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Section 7.1 551
Chapter 7: Analytic Geometry and Nonlinear Systems
7.1: Circles and Parabolas

æ1ö
1. E. Since x = 2 y 2 . is equivalent to y 2 = 4 çç ÷÷÷ x, this is a parabola that opens to the right (c > 0).
çè 8 ø
æ1ö
2. C. Since y = 2 x 2 is equivalent to x 2 = 4 çç ÷÷÷ y, this is a parabola that opens upward (c > 0).
çè 8 ø
æ 3ö
3. H. Since x 2 = -3 y is equivalent to x 2 = 4 çç- ÷÷÷ y, this is a parabola that opens downward (c < 0).
çè 4 ø
æ 3ö
4. B. Since y 2 = -3 x is equivalent to y 2 = 4 çç- ÷÷÷ x, this is a parabola that opens to the left (c < 0).
çè 4 ø
5. F. This is the equation of a circle centered at the origin with radius 5.
6. A. This is the equation of a circle centered at the point (3, -4) with radius 25 = 5.
7. D. This is the equation of a circle centered at the point (-3, 4) with radius 25 = 5.
8. G. This is the equation of a circle centered at the origin with radius -4. No such graph exists.
2 2
9. Here h = 1, k = 4 and r 2 = 32 = 9. The equation is ( x -1) + ( y - 4) = 9.
2 2
10. Here h = -2, k = 5 and r 2 = 42 = 16. The equation is ( x + 2) + ( y - 5) = 16.
11. A circle that is centered at the origin with r 2 = 12 = 1 has equation x 2 + y 2 = 1.
12. A circle that is centered at the origin with r 2 = 52 = 25 has equation x 2 + y 2 = 25.
2 2 2
2 4 ⎛3⎞ 9 ⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 4⎞ 9
13. Here h  , k   and r 2  ⎜ ⎟  . The equation is ⎜x ⎟ ⎜ y ⎟  .
3 5 ⎝7⎠ 49 ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 5⎠ 49
2 2 2
1 1 ⎛ 12 ⎞ 144 ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 144
14. Here h   , k   and r 2  ⎜ ⎟  . The equation is ⎜x ⎟ ⎜ y ⎟  .
2 4 ⎝5⎠ 25 ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 4⎠ 25
(2 -(-1))
2 2
15. The radius is the distance between (-1, 2) and (2, 6) : r = + (6 - 2) = 9 + 16 = 5. Here
2 2
h = -1, k = 2 and r 2 = 52 = 25. The equation is ( x + 1) + ( y - 2) = 25.
16. The radius is the distance between (2, -7) and (-2, -4) :
(2 -(-2)) + (-7 - (-4)) = 16 + 9 = 5. Here h = 2, k = -7 and r 2 = 52 = 25. The equation is

2 2
r=
2 2
( x - 2) + ( y + 7) = 25.
17. If the center is (-3, -2) , the circle must touch the x-axis at the point (-3, 0). The radius is 2. Here
2 2
h = -3, k = -2 and r 2 = 22 = 4. The equation is ( x + 3) + ( y + 2) = 4.
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc

552 CHAPTER 7 Analytic Geometry and Nonlinear Systems
18. If the center is (5, -1) , the circle must touch the y-axis at the point (0, -1). The radius is 5. Here
2 2
h = 5, k = -1 and r 2 = 52 = 25. The equation is ( x - 5) + ( y + 1) = 25.
19. The equation is that of a circle with center (3, 3) and radius 0. That is, the graph is the point (3, 3).
20. The equation is that of a circle with center (3, 3) and radius -1. No such graph exists.
⎛ 5  (1) 9  3 ⎞
21. Midpoint: ⎜ , ⎟   2, 3 ⇒ The center of the circle is (2,-3).
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
 2  5   3   9    9  36  45 ⇒ The radius of the circle is

2
Distance: d 
2
45 units. The
equation of the circle is  x  2    y  3  45 .

2 2
⎛ 6  (4) 9  3 ⎞
22. Midpoint: ⎜ , ⎟  1, 2  ⇒ The center of the circle is (1,-2).
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
1  6    2   9    25  49  74 ⇒ The radius of the circle is

2
Distance: d 
2
74 units. The
equation of the circle is  x  1   y  2   74 .

2 2
⎛ 5  (1) 7  1 ⎞
23. Midpoint: ⎜ , ⎟   2, 3 ⇒ The center of the circle is (-2,-3).
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
 2  1   3  1   9  16  25  5 ⇒ The radius of the circle is 5 units. The

2
Distance: d 
2
equation of the circle is  x  2    y  3  25 .

2 2
⎛ 3  (1) 2  (4) ⎞
24. Midpoint: ⎜ , ⎟   1, 3 ⇒ The center of the circle is (-1,-3).
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
 1  1   3   4    4  1  5 ⇒ The radius of the circle is

2
Distance: d 
2
5 units.
The equation of the circle is  x  1   y  3  5 .

2 2
⎛ 5  (5) 0  0 ⎞
25. Midpoint: ⎜ , ⎟   0, 0  ⇒ The center of the circle is (0,0).
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
Distance: d   0  (5)    0  0   25  5 ⇒ The radius of the circle is 5 units.

2 2
The equation of the circle is  x    y   25 .

2 2
⎛ 0  0 9  (9) ⎞
26. Midpoint: ⎜ , ⎟   0, 0  ⇒ The center of the circle is (0,0).
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
Distance: d  0  0   0  9   81  9 ⇒ The radius of the circle is 9 units. The

2 2
2 2
equation of the circle is ( x ) + ( y ) = 81 .
27. In a circle, the radius is the distance from the center to any point on the circle.

Section 7.1 553
28. For example, in Exercise 22 the radius is 74 . The distance from (-4,5) to (6,-9) is
(-4 - 6) + (5 - (-9)) = 100 +196 = 296 = 2 74 and the radius is half of this.
2 2
d=
29. This is the equation of a circle centered at the origin with radius 4  2. See Figure 29. From the figure,
the domain is  2, 2 , and the range is  2, 2 .
30. This is the equation of a circle centered at the origin with radius 36  6. See Figure 30. From the figure,
the domain is  6, 6 , and the range is  6,6 .
31. This is the equation of a circle centered at the origin with radius 0  0. The graph is only the point (0, 0).
See Figure 31. From the figure, the domain is 0 , and the range is 0 .
Figure 29 Figure 30 Figure 31
32. This is the equation of a circle centered at the origin with radius 9. No such graph exists. The domain is
 and the range is .
33. This is the equation of a circle centered at  2, 0  with radius 36  6. See Figure 33. From the figure, the
domain is  4,8 , and the range is [-6, 6].
34. This is the equation of a circle centered at  2,5  with radius 16  4. See Figure 34. From the figure, the
domain is  6, 2 , and the range is 1,9 .
35. This is the equation of a circle centered at  5, 4  with radius 49  7. See Figure 35. From the figure, the
domain is  2,12 , and the range is [-11,3].

36. This is the equation of a circle centered at  4,3 with radius 25  5. See Figure 36. From the figure, the
domain is  1,9 , and the range is  2,8 .
37. This is the equation of a circle centered at  3, 2  with radius 36  6. See Figure 37. From the figure, the
domain is  9,3 , and the range is  8, 4 .
38. This is the equation of a circle centered at 1, 2  with radius 16  4. See Figure 38. From the figure, the
domain is  3,5 , and the range is  6, 2 .
39. x 2 + ( y - 2)2 + 10 = 9  x 2 + ( y - 2)2 = -1 . This is the equation of a circle centered at (0, 2) with
radius 1. No such graph exists. The domain is  and the range is .
40. Since  x  1  y 2  2  0 is equivalent to  x  1  y 2  2, this is the equation of a circle centered at

2 2
 1, 0  with radius 2. No such graph exists. The domain is , and the range is .
41. x 2  y 2  81 ⇒ y 2  81  x 2 ⇒ y   81  x 2 Graph y1  81  x 2 and y2  81  x 2 as shown in
Figure 41. From the figure, the domain is  9,9 , and the range is  9,9.
42. x 2   y  3  49 ⇒  y  3  49  x 2 ⇒ y  3   49  x 2 ⇒ y  3  49  x 2 . Graph
2 2
y1  3  49  x 2 and y2  3  49  x 2 as shown in Figure 42. From the figure, the domain is  7, 7  ,
and the range is  10, 4
 x  3   y  2   25 ⇒  y  2   25   x  3 ⇒ y  2   25   x  3 ⇒ y  2  25   x  3 .
2 2 2 2 2 2
43.
Graph y1  2  25   x  3 and y2  2  25   x  3
2 2
as shown in Figure 43. From the figure, the
domain is  2,8 , and the range is  3, 7 .
(, ) y  3  36   x  2  . Graph y1  3  36   x  2  and y2  3  36   x  2  as shown in

2 2 2
44.
Figure 44. From the figure, the domain is  8, 4 , and the range is  9,3 .

Section 7.1 555
[-14.1,14.1] by [-9.3,9.3] [-14.1,14.1] by [-12.3,6.3] [-9.4,9.4] by [-4.2,8.2] [-9.4,9.4] by [-9.2,3.2]

Xscl = 1 Yscl = 1 Xscl = 1 Yscl = 1 Xscl= 1 Yscl = 1 Xscl = 1 Yscl= 1
Figure 41 Figure 42 Figure 43 Figure 44
x 2  6 x  y 2  8 y  9  0 ⇒  x 2  6 x  9    y 2  8 y  16   9  9  16 ⇒  x  3   y  4   16. The graph

2 2
45.
is a circle with center  3, 4  , and radius r  4.
x 2  8 x  y 2  6 y  16  0 ⇒  x 2  8 x  16    y 2  6 y  9   16  16  9 ⇒  x  4   y  3  9. The
2 2
46.
graph is a circle with center  4,3 , and radius r  3.
47. x 2  4 x  y 2  12 y  4 ⇒  x 2  4 x  4    y 2  12 y  36   4  4  36 ⇒ ( x  2)2  ( y  6) 2  36.
The graph is a circle with center  2, 6  , and radius r  6.
48. x 2  12 x  y 2  10 y  25 ⇒  x 2  12 x  36    y 2  10 y  25  25  36  25 ⇒
( x  6) 2  ( y  5) 2  36 The graph is a circle with center  6, 5  , and radius r  6.
⎛ 1⎞
49. 4 x 2  4 x  4 y 2  16 y  19  0 ⇒ 4 ⎜ x 2  x  ⎟  4  y 2  4 y  4   19  1  16 ⇒
⎝ 4⎠
2 2
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
4 ⎜ x  ⎟  4  y  2   36 ⇒ ⎜ x  ⎟   y  2   9. The graph is a circle with center ⎜  ,2⎟,
2 2
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
and radius r  3.
⎛ 4⎞
50. 9 x 2  12 x  9 y 2  18 y  23  0 ⇒ 9 ⎜ x 2  x  ⎟  9  y 2  2 y  1  23  4  9 ⇒
4
⎝ 3 9⎠
2 2
⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
9 ⎜ x  ⎟  9  y  1  36 ⇒ ⎜ x  ⎟   y  1  4. The graph is a circle with center ⎜  ,1⎟ ,
2 2
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
and radius r  2.
x 2  2 x  y 2  6 y  14  0 ⇒  x 2  2 x  1   y 2  6 y  9   14  1  9 ⇒  x  1   y  3  4. The graph

2 2
51.
does not exist since the value for the radius is not a real number.
x 2  4 x  y 2  8 y  32  0 ⇒  x 2  4 x  4    y 2  8 y  16   32  4  16 ⇒  x  2   y  4   12. The

2 2
52.
graph does not exist since the value for the radius is not a real number.
x 2  2 x  y 2  4 y  0 ⇒  x 2  2 x  1   y 2  4 y  4   1  4 ⇒  x  1   y  2   5. The graph is a circle

2 2
53.
with center (1, -2) and radius r = 5 .

2 2
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
54. 4 x2  4x  4 y2  4 y  3  0 ⇒ 4 ⎜ x2  x  ⎟  4 ⎜ y2  y  ⎟  3  1  1 ⇒ 4 ⎜ x  ⎟  4 ⎜ y  ⎟  5
⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛
2
1⎞
2
æ 1 1 ö÷
5
⇒ ⎜ x  ⎟  ⎜ y  ⎟  . The graph is a circle with center çç- , ÷ and radius r  5 .
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 4 èç 2 2 ÷ø 2
1 4 2
55. b 2  .  x  2  y 2  . The graph is a circle with center  2, 0  , and radius r  .
2
2 9 3
56. 9 x 2  9 y 2  54 y  72 ⇒ 9 x 2  9  y 2  6 y  9   72  81 ⇒ 9 x 2  9  y  3  9 ⇒ x 2   y  3  1. The

2 2
graph is a circle with center  0, 3 , and radius r  1.
⎛1⎞
57. D. Since  x  4   y  2 is equivalent to  x  4   4 ⎜ ⎟  y  2  , the parabola has vertex  4, 2  , and it
2 2
⎝4⎠
opens upward  c  0  .
⎛1⎞
58. B. Since  x  2   y  4 is equivalent to  x  2   4 ⎜ ⎟  y  4  , the parabola has vertex  2, 4  , and it
2 2
⎝4⎠
opens upward  c  0  .
⎛ 1⎞
59. C. Since y  2    x  4  is equivalent to  x  4   4 ⎜  ⎟  y  2  , the parabola has vertex  4, 2  , and it
2 2
⎝ 4⎠
opens downward  c  0  .
⎛ 1⎞
60. A. Since y    x  4   4 is equivalent to  x  4   4 ⎜  ⎟  y  4  , the parabola has vertex  2, 4  , and it
2 2
⎝ 4⎠
opens downward  c  0  .
⎛1⎞
61. F. Since  y  4   x  2 is equivalent to  y  4   4 ⎜ ⎟  x  2  , the parabola has vertex  2, 4  , and it
2 2
⎝4⎠
opens to the right  c  0  .
⎛1⎞
62. H. Since  y  2   x  4 is equivalent to  y  2   4 ⎜ ⎟  x  4  , the parabola has vertex  4, 2  , and it
2 2
⎝4⎠
opens to the right  c  0  .
⎛ 1⎞
63. E. Since x  2    y  4  is equivalent to  y  4   4 ⎜  ⎟  x  2  , the parabola has vertex  2, 4  , and it
2 2
⎝ 4⎠
opens to the left  c  0  .
⎛ 1⎞
64. G. Since x    y  2   4 is equivalent to  y  2   4 ⎜  ⎟  x  4  , the parabola has vertex  4, 2  , and it
2 2
⎝ 4⎠
opens to the left  c  0  .
65. (a) If both coordinates of the vertex are negative, the vertex is in quadrant III.
(b) If the first coordinate of the vertex is negative and the second is positive, the vertex is in quadrant II.

Section 7.1 557
(c) If the first coordinate of the vertex is positive and the second is negative, the vertex is in quadrant IV.
(d) If both coordinates of the vertex are positive, the vertex is in quadrant I.
66. (a) If both coordinates of the vertex are negative, the vertex is in quadrant III.
(b) If the first coordinate of the vertex is negative and the second is positive, the vertex is in quadrant II.
(c) If the first coordinate of the vertex is positive and the second is negative, the vertex is in quadrant IV.
(d) If both coordinates of the vertex are positive, the vertex is in quadrant I.
67. Since x 2 = 16 y is equivalent to x 2 = 4(4) y, the equation is in the form x 2 = 4cy with c = 4. The focus is
(0, 4), and the equation of the directrix is y = -4. The axis is x = 0, or the y-axis.
68. Since x 2 = 4 y is equivalent to x 2 = 4(1) y, the equation is in the form x 2 = 4cy with c = 1. The focus is
(0,1), and the equation of the directrix is y = -1. The axis is x = 0, or the y-axis.
1 ⎛ 1⎞ 1
69. Since x 2   y is equivalent to x 2  4 ⎜  ⎟ y, the equation is in the form x 2  4cy with c   . The
2 ⎝ 8⎠ 8
⎛ 1⎞ 1
focus is ⎜ 0,  ⎟ , and the equation of the directrix is y  . The axis is x  0, or the y-axis.
⎝ 8⎠ 8
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
70. Since x 2  y is equivalent to x 2  4 ⎜ ⎟ y, the equation is in the form x 2  4cy with c  . The
9 ⎝ 36 ⎠ 36
⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
focus is ⎜ 0, ⎟ , and the equation of the directrix is y   . The axis is x  0, or the y-axis.
⎝ 36 ⎠ 36
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
71. Since y 2  x is equivalent to y 2  4 ⎜ ⎟ x, the equation is in the form y 2  4cx with c  . The
16 ⎝ 64 ⎠ 64
⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
focus is ⎜ , 0 ⎟ , and the equation of the directrix is x   . The axis is y  0, or the x-axis.
⎝ 64 ⎠ 64
1 æ 1 ÷ö
72. Since y 2 = - x is equivalent to y 2 = 4 çç- x, the equation is in the form y 2 = 4cx with
32 çè 128 ÷÷ø
1 æ 1 ö 1
c=- çç- , 0÷ , and the equation of the directrix is x = . The axis is y = 0,
çè 128 ÷÷ø
The focus is
128 128
or the x-axis.
73. Since y 2 = -16 x is equivalent to y 2 = 4 (-4) x, the equation is in the form y 2 = 4cx with c = -4. The
focus is (-4, 0). and the equation of the directrix is x = 4. The axis is y = 0, or the x-axis.
74. Since y 2 = -4 x is equivalent to y 2 = 4 (-1) x, the equation is in the form y 2 = 4cx with c = -1. The
focus is (-1, 0) , and the equation of the directrix is x = 1. The axis is y = 0, or the x-axis.
75. If the vertex is (0, 0) and the focus is (0, 2), then the parabola opens downward and c  2. The equation
is x 2  4cy ⇒ x 2  8 y.

76. If the vertex is (0, 0) and the focus is (5, 0), then the parabola opens to the right and c  5. The equation is
y 2  4cx ⇒ y 2  20 x.
⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
77. If the vertex is (0, 0) and the focus is ⎜  , 0 ⎟ , then the parabola opens to the left and c   . The equation
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
is y 2  4cx ⇒ y 2  2 x.
⎛ 1⎞ 1
78. If the vertex is (0, 0) and the focus is ⎜ 0, ⎟ , then the parabola opens upward and c  . The equation is
⎝ 4 ⎠ 4
x 2  4cy ⇒ x 2  y.
79. If the vertex is (0, 0) and the parabola opens to the right, the equation is in the form y 2  4cx. Find the
value or c by using the fact that the parabola passes through (2, 2, 2). Thus, (2, 2) 2  4c (2) ⇒ c  1.
The equation is y 2  4cx ⇒ y 2  4 x.
80. If the vertex is (0, 0) and the parabola opens upward, the equation is in the form x 2  4cy. Find the value of
1
c by using the fact that the parabola passes through ( 3,3). Thus, ( 3) 2  4c(3) ⇒ c  . The equation is
4
x 2  4cy ⇒ x 2  y.
81. If the vertex is (0, 0) and the parabola opens downward, the equation is in the form x 2  4cy. Find the value
   10  1
2
of c by using the fact that the parabola passes through 10, 5 . Thus,  4c(5) ⇒ c   . The
2
equation is x 2  4cy ⇒ x 2  2 y.
82. If the vertex is (0, 0) and the parabola opens to the left, the equation is in the form y 2  4cx. Find the value
3
of c by using the fact that the parabola passes through (-3,3). Thus, (3)2  4c  3 ⇒ c   . The equation
4
is y 2  4cx ⇒ y 2  3 x.
83. If the vertex is (0, 0) and the parabola has y-axis symmetry, the equation is in the form x 2  4cy. Find the
1
value of c by using the fact that the parabola passes through (2, 4). Thus, (2)2  4c(4) ⇒ c   . The
4
equation is x 2  4cy ⇒ x 2   y.
84. If the vertex is (0, 0) and the parabola has x-axis symmetry, the equation is in the form y 2  4cx. Find the
1
value of c by using the fact that the parabola passes through (3,2). Thus, (2)2  4c (3) ⇒ c  . The
3
4
equation is y 2  4cx ⇒ y 2  x.
3

Section 7.1 559
85. If the focus is (0,2) and the vertex is (0,1), the parabola opens upward and c = 1. Substituting in
( x - h)2 = 4c( y - k ), we get ( x - 0)2 = 4(1)( y -1) or x 2 = 4( y -1).
86. If the focus is (-1,2) and the vertex is (3,2), the parabola opens to the left and c = -4. Substituting in
( y - k ) 2 = 4c( x - h), we get ( y - 2)2 = -16( x - 3).
87. If the focus is (0,0) and the directrix has equation x = -2, the vertex is (-1,0) and c = 1. The parabola
opens to the right. Substituting in ( y - k ) 2 = 4c( x - h), we get ( y - 0)2 = 4(1)( x - (-1)) or y 2 = 4( x + 1).
⎛1 ⎞ 3
88. If the focus is (2,1) and the directrix has equation x  1, the vertex is ⎜ ,1⎟ and c  . The parabola
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
⎛ 3 ⎞⎛ 1⎞
opens to the right. Substituting in ( y  k ) 2  4c( x  h), we get ( y  1) 2  4 ⎜ ⎟⎜ x  ⎟ or
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2⎠
⎛ 1⎞
( y  1) 2  6 ⎜ x  ⎟ .
⎝ 2⎠
89. If the focus is (-1,3) and the directrix has equation y = 7, the vertex is (-1,5) and c = -2. The parabola
opens downward. Substituting in ( y - k ) 2 = 4c( x - h), we get ( x + 1) 2 = 4(-2)( y - 5) or
( x + 1)2 = -8( y - 5).
90. If the focus is (1,2) and the directrix has equation y = 4, the vertex is (1,3) and c = -1. The parabola
opens downward. Substituting in ( x - h)2 = 4c( y - k ), we get ( x -1)2 = 4(-1)( y - 3) or
( x -1)2 = -4( y - 3).
91. Since the parabola has a horizontal axis, the equation is in the form ( y  k )2  4c( x  h). Find the value of c
by using the fact that the parabola passes through (-4,0) and the vertex is (-2,3). Substituting
9
x  4, y  0, h  2, and k  3 yields (0  3)2  4c (4(2)) ⇒ c   . The equation is
8
9
( y  3)2   ( x  2).
2
92. Since the parabola has a horizontal axis, the equation is in the form ( y  k )2  4c( x  h). Find the value of c
by using the fact that the parabola passes through (2,3) and the vertex is (-1,2). Substituting
1
x  2, y  3, h  1, and k  2 yields (3  2) 2  4c(2  (1)) ⇒ c  . The equation is
12
1
( y  2) 2  ( x  1).
3
⎛1⎞
93. The equation y  ( x  3) 2  4 can be written as ( x  3)2  4 ⎜ ⎟ ( y  4). The vertex is  3, 4  . The
⎝4⎠
vertical axis has equation x  3, and the parabola opens upward. See Figure 93. From the figure, the
domain is (, ), and the range is  4,   .

⎛1⎞
94. The equation y  ( x  5) 2  4 can be written as ( x  5)2  4 ⎜ ⎟ ( y  4). The vertex is (5,-4). The vertical
⎝4⎠
axis has equation x  5, and the parabola opens upward. See Figure 94. From the figure, the domain is
(, ), and the range is  4,   .
⎛ 1⎞
95. The equation y  2( x  3) 2  2 can be written as ( x  3)2  4 ⎜  ⎟ ( y  2). The vertex is (-3,2). The
⎝ 8⎠
vertical axis has equation x  3, and the parabola opens downward. See Figure 95. From the figure, the
domain is  ,   , and the range is  , 2 .
2 æ 3ö
96. The equation y = ( x - 2)2 -1 can be written as ( x - 2)2 = 4 çç ÷÷÷ ( y + 1). The vertex is ( 2, -1). The
3 çè 8 ø
vertical axis has equation x = 2, and the parabola opens upward. See Figure 96. From the figure, the domain
is (-¥, ¥) , and the range is [-1, ¥) .
97. Rewrite the equation: y = x 2 - 2 x + 3  y - 3 + 1 = x 2 - 2 x + 1  y - 2 = ( x -1)2 . The equation
æ1ö
y - 2 = ( x -1)2 can be written as ( x -1)2 = 4 çç ÷÷÷ ( y - 2). The vertex is (1,2).The vertical axis has equation
çè 4 ø
x = 1, and the parabola opens upward. See Figure 97. From the figure, the domain is (-¥, ¥), and the
range is [ 2, ¥).
98. Rewrite the equation: y = x 2 + 6 x + 5  y - 5 + 9 = x 2 + 6 x + 9  y + 4 = ( x + 3)2 . The equation
æ1ö
y + 4 = ( x + 3)2 can be written as ( x + 3)2 = 4 çç ÷÷÷ ( y + 4). The vertex is (-3, -4). The vertical axis has
çè 4 ø
equation x = -3, and the parabola opens upward. See Figure 98. From the figure, the domain is (-¥, ¥) ,
and the range is [-4, ¥).

Section 7.1 561
99. ( ) 2
Rewrite the equation: y = 2 x 2 - 4 x + 5  y - 5 + 2 = 2 x 2 - 2 x + 1  y - 3 = 2 ( x -1) . The equation
æ1ö
y - 3 = 2 ( x -1) can be written as ( x -1) = 4 çç ÷÷÷ ( y - 3). The vertex is (1,3). The vertical axis has equation
2 2
çè 8 ø
x = 1, and the parabola opens upward. See Figure 99. From the figure, the domain is (-¥, ¥) , and the
range is [3, ¥).
100. Rewrite the equation: y = -3x 2 + 24 x - 46  y + 46 - 48 = -3( x 2 - 8 x + 16)  y - 2 = -3( x - 4) 2 . The
æ 1ö
equation y - 2 = -3( x - 4)2 can be written as ( x - 4)2 = 4 çç- ÷÷÷( y - 2) The vertex is (4,2). The vertical
çè 12 ø
axis has equation x = 4, and the parabola opens downward. See Figure 100. From the figure, the domain is
(-¥, ¥), and the range is (-¥, 2].
æ1ö
101. The equation x = y 2 + 2 can be written as ( y - 0)2 = 4 çç ÷÷÷ ( x - 2). The vertex is (2,0). The horizontal axis
çè 4 ø
has equation y = 0, and the parabola opens to the right. See Figure 101. From the figure, the domain is
[2, ¥) and the range is (-¥, ¥).
æ1ö
The equation x = ( y + 1)2 can be written as ( y + 1) = 4 çç ÷÷÷( x - 0) The vertex is (0, -1). The horizontal
2
102.
çè 4 ø
axis has equation y = -1, and the parabola opens to the right. See Figure 102. From the figure, the domain
is [0, ¥) , and the range is (-¥, ¥).

æ1ö
The equation x = ( y - 3) can be written as ( y - 3) = 4 çç ÷÷÷( x - 0). The vertex is (0,3). The horizontal axis
2 2
103.
çè 4 ø
has equation y = 3, and the parabola opens to the right. See Figure 103. From the figure, the domain is
[0, ¥) , and the range is (-¥, ¥).

æ1ö
The equation ( y + 2) = x + 1 can be written as ( y + 2) = 4 çç ÷÷÷( x + 1). The vertex is (-1, -2). The
2 2
104.
çè 4 ø
horizontal axis has equation y = -2, and the parabola opens to the right. See Figure 104. From the figure,
the domain is [-1, ¥) , and the range is (-¥, ¥).
æ1ö
The equation x = ( y - 4)2 + 2 can be written as ( y - 4) = 4 çç ÷÷÷( x - 2). The vertex is (2,4). The horizontal
2
105.
çè 4 ø
axis has equation y = 4, and the parabola opens to the right. See Figure 105. From the figure, the domain is
[2, ¥), and the range is (-¥, ¥).

æ 1ö
The equation x = -2 ( y + 3) can be written as ( y + 3) = 4 çç- ÷÷÷( x - 0). The vertex is (0, -3). The
2 2
106.
çè 8 ø
horizontal axis has equation y = -3, and the parabola opens to the left. See Figure 106. From the figure, the
domain is (-¥, 0], and the range is (-¥, ¥).
2 2 3 3
107. Rewrite the equation: x = y - 4 y + 8  x = y 2 - 6 y + 12  x -12 + 9 = y 2 - 6 y + 9 
3 2 2
3 3 3
x - 3 = ( y - 3) 2  ( x - 2) = ( y - 3) 2 . The equation ( x - 2) = ( y - 3)2 can be written
2 2 2
æ 3ö
( y - 3)2 = 4 çç ÷÷ ( x - 2). The vertex is (2,3). The horizontal axis has equation y = 3 and the parabola opens
çè 8 ø÷
to the right. See Figure 107. From the figure, the domain is [2, ¥) and the range is (-¥, ¥).

Section 7.1 563
108. Rewrite the equation: x = y 2 + 2 y - 8  x + 8 + 1 = y 2 + 2 y + 1  x + 9 = ( y + 1)2 . The equation
æ1ö
x + 9 = ( y + 1)2 can be written ( y + 1)2 = 4 çç ÷÷÷ ( x + 9). The vertex is (-9, -1). The horizontal axis has
çè 4 ø
equation y = -1 and the parabola opens to the right. See Figure 108. From the figure, the domain is
[-9, ¥) and the range is (-¥, ¥).

2
æ 1ö æ 1ö
109. Rewrite the equation: x = -4 y 2 - 4 y - 3  x + 3 -1 = -4 çç y 2 + y + ÷÷÷  x + 2 = -4 çç y + ÷÷÷ . The
çè 4ø çè 2ø
2
æ 1ö æ ö2 æ ö æ 1ö
equation x + 2 = -4 çç y + ÷÷÷ can be written çç y + 1 ÷÷ = 4 çç- 1 ÷÷ ( x + 2). The vertex is ççç-2, - ÷÷÷. The
çè 2ø èç 2 ÷ø èç 16 ø÷ è 2ø
1
horizontal axis has equation y = - and the parabola opens to the left. See Figure 109. From the figure, the
2
domain is (-¥, -2] and the range is (-¥, ¥).
2
1 æ 1ö 5 æ 1ö
110. Rewrite the equation: x = -2 y 2 + 2 y - 3  x + 3 - = -2 çç y 2 - y + ÷÷÷  x + = -2 çç y - ÷÷÷ . The
2 çè 4ø 2 çè 2ø
2
5 æ 1ö æ ö2 æ öæ ö æ 5 1ö
equation x + = -2 çç y - ÷÷÷ can be written çç y - 1 ÷÷ = 4 çç- 1 ÷÷çç x + 5 ÷÷. The vertex is ççç- , ÷÷÷. The
2 çè 2ø çè 2ø ÷ ç
è 8 øè÷ ç 2 ø÷ è 2 2ø
1
horizontal axis has equation y = and the parabola opens to the left. See Figure 110. From the figure, the
2
æ 5ù
domain is çç-¥, - ú and the range is (-¥, ¥).
çè 2 úû

111. Rewrite the equation: x = 2 y 2 - 4 y + 6  x - 6 + 2 = 2( y 2 - 2 y + 1)  x - 4 = 2( y -1)2 . The equation
æ1ö
x - 4 = 2( y -1)2 can be written ( y -1) = 4 çç ÷÷÷( x - 4). The vertex is (4,1). The horizontal axis has
2
çè 8 ø
equation y = 1 and the parabola opens to the right. See Figure 111. From the figure, the domain is [4, ¥)
and the range is (-¥, ¥).
112. Rewrite the equation: 2 x = y 2 - 4 y + 6  2 x - 6 + 4 = y 2 - 4 y + 4  2( x -1) = ( y - 2)2 . The equation
æ1ö
2( x -1) = ( y - 2)2 can be written ( y - 2)2 = 4 çç ÷÷÷ ( x -1). The vertex is (1, 2). The horizontal axis has
çè 2 ø
113. Rewrite the equation: 2 x = y 2 - 2 y + 9  2 x - 9 + 1 = y 2 - 2 y + 1  2( x - 4) = ( y -1)2 . The equation
æ1ö
2( x - 4) = ( y -1)2 can be written ( y -1)2 = 4 çç ÷÷÷ ( x - 4). The vertex is (4, 1). The horizontal axis has
çè 2 ø
114. Rewrite the equation: x = -3 y 2 + 6 y -1  x + 1- 3 = -3( y 2 - 2 y + 1)  x - 2 = -3( y -1)2 . The
æ 1ö
equation x - 2 = -3( y -1)2 can be written ( y -1)2 = 4 çç- ÷÷÷ ( x - 2). The vertex is (2,1). The horizontal
çè 12 ø
axis has equation y = 1 and the parabola opens to the left. See Figure 114. From the figure, the domain is
(-¥, 2] and the range is (-¥, ¥).
115. Rewrite the equation: y 2 - 4 y + 4 = 4 x + 4  ( y - 2)2 = 4( x + 1). The equation ( y - 2)2 = 4( x + 1) can be
written ( y - 2)2 = 4(1)( x + 1). The vertex is (-1, 2). The horizontal axis has equation y = 2 and the
parabola opens to the right. See Figure 115. From the figure, the domain is [-1, ¥) and the
range is (-¥, ¥).

Section 7.1 565
116. Rewrite the equation: y 2 + 2 y + 1 = -2 x + 4  ( y + 1)2 = -2( x - 2). The equation ( y + 1)2 = -2( x - 2)
æ 1ö
can be written ( y + 1) 2 = 4 çç- ÷÷÷ ( x - 2). The vertex is (2, -1). The horizontal axis has equation y = -1
çè 2 ø
and the parabola opens to the left. See Figure 116. From the figure, the domain is (-¥, 2] and the
range is (-¥, ¥).
117. Since the directrix has equation x = -c, a point on the directrix has the form (-c, y ). Let ( x, y ) be a point
on the parabola. By definition, the distance from the focus (c,0) to point ( x, y ) on the parabola, must be
equal to the distance from point (-c, y ) on the directrix to point ( x, y ) on the parabola. That is
( x - c) 2 + ( y - 0)2 = ( x + c) 2 + ( y - y ) 2 
( x - c)2 + y 2 = ( x + c)2  x 2 - 2 xc + c 2 + y 2 = x 2 + 2 xc + c 2  -2 xc + y 2 = 2 xc  y 2 = 4 xc.
32.2 2 12.6 2
118. (a) For Earth, y = x - x . For Mars, y = x - x . Graph y1 = x - (32.2 1922) x 2 and
1922 1922
y2 = x - (12.6 1922) x 2 as shown in Figure 118.
(b) From the graph, the ball thrown on Earth hits the ground ( y = 0) when x » 153 and the ball thrown on
Mars hits the ground when x » 60. The difference in horizontal distance is about 153 - 60 = 93 feet.
19 12.6 2 19 5.2 2
119. (a) For Mars, y = x- x . For the moon, y = x - x . Graph
11 3872 11 3872
y1 = (19 /11) x - (12.6 / 3872) x 2 and y2 = (19 / 11) x - (5.2 / 3872) x 2 as shown in Figure 119.
(b) From the graph, the ball thrown on Mars reaches a maximum height of y » 229 and the ball thrown on
the moon reaches a maximum height of y » 555.

[0,180] by [0,120] [0,1500] by [0,1000]

Xscl = 50 Yscl = 50 Xscl = 500 Yscl = 500
Figure 118 Figure 119
120. Consider a cross-section of the dish with the vertex located at (0, 0) and focus located at (0, 128.5). The
equation for this parabola has the form x 2 = 4cy and by substitution, x 2 = 4(128.5) y  x 2 = 514 y. By
noting that the radius of the dish is 150 and the y-coordinate of the point (150, y ) on the parabola
corresponds to the depth of the dish, the depth can be found by substitution:
1502
1502 = 514 y  y = » 43.8 feet.
514
5´10-9
121. y =- (0.4) 2 = -4´10-17 ; the alpha particle is deflected 4´10-17 meter downward.
2(107 )
122. Let the vertex of the parabola be (0, 10). The equation of the parabola is of the form ( x - h)2 = 4c( y - k ).
By substitution, the equation is ( x - 0)2 = 4c ( y -10)  x 2 = 4c( y -10). Since the parabola passes through
the point (200, 210), the value of c can be found by substitution:
2002 = 4c(210 -10)  2002 = 4c (200)  200 = 4c  c = 50. The equation is x 2 = 200( y -10).
Noting that the x-coordinate of one of the other supports is 100, the height can be found by substitution:
1002 1002
1002 = 200( y -10)  = y -10  y = + 10 = 60 feet.
200 200
123. Let the vertex of the parabola be (0, 12). The equation of the parabola is of the form ( x - h)2 = 4c( y - k ).
By substitution, the equation is ( x - 0)2 = 4c ( y -12)  x 2 = 4c( y -12). Since the parabola passes through
the point (6, 0), the value of c can be found by substitution:
3
62 = 4c(0 -12)  36 = 4c(-12)  -3 = 4c  c = - . The equation is x 2 = -3( y -12). Noting that the
4
y-coordinate 9 feet up is 9, half the width can be found by substitution: x 2 = -3(9 -12)  x 2 = 9  x = 3 ;
The width is 6 feet.
æ 5ö æ 5 ö÷2
124. Let the vertex be (0, 0). Substitute the point çç4, ÷÷÷ into y 2 = 4cx and solve for c: çç ÷ = 4c(4)  c = 25 .
çè 2 ø èç 2 ÷ø 64
25
The bulb should be inch from the vertex.
64

Section 7.2 567
7.2: Ellipses and Hyperbolas

1. G. This is an ellipse with a 2 = 16, b2 = 4, and c = 16 - 4 = 12 = 2 3. The Foci are 0,  2 3 . ( )
2. B. This is an ellipse with a 2 = 16, b2 = 4, and c = 16 - 4 = 12 = 2 3. The Foci are 2 3, 0 . ( )
3. F. This is a hyperbola centered at (0, 0) with a horizontal transverse axis.
4. C. This is a a hyperbola with a 2 = 4, b 2 = 16, and c = 4 + 16 = 20 = 2 5. The Foci are 0,  2 5 . ( )

5. E. Since h = -2 and k = 4, this is an ellipse centered at (-2, 4).
6. H. Since h = 2 and k = -4, this is an ellipse centered at (2, -4) with a vertical major axis.
7. D. Since h = -2 and k = 4, this is a hyperbola centered at (-2, 4).
8. A. Since h = 2 and k = 4, this is a hyperbola centered at (2, 4).

9. A circle can be interpreted as an ellipse whose foci have the same coordinates. The “coinciding foci” give the
center of the circle.
10. The graph of the ellipse exists for values of x from -3 to 3. The domain is [-3,3]. The graph of the ellipse
exists for values of y from -5 to 5. The range is [-5,5].
x2 y 2
11. + = 1  a = 3 and b = 2. a 2 - b 2 = 32 - 22 = 5 = c 2  c = 5. The foci are ( 5, 0). The
9 4
endpoints of the major axis (vertices) are (3, 0) so the domain is [-3,3] . The endpoints of the minor axis
are (0,  2), so the range is [-2, 2]. The ellipse is graphed in Figure 11.
x2 y 2
12. +
16 36
= 1  a = 6 and b = 4. a 2 - b 2 = 62 - 42 = 20 = c 2  c = 20. The foci are 0,  20 or ( )
(0,  2 5 ). The endpoints of the major axis (vertices) are (0,  6) so the range is [-6, 6]. The endpoints of
the minor axis are (4,0) so the domain is [-4, 4]. The ellipse is graphed in Figure 12.
x2 y2
13. 9 x 2 + 6 y 2 = 54  + = 1  a = 3 and b = 6. a 2 - b 2 = 9 - 6 = 3 = c 2  c = 3. The foci are
6 9
(0,  3 ). The endpoints of the major axis (vertices) are (0,  3) so the range is [-3,3]. The endpoints of
( )
the minor axis are  6, 0 so the domain is éê- 6, 6 ùú . The ellipse is graphed in Figure 13.
ë û

x2 y 2
14. 12 x 2 + 8 y 2 = 96  + = 1  a = 12 and b = 8. a 2 - b 2 = 12 - 8 = 4 = c 2  c = 2. The foci are
8 12
( )
(0,  2). The endpoints of the major axis (vertices) are 0,  2 3 so the range is éê-2 3, 2 3 ùú . The
ë û
( )
endpoints of the minor axis are 2 2, 0 so the domain is éê-2 2, 2 2 ùú . See Figure 14.
ë û
25 y 2 64 x 2 y2 x2 36 6 9 3
15. + =1 + =1 a = = and b = =
36 9 36 9 25 5 64 8
25 64
æ 6ö é 6 6ù
The endpoints of the major axis (vertices) are çç0,  ÷÷÷ so the range is ê- , ú . The endpoints of the minor
çè 5ø êë 5 5 úû
æ 3 ö é 3 3ù
axis are çç , 0÷÷÷ so the domain is ê- , ú . See Figure 15.
çè 8 ø êë 8 8 úû
16 y 2 121x 2 y2 x2 9 3 25 5
16. + =1 + =1 a = and b = = The endpoints of the major axis
9 25 9 25 16 4 121 11
16 121
æ 3ö é 3 3ù æ 5 ö÷
(vertices) are çç0,  ÷÷÷ so the range is ê- , ú . The endpoints of the minor axis are çç , 0÷ so the domain
çè 4ø êë 4 4 úû çè 11 ÷ø
é 5 5ù
is ê- , ú . See Figure 16.
êë 11 11úû
17. The ellipse is centered at (1, -3). The major axis is vertical and has length 2a = 10. The length of the minor
axis is 2b = 6 The graph is shown in Figure 17. The domain is [-2, 4] and the range is [-8, 2].
18. The ellipse is centered at (-3, 2). The major axis is vertical and has length 2a = 12. The length of the minor
axis is 2b = 8. The graph is shown in Figure 18. The domain is [-7, 1] and the range is [-4, 8].
19. The ellipse is centered at (2, 1). The major axis is horizontal and has length 2a = 8. The length of the minor
axis is 2b = 6. The graph is shown in Figure 19. The domain is [-2, 6] and the range is [-2, 4].

Section 7.2 569
20. The ellipse is centered at (-3, -2). The major axis is vertical and has length 2a = 12. The length of the
minor axis is 2b = 10. The graph is shown in Figure 20. The domain is [-8, 2] and the range is [-8, 4].
21. The ellipse is centered at (-1, 2). The major axis is horizontal and has length 2a = 16. The length of the
minor axis is 2b = 14. The graph is shown in Figure 21. The domain is [-9, 7] and the range is [-5,9].
22. The ellipse is centered at (4, -2). The major axis is horizontal and has length 2a = 6. . The length of the
minor axis is 2b = 4. The graph is shown in Figure 22. The domain is [1, 7] and the range is [-4, 0].
23. The ellipse is centered between the foci at (0, 0). The major axis is horizontal with a = 4. Since the foci
are (2, 0), we know that c = 2. Since c 2 = a 2 - b2 , the value of b can be found by substitution:
x2 y 2
b2 = a 2 - c 2 = 42 - 22 = 16 - 4 = 12  b = 12 . The equation is + = 1.
16 12
24. The ellipse is centered between the foci at (0, 0). The major axis is vertical with a = 3. Since the foci are
(0,  3 ), we know that c = 3. Since c 2 = a 2 - b2 , the value of b can be found by substitution:
x2 y 2
( )
2
b2 = a 2 - c 2 = 32 - 3 = 9 - 3 = 6  b = 6. The equation is + =1.
6 9

25. The ellipse is centered between the foci at (0, 0). The major axis is vertical with a = 2 2. Since the foci are
(0,  2) , we know that c = 2. Since c 2 = a 2 - b2 , the value of b can be found by substitution:

x2 y 2
( )
2
b2 = a 2 - c 2 = 2 2 - 22 = 8 - 4 = 4  b = 2. The equation is + =1.
4 8
26. The ellipse is centered between the foci at (0, 0). The major axis is horizontal with a = 3 2. Since the foci
are ( 2 )
3, 0 , we know that c = 2 3. Since c 2 = a 2 - b2 , the value of b can be found by substitution:
x2 y 2
( ) - (2 3 )
2 2
b2 = a 2 - c 2 = 3 2 = 18 -12 = 6  b = 6. The equation is + =1.
18 6
27. The ellipse is centered between the endpoint of the major axis of (0, 0). The major axis is horizontal with
x2 y 2
a = 4 and the minor axis is vertical with b = 2. The equation is + =1.
16 4
28. The ellipse is centered between the endpoint of the major axis of (0, 0). The major axis is vertical with
x2 y 2
a = 6 and the minor axis is horizontal with b = 3. The equation is + =1.
9 36
29. The ellipse is centered between the endpoints of the major axis at (0, 0). The major axis is horizontal with a = 6.
Since c 2 = a 2 - b2 , the value of b can be found by substitution:
x2 y 2
b2 = a 2 - c 2 = 62 - 42 = 36 -16 = 20  b = 20. The equation is + = 1.
36 20
30. The ellipse is centered between the vertices at (0, 0). The major axis is vertical with a = 5. Since b = 2, the
x2 y 2
equation is + = 1.
4 25
31. Since the center is (3, -2), we know that h = 3 and k = -2. Since c 2 = a 2 - b2 , the value of b can be found
by substitution: b2 = a 2 - c 2 = 52 - 32 = 25 - 9 = 16  b = 4. The major axis is vertical so the equation is
( x - 3)2 ( y + 2) 2
+ = 1.
16 25
32. Since the center is (2, 0), we know that h = 2 and k = 0. Since minor axis has length 6, b = 3. Since the
9 ( x - 2)2 y 2
major axis has length 9, a = . The major axis is horizontal so the equation is + = 1 or
2 81 9
4
4( x - 2)2 y 2
+ = 1.
81 9

Section 7.2 571
33. The ellipse is centered between the foci at (0, 0). The major axis is vertical with a = 3. Since the foci are
(0,  2), we know that c = 2. Since c 2 = a 2 - b2 , the value of b can be found by substitution:
y 2 x2
b2 = a 2 - c 2 = 32 - 22 = 9 - 4 = 5  b = 5. The equation is + = 1.
9 5
34. The ellipse is centered between the foci at (0, 0). The major axis is horizontal. Since the foci are (5, 0), we
know that c = 5. Since c 2 = a 2 - b2 and b = 2, the value of a can be found by substitution:
x2 y 2
a 2 = b2 + c 2 = 22 + 52 = 4 + 25 = 29  a = 29. The equation is + = 1.
29 4
35. Since the center is (5, 2), we know that h = 5 and k = 2. Since the minor axis is horizontal and has length 8,
b = 4. Since c 2 = a 2 - b2 and c = 3, the value of a can be found by substitution:
( x - 5)2 ( y - 2)2
32 + 42 = a 2  a 2 = 25  a = 5 . The equation is + = 1.
25 16
36. Since the center is (-3, 6), we know that h = -3 and k = 6. Since the major axis has length 10, a = 5. Since
c 2 = a 2 - b2 and c = 2, the value of b can be found by substitution: b2 = a 2 - c 2 =
( x + 3)2 ( y - 6)2
52 - 22 = 25 - 4 = 21  b = 21. The major axis is vertical so the equation is + = 1.
21 25
9 -1
37. The ellipse is centered between the vertices at (4,5) and a = = 4. The major axis is vertical. Since the
2
( x - 4)2 ( y - 5)2
minor axis has length 6, b = 3. The equation is + = 1.
9 16
38. The ellipse is centered between the foci at (2, - 3) and c = 5. Since the point (2, 1) is on the graph and it is
located vertically above the center, it is an endpoint of the minor axis. Thus b = 4 . Since c 2 = a 2 - b2 , the
value of a can be found by substitution: a 2 = b2 + c 2 = 42 + 52 = 16 + 25 = 41  a = 41. The major axis
( x - 2)2 ( y + 3)2
is horizontal so the equation is + = 1.
41 16
39. 9 x 2 + 18 x + 4 y 2 - 8 y - 23 = 0  9( x 2 + 2 x) + 4( y 2 - 2 y ) = 23  9( x 2 + 2 x + 1) + 4( y 2 - 2 y + 1) =
( x + 1)2 ( y -1)2
23 + 9 + 4  9( x + 1)2 + 4( y -1)2 = 36  + =1
4 9
The center is (-1, 1). The vertices are (-1, 1- 3), (-1, 1 + 3) or (-1, -2), (-1, 4).
40. 9 x 2 + 36 x + 16 y 2 - 64 y - 44 = 0  9( x 2 + 4 x) + 16( y 2 - 4 y ) = 44  9( x 2 - 4 x + 4) + 16( y 2 - 4 y + 4) =
( x - 2)2 ( y - 2)2
44 + 36 + 64  9( x - 2) 2 + 16( y - 2) 2 = 144  + =1
16 9
The center is (2, 2). The vertices are (2 - 4, 2), (2 + 4, 2) or (-2, 2), (6, 2).

41. 4 x 2 + 8 x + y 2 + 2 y + 1 = 0  4( x 2 + 2 x) + ( y 2 + 2 y ) = -1  4( x 2 + 2 x + 1) + ( y 2 + 2 y + 1) =
( x + 1)2 ( y + 1) 2
-1 + 4 + 1  4( x + 1)2 + ( y + 1)2 = 4  + =1
1 4
The center is (-1, -1). The vertices are (-1, -1- 2), (-1, -1 + 2) or (-1, -3), (-1,1).
42. x 2 - 6 x + 9 y 2 = 0  ( x 2 - 6 x) + 9 y 2 = 0  ( x 2 - 6 x + 9) + 9 y 2 = 0 + 9 
2 2
2 2 ( x - 3) ( y - 0)
( x - 3) + 9 ( y - 0) = 9  + =1
9 1
The center is (3, 0). The vertices are (3 - 3, 0), (3 + 3, 0) or (0, 0), (6, 0).
43. 4 x 2 + 16 x + 5 y 2 -10 y + 1 = 0  4( x 2 + 4 x) + 5( y 2 - 2 y ) = -1  4( x 2 + 4 x + 4) + 5( y 2 - 2 y + 1) =
( x + 2) 2 ( y -1)2
-1 + 16 + 5  4( x + 2) 2 + 5( y -1) 2 = 20  + =1
5 4
The center is (-2,1) . The vertices are (-2 - 5, 1), (-2 + 5, 1).
44. 2 x 2 + 4 x + 3 y 2 -18 y + 23 = 0  2( x 2 + 2 x) + 3( y 2 - 6 y ) = -23  2( x 2 + 2 x + 1) + 3( y 2 - 6 y + 9) =
( x + 1)2 ( y - 3) 2
-23 + 2 + 27  2( x + 1) 2 + 3( y - 3) 2 = 6  + =1
3 2
The center is (-1, 3). The vertices are (-1- 3, 3), (-1 + 3, 3).
æ 1ö æ 9ö
45. 16 x 2 -16 x + 4 y 2 + 12 y = 51  16( x 2 - x) + 4( y 2 + 3 y ) = 51  16 çç x 2 - x + ÷÷ + 4 çç y 2 + 3 y + ÷÷ =
çè 4ø÷ ç
è 4 ÷ø
( ) ( y + 32 )
2 2
æ 1ö
2
æ 3ö
2 x - 12
51 + 4 + 9  16 çç x - ÷÷÷ + 4 çç y + ÷÷÷ = 64  + =1
èç 2ø èç 2ø 4 16
æ1 3ö æ1 ö æ ö æ ö æ 5 ö÷
The center is çç , - ÷÷÷. The vertices are çç , - 3 - 4÷÷ , çç 1 , - 3 + 4÷÷ or çç 1 , - 11÷÷ , çç 1 , ÷.
çè 2 2 ø çè 2 2 ÷
ø è2 ç 2 ø÷ ç
è2 ÷
2 ø çè 2 2 ø÷
46. 16 x 2 + 48 x + 4 y 2 - 20 y + 57 = 0  16( x 2 + 3 x) + 4( y 2 - 5 y ) = -57 

2 2
æ 9ö æ 25 ö æ 3ö æ 5ö
16 çç x 2 + 3x + ÷÷ + 4 çç y 2 - 5 y + ÷÷ = -57 + 36 + 25  16 çç x + ÷÷ + 4 çç y - ÷÷ = 4 
èç 4 ø÷ èç 4 ø÷ èç 2 ø÷ èç 2 ø÷
( x + 32 ) ( y - 52 )
2 2
æ 3 5 ö÷
= 1 The center is çç- , ÷.
1 1 çè 2 2 ÷ø
4
æ 3 5 ö æ 3 5 ö æ 3 3 ö÷ æç 3 7 ö÷
The vertices are çç- , -1÷÷÷ , çç- , + 1÷÷÷ or çç- , ÷ , ç- , ÷.
çè 2 2 ø èç 2 2 ø çè 2 2 ÷ø çè 2 2 ÷ø
3
47. The transverse axis is horizontal with a = 4 and b = 3. The asymptotes are y =  x. See Figure 47. The
4
domain is (-¥, -4)  [4, ¥) and the range is (-¥, ¥).

Section 7.2 573
48. The transverse axis is vertical with a = 3 and b = 3. The asymptotes are y =  x. See Figure 48. The
domain is (-¥, ¥) and the range is (-¥, -3]  [3, ¥).
y2 x2
49. 49 y 2 - 36 x 2 = 1764  - = 1 The transverse axis is vertical with a = 6 and b = 7. The asymptotes
36 49
6
are y =  x. See Figure 49. The domain is (-¥, ¥) and the range is (-¥, -6]  [6, ¥).
7
x2 y2
50. 144 x 2 - 49 y 2 = 7056  - = 1 The transverse axis is horizontal with a = 7 and b = 12. The
49 144
12
asymptotes are y =  x. See Figure 50. The domain is (-¥, -7 ]  [7, ¥) and the range is (-¥, ¥).
7
4 x 2 25 y 2 x2 y 2 3 4
51. - =1 - = 1. The transverse axis is horizontal with a = and b = . The asymptotes
9 16 9 16 2 5
4 25
18 æ ù é ö
are y =  x. See Figure 51. The domain is çç-¥, - 3 ú  ê 3 , ¥÷÷ and the range is (-¥, ¥).
15 èç 2 úû êë 2 ÷ø
x2 y2
52. x2 - y2 = 1  - = 1. The transverse axis is horizontal with a = 1 and b = 1. The asymptotes are
1 1
y =  x. See Figure 52. The domain is (-¥, -1]  [1, ¥) and the range is (-¥, ¥).

x2 y2 1 1
53. 9 x 2 - 4 y 2 = 1  - = 1. The transverse axis is horizontal with a = and b = . The asymptotes
1 1 3 2
9 4
3 æ 1ù é1 ö
are y =  x. See Figure 53. The domain is ççç-¥, - úú  êê , ¥÷÷÷ and the range is (-¥, ¥).
2 è 3û ë 3 ø
y2 x2 1 1
54. 25 y 2 - 9 x 2 = 1  - = 1. The transverse axis is vertical with a = and b = . The asymptotes
1 1 5 3
25 9
3 æ 1ù é1 ö
are y =  x. See Figure 54. The domain is (-¥, ¥) and the range is ççç-¥, - úú  êê , ¥÷÷÷.
5 è 5û ë 5 ø
55. The center is (1, -3) and the transverse axis is horizontal with a = 3 and b = 5. See Figure 55. The domain
is (-¥, -2]  [4, ¥) and the range is (-¥, ¥).
56. The center is (-3, 2) and the transverse axis is horizontal with a = 4 and b = 6. See Figure 56. The
domain is (-¥, -7] È [1, ¥) and the range is (-¥, ¥).
57. The center is (-1,5) and the transverse axis is vertical with a = 2 and b = 3. See Figure 57. The
domain is (-¥, ¥) and the range is (-¥,3]  [7, ¥).
58. The center is (3, -1) and the transverse axis is vertical with a = 5 and b = 6. See Figure 58. The
domain is (-¥, ¥) and the range is (-¥,3]  [7, ¥).

Section 7.2 575
( x + 5) 2 ( y - 3)2
59. 16( x + 5)2 - ( y - 3)2 = 1  - = 1 The center is (−5, 3) and the transverse axis is
1 1
16
1 æ ù é ö
horizontal with a = and b = 1. See Figure 59. The domain is çç-¥, -5 - 1 ú  ê-5 + 1 , ¥÷÷ or
4 çè 4 ûú ëê 4 ÷ø
æ ù é ö
ç-¥, - 21ú  ê- 19 , ¥÷÷ and the range is (-¥, ¥).
ççè 4 úû êë 4 ÷
ø
( x + 9)2 ( y + 6)2
60. 4( x + 9) 2 - 25( y + 6)2 = 100  - = 1. The center is (−9, −6) and the transverse axis is
25 4
horizontal with a = 5 and b = 2. See Figure 60. The domain is (-¥, -14]  [-4, ¥) and the range is
(-¥, ¥).
( x - 2)2 ( y + 1)2
61. 9( x - 2)2 - 4( y + 1)2 = 36  - = 1. The center is (2, −1) and the transverse axis is
4 9
vertical with a = 2 and b = 3. See Figure 61. The domain is (-¥, 0] È [ 4, ¥) and the range is (-¥, ¥).
1
62. The vertices of y = are (-1,-1) and (1,1).
x
63. The hyperbola has a horizontal transverse axis with c = 4. The x-intercepts coincide with the vertices, so
a = 3. The center is located between the foci at (0, 0). Since c 2 = a 2 + b2 , the value of b can be found by
x2 y 2
substitution: b2 = c 2 - a 2 = 42 - 32 = 16 - 9 = 7  b = 7. The equation is - = 1.
9 7
64. The hyperbola has a vertical transverse axis with c = 3 3. The y-intercepts coincide with the vertices so
a = 5. The center is located between the foci at (0, 0). Since c 2 = a 2 + b2 , the value of b can be found by
y 2 x2
substitution: b2 = c 2 - a 2 = (3 3)2 - 52 = 27 - 25 = 2  b = 2. The equation is - = 1.
25 2

65. The asymptotes intersect at the origin so the center is (0, 0). The hyperbola has a vertical transverse axis and
a 3
the y-intercepts coincide with the vertices so a = 3. From the asymptotes, = with a = 3  b = 5. The
b 5
y 2 x2
equation is - = 1.
9 25
66. The hyperbola has a vertical transverse axis. The y-intercept coincides with a vertex so a = 2. The equation is of
y2 x2 32 22
the - = 1. By substitution using the point (2, 3): - =1
a2 b2 22 b2
9 4 5 4 16 y 2 x2 y2 5x2
-1 =  =  5b 2 = 16  b2 = . The equation is - = 1 or - = 1.
4 b2 4 b2 5 4 16 4 16
5
67. The center is located between the vertices at (0, 0). The hyperbola has a vertical transverse axis with a = 6.
a 1 y2 x2
From the asymptotes, = with a = 6  b = 12. The equation is - = 1.
b 2 36 144
68. The center is located between the vertices at (0, 0). The hyperbola has a horizontal transverse axis with a = 10.
b x2 y2
From the asymptotes, = 5 with. a = 10  b = 50. The equation is - = 1.
a 100 2500
x2 y2
The equation is of the form - = 1. By substitution using the point (6, 1),
a2 b2
62 12 36 1 1 1 x2 y 2 x2
- =1 -1 = 3=  b 2 = . The equation is - = 1 or - 3 y 2 = 1.
2 1
32 b2 9 b 2
b 2 3 3 3
9
70. The center is located between the vertices at (0, 0). The hyperbola has a vertical transverse axis with a = 5. The
y2 32
equation is of the form - = 1. By substitution using the point (3, 10),
a2 b2
102 32 100 9 9 y 2 x2
- =1 -1 = 3=  b2 = 3. The equation is - = 1.
52 b2 25 b2 b2 25 3
71. The center is located between the foci at (0, 0). The hyperbola has a vertical transverse axis with c = 13. From
a
the asymptotes, = 5. Also, from c 2 = a 2 + b2  a 2 + b 2 = 13. Solving these equations simultaneously
b
25 1 y 2 x2 2 y2
results in a 2 = and b2 = . The equation is - = 1 or - 2 x 2 = 1.
2 2 25 1 25
2 2

Section 7.2 577
72. The center is located between the foci at (0, 0). The hyperbola has a horizontal transverse axis with c = 3 5.
b
From the asymptotes, = 2. Also, from c 2 = a 2 + b2  a 2 + b 2 = 45. Solving these equations
a
x2 y 2
simultaneously results in a 2 = 9 and b2 = 36. The equation is - = 1.
9 36
73. The center is located between the vertices at (4, 3). The hyperbola has a vertical transverse axis with a = 2.
a 2 ( y - 3)2 ( x - 4)2
From the asymptotes, = 7 with a = 2  b = . The equation is - = 1 or
b 7 4 4
49
( y - 3)2 49( x - 4) 2
- = 1.
4 4
74. The center is located between the vertices at (3, −2). The hyperbola has a horizontal transverse axis with a = 2.
b 3 ( x - 3)2 ( y + 2) 2
From the asymptotes, = with a = 2  b = 3. The equation is - = 1.
a 2 4 9
75. With center (1, −2) and vertex (3, −2), we know the hyperbola has a horizontal transverse axis with a = 2. With
center (1, −2) and focus (4, −2), we know c = 3. Since c 2 = a 2 + b2 , the value of b can be found by
( x -1) 2 ( y + 2) 2
4 5
76. With center (9,−7) and vertex (9, −1), we know the hyperbola has a vertical transverse axis with a = 6. With
center (9, −7) and focus (9, 3), we know c = 10. Since c 2 = a 2 + b2 , the value of b can be found by
( y + 7)2 ( x - 9)2
36 64
77. x 2 - 2 x - y 2 + 2 y = 4  ( x 2 - 2 x + 1) - ( y 2 - 2 y + 1) = 4 + 1-1  ( x -1)2 - ( y -1) 2 = 4 
( x -1) 2 ( y -1)2
- = 1. The center is (1, 1). The vertices are (1−2, 1), (1+2, 1) or (−1, 1), (3, 1).
4 4
78. y 2 + 4 y - x 2 + 2 x = 6  ( y 2 + 4 y + 4) - ( x 2 - 2 x + 1) = 6 + 4 -1  ( y + 2)2 - ( x -1) 2 = 9 
( y + 2) 2 ( x -1) 2
- = 1. The center is (1, -2). The vertices are (1, -2 - 3), (1, -2 + 3), or (1, -5), (1,1).
9 9
79. 3 y 2 + 24 y - 2 x 2 + 12 x + 24 = 0  3( y 2 + 8 y ) - 2( x 2 - 6 x) = -24 
( y + 4)2 ( x - 3) 2
3( y 2 + 8 y + 16) - 2( x 2 - 6 x + 9) = -24 + 48 -18  3( y + 4)2 - 2( x - 3)2 = 6  - = 1.
2 3
The center is (3, 4). The vertices are (3, -4 - 2 ), (3, -4 + 2 ).

80. 4 x 2 + 16 x - 9 y 2 + 18 y = 29  4( x 2 + 4 x) - 9( y 2 - 2 y ) = 29 
( x + 2)2 ( y -1) 2
4( x 2 + 4 x + 4) - 9( y 2 - 2 y + 1) = 29 + 16 - 9  4( x + 2)2 - 9( y -1)2 = 36  - = 1.
9 4
The center is (-2,1). The vertices are (-2 - 3,1), (-2 + 3,1) or (-5,1), (1,1).
81. x 2 - 6 x - 2 y 2 + 7 = 0  ( x 2 - 6 x + 9) - 2 y 2 = -7 + 9  ( x - 3)2 - 2( y - 0)2 = 2 
( x - 3)2 ( y - 0) 2
- = 1. The center is (3, 0). The vertices are (3 - 2, 0), (3 + 2,0).
2 1
82. y 2 + 8 y - 3 x 2 + 13 = 0  ( y 2 + 8 y + 16) - 3x 2 = -13 + 16  ( y + 4) 2 - 3( x - 0)2 = 3 
( y + 4) 2 ( x - 0)2
- = 1. The center is (0, -4). The vertices are (0, -4 - 3), (0, -4 + 3).
3 1
83. 4 y 2 + 32 y - 5 x 2 -10 x + 39 = 0  4( y 2 + 8 y ) - 5( x 2 + 2 x) = -39 
( y + 4)2 ( x + 1)2
4( y 2 + 8 y + 16) - 5( x 2 + 2 x + 1) = -39 + 64 - 5  4( y + 4)2 - 5( x + 1) 2 = 20  - = 1.
5 4
The center is (-1, -4). The vertices are (-1, -4 - 5), (-1, -4 + 5).
84. 5 x 2 + 10 x - 7 y 2 + 28 y = 58  5( x 2 + 2 x) - 7( y 2 - 4 y ) = 58 
( x + 1)2 ( y - 2) 2
5( x 2 + 2 x + 1) - 7( y 2 - 4 y + 4) = 58 + 5 - 28  5( x + 1)2 - 7( y - 2)2 = 35  - = 1.
7 5
The center is (-1, 2). The vertices are (-1- 7 , 2), (-1 + 7, 2).
85. c 2 = a 2 - b 2  c 2 = 16 -12  c 2 = 4  c = 2. The foci are F1 (-2, 0) and F2 (2, 0).

86. See Figure 86. The point (3, 2.2912878) is shown. Other points include (0, 3.4641016) and (−3, −2.291288).
87. (3 - (-2))2 + (2.2912878 - 0)2 + (3 - 2) 2 + (2.2912878 - 0) 2 » 7.999999937 » 8.
(0 - (-2))2 + (3.4641016 - 0)2 + (0 - 2)2 + (3.4641016 - 0) 2 » 7.999999974 » 8.
(-3 - (-2))2 + (-2.291288 - 0) 2 + (-3 - 2) 2 + (-2.291288 - 0)2 » 8.000000203 » 8. Note that the
sums calculated here do not equal exactly 8 because of rounding.
88. c 2 = a 2 + b2  c 2 = 4 + 12  c 2 = 16  c = 4. The foci are a = 2 and F2 (4, 0). See Figure 88. The
point(−3, 3.8729833) is shown. Other points include (−2, 0), (2, 0) and (4, 6).

