especially by
seafaring men, who every year speak of Glaucus’ powers of
prophesy. Pindar and Æschylus have celebrated Glaucus from these
traditions of the people of Anthedon, Pindar not so much, but
Æschylus has made him the subject of one of his plays.
[60] Odyssey, xi. 318-320. Pindar, Pyth. iv. 156 sq.

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6.1 PHStat output:

6.2 PHStat output:

Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.3 (a) Partial PHStat output:

Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.4 PHStat output:

6.5 (a) Partial PHStat output:

Probability for X <=

Probability for X >

Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.5 (c) Partial PHStat output:

Probability for X >

Probability for X<80 or X >110

6.6 (a) Partial PHStat output:

Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.6 (b) P(X < 42) = P(Z < – 2.00) = 0.0228

6.7 (a) P(X > 32) = P(Z > 0.02) = 0.4920

Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.8 Partial PHStat output:

Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.9 (a) P(X > 15) = PZ > 0.005) = 0.4980

6.10 PHStat output:

Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.10 (a) P(X < 91) = P(Z < 2.25) = 0.9878

6.11 PHStat output:

Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.12 (a) P(X > 60) = P(Z > 1.3692) = 0.0855

6.13 (a) Partial PHStat output:

Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.13 (c) Partial PHStat output:

Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.16 (a) Excel output:

Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.17 Excel output:

Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.18 Excel output:

Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.19 Excel output:

Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Histogram of Market Cap ($billions)

6.20 Excel output:

Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.21 Excel output:

Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.29 (a) Partial PHStat output:

Probability for X >

Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.30 (a) Partial PHStat output:

Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage.

Copyright ©2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

6.31 (a) Partial PHStat output:

Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage.