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vi Contents
ChAPTER 8 Graphing linear equations 291

8.1 Linear Equations with two Variables 292
8.2 Graphing Linear Equations 297
8.3 the Slope of a Line 304
8.4 the Equation of a Line 310
Chapter 8: Group Activities 315
Chapter 8: Summary 315
Chapter 8: Review 317
Chapter 8: test 318
Chapters 1–8: Cumulative Review 318
ChAPTER 9 systems of linear equations 321

9.1 Solving Pairs of Linear Equations by Graphing 322
9.2 Solving Pairs of Linear Equations by Addition 328
9.3 Solving Pairs of Linear Equations by Substitution 333
9.4 Applications involving Pairs of Linear Equations 334
Chapter 9: test 342
ChAPTER 10 factoring algebraic expressions 343

10.1 Finding Monomial Factors 344
10.2 Finding the Product of two Binomials Mentally 345
10.3 Finding Binomial Factors 348
10.4 Special Products 350
10.5 Finding Factors of Special Products 352
10.6 Factoring General trinomials 354
Chapter 10: test 358
ChAPTER 11 Quadratic equations 361

11.1 Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring 362
11.2 the Quadratic Formula 365
11.3 Applications involving Quadratic Equations 367
11.4 Graphs of Quadratic Equations 371
11.5 imaginary numbers 375
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Contents vii
ChAPTER 12 Geometry 381

12.1 Angles and Polygons 382
12.2 Quadrilaterals 389
12.3 triangles 393
12.4 Similar Polygons 402
12.5 Circles 406
12.6 Radian Measure 414
12.7 Prisms 419
12.8 Cylinders 424
12.9 Pyramids and Cones 430
12.10 Spheres 437
ChAPTER 13 Right triangle trigonometry 449

13.1 trigonometric Ratios 450
13.2 Using trigonometric Ratios to Find Angles 454
13.3 Using trigonometric Ratios to Find Sides 457
13.4 Solving Right triangles 458
13.5 Applications involving trigonometric Ratios 460
ChAPTER 14 trigonometry with any angle 473

14.1 Sine and Cosine Graphs 474
14.2 Period and Phase Shift 480
14.3 Solving Oblique triangles: Law of Sines 484
14.4 Law of Sines: the Ambiguous Case 487
14.5 Solving Oblique triangles: Law of Cosines 493
viii Contents
ChAPTER 15 Basic statistics 503

15.1 Bar Graphs 504
15.2 Circle Graphs 507
15.3 Line Graphs 510
15.4 Other Graphs 513
15.5 Mean Measurement 514
15.6 Other Average Measurements and Percentiles 516
15.7 Range and Standard Deviation 519
15.8 Grouped Data 521
15.9 Standard Deviation for Grouped Data 528
15.10 Statistical Process Control 530
15.11 Other Graphs for Statistical Data 534
15.12 normal Distribution 537
15.13 Probability 540
15.14 independent Events 542
ChAPTER 16 Binary and hexadecimal numbers 549

16.1 introduction to Binary numbers 550
16.2 Addition of Binary numbers 552
16.3 Subtraction of Binary numbers 553
16.4 Multiplication of Binary numbers 554
16.5 Conversion from Decimal to Binary System 555
16.6 Conversion from Binary to Decimal System 557
16.7 Hexadecimal System 558
16.8 Addition and Subtraction of Hexadecimal numbers 560
16.9 Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion 563
16.10 Hexadecimal Code for Colors 564
APPEndICES APPEndIx A: tables 569

table 1: Formulas from Geometry 569
table 2: Electrical Symbols 571
APPEndIx B: Exponential Equations 573
APPEndIx C: Simple inequalities 579
APPEndIx D: Answers to Odd-numbered Exercises and All Chapter Review
and Cumulative Review Exercises 585
IndEx 613
L I S T o f A P P L I C AT I o n S
Length of heater hose, 49 Blocks needed for wall, 11 Find dimensions with
Length of socket, 63 Board ft of lumber, 48 vents, 49
auto/Diesel service Length of time engine Bookshelves construction, Find size of square sheet of
Alternator-to-engine runs at two different 251 aluminum, 370
ratio, 270 speeds, 338 Capacity of two trucks, 338 Find lengths in
Amount of fuel required, 277 Length of tool, 42 Concrete floor, 18 framing, 496
Area of windshield, 188 Mileage of vehicle, 188 Contractor testing Floor space footage, 72
Capacity of fuel tank, 278 Miles per gallon, 9, 72 tanks, 338 Gallons of paint needed, 18
Converting gallons to Mixing parts cleaning Conveyer length needed, Gauge for check of diam-
quarts and pints, 54 solution, 338 463 eter of crankshaft
Cooling system leak, 185 Mixing two types of Cost of copper tubing, 271 journal, 463
Copper tubing length, 42 gasoline, 252, 338 Cost of home in price per Height of building, 467
Cost of Batteries, 252 Oil flow rate, 270 square foot, 271 Height of TV relay
Cost per tire, 9, 72 Oil used, 40 Current needs for tower, 463
Difference in tire tread, 62 Overtime hours, 72 compressor and air Increase in floor space, 85
Displacement of piston, 9 Piston displacement, 22 conditioner, 338 Increase length and width
Distance from driver’s side Piston ring wear, 63 Cutting Cable, 72 of lot by same amount
front tire to passenger’s Ratio of secondary voltage Cutting pipe, 9 to increase area by
side rear tire after ac- to primary voltage equals Cutting squares of corners 4000 m, 370
cident, 496 ratio of secondary turns on a piece of material Inside diameter of pipe, 48
Distance from front tip of to primary turns, 277 to form a rectangular Insurance for replacement
seat cushion to tip of Service time on auto, 40, 49 container, 370 cost, 18
head rest, 496 Strengthening antifreeze Difference between plate Invoice from lumberyard, 85
Distance traveled on a tank mixture in radiator, 252 thickness, 42 Length and width of a
of gas, 9 Strokes to pump fuel, 277 Difference of diameters of piece of sheet metal,
Each piston displacement in Time to change tires, 49 ends, 63 370
cubic inches, 73 Total miles on trip, 186 Dimensions of yard, 251 Length of cut boards, 251
Each piston displacement in Total piston displacement Distance between Length of guy wire for
litres, 73 in cubic inches, 73 centers, 48 smokestack, 463
Finding piston movement Total piston displacement Distance between floor Length of pieces of
distances, 466 in litres, 73 joists, 42 beam, 251
Flywheel – drive gear Valve stem length, 63 Distance between rivets, 48 Length of rafter, 496
ratio, 270 Volume of oil pan, 18 Distance between two Length of roofline in a
Horsepower developed by Volume of trunk in auto, 188 adjacent drilled holes, building, 466
1.6 L engine, 277 466 Length of steel pipes, 48
Horsepower of engine, 188 Distance of house from Litres of liquid in a right
Increase in air pressure in sides of lot, 42 circular tank, 463
tire at end of trip, 278 industrial/ Drilling holes in metal Material for concrete, 338
Kilometre per litre, 9 Construction trades plate, 463 Mixing chemicals, 54
Labor cost per hour, 9 Amount of sand to make Excavation of basement, 72 Mixing concrete, 251
Length of crank shaft, 72 concrete, 277 Find check dimension in a Number of boards pur-
Length of cylinder, 22 Angles in a roof, 496 dove tail, 466 chased, 251
ix
x List of Applications
Number of bricks for a 25 Difference of yield, 188 Find t (time) for different Find centers of equally
foot wall, 277 Fertilizer cost, 63 values of V (voltage), spaced bolt holes in a
Number of ceiling tiles Fertilizer needed for 370 piece of metal, 465
needed, 17 lawn, 277 Frequency of radar Find missing dimension, 63
Number of days to com- Gallons of herbicide, 83 waves, 48 Hexagon length of side, 62
plete job, 73 Grass seed mix, 338 Heating element current, 73 Length after cuts, 48
Number of each type of Herbicide ratio per acre, 271 In ac circuit, a right triangle Length of drying booth, 278
tiles, 338 Insecticide amount, 83 shows relationship of Length of guy wire to at-
Number of studs needed, 9 Mixing two types of impedance, resistance, tach antenna, 498
Percent of volume of dry milk, 252 phase angle, and reac- Length of rod after
mix of cement, sand and Mixture for feed, 338 tance, 465 cutting, 72
gravel, 278 Mulch for flowerbed, 19 Inductive resistance in Length of rod, 42
Pieces of drywall needed, 18 Percent of antifreeze in circuit, 73 Length of shaft, 42, 43,
Pitch of roof to rise given radiator, 278 Length of copper resis- 62, 102
the run, 277 Percent of fat in beef and tance, 277 Linear feet of pipe in
Plumbing supply invoice, 85 number of pounds in a Length of wire needed, inventory, 9
Ratio of concrete to carcass, 278 49, 339 Number of cuts needed to
cement, 271 Percent of live hog that is Load of circuit, 49 turn down a stock, 72
Ratio of wall to window carcass, 278 Ohm’s Law, 10 Number of defective
area, 271 Pesticide in spray tank, 277 Outlet spacing, 49 tires, 83
Reducing diameter of Pesticide mix, 338 Power in circuit, 73 Number of metal sheets in
shaft, 42 Placing plant container, 19 Power used, 49 pile, 72
Remaining thickness of Pounds of N, P, K removed Ratio of secondary turns Oil needed, 11
plate after lathe pass, 42 per acre used, 277 to primary turns in a Pins after cuts, 48
Roadbed inclination, 463 Rate of gallon per acre, 271 transformer, 277 Pitch of screw, 72
Space between walls and Sand & topsoil mixture, 271 Ratio voltage drop across a Sheet metal pile height, 72
windows, 10 Volume of cylinder, 188 resistor, 270 Space between end of ply-
Tap drill size, 42 Wagon ratio of pounds per Resistance in flashlight wood and stripes, 11
Thickness of pipe wall, 63 bushel, 270 bulb, 73 Time for lathe to turn, 48
Thickness of sheets of Weight of feed mixture, 54 Resistance in lamp, 73 Weight of metal sheet, 73
metal, 185 Width of area of border Size of two resisters, 339
Thickness of six pieces of around rectangular Total current in parallel
metal, 188 garden, 571 circuit, 41, 62 CaD/Drafting
Tiles needed for wall, 17 Yellow pepper & red pepper Total resistance in series Amount of “peanuts”
Time of work for two brick planted, 271 circuit, 62 used, 19
layers, 338 Yield of apple per tree and Transformer coil ratio, 270 Angles for rafter to be laid,
Total boards in order, 9 income from sale of Transformer voltage, 270 464
Total thickness of sheets of apples, 277 Two types of capacitors, 338 Capacity of tank, 54
metal, 185 Yield of field, 271, 277 Type branches in parallel Channel dimensions, 50
Types of light circuit, 338 Construction of shipping
fixtures, 251 Using right triangle to find box, 19
Volume of cement pad, 49 electronics voltage across coil, 465 Converting feet to yards, 54
Weight of iron rods, 53 Batteries hooked up in a Voltage drop in resister, 270, Designing a mating part, 467
Width of river, 463 series, 338 277 Difference in output of
Cable for wiring, 49 Voltage of iron, 49 drawings, 10
Conduit length and Voltage of source, 62 Dimension for length of
agriculture and angle, 463 Wavelength of radio drawing, 186
horticulture Current in branches in waves, 48 Dimensions of plot, 339
Applying pesticides, 83 parallel circuit, 338 Dimensions of walkway, 339
Area of lawn, 22 Current in circuit, 73 Distance across corner of
Butterfat mixture, 338 Current needed, 49 manufacturing hex bolt, 467
Chemical for 220 acre Current through one of Amps used, 73 Distance between points, 41
field, 277 branches of parallel Diameter of largest Height needed for riser, 72
Concrete feed lot, 49 circuit, 185 part, 43 Increase in door area, 370
Corn and soybean sales, 338 Electrolyte solution, 338 Diameter of pulleys, 339 Internal diameter of
Cost per pound of weight Find t (time) for different Distance of holes from tube, 62
gain, 83 values of current, 370 end, 62 Length of pipe welds, 49
List of Applications xi
Length of shaft, 42 Dimensions of sheet metal Number of drops to set up Number of pie crusts from
Locating a benchmark, 467 to patch of hole in large IV, 271 pie dough, 50
Location of two ports metal tank, 370 Number of milligrams of Number of servings from
for connection to two Earnings of experience medicine, 73 container, 54
threaded posts, 467 welder and beginner Number of teaspoons of Pork: beef ratio for ground
Number of stores, 19 welder, 339 medicine over two beef, 278
Original dimensions of Hours of work for each days, 49 Potatoes in kitchen when
room, 339 welder, 338 Number of vials of two new order needed, 43
Original dimensions of I-beam divided into equal medications used, 339 Quarts of fruit juice, 54
building, 339 parts, 72 Preparing a 20% saline Remaining flour, 43
Overall dimensions of a Length of support for a solution, 338 Remaining French fries, 43
barn model, 278 conveyor belt, 463 Rate of intravenous Remaining lettuce, 43
Length of welded piece, solution, 271, 339 Remaining pie, 43
40, 496 Ratio of dextrose, 271 Scoops of sugar needed, 50
Length of welded pipe, 9, Saline solution mixture, 339 Seating of guests at
hvaC 40, 62 Total ounces of medication tables, 339
Airflow in cubic feet per Measure of angles in a trian- for day, 49 Selling cups and bowls of
second, 53 gular metal sheet, 496 Weight loss of a newborn, 49 chili, 339
Converting lb to oz, 53 Number of high quality Weight of baby, 49 Short loin available for
Cooling requirement, 40 welds, 84 soup, 50
Cost of duct per inch, 72 Percent of welds Table top requirements, 257
Cost of ductwork replace- completed, 84 Total amount of cooking
ment, 9
Culinary arts
Ratio of 4 ft steel angle to Amount of each ingredient oil, 64
Cost of metal duct, 277 2 ft angle weld, 271 Total end cut servings
to make 18 servings of
Dimensions of building, 339 Ratio of welding rods, 271 possible, 11
cheese soufflé , 279
Duct excess, 40 Rods used in welds, 188 Total gallons in soup
Amount of each ingredi-
Duct length, 48, 464 Size of piece left after recipe, 54
ent to serve 12 lb of beef
Finding angles for placing cut, 62 Total number of ounces in
tenderloin, 279
air handlers, 496 Steel angle divided into drink of the day, 64
Amount of each ingredi-
Flow of two air ducts, 339 equal parts, 72 Total of butter used, 43
ent to serve 25 people la
Furnace space, 188 Steel angle welds, 185 tsp needed for recipe, 54
crème au chocolat, 279
Gas used over 4 month Total length of steel angle Volume of punch from
Cooking oil available, 50
period, 186 weld, 54 recipe, 64
Cups of each ingredient to
Length of ducts in kite Total length of weld, 48 Weight in pounds for
make 35 servings, 279
shaped room, 496 Volume of storage bin, 188 ingredients of completed
Diluting chicken soup, 257
Pieces of duct, 48 Volume of welded con- recipe, 64
Dividing tips at end of
Ratio of the BTU of two air tainer, 18 day, 11
conditioners, 271 Weight of scrap metal, 185 Find edible portion of
Sections of duct for
furnace, 188 watermelon, 50 aviation
How many steaks can be Altitude of plane, 17, 53
Supply airflow of unit, 186
Total cost of duct, 62 allied health cut from a loin, 50 Area formed by flight, 188
Alcohol percentage, 49 Individual items in delivery Area of runway, 17
Ventilation requirement
Amount of medicine in one to kitchen, 11 Certificate flight time, 9
CFM, 188
dose, 73 Ingredients to serve 10 Cost of gallon of fuel, 72
Volume of circulated air, 18
Amount of orange juice, 10 people, 279 Dimensions of wing of a
Volume of duct, 18
Diluting alcohol for a Kitchen ratio for popover small Cessna, 370
Volume of furnace filter, 18
solution, 278 butter, 279 Draining fuel out of
Find number of grams of Kitchen ratio for sherry tank, 185
pure ingredient to pre- vinegar marinade, 279 Flight distance, 9
welding pare a solution, 278 Least number of servers Flight mileage, 62
Area of piece of sheet Fluid Input & Output, 9 needed, 11 Flying time, 62
metal, 54 Medicine dosage, 10, 49, Maximum seating, 11 Fuel used, 40, 188, 277
Argon gas used, 9 73, 74 Mixing different types of Ground length of flight, 464
Cost of welding rods, 277 mL needed to give a de- ground beef, 339 Hours each of two planes
Cutting pieces of pipe, 48 sired dose, 277, 278 Number of bone-in prime flown for a month, 339
Difference in diameter of Number of doses of medicine rib cuts from same num- Hours of flying lessons, 188
welding rods, 40 doses from bottle, 49 ber of beef loins, 278 Length of taxiway, 496
xii List of Applications
Nautical miles flown, 73 Difference in height of two water in shopping center Hours worked for each
Operational zone, 9 waterfalls, 339 paved lot, 188 girl, 251
Plane speed, 48 Distance for hiker, 43 Weight of firewood, 85 House payment on home
Ratio of flight time for Distance of kite from a Weight of fish, 186 loan, 95
single engine rating to person, 498 Weight of trash for week, 186 Interest on savings
commercial rating, 271 Fertilizer cost, 63 Width of jaw opening of account, 95
Runway length, 54 Foods scrap compost, 188 snake, 498 Investing money, 95
Search time, 48 Homeowner lawn, 43 Investment in two types of
Speed of plane 72 Increase in population, 63 bonds, 339
Straight-line distance back Length of cutboards, 339 Investment necessary to
to base, 496 Mixing two types of Business & personal cover CC dues, 252
Weight of baggage in com- grain, 339 finance Money owed on loan com-
partments, 185 Municipal solid waste Amount borrowed from pounded annually, 95
(MSW) decrease, 85 bank, 251 Money owed on loan com-
Petroleum reserves, 63 Amount invested to earn pounded daily, 95
Population of deer, 85 interest, 251 Money owed on loan
natural Resources Product weight on Amount needed to gener- compounded
Allowance for kerf, 50 carton, 40 ate a 5% return, 252 monthly, 95
Amount of N-P-K applied, Salt contained in sea Annual rate of interest for Money owed, 95
278 water, 278 value of discount, 96 Payment on a new truck, 95
Amount of water to get an Seating guests, 11 Cost using two types of Percent of reduction, 278
actual one inch of water Settling tank at wastewater ground beef, 252 Percent of the increase in
over one acre, 278 plant, 19 Decision on how to finance pay, 278
Capacity of silo, 83 Survival rate of flock of auto, 95 Price of purchased goods, 83
CO2 level in atmosphere in ducks (sord), 85 Decrease in salary, 84 Purchasing auto, 96
2010, 188 Tilapia feed, 11 Decrease in value of Rate of interest on loan, 83
Collecting sea salt, 252 Tons of waste water, 83 house, 84 Salary increase, 83
Converting area of lawn to Tree harvested for fire- Distributing money, 251 Sale of two carpets, 339
acres, 54 wood, 50 Effective rate of interest for Sale price of discounted
Cords of fire wood Truckloads of fish, 54 value of discount, 96 items, 84
burned, 43 Turns to retrieve line of fish- Effective rate of interest on Savings amount after
Crossing plants, 50 ing reel, 278 early payment, 96 5 years, 95
Cruising timber, 11 Use of a Biltmore stick in Effective rate of interest on Savings amount after
Cubic miles of water in measuring height of purchase, 96 8 years, 95
Cayuga Lake, 188 tree, 54 Effective rate of return on Type of apartment rented,
Deer and elk population Volume of cord of wood, 19 cash discount, 96 339
control, 252 Volume of rick of Effective rate of return, 96 Types of snorkel sold,
Density of deer, 85 firewood, 83 Family loan, 95 339
P R E fA C E
elementary technical mathematics, Eleventh Edition, is intended for tech-

nical, trade, allied health, or Tech Prep programs. This book was written for students
who plan to learn a technical skill, but who have minimal background in mathematics
or need considerable review. To become proficient in most technical programs, students
must learn basic mathematical skills. To that end, Chapters 1 through 4 cover basic
arithmetic operations, fractions, decimals, percent, the metric system, and numbers
as measurements. Chapters 5 through 11 present essential algebra needed in technical
and trade programs. The essentials of geometry—relationships and formulas for the
most common two- and three-dimensional figures—are given in detail in Chapter 12.
Chapters 13 and 14 present a short but intensive study of trigonometry that includes
right-triangle trigonometry as well as oblique triangles and graphing. The concepts of
statistics that are most important to technical fields are discussed in Chapter 15. An
introduction to binary and hexadecimal numbers is found in Chapter 16 for those who
requested this material.
We have written this text to match the reading level of most technical students. Visual
images engage these readers and stimulate the problem-solving process. We emphasize that
these skills are essential for success in technical courses.
The following important text features have been retained from previous editions:
■ We use a large number of applications from a wide variety of technical areas, includ-
ing auto/diesel service, industrial and construction trades, electronics, agriculture and
horticulture, allied health, CAD/drafting, HVAC, manufacturing, welding, aviation,
natural resources, culinary arts, and business and personal finance.
■ Chapter 1 reviews basic concepts in such a way that individuals, groups of students, or
the entire class can easily study only those sections they need to review.
■ A comprehensive introduction to basic algebra is presented for those students who
need it as a prerequisite to more advanced algebra courses. However, the book has
been written to allow the omission of selected sections or chapters without loss of
continuity, to meet the needs of specific students.
■ More than 6,490 exercises assist student learning of skills and concepts.
■ More than 750 detailed, well-illustrated examples, many with step-by-step comments,
support student understanding of skills and concepts.
xiii
Weight. A measure of the earth’s gravitational force (pull)
Kilogram (kg). The basic SI unit of mass. (p. 142)
Litre (L). A common SI unit of volume. (p. 144)
acting on an object. (p. 142)
3.1 Introduction to the Metric System expression and in the numerator of the conversion fac-
xiv Preface 1. SI base units: Review the seven SI base units in tor. That is, set up the conversion factor so that the old
units cancel each other. (p. 140)
Table 3.1 on p. 137.
2. Prefixes for SI units: Review the prefixes for SI units 3.6 Temperature
■ A chapter
in Table 3.3summary
on p. 137. with a glossary of basic1. terms, a for
Formulas chapter
changingreview, and aCelsius
between degrees chapter
test appear
3.2 Length at the end of each chapter as aids for
andstudents
degrees in preparing
Fahrenheit: for quizzes and
5
exams. Each chapter test is designed to be completed9 by an average student in no more
1.
158 Choosing
Chapter 3 |
conversion factors:
The Metric The correct
System choice C 5 (F 2 32)
for a given conversion factor is the one in which the
than oldapproximately
Choose units
the are reasonable
most
50 ofminutes.
in the numerator the original expres-
quantity: 9
39. An automobile’s average fuel consumption is
sion and in the denominator of the conversion factor F 5 C 1 32 (p. 151)
a. 320 km/L,
5 b. 15 km/L, c. 35 km/L, or d. 0.75 km/L.
35. or
Jorge
the and
old Maria drive
units are a. 1600
in the cm, b. 470
denominator c. 12 km,
m, original
of the
or d. 2400 mm to college each day. 40. On Illinois winter mornings, the temperature sometimes
dips to a. 2508C, b. 2308C, c. 308C, or d. 2808C.
36. Chuck’s mass is a. 80 kg, b. 175 kg, c. 14 mg, or
41. Abdul drives a. 85 km/h, b. 50 km/h, c. 150 km/h,
d. 160 Mg.
chapt e r 3 Review or d. 25 km/h on the interstate highway.
37. An automobile’s fuel tank holds a. 18 L, b. 15 kL,
42. Complete the following table of metric system prefixes
Givec.the240
metric or d. for
mL,prefix 60 each
L of gasoline.
value: Fill in each blank:
using the given sample metric unit:
38. Jamilla, being of average height, is a. 5.5 m, 14. 650 m 5 ______ km 15. 750 mL 5 ______ L
1. 0.001 2. 1000
b. 325 mm, c. 55 cm, or d. 165 cm tall.
16. 6.1 kg 5 ______ g 17. 4.2 A 5 ______ mA
Give the SI abbreviation for each prefix:
18. 18 MW 5 ______ W 19. 25 ms 5 ______ ns
3. mega 4. micro
20. 250 cm2 5 ______ mm2
WritePrefix
the SI abbreviation
Symbolfor each quantity:
Power of 10 m2 5many?
Sample unit21. 25,000 How ______ ha How many?
5. 42 millilitres 6. 8.3 nanoseconds 22. 0.6 m3 5 ______ cm3 23. 250 cm3 5 ______ mL
tera T 1012 m 1012 m 5 1 Tm 1 m 5 10212 Tm
24. 728F 5 9______ 8C 25. 2258C 5 ______ 8F
Writegiga
the SI unit for each
G abbreviation:109 W 10 W 5 1 GW 1 W 5 1029 GW
26. Water freezes at ______ 8C.
mega
7. 18 km M
8. 350 mA 106 9. 50 ms Hz
kilo k 103 g 27. Water boils at ______ 8C.
Which is larger? 28. 180 lb 5 ______ kg 29. 126 ft 5 ______ m
hecto h 102 V
10. 1deka
L or 1 mL da 11. 1 kW 1 1 MW
10or L 30. 360 cm 5 ______ in. 31. 275 in2 5 ______ cm2
km2 or 1 ha
12. 1deci d 13. 1 m310or211 L g 32. 18 yd210521______ ft2
g 5 1 dg
3
33. 15 gm5 10______
5 dg ft3
centi c 1022 m 34. 15.0 acres 5 ______ ha
milli m 1023 A 1023 A 5 1 mA 1 A 5 103 A
micro m 1026 W
nano n 1029 s
pico p 10212 s
chap t e r 3 Test
1. Give the metric prefix for 1000. 21. What is the basic SI unit of time?
2. Give the metric prefix for 0.01. 22. Write the abbreviation for 25 kilowatts.
3. Which is larger, 200 mg or 1 g? Fill in each blank:
4. Write the SI unit for the abbreviation 240 μL.
23. 280 W 5 _____ kW 24. 13.9 mA 5 _____ A
5. Write the abbreviation for 30 hectograms.
25. 720 ps 5 _____ ns
6. Which is longer, 1 km or 25 cm?
26. What is the basic SI unit for temperature?
Fill in each blank: 27. What is the freezing temperature of water on the
7. 4.25 km 5 _____ m 8. 7.28 mm 5 _____ μm Celsius scale?
9. 72 m 5 _____ mm 10. 256 hm 5 _____ cm Fill in each blank, rounding each result to three significant
11. 12 dg 5 _____ mg 12. 16.2 g 5 _____ mg digits when necessary:
13. 7.236 metric tons 5 _____ kg 28. 258C 5 _____ 8F 29. 288F 5 _____ 8C
14. 310 g 5 _____ cg 15. 72 hg 5 _____ mg 30. 98.68F 5 _____ 8C 31. 100 km 5 _____ mi
16. 1.52 dL 5 _____ L 17. 175 L 5 _____ m3 32. 200 cm 5 _____ in. 33. 1.8 ft3 5 _____ in3
18. 2.7 m3 5 _____ cm3 19. 400 ha 5 _____ km2 34. 37.8 ha 5 _____ acres 35. 80.2 kg 5 _____ lb
20. 0.2 L 5 _____ mL
■ The text design and second color help to make the text more easily understood,
highlight important concepts, and enhance the art presentation.
■ A reference of useful, frequently referenced information—such as metric system
prefixes, U.S. weights and measures, metric and U.S. conversion, and formulas from
geometry—is printed on the inside covers.
1 4
531 553 Change to an improper fraction.
3 3
20
5
3
2
5 6 cups Change to a mixed number Preface xv
3
■ The use of a scientific calculator

Then, subtract has
this amount been
from integrated
1212 cups. (The LCD is in 6.) an easy-to-use format with
1 3 9 Change the proper fractions to the LCD, 6. Then borrow
calculator flowcharts12 2and
5 12displays
6
5 11
6
throughout the text to reflect its nearly universal
1 from 12 and add 66 to 36 and subtract.
use in technical classes 2 and on the job. The instructor should inform the students
6 5 6 5 6
4 4
3 6 6
when not to use a calculator. 5
5 cups remain ■
6
Using a Calculator to Multiply and Divide Fractions

5 1
Example 16 Multiply: 2 3 4 .
6 2
2 A bc 5 A bc 6 3 4 A bc 1 A bc 2 5
12 3 ⁄ 4
5 1 3
Thus, 2 3 4 5 12 . ■
6 2 4
5 1
Example 17 Divide: 5 4 8 .
7 3
5 A bc 5 A bc 7 4 8 A bc 1 A bc 3 5
24/35
5 1 24
Thus, 5 4 8 5 . ■
7 3 35
E xErcisEs 1.8
Perform the indicated operations and simplify: 16 7 7 45
7. 3 8. 3
1.
■2 Cumulative reviews
3 18
are1 provided at the end
2. 8 3
21 of8 every even-numbered
12 56 chapter to help
3 2 2 | 9 2 6
students review for comprehensive exams. 9. 3 35 Chapter 610.
Cumulative
3 3Review
1 265
3 1 2 7 16 3 15
3. 3 12 4. 3 3
4 2 5 5 7 2 9 5 4
11. 3 3 12. 3 3
3
5. 1 3 Cumulative Review
5
6.
1
3 3
1 1 ChApTeRS 1–6 8 10 7 16 9 25
4 16 3 3 3 1 5 6 5 3 2 2
1. Find the prime factorization of 696. 13. 2 11.
3 Use 14. of measurements
3 the rules for addition 3 3 3 to find the
3 8 7 28 5 3 9
2. Change 0.081 to a percent. sum of 25,000 W; 17,900 W; 13,962 W; 8752 W; and
428,000 W.
3. Write 3.015 3 1024 in decimal form.
4. Write 28,500 in scientific notation. Simplify:
5. 5 ha 5 _____ m2 6. 1018F 5 _____ 8C 12. (2x 2 5y) 1 (3y 2 4x) 2 2(3x 2 5y)
7. 6250 in2 5 _____ ft2 13. (4y3 1 3y 2 5) 2 (2y3 2 4y2 2 2y 1 6)
8. Give the number of significant digits (accuracy) of each 14. (3y3)3
measurement: 15. 22x(x2 2 3x 1 4)
a. 110 cm b. 6000 mi c. 24.005 s 16. (6y3 2 5y2 2 y 1 2)(2y 2 1)
9. Read the measurement shown on the vernier caliper in 215 x2y3
Illustration 1 a. in metric units and b. in U.S. units. 17. (4x 2 3y)(5x 1 2y) 18.
45x3y5
2 3 4 5
19. (16x y )(25x y )
0 2 4 6 8 10
x3 1 2x2 2 11x 2 20
20.
x15
5 6 7 8 9 10
21. 3x2 2 4xy 1 5y2 2 (23x2) 1 (27xy) 1 10y2
2 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Solve:
x
0 5 10 15 20 25 22. 4x 2 2 5 12 23. 2559
4
5x 3
24. 4x 2 3 5 7x 1 15 25. 5
ILLUSTRATION 1 8 2
26. 5 2 (x 2 3) 5 (2 1 x) 2 5
10. Read the measurement shown on the U.S. micrometer in
1
Illustration 2. 27. C 5 (a 1 b 1 c) for a
2
28. A 5 lw; find w if l 5 8.20 m and A 5 91.3 m2.
5
0 1 2 3 4 29. Translate into algebraic symbols: The product of a num-
ber and 7 is 250.
30. The perimeter of a rectangle is 30 ft. The width is one-
0 half of the length. What are the dimensions of the
rectangle?
ILLUSTRATION 2
xvi Preface
■
12
Studies show that current students will experience several career changes during their
Geometry
working lives. The chapter-opening pages illustrate various career paths for students to
consider as their careers, technology, and the workplace evolve. The basic information
provided in the chapter openers about a technical career is explored in further detail
on the Cengage book companion website at www.cengage.com/mathematics/ewen.
Mathematics at Work
M
odern manufacturing companies require a wide va-
riety of technology specialists for their operations.
Manufacturing technology specialists set up, oper-
ate, and maintain industrial and manufacturing equipment as
well as computer-numeric-controlled (CNC) and other automat-
ed equipment that make a large variety of products according to
controlled specifications. Some focus on systematic equipment
Lisa S./Shutterstock.com
maintenance and repair. Others specialize in materials transpor-
tation and distribution; that is, they are responsible for moving
and distributing the products to the sales locations and/or con-
sumers after they are manufactured. Other key team members
include designers, engineers, draftspersons, and quality control
specialists. Training and education for these careers are available
Manufacturing Technology Specialist
at many community colleges and trade schools. Some require
Technician working with numerically controlled
a bachelor’s degree. For more information, go to the website
milling machine
www.cengage.com/mathematics/ewen.
■ Special application exercises in the areas of auto/diesel service, industrial and con-
struction trades, electronics, agriculture and horticulture, allied health, CAD/drafting,
HVAC, manufacturing, welding, aviation, natural resources, culinary arts, and busi-
ness and personal finance have been submitted by faculty in these technical areas and
are marked with related icons.
9.4 | Applications Involving Pairs of Linear Equations 323
Sample Ratio and Proportion Sample Applications of Systems of Linear

Applications Equations
49. A plane flies for 3 h and uses 25 gal of 100LL avia- 14. In a parallel circuit, the total current is 1.25 A through
tion fuel. How much will be used if the plane flies for the two branches. One branch has a resistance of 50 V,
only 1.2 h? and the other has a resistance of 200 V. What current is
50. Metal duct that is 6 in. in diameter costs $7.50 for 5 ft. flowing through each branch? Note: In a parallel circuit,
If 16.5 ft are needed for an order, what is the cost? the products of the current in amperes and the resistance
381
in ohms are equal in all branches.
51. Suppose 20 gal of water and 3 lb of pesticide are ap-
plied per acre. How much pesticide should you put in a 18. In testing a hybrid engine, various solutions of gasoline
350-gal spray tank? Assume that the pesticide dissolves and methanol are being tried. How much of a 95% gasoline
in the water and has no volume. solution and how much of an 80% gasoline solution would
be needed to make 240 gal of a 90% gasoline solution?
52. A farmer uses 150 lb of a chemical on a 40-acre
field. How many pounds will he need for a 220-acre 22. A lawn seed mix containing 8% bluegrass is mixed
field? Assume the same rate of application. with one that contains 15% bluegrass. How many
pounds of each are needed to make 55 lb of a mixture
53. Suppose a yield of 100 bu of corn per acre removes
that is 12% bluegrass?
90 lb of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potash (or potas-
sium) (N, P, and K). How many pounds of N, P, and K 25. A nurse gives 1000 mL of an intravenous (IV) solution
would be removed by a yield of 120 bu per acre? over a period of 8 h. It is given first at a rate of
54. A farmer has a total yield of 42,000 bu of corn from 140 mL/h, then at a reduced rate of 100 mL/h. How long
a 350-acre farm. What total yield should he expect from should it be given at each rate?
a similar 560-acre farm? 32. One concrete mix contains four times as much gravel
as cement. The total volume is 15 yd3. How much of
each ingredient is used?
43. If the length of a building is 212 times the width and
each dimension is increased by 5 ft, then the perimeter is
230 ft. Find the dimensions of the original building.
820 yd by 440 yd?
of German brats?
41. How many hectares are in the field in Exercise 39?
52. Chef Dino has 212 gal of soup and plans to put the soup
42. How many hectares are in the field in Exercise 40? in 1-litre containers to sell. How many 1-litre containers
43. A house lot measures 145 ft by 186 ft. What part of an are needed to hold all the soup?
acre is the lot? 53. Change 25.6 kg/cm2 to lb/in2. Preface xvii
44. How many acres are in 14 mi2? 54. Change 1.5 g/cm2 to mg/mm2.
45. How many acres are in 18 section?
■ Group activity projects are included at the55.
end of each
Change 65 mi/hchapter.
to m/s.
46. How many acres are in 520 square rods? 56. Change 415 lb/ft3 to g/cm3.
chap t e r 3 Group Activities

1. Mathematics is used in a variety of places. One 2. Do the following:
location where mathematics is used frequently is in the a. Write how old you are to the day. Convert this to
medical profession. In small groups, brainstorm about days. Convert this to hours and then to minutes.
the places in a hospital where you think math is used. b. Write how tall you are. Convert this to feet, to
Think of the different departments and the different yards, to inches, to metres, and to centimetres.
c. Write how much you weigh. Convert this to
professions in the hospital such as radiology, general
kilograms and to grams.
surgery, etc. After you have thought about this, divide
and go to a hospital to check your theory of where and Do a little research and see what gravity is on earth and
how math is used. Get permission from the proper how your weight is determined by gravity. Further
authorities to ask the employees how they use math. research what gravity is on the moon and how your weight
One example is pediatricians who use math in pre- would differ on the moon compared to on earth. (W 5 mg)
scribing medication to children. They must be careful 3. Each student in a group brings a favorite recipe to
to get the weight of a child and use this information to class. First, each student converts all the standard
prescribe the proper dosage. The prescription notifies measurements in his or her own recipe to metric. Then,
the pharmacist of the amount of medication to give the each student converts all the standard measurements in
patient. Make a report on your findings of how math is another student’s recipe to metric. Discuss any variations
used in the medical field and make special note of the and how they might affect the outcome of the recipe. If
conversions that doctors and nurses must use. Plan a there is sufficient interest, prepare the metric recipe and
similar activity for another workplace/profession. discuss differences in preparation and taste, if any.
Unless otherwise noted, all content on this page is © Cengage Learning.
■ An instructor’s edition that includes all the answers to exercises is available.
Significant changes in the eleventh edition include the following:

■ new categories of culinary arts and business and personal finance
■ new and revised applications with the help and expertise of professionals in the areas
of agriculture with horticulture added, auto/diesel service, and allied health
■ new Appendix C Simple Inequalities
■ more than 150 additional new exercises.
Useful ancillaries available to qualified adopters of this text include the following:
■ Instructor’s Edition The Instructor’s Edition features an appendix containing the
answers to all problems in the book. (978-1-285-19921-4)
■ Instructor Companion Website Everything you need for your course in one place!
This collection of book-specific lecture and class tools is available online via www
.cengage.com/login. Formerly delivered on PowerLecture Discs, access and download
PowerPoint presentations, images, Solution Builder, and much more.
■ Solution Builder Easily build solution sets for homework or exams using Solution
Builder’s online solutions manual. www.cengage.com/solutionbuilder
■ Enhanced WebAssign Homework with LOE Access
(Printed Access Card ISBN 9781285858029, Online Access Code ISBN: 9781285858036)
Exclusively from Cengage Learning, Enhanced WebAssign combines the exceptional
Mathematics content that you know and love with the immediate feedback, rich tuto-
rial content, and interactive, fully customizable eBooks (You-Book), helping students
to develop a deeper conceptual understanding of their subject matter. Online assign-
ments canbe built by selecting from thousands of text-specific problems or can be
supplemented with problems from any Cengage Learning textbook.
xviii Preface
Student Resources:
■ Student Solutions Manual
Author: James Lapp
(ISBN: 978-1-28519927-6)
The Student Solutions Manual provides worked-out solutions to all of the odd-
numbered exercises in the text.
■ Enhanced WebAssign Homework LOE Printed Access Card for One Term
Math and Science
(Printed Access Card ISBN 9781285858029, Online Access Code ISBN: 9781285858036)
Enhanced WebAssign (assigned by the instructor) provides you with instant feedback on
homework assignments. This online homework system is easy to use and includes helpful
links to textbook sections, video examples, and problem-specific tutorials.
We are grateful for the courtesy of the L. S. Starrett Company in allowing us to use pho-
tographs of their instruments in Chapter 4. A special effort was made to review and update
the applications with the expertise of professionals in the following technical areas: Agricul-
ture with Horticulture applications reviewed and added by Nina H. Mitchell, Hopkinsville
Community College; Auto/Diesel Service by William J. deKryger, Central Michigan Uni-
versity; and Allied Health by Catherine W. Johnson, Alamance Community College. Nelson
Collins of Joliet Junior College supplied the new Culinary Arts applications. We greatly
appreciate their special assistance.
The authors also thank the many faculty members who used earlier editions and who
offered suggestions. In particular, we thank Dahwei Chang, Arizona Western College;
Stasos Clark, Des Moines Area Community College; Nelson Collins, Joliet Junior College;
Kayana Hoagland, South Puget Sound Community College; Linda Padilla, Joliet Junior Col-
lege; and Susan Sharkey, Waukesha County Technical College.
Anyone wishing to correspond regarding suggestions or questions should write Dale
Ewen through the publisher.
For all their help, we thank our Product Team Manager Richard Stratton, Media Devel-
opers Guanglei Zhang and Bryon Spencer, and Product Assistant Stephanie Kreuz. We are
especially grateful to senior content project manager, Cheryll Linthicum and project man-
ager, Lynn Lustberg of MPS Limited for their professional commitment to quality and for
jointly addressing and solving the problems associated with migrating to a new software and
to Scott Barnett for his outstanding work and attention to the details of accuracy checking
and proofreading.
Dale Ewen
C. Robert Nelson
1
4
Basic
Polynomials
Concepts
An Introduction to Algebra
Mathematics at Work that also prepares the student to take the licensing examination.
S
A
For more information, go to the website www.cengage.com/
utomotiveestablish
surveyors service technicians
official land,inspect,
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tion (NATEF),
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In the past, many people with little formal training in sur-
veying started as members of survey crews and worked their
way up to become licensed surveyors. However, advancing
technology and more stringent licensing standards are increas-
Automotive Service Technician
ing formal education requirements. Specific requirements vary
Automotive service technician working on an
by state; many states have a continuing education requirement.
automobile
Generally, the quickest path to licensure is a combination of four
years of college, up to four years of experieince under the su-
pervision of an experienced surveyor, and passing the licensing
examinations.
Surveying technicians often complete surveying technolo-
gy programs in a community or technical college with emphasis
placed on knowledge and hands-on skills needed for comput-
er-aided drafting, construction lyout, engineering survys, and
land survying. Often, these associate degree programs may be
transferred to universities that offer a four-year degree program
2 Chapter 1 | Basic Concepts
OBjECTIVES Add, subtract, multiply, and divide whole numbers.

Add, subtract, multiply, and divide whole numbers with a scientific
calculator.
Apply the rules for order of operations.
Find the area and volume of geometric figures.
Evaluate formulas.
Find the prime factorization of whole numbers.
Add, subtract, multiply, and divide fractions.
Add, subtract, multiply, and divide fractions with a scientific calculator.
Use conversion factors to change from one unit to another within the
U.S. system of weights and measures.
Add, subtract, multiply, and divide decimal fractions.
Add, subtract, multiply, and divide decimal fractions with a scientific calculator.
Round numbers to a particular place value.
Apply the percent concept; change a percent to a decimal, a decimal to a
percent, a fraction to a percent, and a percent to a fraction.
Solve application problems involving the addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division of whole numbers, fractions, and decimal
fractions and percents.
Find powers and roots of numbers using a scientific calculator.
Solve personal finance problems involving percent.
UNIT 1A Review of Operations with Whole Numbers
1.1 Review of Basic Operations

The positive integers are the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and so on. They can also be written as
11, 12, 13, and so on, but usually the positive (1) sign is omitted. The whole numbers are
the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and so on. That is, the whole numbers consist of the positive
integers and zero.
The value of any digit in a number is determined by its place in the particular number.
Each place represents a certain power of 10. By powers of 10, we mean the following:
100 5 1
101 5 10
102 5 10 3 10 5 100 (the second power of 10)
103 5 10 3 10 3 10 5 1000 (the third power of 10)
104 5 10 3 10 3 10 3 10 5 10,000 (the fourth power of 10) and so on.
NOTe: A small superscript number (such as the 2 in 102) is called an exponent.
The number 2354 means 2 thousands plus 3 hundreds plus 5 tens plus 4 ones.
1.1 | Review of Basic Operations 3
In the number 236,895,174, each digit has been multiplied by some power of 10, as
shown below.
(ten (hundred
millions) thousands) (thousands) (tens)
107 105 10 3
101
0 0 0 0
2 3 6, 8 9 5, 1 7 4
0 0 0 0 0
108 106 104 10 2
100
(hundred (millions) (ten (hundreds) (units)
millions) thousands)
The “1” (plus) symbol is the sign for addition, as in the expression 5 1 7. The result of
adding the numbers (in this case, 12) is called the sum. Integers are added in columns with
the digits representing like powers of 10 in the same vertical line. (Vertical means up and
down.)
Example 1 Add: 238 1 15 1 9 1 3564.
238
15
9
3564
3826 ■
Subtraction is the inverse operation of addition. Therefore, subtraction can be thought

of in terms of addition. The “2” (minus) sign is the symbol for subtraction. The quantity
5 2 3 can be thought of as “what number added to 3 gives 5?” The result of subtraction is
called the difference.
To check a subtraction, add the difference to the second number. If the sum is equal to
the first number, the subtraction has been done correctly.
Example 2 Subtract: 2843 2 1928.
Subtract: 2843 first number

21928 second number
915 difference
Check: 1928 second number
1915 difference
2843 This sum equals the first number, so
915 is the correct difference. ■
Next, let’s study some applications. To communicate about problems in electricity,

technicians have developed a “language” of their own. It is a picture language that uses
symbols and diagrams. The symbols used most often are listed in Table 2 of Appendix A.
The circuit diagram is the most common and useful way to show a circuit. Note how each
4 Chapter 1 | Basic Concepts
component (part) of the picture (Figure 1.1a) is represented by its symbol in the circuit di
agram (Figure 1.1b) in the same relative position.
Source
I (1) (2)
Load
Switch
(a) Picture diagram (b) Circuit diagram
figure 1.1
Components in a circuit
The light bulb may be represented as a resistance. Then the circuit diagram in Figure 1.1b
would appear as in Figure 1.2, where
represents the resistor

represents the switch
figure 1.2 represents the source. The short line represents the negative terminal
of a battery, and the long line represents the positive terminal. The
current flows from positive to negative.
NOTe: In this book we assume that the charge carriers are positive, and we draw our current
arrows in the direction that a positive charge would follow. This is a common practice used
by most technicians and engineers. However, you may find the negativecharge–current
flow convention is also used in many books. Regardless of the convention used, the formulas
and results are the same.
There are two basic types of electrical circuits: series and parallel. An electrical cir
cuit with only one path for the current, I, to flow is called a series circuit (Figure 1.3a). An
electrical circuit with more than one path for the current to flow is called a parallel circuit
(Figure 1.3b). A circuit breaker or fuse in a house is wired in series with its outlets. The
outlets themselves are wired in parallel.
R1 I1
R2 I2
R1 R2 R3 R3 I3
R1 R2 R3 or
I
I I1 I2 I3 I
(a) Series circuit (b) Parallel circuits
figure 1.3
Two basic types of electrical circuits
1.1 | Review of Basic Operations 5
Example 3 In a series circuit, the total resistance equals the sum of all the resistances in the circuit. Find
the total resistance in the series circuit in Figure 1.4. Resistance is measured in ohms, V.
The total resistance is

R1 5 5 V R2 5 20 V R3 5 15 V
5V
R4 5 12 V 20 V
15 V
12 V
R7 5 3 V R6 5 24 V R5 5 16 V 16 V
24 V
figure 1.4 3
95 V
Example 4 Studs are upright wooden or metal pieces in the walls of a building, to which siding, insu
lation panels, drywall, or decorative paneling is attached. (A wall portion with seven studs
is shown in Figure 1.5.) Studs are normally placed 16 in. on center and are placed double
at all internal and external corners of a building. The number of studs needed in a wall can
be estimated by finding the number of linear feet (ft) of the wall. How many studs are needed
for the exterior walls of the building in Figure 1.6?
32 ft
8 ft 9 ft
6 ft 15 ft
6 ft
5 ft 15 ft
10 ft
48 ft
figure 1.5 figure 1.6
The outside perimeter of the building is the sum of the lengths of the sides of the
building:
48 ft
15 ft
15 ft
9 ft
32 ft
8 ft
6 ft
6 ft
5 ft
10 ft
154 ft
Therefore, approximately 154 studs are needed in the outside wall. ■
Another random document with
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age (No. 614, ♂ , Camp Lowell, June 28), the rusty color, although paler, is
uniformly distributed over the entire upper surface save upon the wings and tail
feathers, which are only edged and tipped with that color. This last example is so
faintly marked beneath that the plumage at first sight appears immaculate; but a
closer inspection reveals a few spots here and there among the central feathers of
the breast. A fourth (No. 487, Camp Lowell, June 3), although apparently no older,
has the breast and sides spotted more sharply than in any of the adults, while the
rusty tinge above is chiefly confined to the rump, posterior half of the back, and the
outer webs of the wing feathers.
Several of these young birds are so nearly similar to specimens of H. bendirei in
corresponding stages that they can be separated only with great difficulty. The
stouter bill and entirely black lower mandible of palmeri may, however, always be
depended upon as distinguishing characters; and, moreover, the pectoral spotting
of bendirei is usually (but not invariably) finer and sharper, and the rusty tinge
above paler and less extended.
The adults present a good deal of variation, most of which is apparently
seasonal. Winter specimens have the lower abdomen, with the anal region and
crissum, rich rusty-fulvous, while the markings beneath are similar in character to
those of true curvirostris, and the spots equally distinct, numerous and widely
distributed. With the advance of the season, and the consequent wear and tear of
the plumage, the spots gradually fade or disappear. Indeed some of the June
specimens are absolutely immaculate beneath, although most of them, like Mr.
Ridgway’s types, have a few faint markings on the abdomen. In this condition the
general coloring is also paler and grayer, and the fulvous of the crissum and
neighboring parts often entirely wanting.
But although the evidence of this series tends to demolish several of the
characters upon which palmeri has been based, enough remain to separate it from
its ally the true curvirostris of Mexico and the Rio Grande Valley in Texas. The
best of these, perhaps, is to be found in the different marking of the tail feathers. In
curvirostris the three outer pairs are broadly tipped with pure white which, on the
inner web, extends twice as deep, basally, as on the outer one, and has its
boundaries everywhere sharply defined; in palmeri the outer rectrices are, at the
most, barely tipped with pale brown, which either extends squarely across both
webs, or fades insensibly into the darker color of the feather. The bill of palmeri,
also, is usually longer and more curved than that of curvirostris.
8. Harporhynchus lecontei Bonap. Leconte’s Thrasher.—The

great rarity of Leconte’s Thrasher, even in the heart of the desolate
regions where alone it has so far been found, is still further attested
by Mr. Stephens’ experience during the past season, for although he
searched for it carefully in all suitable places between Camp Lowell
and Riverside (California), he met with only two individuals. These
occurred about fifteen miles west of Maricopa, Arizona, in a locality
which the accompanying notes describe as follows: “Near the middle
of ‘Forty-five-mile Desert,’ between Maricopa Wells and Gila Bend.
No chollas or other cactuses in the immediate neighborhood, but
some giant cactuses about a mile away in the hills; a few mesquites
and much scattering low brush in the vicinity; nearest water twenty
miles away.”
Dr. Cooper is said to have found the species “rather common” in
the desert between Fort Mohave and the San Bernardino Mountains,
California, but Mr. Stephens has thrice traversed this route without
seeing a single specimen. In a recent number[42] of the American
Naturalist, however, Mr. E. Holterhoff, Jr., speaks of seeing the bird
“on the Colorado desert, at a station called Flowing Wells,” and gives
an interesting description of a nest and set of eggs taken there. “The
nest was placed in a palo verde tree, and was a very bulky affair,
measuring externally nine inches in depth and six in width; the
hollow of the nest was fully three inches in depth. It was so
awkwardly situated that much of the base of the nest had evidently
been filled in to firmly support the structure. The two eggs were
somewhat smaller than those of H. redivivus, lighter in color, and
marked all over with finer reddish spots, thicker at the larger end.”
I am inclined to consider the Maricopa specimens above referred
to as adults, although this is not so clear in the case of the male,
portions of whose plumage suggest that of a young bird. Both are in
worn, ragged condition, but there is no indication of any moult, save
upon the wings and tail, where many of the feathers have been
replaced by new ones which are conspicuous among the others by
their fresher coloring.
On a former occasion[43] I urged the specific distinctness of this
Thrasher from H. redivivus, and to this conviction I still hold,
although a comparison of additional specimens of both species
inclines me to believe with Dr. Coues that Leconte’s Thrasher is, on
the whole, more nearly related to redivivus than to any other United
States form.
616, ♂ ad., near Maricopa Wells, July 5. Length, 10.80; extent,
12.30; wing, 3.85; tarsus, 1.27; tail, 5.35; culmen (chord), 1.30; bill
from nostrils, .91; width below posterior angle of nostrils, .23.
617, ♀ ad., same locality and date. Length, 10.60; extent, 12; wing,
3.78; tarsus, 1.32; tail, 4.91; bill (chord of culmen), 1.32; bill from
nostril, .94; width below posterior angle of nostril, .24. “Iris reddish-
brown; bill black; legs nearly black. Stomach contained a small
species of katydid and some ants.”
9. Harporhynchus crissalis Henry. Crissal Thrasher.—Not
uncommon near Tombstone, Tucson and Camp Lowell.
Dr. Coues, comparing this species with Le Conte’s, Palmer’s, and
Bendire’s Thrashers, concludes:[44] “and we are led to infer that when
the ‘topography’ of the other three species is fully determined, it will
be found no less extensive. For there is nothing peculiar in the
economy or requirements of any one of the four in comparison with
the rest.” This view, however, is hardly supported by the testimony of
observers who have had the best opportunities of studying these
birds. The Crissal Thrasher, according to Captain Bendire,[45]
“appears to prefer damp localities near water-courses, and confines
itself principally to spots where the wild currant is abundant.” Mr.
Henshaw says: “According to my experience, it is not a bird of the
plains, but inhabits by preference the rough sides of rocky cañons or
the hillsides covered with broken débris, interspersed with straggling
bushes.” Mr. Stephens’ evidence is not less explicit. He found the
Crissal Thrasher in copses in valleys, and along streams. It was
especially fond of well-shaded undergrowth, and spent much of its
time on the ground, searching for food under the bushes. It never
occurred among cactuses, and the only place where he saw it actually
associating with Bendire’s and Palmer’s Thrashers, was at Camp
Lowell, where the latter species, with other desert birds, came to
drink at a water-hole and thus occasionally mingled with the Crissal
Thrashers which inhabited the neighboring thickets. The contrast
which these traits afford when compared with the ones
characterizing the other three species named by Dr. Coues, is
sufficiently apparent.[46]
A nest received from Mr. Stephens is precisely similar to those
found by Captain Bendire. The three eggs which it contained
measure respectively, 1.14×.76, 1.14×.75, and 1.08×.77. Like all the
specimens which have been previously reported they are entirely
unspotted, and both in size and color closely resemble eggs of the
common Robin.
Juv., first plumage ( ♀ , No. 546, Camp Lowell, June 20). Above dull reddish-
brown. Rump and a broad tipping on the tail, brownish-chestnut. Under parts
nearly uniform, brownish-fulvous. Crissum chestnut, of nearly the same shade as
in the adult. Maxillary stripes dusky brown. No trace of spots or other dark
markings either above or beneath.
Five other young birds in the series are essentially similar and call for no special
comment. I cannot find any description of the first plumage of either H. redivivus
or H. lecontei, but with the exception of these, H. crissalis is the only North
American species in the sub-family Miminæ whose young are entirely unmarked
beneath. It is interesting to note that with respect to the color of the upper parts,
especially that of the rump, they resemble the young of both H. bendirei and H.
palmeri.
The individual variation presented by the adults before me is chiefly confined to
the relative length and curvature of the bill, the general coloring of all being nearly
uniform, although the breeding birds are slightly paler than those taken early in
the season.
166, ♂ ad., near Tombstone, April 5. Length, 12.10; extent, 12.30; “Iris light
brown. Stomach contained insects and a small lizard.”
251, ♂ ad., Tucson, April 21. Length, 12.60; extent, 12.60; wing, 4.11; tail, 6.25;
chord of culmen, 1.56. “Iris light gray,—almost white.”
culmen, 1.47.
culmen, 1.53.
434, ♂ ad., Tucson, May 25. Length, 11.20; extent, 12.30; wing, 4.02; tail, 5.52;
culmen, 1.43.
503, ♂ ad., Tucson, June 8. Length, 11.40; extent, 12.10; wing, 3.85; tail, 5.85;
culmen, 1.46.
578, ♂ ad., Camp Lowell, June 23. Length, 11.60; extent, 12.60; wing, 4.05; tail,
5.75; culmen, 1.45.
437, ♂ juv., first plumage, Tucson, May 26. Length, 11.30; extent, 12.40; wing,
3.92; tail, 5.50; culmen, 1.18.
595, ♂ juv., first plumage, Camp Lowell, June 25. Length, 11.60; extent, 12.50;
wing, 3.84; tail, 6.18; culmen, 1.35.
596, ♂ juv., first plumage, Camp Lowell, June 25. Length, 11.80; extent, 12.60;
wing, 3.86; tail, 6.12; culmen, 1.40.
436, ♀ ad., Tucson, May 25. Length, 11.80; extent, 12.40; wing, 3.90; tail, 5.90;
culmen, 1.55. Parent of No. 435.
435, ♀ juv., first plumage, same locality and date. Length, 11.30; extent, 12.20;
wing, 4.02; tail, 5.55; culmen, 1.20.
546, ♀ juv., first plumage, Camp Lowell, June 20. Length, 11.60; extent, 12.40;
wing, 4.95; tail, 6.02; culmen, 1.38.
555, ♀ juv., first plumage, Camp Lowell, June 21. Length, 11.30; extent, 12.20;
wing, 3.73; tail, 5.65; culmen, 1.42.
10. Cinclus mexicanus Swains. American Water Ouzel.—The