Section 7.2 579
[-9.4,9.4] by [-6.2,6.2] [-9.4,9.4] by [-6.2,6.2]

Figure 86 Figure 88
89. (-3 - (-4))2 + (3.8729833 - 0)2 - (-3 - 4)2 + (3.8729833 - 0)2 » 4.000000022 » 4.
(-2 - (-4))2 + (0 - 0) 2 - (-2 - 4)2 + (0 - 0)2 = 4.
(2 - (-4))2 + (0 - 0)2 - (2 - 4)2 + (0 - 0)2 = 4.
(4 - (-4))2 + (6 - 0)2 - (4 - 4)2 + (6 - 0)2 = 4. Note that the first difference calculated here does not
equal exactly 4 because of rounding.

90. Exercise 87 demonstrates that the points on the graph satisfy the definition of an ellipse for that particular
ellipse. Exercise 89 demonstrates that the points on the graph satisfy the definition of a hyperbola for that
particular hyperbola.
91. The patient and the emitter are 12 units apart. These positions represent the foci of the ellipse so c = 6. With
the minor axis measuring 16 units, b = 8. Since c 2 = a 2 - b2 , the value of a can be found by substitution:
x2 y2
a 2 = b2 + c 2 = 62 + 82 = 36 + 64 = 100  a = 10. The equation is + = 1.
100 64
92. (a) The length of the major axis is 2a = 2 5013 » 141.6 million miles.
(b) The length of the minor axis is 2b = 2 4970 » 141.0 million miles.
93. A major axis measuring 620 feet indicates that a = 310. A minor axis measuring 513 feet indicates that
b = 256.5. Then 5c 2 = a 2 - b2 = 3102 - 256.52  c = 3102 - 256.52 » 174.1. The distance between the
foci is 2c » 2(174.1) » 348.2 feet.
3102 + 256.52
94. P » 2 » 1788 feet.
2
95. Using a vertical major axis, a = 15. The minor axis has length 20, so b = 10. The equation is
y2 x2
+ = 1. Assuming the truck drives exactly in the middle of the road, we want to find y when x = 6.
225 100
y2 62 y2 36 æ 36 ö÷ æ 36 ö÷
+ =1 = 1-  y 2 = 225çç1- ÷÷  y = 225ççç1- ÷ = 12. The truck must be just
225 100 225 100 ç
è 100 ø è 100 ø÷
under 12 feet high to pass through.

x2 y2 x2 y2
96. (a) The equation of the hyperbola is 400 x 2 - 625 y 2 = 250, 000  - =1 - = 1.
625 400 252 202
Thus a = 25 and the buildings are 2(25) = 50 meters apart at their closest point.
502 y2 y2 502 æ 502 ÷ö æ 502 ö÷

ç ç
(b) - =1 = -1  y 2 = 400 çç -1÷÷÷  y = 400 çç -1÷÷÷ » 34.64. The total
625 400 400 625 çè 625 ÷ø çè 625 ÷ø
distance is d » 2(34.64) » 69.3 meters.
97. (a) Since c = a 2 - b2 = 44652 - 44622 » 163.6, one focus is located at the point (163.6, 0). The graph
representing Earth is a circle with radius 3960 with center (163.6, 0). The equation for Earth is
( x -163.6) 2 + y 2 = 36902. To graph this equation, solve for y and graph two parts.
( x -163.6) 2 + y 2 = 36902  y 2 = 36902 - ( x -163.6)2  y =  36902 - ( x -163.6)2 To graph the

ellipse, solve for y and graph two parts.
x2 y2 y2 x2 æ x 2 ö÷÷ æ x 2 ÷÷ö
ç 2 çç
+ =1 = 1-  y 2 = 44622 çç1- ÷  y =  4462 ç 1 - ÷
2÷ çè 44652 ÷÷ø
44652 44622 44622 44652 èç 4465 ø÷
The graphs are shown in Figure 97.
(b) The minimum distance is 4465 - (3960 + 163.6) » 341 miles. The maximum distance is
4465 - (3960 + 163.6) » 669 miles.
[-6750,6750] by [-4500,4500]
Xscl = 1000 Yscl = 1000
Figure 97
d
98. Use the formula t = and the distance formula to set up an equation that shows the difference in the times
r
2 2
( x + c) + y 2 ( x - c) + y 2
that it takes the sound to reach each microphone. This equation is - = t.
330 330
2 2
( x + c) + y 2 - ( x - c) + y 2 = 330t Multiply each side by 330.
2 2 2
( x + c) + y 2 = 330t + ( x - c) + y 2 Add ( x - c) + y 2 to each side.
2 2 2
( x + c) + y 2 = 3302 t 2 + 2330t ( x - c) + y 2 + ( x - c) + y 2 Square each side.
2
4cx - 3302 t 2 = 2330t ( x - c) + y 2 Expand the binomials and simplify.

Section 7.2 581
16c 2 x 2  8cx3302 t 2  3304 t 4  43302 t 2  x  c   y 2 

2
Square each side.
 
16c 2 x 2  3304 t 4  43302 t 2 x 2  43302 c 2 t 2  43302 t 2 y 2 Expand the right side and simplify.
16c 2 x 2  43302 t 2 x 2  43302 t 2 y 2  43302 c 2 t 2  3304 t 4 Rewrite equation.
 
4 x 2 4c 2  3302 t 2  43302 t 2 y 2  43302 t 2 4c 2  3302 t 2   Factor.
x2 y2 1
- = Divide by
2 2 2 2 2
330 t 4c - 330 t 4
(
43302 t 2 4c 2 - 3302 t 2 )
x2 y2
99. (a) Find a and b in the equation - = 1. Because the equations of the asymptotes of a hyperbola
a2 b2
b
with horizontal transverse axes are y =  x, and the given asymptotes are y =  x, it follows that
a
a
= 1 or a = b. Since the line y = x intersects the x-axis at a 45° angle, the triangle shown in the
b
third quadrant is a 45°- 45°- 90° right triangle and both legs must have length d. Then, by the
Pythagorean theorem, c 2 = d 2 + d 2 = 2d 2 . That gives c = d 2. Also, for a hyperbola c 2 = a 2 + b2 ,
and since a = b, c 2 = a 2 + a 2 = 2a 2 . That gives c = a 2. From these two equations, a 2 = d 2
and so a = d . That is, a = b = d = 5´10-14. Thus the equation of the trajectory of A, where x > 0, is
x2 y2
( )
2
given by - = 1. Solving for x yields x 2 - y 2 = 5´10-14 
( ) ( )
2 2
5´10-14 5´10-14
x 2 = y 2 + 2.5´10-27  x = y 2 + 2.5´10-27 . This equation represents the right half of the

hyperbola, as shown in the textbook.
(b) Since a = 5´10-14 , the distance from the origin to the vertex is 5´10-14. The distance from N to the
origin can be found using the Pythagorean theorem. Let h represent this distance, then h 2 = d 2 + d 2 .
( ) ( )
2 2
That is, h 2 = 5´10-14 + 5´10-14  h 2 = 5´10-27  h » 7 ´10-14. The minimum distance
between the centers of the alpha particle and the gold nucleus is 5´10-14 + 7 ´10-14 » 1.2´10-13.
100. Start with the given distance equation.
2 2
( x + c ) + y 2 - ( x - c ) + y 2 = 2a Given Equation.
2 2 2
( x + c ) + y 2 = 2a + ( x - c ) + y 2 Add ( x - c) + y 2 to each side.
2 2 2
( x + c ) + y 2 = 4a 2 + 4a ( x - c ) + y 2 + ( x - c ) + y 2 Square each side.
2 2 2 2
( x + c ) - ( x - c ) - 4a 2 = 4a ( x - c ) + y 2 Subtract ( x - c ) , y 2 , and 4a 2
from each side, and simplify.

2
x 2 + 2cx + c 2 - x 2 + 2cx - c 2 - 4a 2 = 4a ( x - c) + y 2 Expand the binomials.
2
4cx - 4a 2 = 4a ( x - c) + y 2 Simplify.
2
cx - a 2 = a ( x - c) + y 2 Divide each side by 4.
(
c 2 x 2 - 2a 2 cx + a 4 = a 2 x 2 - 2cx + c 2 + y 2 ) Square each side.
c 2 x 2 - 2a 2 cx + a 4 = a 2 x 2 - 2a 2 cx + a 2 c 2 + a 2 y 2 Multiply the right side.
c 2 x 2 - a 2 x 2 - a 2 y 2 = -a 4 + a 2 c 2 Simplify.
( )
x 2 c 2 - a 2 - a 2 y 2 = a 2 c2 - a 2 ( ) Factor.
x 2 b 2 - a 2 y 2 = a 2b 2 Substitute b2 = c 2 - a 2
x 2b 2 a2 y2 a 2b2
- = Divide each side by a 2 b 2 .
2 2 2 2 2 2
a b a b a b
x2 y2
- =1 Simplify.
a2 b2
101. Let ( x, y ) be any point on the ellipse and start with the distance formula.
2 2
( x + 3) + y 2 + ( x - 3) + y 2 = 10 Given Equation.
2 2
( x + 3) + y 2 = 10 - ( x - 3) + y 2 Subtract ( x - 3)2 + y 2 .
2 2 2
( x + 3) + y 2 = 100 - 20 ( x - 3) + y 2 + ( x - 3) + y 2 Square each side.
2 2 2 2
( x + 3) - ( x - 3) -100 = -20 ( x - 3) + y 2 Subtract ( x - 3) and 100.
2
x 2 + 6 x + 9 - x 2 + 6 x - 9 -100 = -20 ( x - 3) + y 2 Expand the binomials.
2
12 x -100 = -20 ( x - 3) + y 2 Simplify.
2
25 - 3x = 5 ( x - 3) + y 2 Divide each side by -4.
(
625 -150 x + 9 x 2 = 25 x 2 - 6 x + 9 + y 2 ) Square each side.
625 -150 x + 9 x 2 = 25 x 2 -150 x + 225 + 25 y 2 Multiply the right side.
-16 x 2 - 25 y 2 = -400 Simplify.

Section 7.2 583
-16 x 2 -25 y 2 -400

+ = Divide each side by
-400 -400 -400
x = ln(t -1)  t = e x + 1.
x2 y 2
+ =1 Simplify.
25 16
102. Let ( x, y ) be any point on the hyperbola and start with the distance formula.
2 2
( x + 2 ) + y 2 - ( x - 2) + y 2 = 2 Given Equation.
2 2 2
( x + 2) + y 2 = 2 + ( x - 2) + y 2 Add ( x - 2) + y 2 to each side.
2 2 2
( x + 2) + y 2 = 4 + 4 ( x - 2) + y 2 + ( x - 2) + y 2 Square each side.
2 2 2 2
( x + 2) - ( x - 2) - 4 = 4 ( x - 2) + y 2 Subtract ( x - 2) , y 2 , and 4.
2
x 2 + 4 x + 4 - x2 + 4 x - 4 - 4 = 4 ( x - 2) + y 2 Expand the binomials.
2
8x - 4 = 4 ( x - 2) + y 2 Simplify.
2
2 x -1 = ( x - 2) + y 2 Divide each side by 4.
4 x2 - 4 x +1 = x2 - 4 x + 4 + y 2 Square each side.
3x 2 - y 2 = 3 Simplify.
3x 2 y 2 3
- = Divide each side by 3.
3 3 3
y2
x2 - =1 Simplify.
3
Reviewing Basic Concepts (Sections 7.1 and 7.2)

1. (a) The circle is defined in B.
(b) The parabola is defined in D.
(c) The ellipse is defined in A.
(d) The hyperbola is defined in C.
x2 y2
2. 12 x 2 - 4 y 2 = 48  - = 1. The transverse axis is horizontal with a = 2 and b = 12. The
4 12
12
asymptotes are y =  x. See Figure 2.
2

2
9 æ 3 9ö 17 æ 3ö
3. Rewrite the equation. y = 2 x 2 + 3x -1  y + 1 + = 2 çç x 2 + x + ÷÷÷  y + = 2 çç x + ÷÷÷ . The
8 çè 2 16 ø 8 çè 4ø
2 2
17 æ 3ö 17 æ 1 öæ 3ö æ 3 17 ö÷
equation y + = 2 çç x + ÷÷÷ can be written y + = 4 çç ÷÷÷çç x + ÷÷÷ . The vertex is çç- , ÷.
8 çè 4ø 8 èç 2 øèç 4ø èç 4 8 ÷ø
See Figure 3.
4. ( ) ( ) 2 2
x 2 + y 2 - 2 x + 2 y - 2 = 0  x 2 - 2 x + 1 + y 2 + 2 y + 1 = 2 + 1 + 1  ( x -1) + ( y + 1) = 4. The graph
æ 1 ö æ 63 ö
is a circle with center (1, -1) and radius çç-4 + ,1÷÷  çç- , -1÷÷ See Figure 4.
èç ÷
16 ø èç 16 ø÷
x2 y2
5. 4 x 2 + 9 y 2 = 36  + = 1  a = 3 and b = 2. The ellipse is graphed in Figure 5.
9 4
Figure 5
6. If c < a, it is an ellipse. If c > a, it is a hyperbola.

2 2
7. A circle with center (2, -1) and radius 3 has equation ( x - 2) + ( y + 1) = 9.
8. The ellipse is centered between the foci at (0, 0). The major axis is horizontal with a = 6. Since the foci
are (4, 0) , we know that c = 4. Since c 2 = a 2 - b2 , the value of b can be found by
x2 y 2
substitution: b2 = a 2 - c 2 = 62 - 42 = 36 -16 = 20  b = 20. The equation is + = 1.
36 20

Section 7.3 585
9. The hyperbola has a vertical transverse axis with c = 4. The vertices are (0, 2) so a = 2. The center is located
between the foci at (0, 0). Since c 2 = a 2 + b2 , the value of b can be found by substitution:
y 2 x2
b2 = c 2 - a 2 = 42 - 22 = 16 - 4 = 12  b = 12. The equation is - = 1.
4 12
æ 1ö 1
10. If the vertex is (0, 0) and the focus is çç0, ÷÷ , then the parabola opens upward and c = . The equation is
çè 2 ÷ø 2
x 2 = 4cy  x 2 = 2 y.
7.3: The Conic Sections and Nonlinear Systems
1. x 2 + y 2 = 144  ( x - 0)2 + ( y - 0)2 = 122 The graph of this equation is a circle with center (0, 0) and
radius 12. Also, note in our original equation, the x 2 - and y 2 -terms have the same positive coefficient.
2
2. ( x - 2)2 + ( y + 3) 2 = 25  ( x - 2)2 + [ y - (-3) ] = 52 The graph of the equation is a circle with center
(2, -3) and radius 5. Also, note that when expanded, in our original equation, the x 2 - and y 2 -terms have
the same positive coefficient.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
3. y = 2 x 2 + 3x - 4  y = 2 x 2 + 32 x - 4  y = 2 x 2 + 32 x + 16
9 - 9 -4  y = 2 x+ 3 +2 - 9 -4
16 4 16
2
( ) ( ) ( )
= 2 éê x - - 43 ( )ùúû
2 2
 y = 2 x + 34 - 98 - 4  y = 2 x + 34 - 41  y - - 41 The graph of this equation is a
8 8 ë
parabola opening upwards with a vertex of - 34 , - 41

8 ( )
. Also, note our original equation has an x 2 - term, but
no y 2 -term.
( ) ( ) ( )
2
4. x = 3 y 2 + 5 y - 6  x = 3 y 2 + 53 y + 36
25 - 25 - 6  x = 3 y + 5
36 6
+ 3 - 36
25 - 6 
2
( ) ( ) ( )
97  x - - 97 = 3 é y - - 5
( )ùúû
2 2
x = 3 y + 56 - 12
25 - 6  x = 3 y + 5
6
- 12 12 êë 6
The graph of this equation is a
( )
97 , - 5 . Also, note our original equation has a y 2 -term,
parabola opening to the right with a vertex of - 12 6
but no x 2 -term.
2
5. x -1 = -3( y - 4) The graph of this equation is a parabola opening to the left with a vertex of (1, 4). Also,
note when expanded, our original equation has a y 2 -term, but no x 2 -term.

x2 y 2 x2 y2
6. + =1 + = 1 The graph of this equation is an ellipse centered at the origin and x-intercepts
25 36 52 62
of 5 and –5, and y-intercepts of 6 and –6. Also, note in our original equation, the x 2 - and y 2 -terms both have
different positive coefficients.
x2 y2 x2 y2
7. + =1 + = 1 The graph of this equation is an ellipse centered at the origin and x-intercepts
49 100 72 102
of 7 and –7, and y-intercepts of 10 and –10. Also, note in our original equation, the x 2 - and y 2 -terms both
have different positive coefficients.
x2 y2
8. x 2 - y 2 = 1  - = 1 The graph of this equation is a hyperbola centered at the origin with
12 12
x- intercepts of 1 and –1, and asymptotes of y =  x. Also, note in our original equation, the x 2 - and y 2 -
terms have coefficients that are opposite in sign.
x2 y 2 x2 y2
9. - =1 - = 1 The graph of this equation is a hyperbola centered at the origin with x-
4 16 22 42
intercepts of 2 and –2, and asymptotes of y =  42 x = 2 x. Also, note in our original equation, the x 2 - and
y 2 -terms have coefficient that are opposite in sign.
2
( x + 2)2 ( y - 4) 2 [ x - (-2)] ( y - 4)2
10. + =1 + = 1 The graph of this equation is an ellipse centered at
9 16 32 42
(-2, 4) and vertices of (-2, 0) and (-2,8). The endpoints of the minor axis are (-5, 4) and (1, 4). Also,
note that when expanded, our original equation has x 2 - and y 2 -terms with positive coefficients.
x2 y 2 x2 y2
11. - =1 - = 1 The graph of this equation is a hyperbola centered at the origin with x-
25 25 52 52
intercepts of 5 and –5, and asymptotes of y =  55 x =  x. Also, note in our original equation, the x 2 - and
y 2 -terms have coefficients that are opposite in sign.
2
y + 7 = 4 ( x + 3)  y - (-7) = 4 éëê x - (-3)ùûú
2
12. The graph of this equation is a parabola opening upwards
with a vertex of (-3, -7). Also, note when expanded, our original equation has an x 2 - term, but no y 2 -
term.
2 2
x2 y2 x2 y2 ( x - 0 ) ( y - 0) ( x-h)
2
( y-k )
2
13. = 1-  + =1 + = 1 The equation is of the form + =1
4 9 4 9 22 32 b2 a2
with a = 3, b = 2, h = 0, and k = 0, so the graph of the given equation is an ellipse.

Section 7.3 587
2 2
x2 y2 x2 y 2 ( x - 0) ( y - 0) ( x-h)
2
( y-k )
2
14. = 1+  - =1 - = 1 The equation is of the form - =1
4 9 4 9 22 32 a2 b2
with a = 2, b = 3, h = 0, and k = 0, so the graph of the given equation is a hyperbola.
2 2
( x + 3) ( y - 2) 2
= 1  ( x + 3) + ( y - 2) = 16  éëê x - (-3)ùûú + ( y - 2) = 42 The equation is of the
2 2 2
15. +
16 16
2 2
form ( x - h) + ( y - k ) = r 2 with r = 4, h = -3, and k = 2, so the graph of the given equation is a circle.
2 2
16. x 2 = 25 - y 2  x 2 + y 2 = 25  x 2 + y 2 = 52 The equation is of the form ( x - h) + ( y - k ) = r 2 with
r = 5, h = 0, and k = 0, so the graph of the given equation is a circle.
( )
17. x 2 - 6 x + y = 0  y = -x 2 + 6 x  y = - x 2 - 6 x + 9 - 9  y = -( x - 3) + 9  y - 9 = -( x - 3)
2 2
2
The equation is of the form y - k = a ( x - h) with a = -1, h = 3, and k = 9, so the graph of the given
equation is a parabola.
( )
18. 11- 3x = 2 y 2 - 8 y  11- 3x = 2 y 2 - 4 y + 4 - 4  11- 3 x = 2 ( y - 2) - 8  -3 x + 19 = 2 ( y - 2)
2 2
(
 -3 x - 19
3 )
= 2 ( y - 2)  x - 19
3
2
= - 32 ( y - 2)
2 2
The equation is of the form x - h = a ( y - k ) with
a = - 23 , h = 19
3
, and k = 2, so the graph of the given equation is a parabola.
4 ( x - 3)
2
3( y + 4)
2
( x - 3)
2 é y - (-4)ù 2
ê ûú = 0
+ë
2 2
19. 4 ( x - 3) + 3( y + 4) = 0  + =0
12 12 3 4
The graph is the point (3, -4).
(
20. 2 x 2 - 8 x + 2 y 2 + 20 y = 12  x 2 - 4 x + y 2 + 10 y = 6  x 2 - 4 x + 4 - 4 + y 2 + 10 y + 25 - 25 = 6 ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
( x - 2) - 4 + ( y + 5) - 25 = 6  ( x - 2) + ( y + 5) = 6 + 4 + 25  ( x - 2) + ( y + 5) = 35 
( x - 2) + éêë y - (-5)ùúû = ( 35 ) The equation is of the form ( x - h) + ( y - k ) = r 2 with

2 2 2 2 2
r = 35, h = 2, and k = -5, so the graph of the given equation is a circle.
( )
21. x - 4 y 2 - 8 y = 0  x = 4 y 2 + 8 y  x = 4 y 2 + 2 y + 1-1  x = 4 ( y + 1) - 4  x - (-4) = 4 éëê y - (-1)ùûú
2 2
2
The equation is of the form x - h = a ( y - k ) with a = 4, h = -4, and k = -1, so the graph of the given
equation is a parabola.

2 2
22. x 2 + 2 x = - 4 y  x 2 + 2 x + 1-1 = - 4 y  ( x + 1) -1 = -4 y  ( x + 1) = -4 y + 1 
( x + 1) = -4 ( y - 14 )  y - 14 = - 14 éêë x - (-1)ùúû The equation is of the form y - k = a ( x - h) with

2 2 2
a = - 14 , h = -1, and k = 14 , so the graph of the given equation is a parabola.
23. ( ) (
6 x 2 -12 x + 6 y 2 -18 y + 25 = 0  6 x 2 - 2 x + 1-1 + 6 y 2 - 3 y + 94 - 94 = -25  )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
6 x 2 - 2 x + 1 - 6 + 6 y 2 - 3 y + 94 - 27
2
= -25  6 ( x -1) + 6 y - 32 = -25 + 6 + 27
2
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
6 ( x -1) + 6 y - 32 = - 50
2
+ 12
2
+ 27
2
 6 ( x -1) + 6 y - 32 = - 11
2
 ( x -1) + y - 32 = - 12
11
A sum of squares can never be negative. This equation has no graph.

24. ( ) (
4 x 2 - 24 x + 5 y 2 + 10 y + 41 = 0  4 x 2 - 6 x + 9 - 9 + 5 y 2 + 2 y + 1-1 = -41  )
2 2 2 2
4 ( x - 3) - 36 + 5 ( y + 1) - 5 = -41  4 ( x - 3) + 5 ( y + 1) = -41 + 36 + 5  4 ( x - 3) + 5 ( y + 1) = 0
2 2
4 ( x - 3)
2
5( y + 1)
2
( x - 3)
2 é y - (-1)ù 2
ê ûú = 0 . The graph is the
+ë
2 2
4 ( x - 3) + 5( y + 1) = 0  + =0
20 20 5 4
point (3, -1).
25. x 2 = 4 y - 8  x 2 = 4 ( y - 2)  y - 2 = 1 x -0 2 2
4
( ) The equation is of the form y - k = a ( x - h) with
a = 14 , h = 0, and k = 2, so the graph of the given equation is a parabola with vertex (0, 2) and vertical axis
x = 0 (the y-axis). Use the vertex and axis and plot a few additional points.
x2 y 2 2 2
26. + = 1  x 2 + y 2 = 4  x 2 + y 2 = 22 The equation is of the form ( x - h) + ( y - k ) = r 2 with
4 4
r = 2, h = 0, and k = 0, so the graph of the given equation is a circle with center (0, 0) and radius 2.
2 2
x2 y 2 ( x - 0) ( y - 0)
27. x 2 = 25 + y 2  x 2 - y 2 = 25  - =1 - = 1 The equation is of the form
25 25 52 52
2 2
( x-h) ( y-k )
- = 1 with a = 5, b = 5, h = 0, and k = 0, so the graph of the given equation is a hyperbola
a2 b2
with center (0, 0), vertices (−5, 0) and (5, 0), and asymptotes y =  x .

Section 7.3 589
2 2
x2 y2 ( x - 0) ( y - 0)
28. 9 x 2 + 36 y 2 = 36  + =1 + = 1 The equation is of the form
4 1 22 12
2 2
( x-h) ( y-k )
+ = 1 with a = 2, b = 1, h = 0, and k = 0, so the graph of the given equation is an ellipse with
a2 b2
center (0, 0), x-intercepts (−2, 0) and (2, 0), and y-intercepts (0, −1) and (0, 1).
x2 y 2
29. + = -1  x 2 + y 2 = - 4 A sum of squares can never be negative. This equation has no graph.
4 4
( x - 4)
2
( y + 1)
2
( x - 4)
2 é y - (-1)ù 2
ê ûú = 0 The graph is the point ( 4, -1).
30. + =0 +ë
8 2 8 2
2 2
31. y 2 - 4 y = x + 4  y 2 - 4 y + 4 - 4 = x + 4  ( y - 2) - 4 = x + 4  x + 8 = ( y - 2) 
2 2
x - (-8) = ( y - 2) The equation is of the form x - h = a ( y - k ) with a = 1, h = -8, and k = 2, so the
graph of the given equation is a parabola with vertex (−8, 2) and horizontal axis y = 2.
2 2 2 2
32. ( x + 7) + ( y - 5) + 4 = 0  ( x + 7) + ( y - 5) = -4 A sum of squares can never be negative. This
equation has no graph.
(
33. 3x 2 + 6 x + 3 y 2 -12 y = 12  x 2 + 2 x + y 2 - 4 y = 4  x 2 + 2 x + 1-1 + y 2 - 4 y + 4 - 4 = 4 ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
( x + 1) -1 + ( y - 2) - 4 = 4  ( x -1) + ( y - 2) = 4 + 1 + 4  ( x + 1) + ( y - 2) = 9
2
 éëê x - (-1)ùûú + ( y - 2) = 32 The equation is of the form ( x - h) + ( y - k ) = r 2 with
2 2 2
r = 3, h = -1, and k = 2, so the graph of the given equation is a circle with center (−1, 2) and radius 3.
34. -4 x 2 + 8 x + y 2 + 6 y = -6  4 x 2 - 8 x - y 2 - 6 y = 6  4 x 2 - 2 x ( )- ( y 2 + 6 y ) = 6 
( ) ( ) 2
4 x 2 - 2 x + 1-1 - y 2 + 6 y + 9 - 9 = 6  4 ( x -1) - 4 - ( y + 3) + 9 = 6 
2
2 2
2 2 ( x-h) ( y-k )
4 ( x -1) - ( y + 3) = 6 + 4 - 9  4( x -1)2 - ( y + 3)2 = 1 The equation is of the form - =1
a2 b2
with a = 12 , b = 1, h = 1, and k = -3, so the graph of the given equation is a hyperbola with center (1, −3),
vertices ( 12 , -3) and ( 32 , -3) , and asymptotes y = 2 x .
( ) (
35. 4 x 2 - 8 x + 9 y 2 - 36 y = -4  4 x 2 - 2 x + 1-1 + 9 y 2 - 4 y + 4 - 4 = -4  )

2 2 2 2
4 ( x -1) - 4 + 9 ( y - 2) - 36 = -4  4 ( x -1) + 9 ( y - 2) = 36 
2 2 2 2 2 2
4 ( x -1) 9 ( y - 2) ( x -1) ( y - 2) ( x -1) ( y - 2)
+ =1 + =1 + =1
36 36 9 4 32 22
2 2
( x-h) ( y-k )
The equation is of the form + = 1 with a = 3, b = 2, h = 1, and k = 2, so the graph of the
a2 b2
given equation is an ellipse with center (1, 2) and vertices (−2, 2), (4, 2), (1, 0) and (1, 4).
( )
36. 3x 2 + 12 x + 3 y 2 = 0  3 x 2 + 4 x + 4 - 4 + 3 y 2 = 0  3( x + 2) -12 + 3 y 2 = 0 
2
2 2 2
3( x + 2) + 3 y 2 = 0 + 12  3( x + 2) + 3 y 2 = 12  ( x + 2) + y 2 = 4 The equation is of the form
2 2
( x - h) + ( y - k ) = r 2 with r = 2, h = -2, and k = 0, so the graph of the given equation is a circle with
center (−2, 0) and radius 2.
Figure 36
37. Since the sum of the distances from two points (foci) is a constant, the conic section is an ellipse.
38. Since the difference of the distances from two points (foci) is a constant, the conic section is a hyperbola.
4
39. Since the ratio of the distance from a point to (3, 0) and the distance from a point to the line x = is 1.5,
3
the eccentricity is greater than 1. The conic section is a hyperbola.
1
40. Since the ratio of the distance from a point to (2, 0) and the distance from a point to the line x = 10 is , the
3
eccentricity is between 0 and 1. The conic section is an ellipse.
x2 y 2 c 1
41. 12 x 2 + 9 y 2 = 36  + = 1  a = 2, b = 3, and c = 4 - 3 = 1; d = = .
3 4 a 2

Section 7.3 591
x2 y2 c 18
42. 8 x 2 - y 2 = 16  - = 1  a = 2, b = 4, and c = 2 + 16 = 18; e = = = 3.
2 16 a 2
x2 y 2 c 8
43. x2 - y2 = 4  - = 1  a = 2, b = 2, and c = 4 + 4 = 8; e = = = 2.
4 4 a 2
x2 y2 c 2 2
44. x2 + 2 y2 = 8  + = 1  a = 8, b = 2, and c = 8 - 4 = 2; e = = = .
8 4 a 8 2
x2 y2 c 3 21
45. 4 x 2 + 7 y 2 = 28  + = 1  a = 7 , b = 2, and c = 7 - 4 = 3; e = = = .
7 4 a 7 7
x2 y2 1 1 10 c 10 3
46. 9 x 2 - y 2 = 1  - = 1  a = , b = 1, and c = +1 = ; e= =  = 10.
1 1 3 9 3 a 3 1
9
x2 y2 c 20 10
47. x 2 - 9 y 2 = 18  - = 1  a = 18, b = 2, and c = 18 + 2 = 20; e = = = .
18 2 a 18 3
x2 y2 c 3 3 10
48. x 2 + 10 y 2 = 10  + = 1  a = 10, b = 1, and c = 10 -1 = 3; e = = = .
10 1 a 10 10
49. Since e = 1, the conic is a parabola. With center (0, 0) and focus (0,8), the equation is
x 2 = 4cy  x 2 = 32 y.
50. Since e = 1, the conic is a parabola. With center (0, 0) and focus (-2, 0), the equation is
y 2 = 4cx  y 2 = -8 x.
c 3 1
51. Since 0 < e < 1, the conic is an ellipse with c = 3. Now = e  =  a = 6. For an ellipse,
a a 2
x2 y 2
b2 = a 2 - c 2 = 36 - 9 = 27. The equation is + = 1.
36 27
c 2 2
52. Since 0 < e < 1, the conic is an ellipse with c = 2. Now = e  =  a = 3. For an ellipse,
a a 3
x2 y 2
b2 = a 2 - c 2 = 9 - 4 = 5. The equation is + = 1.
5 9
c c
53. Since e > 1, the conic is a hyperbola with a = 6. Now = e  = 2  c = 12. For a hyperbola,
a 6
x2 y2
b2 = c 2 - a 2 = 144 - 36 = 108. The equation is - = 1.
36 108
c c 5 20
54. Since e > 1 , the conic is a hyperbola with a = 4. Now = e  =  c = . For a hyperbola,
a 4 3 3
400 256 y2 x2 y2 9 x2
b2 = c 2 - a 2 = -16 = . The equation is - = 1 or - = 1.
9 9 16 256 16 256
9

55. Since e = 1, the conic is a parabola. With center (0, 0) and focus (0, -1), the equation is
x 2 = 4cy  x 2 = -4 y.
c 2 6 5
56. Since e > 1, the conic is a hyperbola with c = 2. Now = e  =  a = . For a hyperbola,
a a 5 3
25 11 x2 y 2 9 x2 9 y2
b2 = c 2 - a 2 = 4 - = . The equation is + = 1 or - = 1.
9 9 25 11 25 11
9 9
c c 4 12
57. Since 0 < e < 1, the conic is an ellipse with a = 3. Now = e  =  c = . For an ellipse,
a 3 5 5
144 81 x2 y 2 25 x 2 y 2
b2 = a 2 - c 2 = 9 - = . The equation is + = 1 or + = 1.
25 25 81 9 81 9
25
c c 7 28
58. Since e > 1 , the conic is a hyperbola with a = 4. Now = e  =  c = . For a hyperbola,
a 4 3 3
784 640 y2 x2 y2 9 x2
b2 = c 2 - a 2 = -16 = . The equation is - = 1 or - = 1.
9 9 16 640 16 640
9
59. From the graph, the coordinates of P (a point on the graph) are (–3, 8), the coordinates of F (a focus) are
(3, 0), the equation of L (the directrix) is x = 27. By the distance formula, the distance from P to F is
2
( x2 - x1 ) + ( y2 - y1 ) = éêë3 - (-3)ùûú + (0 - 8) = 62 + (-8) = 36 + 64 = 100 = 10
2 2 2 2
The distance from a point to a line is defined as the perpendicular distance, so the distance from P to L is
27 - (-3) = 30. Thus, e = Distance of P from F = 10 = 1 .
Distance of P from L 30 3
60. From the graph, the coordinates of P (a point on the graph) are 4, 10
3 ( )
, the coordinates of F (a focus) are
(-4, 0) , the equation of L (the directrix) is x = -9. By the distance formula, the distance from P to F is as
( x2 - x1 ) + ( y2 - y1 ) = (-4 - 4) + (0 - 103 ) = (-8) + (- 103 )