following notes relate to the only specimen met with:
“My attention was called to the song of some bird which came
from the mountain brook running past camp. There was a steep,
rocky wall on the further side, and the notes echoing from it, and
mingling with the purling of the water, sounded exquisitely sweet.
On looking for the author, I noticed some ripples rolling out from
behind the willows that fringed the nearer shore, and soon
discovered an Ouzel dabbling in the shallow water. My shot wounded
the bird, but did not disable its wings, for it repeatedly dived, using
them as propelling agents when beneath the surface. The sun shining
on the air-bubbles that clung to its plumage made it look like a ball of
silver flying through the water. On the surface it paddled along very
much in the manner of a Phalarope.”
79, ♂ ad., Morse’s Mill, Chiricahua Mountains, March 20. Length, 7.90; extent,
12.10; wing, 3.85; tail, 2.50. “Iris hazel. The flesh was dark and tough with a fishy
smell. The inside of the skin looked like that of a small Wader. Stomach contained
insects.”
11. Sialia mexicana Swains. Western Bluebird.—A single pair,

taken in the Chiricahua Mountains in March, are accompanied by
the note, “abundant in all kinds of timber.”
12. Sialia arctica Swains. Arctic Bluebird.—This species is
noted as “rare in the low valleys” among the Chiricahua Mountains.
A small flock was also seen near Galeyville on “grassy plains,” where
“they flew from one weed-stalk to another.” They were “restless and
rather shy.” The single specimen obtained was shot on this latter
occasion.
13. Myiadestes townsendi (Aud.) Caban. Townsend’s
Solitaire.—Three specimens were obtained in the Chiricahua
Mountains, where they occurred sparingly among piñons. “They are
rather tame, and have a habit of sitting perfectly still for several
minutes at a time. Flight slow. Food insects.” A fourth, taken May 13,
in the Santa Rita Mountains, completes the series.
14. Phaïnopepla nitens (Swain.) Scl. Black-crested
Flycatcher.—The life history of this singular bird has been so fully
given by Dr. Coues in “Birds of the Colorado Valley,” that there is
little chance of adding anything new. Most of the specimens obtained
by Mr. Stephens are from Camp Lowell and Tucson, but he did not
find it abundant at either of these points. He speaks of it as having “a
sweet but not loud song,” and remarks on its known fondness for
mistletoe berries. “Iris red.”
15. Polioptila cærulea (Linn.) Scl. Blue-gray Gnatcatcher.—
Eight specimens, representing the following localities: Chiricahua
Mountains (two ♂ , two ♀ , April 1–6); Tombstone ( ♂ , April 5);
Cienega Station ( ♂ , April 16); Tucson ( ♂ , April 20); Santa Rita
Mountains (♂, May 20).
16. Polioptila plumbea Baird. Black-capped Gnatcatcher.—
This Gnatcatcher was observed at Tucson, Camp Lowell, and near
Yuma, specimens being taken in all these localities. A female shot at
the first-named point on April 23 had evidently finished laying, but a
nest found June 27 near Camp Lowell contained a perfectly fresh
egg, while another taken at Yuma, July 15, had a single egg of its
owner and one of the Dwarf Cowbird. These dates indicate that the
species breeds at least twice during the season.
The Yuma nest, although a delicate structure, will not compare
with that of P. cærulea. It entirely lacks the exterior coating of
lichens so effectively employed by the commoner bird, and in its
general appearance closely resembles the Redstart’s well-known
domicile, being similarly felted of soft bark strips and hemp-like
vegetable fibres. It is lined with down from plants, a few feathers,
and the hair of some small quadruped. Externally it measures 2.25 in
width by 1.55 in depth; internally 1.45 by 1. The egg is pale greenish-
blue, coarsely and very evenly spotted with reddish-brown. Its
measurements are .53×.42. This nest was placed in a bunch of
mistletoe, at a height of about eight feet from the ground. It is
accompanied by the male parent, who revealed its position by
repeatedly entering the mistletoe. and showing other signs of anxiety
respecting its contents. The position of the Camp Lowell nest is not
mentioned.
Juv., first plumage, ♀ (No. 619, Yuma, July 15). Crown pale cinereous; rest of
upper parts faded brown. The wings are uniform with the back, but all the
primaries and secondaries have a broad white edging on their outer webs. The tail
is dull black, with white areas on the outer rectrices corresponding in extent and
purity with those of the adult. Beneath, pale ashy-white.
A study of the large series of Gnatcatchers collected during the past season
confirms the views which I lately advanced (this Bulletin, Vol. VI, p. 101) regarding
the affinity of P. plumbea and P. “melanura,” and also affords additional evidence
of the assumed specific distinctness of P. californica. The Yuma examples of P.
plumbea are quite as typical as those taken at Tucson and Camp Lowell, while
seven specimens of californica, collected at Riverside after Mr. Stephens’ return to
that place, still further attest the constancy of most of the characters which I
assigned to the latter bird. That relating to the brown edging of the secondaries
will, however, have to be abandoned, for plumbea proves to be similarly
characterized when in worn breeding dress; the supposed shorter tail of californica
also is now shown to be an inconstant feature. All of the three young males taken at
Riverside have black lateral crown-stripes like those of immature plumbea.
267, ♂ ad., Tucson, April 23. Length, 4.60; extent, 5.80; wing, 1.85; tail, 2.15; bill
(from nostril) .25; tarsus, .67. “Iris dark brown;” lores ashy mixed with black;
eyelids white.
500, ♂ ad., Tucson, June 7. Length, 4.60; extent, 5.80; wing, 1.81; tail, 2.12; bill
(from nostril), .25; tarsus, .65. Lores ashy mixed with black; upper eyelid white.
2.19; bill (from nostril), .25; tarsus, .70. Lores black; both eyelids white.
2.16; bill (from nostril), .26; tarsus, .70. Lores and superciliary line white mixed
with black.
2.20; bill (from nostril), .28; tarsus, .70. Lores ashy.
618, ♂ ad., Yuma, July 15. Length, 4.40; extent, 5.80; wing, 1.90; tail, 2.15; bill
(from nostril), .26; tarsus, .68. Lores, with broad superciliary lines meeting across
the forehead, white.
621, ♂ juv., first plumage, Yuma, July 16. Length, 4.40; extent, 5.60; wing, 1.76;
tail, 2.13; bill (from nostril), .26; tarsus, .72. Sides of head ashy-white; ill-defined,
black, lateral crown-stripes partially concealed.
272, ♀ ad., Tucson, April 23. Length, 4.50; extent, 5.50; wing, 1.78; tail, 2.21; bill
(from nostril), .27; tarsus, .68. “Had just finished laying.”
458, ♀ ad., Camp Lowell, May 31. Length, 4.50; extent, 5.50; wing, 1.86; tail,
2.13; bill (from nostril), .26; tarsus, .68.
601, ♀ ad., Camp Lowell, June 27. Length, 4.60; extent, 5.50; wing, 1.74; tail,
2.18; bill (from nostril), .27; tarsus, .70. “Taken with the nest and one fresh egg.”
619, ♀ juv., first plumage, Yuma, July 15. Length, 4.40; extent, 5.60; wing, 1.86;
tail, 2.12; bill (from nostril), .26; tarsus, .70.
566,—juv., first plumage, Camp Lowell, June 22. Length, 4.40; extent, 5.60;
wing, 1.85; tail, 2.22; bill (from nostril), .27; tarsus, .68.
For comparison I add measurements of the seven specimens of P. californica
above mentioned.
656, ♂ juv., fall plumage, Riverside, Sept. 16. Length, 4.55; extent, 5.70; wing,
1.67; tail, 2.20; bill (from nostril), .29; tarsus, .75.
658, ♂ juv., fall plumage, same locality and date. Length, 4.70; extent, 5.80;
wing, 1.89; tail, 2.21; bill (from nostril) .26; tarsus, .75.
688, ♂ juv., fall plumage, Riverside, Sept. 23. Length, 4.50; extent, 5.90; wing,
657, ♀ juv., fall plumage, Riverside, Sept. 16. Length, 4.60; extent, 5.80; wing,
687, ♀ juv., fall plumage, same locality and date. Length, 4.50; extent, 5.80;
wing, 1.85; tail, 2.20; bill (from nostril), .28; tarsus, .70.
17. Regulus calendula (Linn.) Licht. Ruby-crowned Kinglet.