2 2 2 2 2 2
follows.
= 64 + 100
9
= 576
9
+ 100
9
= 676
9
= 26
3
The distance from a point to a line is defined as the perpendicular
26
distance, so the distance from P to L is 4 - (-9) = 13. Thus, e = Distance of P from F
Distance of P from L
= 3
13
= 26 ⋅ 1
3 13
= 23 .
61. From the graph, we see that F = ( )

2, 0 and L is the vertical line x = - 2 . Choose (0, 0) , the vertex of the
parabola, as P. Distance of P from F = 2, and distance of P from L = 2. Thus, we have

2
e= Distance of P from F
= = 1.
2
( )
62. From the graph, the coordinates of P are -27, 48 34 , the coordinates of F are (27, 0), the equation of L is
x = 4. By the distance formula, the distance from P to F is as follows.
( x2 - x1 ) + ( y2 - y1 ) = éêë 27 - (-27)ùúû + (0 - 48 34 ) = 542 + (- 195

4 )
2 2 2 2 2
= 2916 + 38,025
16

Section 7.3 593
46,656
= 16
+ 38,025
16
= 84,681
16
= 291
4
The distance from a point to a line is defined as the perpendicular
291
distance, so the distance from P to L is 4 - (-27) = 31. Thus, e = Distance of P from F
= 4
31
= 124
291 » 2.3.
63. From the graph, we see that P = (9, –7.5), F = (9, 0) and L is the vertical line x = 4. Distance of P from
F = 7.5, and distance of P from L = 5. Thus, e = Distance of P from F = 7.5 = 1.5.
Distance of P from L 5
64. From the graph, P = (5, 20), F = (20,0) and L is the vertical line x = –20. By the distance formula, the
2 2 2
distance from P to F is (20 - 5) + (0 - 20) = 152 + (-20) = 225 + 400 = 625 = 25 and distance
of P from L = 5 - (-20) = 25. Thus, e = Distance of P from F
= 25
25
= 1.
65. Add the equations to eliminate the y 2 :
x 2 + y 2 = 10
2 x 2 - y 2 = 17
3x 2 = 27  x 2 = 9  x = 3.
Substituting these values into [equation 1] yields (-3)2 + y 2 = 10  y 2 = 1  y = 1 and
(3)2 + y 2 = 10  y 2 = 1  y = 1. The solution set is {(-3,1), (-3, -1), (3,1) ,(3, -1)}.
66. Multiply [equation 1] by 3 and add to eliminate the y 2 :
3x 2 + 3 y 2 = 12
2 x 2 - 3 y 2 = -12
5x2 = 0  5 x 2 = 0  x = 0.
Substituting 0 into [equation 1] for x, yields (0) 2 + y 2 = 4  y 2 = 4  y = 2. The solution set is
{(0, 2), (0, -2)}.

67. Multiply [equation 1] by 3 and subtract to eliminate the x 2 :
3x 2 + 6 y 2 = 27
3x 2 - 4 y 2 = 27
10 y 2 = 0  10 y 2 = 0  y = 0.
2
Substituting 0 into [equation 1] for y, yields x 2 + 2 (0) = 9  x 2 = 9  x = 3 . The solution set is
{(3, 0), (-3, 0)}.

68. Multiply [equation 1] by 4 and [equation 2] by 3 and add to eliminate the y 2 :
8 x 2 + 12 y 2 = 20
9 x 2 -12 y 2 = -3
17 x 2 = 17  x 2 = 1  x = 1.

2
Substituting these values into [equation 1] yields 2 (1) + 3 y 2 = 5  3 y 2 = 3  y 2 = 1  y = 1 and
2
2 (-1) + 3 y 2 = 5  3 y 2 = 3  y 2 = 1  y = 1 . The solution set is {(1,1), (1, -1), (-1,1), (-1, -1)}.
69. Multiply [equation 1] by 3 and [equation 2] by 2 and subtract to eliminate both x 2 and y 2 :
6 x 2 + 6 y 2 = 60
6 x 2 + 6 y 2 = 60
0 = 0  infinite number of solutions. The solutions have the following relationship:
2 x 2 + 2 y 2 = 20  2 y 2 = 20 - 2 x 2  y 2 = 10 - x 2  y =  10 - x 2 . The solution set is

ìæ
ï 2ö æ 2 öïü
íçç x, - 10 - x ÷÷÷ , çç x, 10 - x ÷÷÷ý .
ï
ï
î è ø è ø ï
ï
þ
70. Multiply [equation 1] by 5 and subtract to eliminate both x 2 and y 2 :
5 x 2 + 5 y 2 = 20
5 x 2 + 5 y 2 = 28
0 =- 8  Æ.
71. First solve [equation 2] for x: x - y = -2  x = y - 2 [equation 3]. Now substitute y - 2 for x in
2
( )
[equation 1]: 3( y - 2) + 2 y 2 = 5  3 y 2 - 4 y + 4 + 2 y 2 = 5  3 y 2 -12 y + 12 + 2 y 2 - 5 = 0 
7
5 y 2 -12 y + 7 = 0  (5 y - 7)( y -1) = 0  y = 1 or . Substituting these values into [equation 3]
5
æ7ö 3 ìïæ 3 7 ö üï
yields x = (1) - 2  x = -1 and x = çç ÷÷÷ - 2  x = - . The solution set is íïçç- , ÷÷÷ , (-1,1)ýï.
çè 5 ø 5 ïîïèç 5 5 ø ïþï
72. If x = y then x = y or x = - y. Substituting into [equation 1] when x = y, yields

2
2 ( y ) - y 2 = 4  y 2 = 4  y = 2. The solutions are (2,2) and (-2,-2). Substituting into [equation 1]
2
when x = - y, yields 2 (- y ) - y 2 = 4  y 2 = 4  y = 2. The solutions are (2,-2) and (-2,2). The
solution set is {(-2, -2), (-2, 2), (2, -2), (2, 2)}.
73. Add the equations to eliminate the y 2 :
x2 + y2 = 8
x2 - y2 = 0
2 x2 = 8  x 2 = 4  x = 2.
Substituting these values into [equation 2] yields (-2)2 - y 2 = 0  y 2 = 4  y = 2 and
(2)2 - y 2 = 0  y 2 = 4  y = 2 The solution set is {(-2, -2), (-2, 2), (2, -2), (2, 2)}.

Section 7.3 595
74. Multiply [equation 1] by –2 and add to eliminate both x 2 and y 2 :
-4 x 2 - 6 y 2 = -10
4 x2 + 6 y2 = 8
0 =- 2  Æ.
75. Subtract the equations to eliminate both x 2 and y 2
x 2 + xy + y 2 = 3
x 2 - xy + y 2 = 1
1
2 xy =2 y=
x
æ 1 ö æ 1 ö2 1
Substituting this result into [equation 2] yields x 2 - x çç ÷÷ + çç ÷÷ = 1  x 2 -1 + =1
çè x ÷ø çè x ø÷ x2
( )( )
x 4 - x 2 + 1 = x 2  x 4 - 2 x 2 + 1 = 0  x 2 -1 x 2 -1 = 0  x = 1 . Substitute these values into
1 1 1
y=
x
yields y =
-1
= -1 and y = = 1 The solution set is
1
{(1,1), (-1, -1)}.
76. Add the equations to eliminate both xy and y 2
x 2 + 2 xy - y 2 = 7
x 2 - 2 xy + y 2 = 1
2 x2 = 8  x 2 = 4  x = 2
2
Substituting these results into [equation 2] yields (-2) - 2 (-2) y + y 2 = 1  4 + 4 y + y 2 = 1 
2
y 2 + 4 y + 3 = 0  ( y + 3)( y + 1) = 0  y = -3, -1 and ( 2) - 2 (2) y + y 2 = 1  4 - 4 y + y 2 = 1 
y 2 - 4 y + 3 = 0  ( y - 3)( y -1) = 0  y = 1,3 . The solution set is {(2,1), (2,3), (-2, -1), (-2, -3)}.
77. Add the equations to eliminate both xy and y 2
x 2 - xy + y 2 = 5
2 x 2 + xy - y 2 = 10
3x 2 = 15  x 2 = 5  x =  5
( ) -(- 5 ) y + y 2 = 5  5 +
2
Substituting these results into [equation 1] yields - 5 5 y + y2 = 5 
( ) ( 5 ) -( 5 ) y + y 2 = 5  5 -
2
y 2 + 5 y = 0  y y + 5 = 0  y = 0, - 5 and 5 y + y2 = 5 
y2 - 5 y = 0  y ( y - 5 ) = 0  y = 0, 5.
The solution set is {( )( )(

5, 0 , - 5, 0 , )(
5, 5 , - 5, - 5 . )}

78. Add the equations to eliminate y 2 :
x 2 + 3xy + y 2 = 5
x 2 - 2 xy - y 2 = -7
-2 x 2 - 2
2 x 2 + xy = -2  xy = -2 x 2 - 2  y =
x
æ -2 x 2 - 2 ö÷ æ -2 x 2 - 2 ÷ö2
ç ÷÷ - çç ÷÷ = -7 
Substituting this results into [equation 2] yields x - 2 x çç
2
÷÷ çç ÷÷
çè x ø è x ø
æ 4 + 8 x 2 + 4 x 4 ö÷
ç ÷÷ = -7  x 4 + 4 x 4 + 4 x 2 - 4 - 8 x 2 - 4 x 4 = -7 x 2 
x 2 + 4 x 2 + 4 - çç ÷÷
çè x2 ø
( )( )
x 4 + 3x 2 - 4 = 0  x 2 -1 x 2 + 4 = 0  x 2 -1 = 0 or x 2 + 4 = 0  x = 1, 2i . Since we are looking
-2 x 2 - 2
for only real solutions we will only use x = 1 . Substituting these values into y = yields:
x
2
-2(-1)2 - 2 -2 (1) - 2
y=
-1
= 4 and y =
1
= -4 , The solution set is {(1, -4),(-1, 4)}.
2 x2 + y 2 + 3z 2 = 3
79. First solve [equation 3] for y and substitute into [equation 2]: 2 x + y - z = 1
x +y =0
x + y = 0  y = -x : 2 x - x - z = 1  x - z = 1  z = x -1 , Substituting y = -x and z = x -1 into
2
[equation 1] yields: 2 x 2 + (-x)2 + 3( x -1) = 3  2 x 2 + x 2 + 3x 2 - 6 x + 3 = 3  6 x 2 - 6 x = 0 
6 x ( x -1) = 0  x = 0,1 . Substitute these values to find y and z. y = -(0) = 0, z = 0 -1 = -1 and
y = -(1) = -1, z = 1-1 = 0 , The solution set is {(0, 0, -1), (1, -1, 0)} .
x2 + y2 + z 2 = 4
80. First solve [equation 3] for y and substitute into [equation 2]: x + y + z = 2
x -y =0
x - y = 0  y = x, x + x + z = 2  2 x + z = 2  z = 2 - 2 x , Substituting y = x and z = 2 - 2 x into
2
[equation 1] yields: x 2 + ( x)2 + (2 - 2 x ) = 4  x 2 + x 2 + 4 - 8 x + 4 x 2 = 4  6 x 2 - 8 x = 0 
4
2 x (3 x - 4) = 0  x = 0, . Substitute these values to find y and z. y = (0) = 0, z = 2 - 2 (0) = 2 and
3
æ 4ö æ4ö 2 ïìï æ 4 4 2 öïü
y = çç ÷÷ , z = 2 - 2 çç ÷÷ = - , The solution set is
çè 3 ÷ø çè 3 ÷ø í(0,0, 2) , ççç , , - ÷÷÷ïý .
3 ïîï è 3 3 3 øïþï
81. See Figure 81.
82. See Figure 82.
83. See Figure 83.

Section 7.3 597
84. See Figure 84.
85. See Figure 85.
86. See Figure 86.
c 43
87. For an ellipse, c = a 2 - b2 = 5013 - 4970 = 43. The eccentricity is e = = » .093.
a 5013
c c
88. (a) For Neptune: =e = .009  c = .2709 and b = a 2 - c 2 = 30.12 - .27092 » 30.1. Since
a 30.1
( x - .2709)2 y2
the sun is at the focus, the equation is + = 1.
30.12 30.12
c c
For Pluto: =e = .249  c = 9.8106 and b = a 2 - c 2 = 39.2 - 9.81062 » 38.16.
a 39.4
( x - 9.8106)2 y2
Since the sun is at the focus, the equation is + = 1.
39.42 38.162
( x - 9.8106) 2
(b) Graph y1 = 30.12 - ( x - .2709)2 , y2 = - y1 , y3 = 38.16 1- and a = 4
39.42
See Figure 88.

[-10,10] by [-10,10]
Xscl = 1 Yscl = 1
Figure 88
y2 x2
89. (a) Earth orbits every 365 ⋅ 24 ⋅ 60 ⋅ 60 = 31,536, 000 seconds. Thus - = 1 The maximum velocity
16 9
2 (1.496´108 ) 1 + .0167
of Earth is vmax = » 30.3 km per sec. The maximum velocity of Earth is
31,536, 000 1- .0167
2 (1.496´108 ) 1 + .0167
vmin = » 29.3 km per sec.
31,536, 000 1- .0167
(b) The minimum and maximum velocities are equal. Therefore, the planet’s velocity is constant.
(c) A planet is at its maximum and minimum distances from a focus when it is located at the vertices of the
ellipse. Thus the minimum and maximum velocities of a planet will occur at the vertices of the elliptical
orbit, which are a + c for the minimum and a - c for the maximum.
c
90. Since the eccentricity is 0.9673, = 0.9673  c = 0.9673a. Since the greatest distance is 3281 miles,
a
a + c = 3281. Solving these two equations simultaneously results in a » 16667.8 and c » 1613.2. The
minimum distance is a - c = 1667.8 -1613.2 » 55 million miles.
91. Here a + c = 94.6 and a - c = 91.4. Solving these equations simultaneously results in a = 93 and c = 1.6 .
c 1.6
The eccentricity is e = = » 0.0172.
a 93
a 2 + b2 362 + 35.22
92. P = 2 = 2 » 223.7 million miles.
2 2
7.4: Parametric Equations
t - 2 -1 0 1 2
1. x -3 -1 1 3 5
y - 4 -3 -2 -1 0
t - 2 -1 0 1 2
2. x 3 2 1 0 -1
y - 4 -1 2 5 8

Section 7.4 599
t -2 -1 0 1 2
3. x -1 0 1 2 3
y 3 0 -1 0 3
t - 2 -1 0 1 2
4. x -3 -2 -1 0 1
y 6 3 2 3 6
t -2 -1 0 1 2
5. x 6 3 2 3 6
y 3 2 1 0 1
t - 2 -1 0 1 2
6. x -2 1 2 1 -2
y -1 0 1 2 3

1 1
7. See Figure 7. From the first equation, x = 2t  t = x. By substitution in the second equation, y = x + 1.
2 2
When t is in [-2,3], the range of x = 2t is x in [-4, 6].
8. See Figure 8. From the first equation, x = t + 2  t = x - 2. By substitution in the second equation,
y = ( x - 2)2 . When t is in [-1,1], the range of x = t + 2 is x in [1,3].
9. See Figure 9. From the first equation, x = t  t = x 2 . By substitution in the second equation,
y = 3 x 2 - 4. When t is in [0, 4], the range of x = t is x in [0, 2].