—“Common among the Chiricahua Mountains, especially in
deciduous timber. I think a few summer and breed.” The following
specimens are identical with eastern ones:
28, ♂ ad., Cave Creek, Chiricahua Mountains, March 8. Length, 4.60; extent,
6.50; wing, 2.32.
122, ♂ ad., Morse’s Mill, March 28. Length, 4.20; extent, 6.90; wing, 2.38.
18. Lophophanes inornatus (Gamb.) Cass. Plain Titmouse.—

Mentioned in Mr. Stephens’ notes as rare on the foot-hills of the
Chiricahua Mountains, but no specimens are included in his
collection.
19. Lophophanes wollweberi Bonap. Wollweber’s Titmouse.
—This species was abundant in the Chiricahua Mountains, where a
fine series was collected. They were usually seen in flocks of six or
eight, and often associated with other small birds. They were rarely
met with excepting in the groves of “scrub oaks,” but their food
appeared to be wholly insects. A single pair taken in the Santa Rita
Mountains in May are unaccompanied by any special remarks.
20. Parus meridionalis Scl. Mexican Chickadee.—In a late
number of the Bulletin (Vol. VI, p. 252) I briefly announced this
important addition to the North American fauna. The series obtained
by Mr. Stephens comprises nine specimens, all of which were taken
near Morse’s Mill. They occurred upon the sides or summits of the
surrounding mountains, at elevations varying from seven to ten
thousand feet, and were usually found in pairs, although they not
unfrequently associated with other birds, among which are
mentioned Psaltriparus plumbeus, Lophophanes wollweberi, Sitta
pygmæa, and Peucedramus olivaceus. They were for the most part
silent, but occasionally uttered a “chee-wee-wee,” as well as notes
resembling those of P. montanus.
Previous writers have compared this species with P. atricapillus,
but to me it seems nearer related to P. montanus. With the latter it
agrees in certain peculiarities of size and proportions, while the
general coloring and markings of the two are so similar that almost
the only appreciable points of difference are presented by the white
forehead and head-stripes of montanus. These characters are, of
course, enough to instantly separate the birds, but their importance
is somewhat weakened by the fact that one of my specimens of
meridionalis (No. 124) possesses a head-stripe which, though ill-
defined and considerably shorter, is nevertheless similar in
appearance and position to that of montanus. While it would be rash
to argue any varietal affinity on the strength of this single specimen,
the outcropping of such a well-marked characteristic certainly shows
a close relationship between the two species, unless indeed No. 124
be regarded as a hybrid.
65, ♂ ad., Morse’s Mill, March 18. Length, 5.20; extent, 8.50; wing,
2.74; tail, 2.60. “Iris dark brown. Stomach contained insects.”
82, ♀ ad., Morse’s Mill, March 21. Length, 5.10; extent, 8.10; wing,
2.73; tail, 2.62.
83, ♂ ad., same locality and date. Length, 5.10; extent, 8.50; wing,
2.90; tail, 2.69.
99, ♀ ad., Morse’s Mill, March 24. Length, 4.70; extent, 7.90;
wing, 2.63; tail, 2.42.
100, ♂ ad., same locality and date. Length, 5.10; extent, 8.60;
wing, 2.76; tail, 2.65.
104, ♂ ad., Morse’s Mill, March 25. Length, 5.10; extent, 8.30;
wing, 2.75; tail, 2.40.
105, ♂ ad., same locality and date. Length, 5.10; extent, 8.20; wing,
2.66; tail, 2.56.
124, ♂ ad., Morse’s Mill, March 29. Length, 5.10; extent, 8.70;
wing, 2.85; tail, 2.68.
125, ♂ ad., same locality and date. Length, 5; extent, 8.20.
21. Psaltriparus plumbeus Baird. Lead-colored Tit.—Of the
eight specimens of this species which are included in the collection,
seven were taken in the Chiricahua Mountains, the remaining one
being from the Santa Rita Mountains. Mr. Stephens does not appear
to have found it elsewhere, and in his notes characterizes it as rather
uncommon. It was oftenest seen among the oaks of the foot-hills,
where it associated with Wollweber’s Titmouse, the Ruby-crowned
Kinglet, and several other small birds.
22. Auriparus flaviceps (Sundev.) Baird. Yellow-headed Tit.
—Mr. Henshaw while in Arizona met with but few specimens of this
curious little species. He attributed their apparent rarity to the
lateness of the season at which his observations were made, and
doubtless this explanation is the true one; for during the past spring
Mr. Stephens found them in abundance both at Cienega Station and
Tucson. Nevertheless it is probable that some individuals pass the
winter in Arizona, for one of my specimens is dated November 29,
and another was killed early in March. A nest taken at Tucson
contained three fresh eggs on April 20.
23. Sitta carolinensis aculeata (Cass.) Allen. Slender-billed
Nuthatch.—This Nuthatch was common in the pine forests of the
Chiricahua Mountains, but the notes do not mention its occurrence
elsewhere.
24. Sitta pygmæa Vig. Pygmy Nuthatch.—Equally common
with the preceding species in the same locality.
25. Certhia familiaris mexicana (Gloger) Ridgw. Mexican
Creeper.—Various writers have attributed the Mexican Creeper to
our fauna, either on purely inferential grounds, or from a
misconception, which at one time prevailed, regarding the
relationship of the form found in California; for up to the present
time no undoubted specimens of mexicana have been taken within
our boundaries. It accordingly gives me much pleasure to announce
the actual occurrence in Arizona of this well-characterized race, of
which the specimen mentioned below is perfectly typical. It is the
only Creeper which Mr. Stephens met with during the past season,
but in the previous year two others, which I have not examined, but
which he considers identical with this, were taken in the same
locality. All the Arizona specimens obtained by Mr. Henshaw were
referred to our eastern form.
66, ♀ ad., Morse’s Mill, Chiricahua Mountains, March 18. Length, 4.80; extent,
7.10; wing, 2.45; tail, 2.25; culmen, .50. “Iris dark brown.”
26. Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus (Lafr.) Gray. Cactus

Wren.—I notice little of special interest among the notes
accompanying the eight skins which Mr. Stephens collected. He
found the bird abundant in all suitable localities, and took several
nests and sets of eggs. The unsophisticated young were easily shot,
but the adults, even when breeding, were shy and hard to secure.
27. Salpinctes obsoletus (Say) Caban. Rock Wren.—Mr.
Stephens makes no mention of finding this species in Arizona during
the past season, but he sends me a single specimen taken December
25, 1880, on the San Pedro River.
28. Thryomanes bewicki leucogaster Baird. White-bellied
Wren.—The collection includes five specimens of this form, which
was apparently met with only in the Chiricahua Mountains and
about Tucson. In the former locality it was common along the banks
of streams where, however, it kept so closely hidden among the
weeds and brush that it was oftener heard than seen. The examples
before me are typical.
29. Troglodytes aëdon Vieill. House Wren.—The only House
Wren taken is absolutely indistinguishable from many of my
Massachusetts specimens, and I accordingly refer it here.
Furthermore, I fail to find the characters supposed to distinguish var.
parkmani, in any of the several California specimens included in my
series. If the latter form really possesses any constant differential
characters, I believe they have yet to be defined.
169, ♀ , near Tombstone, April 6. Length, 4.80; extent, 6.40; wing, 2.10. “Iris
dark brown. Shot among low brush. Not common.”
30. Anthus ludovicianus (Gm.) Licht. American Titlark.
271, ♀ ad., Tucson, April 23. Length, 6.50; extent, 10.60. “Bill brown, paler at
base below; legs brown.” Several seen in marshes along the stream.
31. Helminthophila luciæ (Coop.) Ridgw. Lucy’s Warbler.—

Although this diminutive Helminthophila has been known to
ornithologists for nearly twenty years, few specimens have found
their way into the cabinets of private collectors, and up to the present
time the species has remained a very rare one. On this account the
acquisition of a good series of skins was among the main objects of
Mr. Stephens’ trip, and the success which rewarded his labors is very
gratifying.
The first specimen was shot April 15 at Cienega Station, where,
during the succeeding three days, six more were obtained. They
frequented large willows along the banks of a stream and, like
Kinglets, spent much of their time searching for food at the extremity
of the branches. Although active and restless, they were not at all
shy. The only note heard here was a sharp “tseep.” On April 18 Mr.
Stephens reached Tucson, where almost the first birds met with were
Lucy’s Warblers. During the early part of his stay they were more
abundant among the mesquites than any other species, and their
“tseeping” could be heard on every side. They were continually in
motion, flying from tree to tree, and occasionally visiting some low
brush in the vicinity. By the 28th their numbers became perceptibly
diminished, but many remained to breed in the surrounding country.
The presence of the species at Camp Lowell is attested by a single
young specimen, barely large enough to fly, which was taken there on
June 1st, but which is unaccompanied by any special remarks. An
adult male from the Santa Rita Mountains, however, comes to me
with the following comments, under date of May 19:—“This is the
only one of the species which I have seen here. It was near the banks
of a stream below the mouth of a cañon, where there were a few
mesquites interspersed among the oaks. I watched it for some time.
It lingered among the mesquites, seeming to prefer them to the oaks,
in which, however, it occasionally alighted for a moment.”
In addition to the above, Mr. Stephens’ notes supply some very
important information regarding the previously doubtful nesting
habits of this species. A female taken April 25, proved on dissection
to be about to lay, but no eggs were actually taken until May 8, when
a full set of five was found near Tucson. After that date many nests
containing either eggs or young were examined. Their sites were
variable; the characteristic place, like that of the specimen
discovered by Captain Bendire, was behind the loosened bark of a
large tree, but use was frequently made of old Woodpeckers’ nests,
knot-holes, and in short all sorts of crevices. A brood of nearly
fledged young (one of which is before me) was actually taken from
the deserted domicile of a Yellow-headed Titmouse, which had been
appropriated by the new tenant without any apparent repairs or
alterations. Among Helminthophilæ this Wren-like mode of
nidification is, I believe, peculiar to this species.
I have the Tucson nest just alluded to. It is composed outwardly of
twigs and weed-stalks; inwardly of hemp-fibres; while there is a
scanty lining of horse-hairs and feathers. Like most hole nests it is
rather flat, and the rim is thin in places where the walls of the cavity
encroached on the space within. The eggs are white, handsomely
wreathed about the larger ends with reddish-brown and umber
spots, a few of which are also scattered over their general surfaces.
They measure respectively .58×.46; .58×.46; .62×.46; .60×.47. The
notes accompanying this set are as follows:—“Nest about six feet
above the ground in a crevice nearly covered by bark. The bottom of
the hole contained an old nest; over this were droppings of wood-
rats, and the whole filled the cavity nearly to its top. The tree (a
mesquite) stood within twenty feet of a frequented road. Female
sitting. Eggs fresh; one had been broken and crowded in behind the
nest by the parent bird.” None of the other sets found by Mr.
Stephens contained more than three eggs and the present clutch is
probably an exceptionally large one.
Juv., first plumage (♀ No. 471, Camp Lowell, June 1).—Wing-coverts and inner
secondaries broadly tipped and edged with pale brownish-fulvous. Primaries and
rectrices edged and tipped with hoary white. Rump and upper tail-coverts
yellowish-chestnut. No chestnut on the crown. Otherwise colored like the adult.
Among a number of adults before me the range of individual variation is very
limited, and is chiefly confined to the females. While it is true that some of the
latter are indistinguishable from the brightest males, the majority have the rump
and crown-patches considerably duller, the chestnut being either diluted in shade,
or mixed with the color of the back. In No. 206 the crown-patch is concealed, the
chestnut being restricted to the basal portion of the feathers.
225, ♂ ad., Tucson, April 18. Length, 4.40; extent, 6.70.
231, ♂ ad., Tucson, April 19. Length, 4.40; extent, 7; wing, 2.35; tail, 1.93.
232. ♂ ad., Tucson, April 19. Length, 4.30; extent, 6.80; wing, 2.35; tail, 1.95.
253, ♂ ad., Tucson, April 21. Length, 4.40; extent, 6.70; wing, 2.21; tail, 1.87.
280, ♂ ad., Tucson, April 25. Length, 4.40; extent, 7; wing, 2.25; tail, 1.95.
326, ♂ ad., Tucson, May 4. Length, 4.30; extent, 7; wing, 2.20; tail, 1.93.
340, ♂ ad., Tucson, May 7. Length, 4.40; extent, 7; wing, 2.21; tail, 1.93.
410, ♂ ad., Santa Rita Mountains, May 19. Length, 4.10; extent, 6.90; wing, 2.22;
tail, 1.82.
516, ♂ ad., Tucson, June 10. Length, 4.30; extent, 7; wing, 2.12; tail, 1.85.
524, ♂ juv., first plumage, Tucson, June 11. “Taken from nest, which also
contained a young Molothrus ater obscurus.”
197, ♀ ad., Cienega Station, April 15. Length, 4.10; extent, 6.40; wing, 2.12; tail,
1.78. “Iris dark brown; bill black above, bluish beneath; legs black.”
1.80.
1.82.
1.84.
1.85.
228, ♀ ad., Tucson, April 19. Length, 4.30; extent, 6.70; wing, 2.10; tail, 1.85.
256, ♀ ad., Tucson, April 21. Length, 4.20; extent, 6.60.
260, ♀ ad., Tucson. April 22. Length, 4.30; extent, 6.60; wing, 2.08; tail, 1.85.
“About to lay.”
433, ♀ ad., Tucson, May 25. Length, 4.50; extent, 6.50. “With nest and three
eggs; set completed.”
449, ♀ ad., Tucson, May 29. Length, 4.40; extent, 6.90; wing, 2.11; tail, 1.77.
“With nest and three eggs; set completed.”
439, ♀ juv., first plumage, Tucson, May 26. Nearly feathered, but unable to fly.
“Taken from a deserted nest of Auriparus flaviceps.”
471, ♀ juv., first plumage, Camp Lowell, June 1. Length, 4.20; extent, 6.60; wing,
2.10; tail, 1.71. Fully feathered.
32. Helminthophila celata lutescens Ridgw. Western

Orange-crowned Warbler.—A few were seen late in April near
Tucson.
Although not perfectly typical of lutescens, both of the Orange-
crowned Warblers obtained by Mr. Stephens are clearly referable to
that race. They are not quite as yellow beneath as Nicasio (California)
specimens, but they come within a shade of it, and are brighter by
many shades than any of the same sex among my eastern examples;
while in the vividness of the olive-green on the upper parts, they fully
equal any of the California females. The supposed difference in the
tail markings of these races does not hold in the series before me, for
a male from Nicasio has the edging on the inner webs of the rectrices
quite as broad and pure as that of any of the Florida ones. The loss of
this character, however, would be of little consequence, as the two
forms could be readily separated by the wide difference in their
general coloring. Mr. Henshaw considers his Arizona specimens true
celata, and lutescens is now for the first time announced from that
Territory.
290, ♀ ad., Tucson, April 26. Length, 5; extent, 7.30; wing, 2.45;
tail, 2.10. “Iris dark brown; bill black, lighter at base below; legs dark
brown. Not common.”
291, ♀ ad., same locality and date. Length, 4.70; extent, 7.10; wing,
2.37; tail, 2.09. Same remarks.
(To be continued.)
[47]
NOTES ON THE OS PROMINENS.
BY FREDERIC A. LUCAS.
My attention was first directed to this bone by Dr. Shufeldt’s

article in this Bulletin for October, 1881, and subsequently by Mr.
Jeffries’ paper in the number for January, 1882. With the view of
ascertaining in what birds the os prominens is present, and what is
its use, I have since examined quite an extensive series of birds. Lack
of time has prevented as extended an examination as could be
wished for; and as regards discovering any special use for this
sesamoid, it must be confessed that the results of the investigation
are not wholly satisfactory, being rather negative than positive in
their character. But such as they are, they are submitted, in the hope
that they may prove of service to some better skilled physiologist.
Through a lack of good material Dr. Shufeldt failed to discover the
existence of the os prominens in any of the Owls, but it would seem
to be specially characteristic of the Bubonidæ, since it is present in
one particular shape, and with a constant mode of articulation, in the
following species of that family: Ketupa ceylonensis, K. javanensis,
Bubo ignavus, B. bengalensis, B. virginianus, Scops brasilianus, S.
asio, Nyctea scandiaca, Ninox albigulare, Asio otus, Syrnium
nebulosum, and S. uralense. It is not present in Strix flammea or S.
perlata, and should it prove to be present in other genera of the
Bubonidæ than those noted above, it may serve as an additional,
though trivial, point of distinction between the families Bubonidæ
and Strigidæ.
Left wing of Bubo virginianus, from below (reduced one third).
r, radius; u, ulna; c, cuneiform; s, scapho-lunar; os p, os
prominens; epa, tendon of extensor patagii longus.
The accompanying cut, drawn from a fresh specimen of B.

virginianus, explains the form and position of the os prominens.
It will be noticed that it is situated on the anterior surface of the
distal end of the radius, and runs almost parallel with that bone,
instead of standing erect as in the Falconidæ. The radial portion of
the tensor patagii longus terminates in the os prominens, and is not
continued to the first metacarpal.
Apart from the Owls above noted, this bone has been found in
Otogyps calvus, Heterospizias meridionalis, Buteo melanoleucus, B.
pennsylvanicus, B. lineatus, Circus gouldi, Asturina pucherani, and
Haliæetus albicilla.
A. Os prominens of Otogyps calvus, full
size.
B. Os prominens of Bubo virginianus,
seen from above to show articulation
with radius, full size.
It is absent in Polyborus tharus, Milvago chimango, and the

following peculiar forms which were examined to see if they would
throw any light upon the subject: Nyctibius, Strigops, Nestor,
Megapodius, Ocydromus, and Atagen. Neither was any trace of it to
be found in two specimens of Pandion haliæetus from N. Africa and
the Duke of York group. Dr. Shufeldt’s theory that the os prominens
is for the purpose of extending the wing area struck me, as it did Mr.
Jeffries, as being untenable, from the fact that the increase of surface
thus obtained was too slight to be of any value.[48]
The first proposition of Mr. Jeffries’ summary is that the bone
serves to keep the friction of the extensor patagii longus from the
carpus. Were this the case it ought surely to be present in the
Albatross and Gull, birds which in a fresh breeze are continually
flexing and extending their wings according to the direction of their
flight and the varying force of the wind. But in both these birds the os
prominens is absent,[49] and moreover, as we see in the Owls, it may
be so situated as not to prevent the friction of the ulnar portion of the
tendon. Second, that it serves only to a limited extent to increase the
power of the extensor patagii longus to abduct the thumb, is shown
by the fact that in the majority of cases that tendon is inserted in the
first metacarpal. The exceptions to this, so far observed by me, are in
Otogyps calvus and Haliæetus albicilla, where there is a strong
tendon running from the os prominens to the first phalanx of the
thumb. The third proposition has already been considered, and the
fourth (that it protects the carpus) must be rejected, both for the
reason given by Mr. Jeffries, and because as we see it in Owls it
frequently does not lie over the carpus at all. Only in Otogyps calvus
does the os prominens seem to exist as a simple sesamoid, and in
that bird it is imbedded in the tendon of the extensor patagii longus,
and glides over the scapho-lunar. Were I to venture a suggestion it
would be that by its serving as a point of attachment for the tensor
patagii longus, that tendon is freed from all duties save that of
“puckering up” the anterior margin of the wing; but, as stated before,
that theory is by no means entirely satisfactory to me.

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ChAPTER 8 Graphing linear equations 291

ChAPTER 9 systems of linear equations 321

ChAPTER 10 factoring algebraic expressions 343

ChAPTER 11 Quadratic equations 361

ChAPTER 12 Geometry 381

ChAPTER 13 Right triangle trigonometry 449

ChAPTER 14 trigonometry with any angle 473

ChAPTER 15 Basic statistics 503

ChAPTER 16 Binary and hexadecimal numbers 549

APPEndICES APPEndIx A: tables 569

elementary technical mathematics, Eleventh Edition, is intended for tech-

■ The use of a scientific calculator

Using a Calculator to Multiply and Divide Fractions

Sample Ratio and Proportion Sample Applications of Systems of Linear

chap t e r 3 Group Activities

■ An instructor’s edition that includes all the answers to exercises is available.

Significant changes in the eleventh edition include the following:

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OBjECTIVES Add, subtract, multiply, and divide whole numbers.

UNIT 1A Review of Operations with Whole Numbers

1.1 Review of Basic Operations

Example 1 Add: 238 1 15 1 9 1 3564.

Subtraction is the inverse operation of addition. Therefore, subtraction can be thought

Example 2 Subtract: 2843 2 1928.

Subtract: 2843 first number

Next, let’s study some applications. To communicate about problems in electricity,

(a) Picture diagram (b) Circuit diagram

represents the resistor

(a) Series circuit (b) Parallel circuits

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The total resistance is

figure 1.5 figure 1.6

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8. Harporhynchus lecontei Bonap. Leconte’s Thrasher.—The

10. Cinclus mexicanus Swains. American Water Ouzel.—The

11. Sialia mexicana Swains. Western Bluebird.—A single pair,

17. Regulus calendula (Linn.) Licht. Ruby-crowned Kinglet.

18. Lophophanes inornatus (Gamb.) Cass. Plain Titmouse.—

26. Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus (Lafr.) Gray. Cactus

30. Anthus ludovicianus (Gm.) Licht. American Titlark.

31. Helminthophila luciæ (Coop.) Ridgw. Lucy’s Warbler.—

32. Helminthophila celata lutescens Ridgw. Western

My attention was first directed to this bone by Dr. Shufeldt’s

The accompanying cut, drawn from a fresh specimen of B.

It is absent in Polyborus tharus, Milvago chimango, and the

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