10. See Figure 10. From the second equation, y = t  t = y 2 . By substitution in the first equation, x = y 4 .
When t is in [0, 4], the range of y = t is x in [0, 2].
[-8,8] by [-8,8] [0,4] by [-2,2] [-6,6] by [-6,10] [-2,20] by [0,4]

11. See Figure 11. From the first equation, x = t 3 + 1  t 3 = x -1. By substitution in the second equation,
y = x - 2. When t is in [-3,3], the range of x = t 3 + 1 is x in [-26, 28].
1
12. See Figure 12. From the first equation, x = 2t -1  t = ( x + 1). By substitution in the second equation,
2
1
y= ( x + 1)2 + 2. When t is in [-10,10], the range of x = 2t -1 is x in [-21,19].
4
y 2 +1
13. See Figure 13. From the second equation, y = 3t -1  t = . By substitution in the second equation,
3
2 é1 ù
x = 2( y +1) 3. When t is in ê , 4ú , the range of y = 3t = -1 is y in [0, 11].
ëê 3 ûú
14. See Figure 14. From the first equation, x = ln(t -1)  t = e x + 1. By substitution in the second equation,
y = 2e x + 1. When t is in (1,10], the range of x = ln(t -1) is x in (-¥, ln 9].
[-30,30] by [-30,30] [-20,20] by [0,120] [-2,30] by [-2,10] [-5,5] by [-2,20]

15. See Figure 15. From the first equation, x = t + 2  t = x - 2. By substitution in the second equation,
1
y =- 9 - ( x - 2)2 . When t is in [-3,3], the range of x = t + 2 is x in [-1,5].
2
16. See Figure 16. From the first equation, x = t  t = x. By substitution in the second equation, y = 4 - x 2 .
2
When t is in [-2, 2], the range of x = t is y =  x in [-2, 2].
3

Section 7.4 601
1
17. See Figure 17. From the first equation, x = t  t = x. By substitution in the second equation, y = . When
x
t is in (-¥, 0)  (0, ¥), the range of x = t is x in (-¥, 0)  (0, ¥).
x +1
18. See Figure 18. From the first equation, x = 2t -1  t = . By substitution in the second equation,
2
2
y= . When t is in (-¥, 0)  (0, ¥), the range of x = t + 3 is x in (-¥, 0)  (0, ¥).
x +1
[-6,6] by [-4,4] [-6,6] by [-4,4] [-6,6] by [-4,4] [-6,6] by [-4,4]

Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure17 Figure 18
1 1
19. From the first equation, x = 3t  t = x. By substitution in the second equation, y = x -1. When t is in
3 3
(-¥, ¥), the range of x = 3t is x in (-¥, ¥).
20. From the first equation, x = t + 3  t = x - 3. By substitution in the second equation, y = 2( x - 3). When t
is in (-¥, ¥), the range of x = t + 3 is x in (-¥, ¥).
21. From the second equation, y = t + 1  t = y -1. By substitution in the first equation, x = 3( y -1)2 . When t
is in (-¥, ¥), the range of y = t + 1 is y in (-¥, ¥).
1 2
22. From the first equation, x = t - 2  t = x + 2. By substitution in the second equation, y = ( x + 2) + 1.
2
When t is in (-¥, ¥), the range of x = t - 2 is x in (-¥, ¥).
y æ y ö2 3
23. From the second equation, y = 4t 3  t = 3 . By substitution in the first equation, x = 3çç ÷÷÷ . When t is
4 çè 4 ø
in (-¥, ¥), the range of y = 4t 3 is y in (-¥, ¥).
x æ x ö2 3
24. From the first equation, x = 2t 3  t = 3 . By substitution in the second equation, y = -çç ÷÷÷ . When t is
2 çè 2 ø
in (-¥, ¥), the range of x = 2t 3 is x in (-¥, ¥).
25. From the first equation, x = t  t = x. By substitution in the second equation, y = x 2 + 2. When t is in
(-¥, ¥), the range of x = t is x in (-¥, ¥).

26. From the first equation, x = t  t = x 2 . By substitution in the second equation, y = t 4 -1. When t is in
[0, ¥), the range of x = t is x in [0, ¥).
1
27. From the first equation, x = et  t = ln x. By substitution in the second equation, y = . When t is in
x
(-¥, ¥), the range of x = et is x in (0, ¥).
28. From the second equation, y = et  t = ln y. By substitution in the first equation, x = y 2 . When t is in
(-¥, ¥), the range of y = et is y in (0, ¥).
1 1
29. From the first equation, x = t = - 2. By substitution in the second equation, y = 1- 2 x 2 .
t +2 x2
1
When t is in (-2, ¥), the range of x = is x in (0, ¥).
t+2
t x
30. From the first equation, x = t= . By substitution in the second equation, y = x -1. When t
t -1 x -1
t
is in (1, ¥), the range of x = is x in (1, ¥).
t -1
1
31. From the first equation, x = t + 2  t = x - 2. By substitution in the second equation, y = . When t has
x
the restriction t ¹ 2, the range of x = t + 2 has the restriction x ¹ 0.
2
32. From the first equation, x = t - 3  t = x + 3. By substitution in the second equation, y = . When t has
x
the restriction t ¹ 3, the range of x = t - 3 has the restriction x ¹ 0.
33. From the first equation, x = t 2  t = x . By substitution in the second equation, y = ln x. When t is in
(0, ¥), the range of x = ln t is x in (0, ¥).
34. From the first equation, x = ln t  t = e x . By substitution in the second equation, y = 3 x. When t is in
(0, ¥), the range of x = ln t is x in (-¥, ¥).
1 æ1 ö t +3 æ t + 3 ö÷
35. For x = t , y = 2 çç t ÷÷÷ + 3  y = t + 3. For x = , y = 2 çç + 3  y = t + 6.
2 ç
è2 ø 2 çè 2 ÷÷ø
3 3 3
36. For x = 2t , y = (2t )- 4  y = 3t - 4. For x = t + 2, y = (t + 2) - 4  y = t -1.
2 2 2

Section 7.4 603
1 æ1 ö t -2 æ t - 2 ö÷
37. For x = t , y 3çç t ÷÷÷ + 2  y = t + 2 for t in [-2, ¥). For x = , y = 3çç ÷+ 2  y = t
3 èç 3 ø 3 èç 3 ÷ø
for t in [0, ¥).
38. For x = t -1, y = (t -1 + 1) 2 + 1  y = t 2 + 1. For x = 2t , y = (2t + 1)2 + 1  y = 4t 2 + 4t + 2.
39. For x = t 3 + 1, t 3 + 1 = y 3 + 1  y = t. For x = t , t = y 3 + 1  y = 3 t -1.
40. For x = 2(t - 3)2 - 4, 2(t - 3)2 - 4 = 2( y - 3)2 - 4  y = t. For x = 2t 2 - 4,
2t 2 - 4 = 2( y - 3)2 - 4  y - 3 = t  y = t + 3.
41. For x = t + 1, t + 1 = y + 1  y = t for t in [-1, ¥). For x = t ,
t = y + 1  y + 1 = t  y = t -1 for t in [0, ¥).
1 1 1 1 1 1
42. For x = , =  y = t for t ¹ -1. For x = , =  y + 1 = t  y = t -1 for t ¹ 1.
t +1 t +1 y +1 t t y +1
2
43. (a) Find t when y = 0. 400 t -16t 2 = 0  16t 2 - 200 2t = 0  t (16t - 200 2) = 0 
2
200 2
16t - 200 2 = 0  16t = 200 2  t = » 17.7 seconds.
16
2
(b) Find x when t » 17.7. x = 400 ⋅ (17.7) » 5000 feet.
2
2
(c) Find y when x » 8.85 (half the total time). y = 400 ⋅ (8.85) -16(8.85)2 » 1250 feet.
2
800
44. (a) Find t when y = 0 . t -16t 2 = 0  16t 2 - 400t = 0  t (16t - 400) = 0 
2
400
16t - 400 = 0  16t = 400  t = = 25 seconds.
16
3
(b) Find x when t = 25. x = 800 ⋅ (25) » 17,320.5 feet.
2
800 2
(c) Find y when x = 12.5 (half the total time). y = (12.5) -16 (12.5) = 2500 feet.
2
x
45. See Figure 45. From the first equation, x = 60 t  t = . By substitution in the second equation,
60
æ xö æ x ö2 4 x2
y = 80 çç ÷÷ -16 çç ÷÷  y = x - .
çè 60 ÷ø çè 60 ÷ø 3 225

46. See Figure 46. From the first equation, x = t 2  t = x . By substitution in the second equation,
1
y = -16 x + 64 x 4.
[0,300] by [0,200] [0,300] by [0,200]

Figure 45 Figure 46
2 2x
47. From the first equation, x = v0 t t = . By substitution in the second equation,
2 v0 2
2 æç 2 x ö÷÷ æ 2 x ö÷2
y = v0 çç - çç ÷÷  y = x - 32 x 2 .
÷ 16 çç
2 çè v0 2 ÷÷ø è 0 v 2 ø÷
÷
(v )
2
0
2
b 1 v2 v 2 32 æç v0 2 ÷÷ö v 2 v2 2v 2 v 2 v2
48. x=- =- = 0 . y= 0 - çç ÷ = 0 - 0  y= 0 - 0  y= 0 .
2a æ 32 ö÷ 64 ÷
64 v0 2 ççè 64 ÷ø 64 128 128 128 128
ç
2 çç- 2 ÷÷÷
çè v ø÷
0
æ v 2 v 2 ö÷
ç
The vertex is çç 0 , 0 ÷÷÷.
ççè 64 128 ÷ø
49. A line through ( x1 , y1 ) with slope m is given by y - y1 = m ( x - x1 ). For x = t , y - y1 = m (t - x1 ).
For t = x - x1 , y - y1 = mt  y = mt + y1. Many answers are possible.
50. For x = t , y = a(t - h) 2 + k . For x = t + h, y = at 2 + k . Many answers are possible
Reviewing Basic Concepts (Sections 7.3 and 7.4)
1. 3x 2 + y 2 - 6 x + 6 y = 0  3( x 2 - 2 x + 1) + ( y 2 + 6 y + 9) = 0 + 3 + 9 
( x -1)2 ( y + 3)2
3( x -1)2 + ( y + 3) 2 = 12  + = 1; ellipse centered at (1, -3).
4 12
2. y 2 - 2 x 2 + 8 y - 8 x - 4 = 0  ( y 2 + 8 y + 16) - 2( x 2 + 4 x + 4) = 4 + 16 - 8 
2
( y + 4)2 ( x + 2)
( y + 4)2 - 2( x + 2) 2 = 12  - = 1; hyperbola centered at (-4, -2).
12 6

Section 7.4 605
5
3. 3 y 2 + 12 y + 5 x = 3  3( y 2 + 4 y + 4) = -5 x + 3 + 12  3( y + 2)2 = -5( x - 3)  ( y + 2)2 = ( x - 3);
3
parabola with center (3, -2) that opens to the left.
x2 y 2 c 24 2 6
4. x 2 + 25 y 2 = 25  + = 1  a = 5, b = 1, and c = 25 -1 = 24. e = = = .
25 1 a 5 5
y2 x2 c 3
5. 8 y 2 - 4 x 2 = 8  - = 1  a = 1, b = 2, and c = 1 + 2 = 3. e = = = 3.
1 2 a 1
x2 y2 c 3 1
6. 3x 2 + 4 y 2 = 108  + = 1  a = 6, b = 27 , and c = 36 - 27 = 9. e = = = .
36 27 a 6 2
7. Since e = 1, the conic is a parabola. With center (0, 0) and focus (-2, 0), the equation is
y 2 = 4cx  y 2 = -8 x.
8. The ellipse is centered between the foci at (0, 0). The major axis is horizontal with a = 5. Since the foci are
(3, 0), we know that c = 3. Since c 2 = a 2 - b2 , the value of b can be found by substitution.
x2 y 2
25 16
9. The hyperbola has a vertical transverse axis with c = 5. The vertices are (0, 4) , so a = 4. The center is
located between the foci at (0, 0). Since c 2 = a 2 + b2 , the value of b can be found by substitution.
y 2 x2
b2 = c 2 - a 2 = 52 - 42 = 25 -16 = 9  b = 3. The equation is - = 1.
16 9
b 2 x2 y 2
From the asymptotes, = with. a = 3  b = 2. The equation is - = 1.
a 3 9 4
11. Add 2 multiplied by [equation 1] to equation 2 to eliminate x 2 :
4 x 2 + 2 y 2 = 18
-4 x 2 + 3 y 2 = 27
5 y 2 = 45  y 2 = 9  y = 3
2
Substitute these values into [equation 1] to solve for x: 2 x 2 + (3) = 9  2 x 2 = 0  x = 0,
2 x 2 + (-3) 2 = 9  2 x 2 = 0  x = 0 , The solution set is {(0, -3), (0,3)} .

12. See Figure 12.
13. Using a vertical minor axis, b = 9. The major axis has length 30, so a = 15. The equation is
x2 y2 62 y2 y2 36 æ 36 ö÷
+ = 1. When x = 6, + =1 = 1-  y 2 = 81çç1- 
225 81 225 81 81 225 çè 225 ÷÷ø
æ 36 ö÷
y = 81çç1- » 8.25 feet.
çè 225 ÷÷ø
14. (a) See Figure 14.
x x2
(b) From the first equation, x = 2t  t = . By substitution in the second equation, y = + 1.
2 4
Figure 12 Figure 14
Chapter 7 Review Exercises

2 2
1. Here h = -2, k = 3, and r 2 = 52 = 25. The equation is ( x + 2) + ( y - 3) = 25. See Figure 1. From the
figure, the domain is [-7,3], and the range is [-2,8].
( 3) ( ) +( y + 7 )
2 2 2
2. Here h = 5, k = - 7 , and r 2 = = 3. The equation is x - 5 = 3. See Figure 2.
From the figure, the domain is éê 5 - 3, 5 + 3 ùú , and the range is éê- 7 - 3, - 7 + 3 ùú .

ë û ë û
2 2
3. The radius is the distance between (-8,1) and (0,16). r = (0 - (-8)) + (16 -1) = 64 + 225 = 17.
2 2
Here h = -8, k = 1, and r 2 = 17 2 = 289. The equation is ( x + 8) + ( y -1) = 289. See Figure 3. From
the figure, the domain is [-25,9], and the range is [-16,18].

Section 7.R 607
4. If the center is (3, -6), the circle must touch the x-axis at the point (3, 0). The radius is 6. Here h = 3,
2 2
k = -6, and r 2 = 62 = 36. The equation is ( x - 3) + ( y + 6) = 36. See Figure 4. From the figure, the
domain is [-3,9], and the range is [-12, 0].
5. ( ) 2
x 2 - 4 x + y 2 + 6 y + 12 = 0  ( x 2 - 4 x + 4) + y 2 + 6 y + 9 = -12 + 4 + 9  ( x - 2) + ( y + 3) = 1.
2
The circle has center (2, -3), and radius r = 1.
6. ( ) 2
x 2 - 6 x + y 2 -10 y + 30 = 0  ( x 2 - 6 x + 9) + y 2 -10 y + 25 = -30 + 9 + 25  ( x - 3) + ( y - 5) = 4.
2
The circle has center (3,5), and radius r = 2.
Figure 4
7. 2 x + 14 x + 2 y 2 + 6 y = -2  x 2 + 7 x + y 2 + 3 y = -1 
2
æ 2 ö æ ö æ ö2 æ ö2
çç x + 7 x + 49 ÷÷ + çç y 2 + 3 y + 9 ÷÷ = -1 + 49 + 9  çç x + 7 ÷÷ + çç y + 3 ÷÷ = 54 .
èç 4 ÷ø èç 4 ÷ø 4 4 èç 2 ÷ø èç 2 ÷ø 4
æ 7 3ö 54 3 6
The circle has center çç- , - ÷÷÷ , and radius r = = .
çè 2 2 ø 2 2
8. 3x 2 + 3 y 2 + 33x -15 y = 0  x 2 + 11x + y 2 - 5 = 0 
æ 2 121ö÷ æç 2 25 ö 121 25 æ ö2 æ ö2
ççç x + 11x + ÷ + ç y - 5 y + ÷÷÷ = 0 + +  çç x + 11÷÷ + çç y - 5 ÷÷ = 146 .
è 4 ø÷ èç 4ø 4 4 èç 2 ø÷ èç 2 ø÷ 4
æ 11 5 ö 146
The circle has center çç- , ÷÷÷ , and radius r = .
çè 2 2 ø 2
9. The equation is that of a circle with center (4,5), and radius 0. That is, the graph is the point (4,5).

2 æ 1ö 1
10. Since y 2 = - x is equivalent to y 2 = 4 çç- ÷÷÷ x, the equation is in the form y 2 = 4cx with c = - . The
3 ç
è 6ø 6
æ 1 ö 1
focus is çç- , 0÷÷÷ , and the equation of the directrix is x = . The axis is y = 0, or the x-axis. The graph is
çè 6 ø 6
shown in Figure 10. From the figure, the domain is (-¥, 0], and the range is (-¥, ¥).
æ1ö 1
11. Since y 2 = 2 x is equivalent to y 2 = 4 çç ÷÷÷ x, the equation is in the form y 2 = 4cx with c = . The focus
çè 2 ø 2
æ1 ö 1
is çç , 0÷÷÷ , and the equation of the directrix is x = - . The axis is y = 0, or the x-axis. The graph is shown
çè 2 ø 2
in Figure 11. From the figure, the domain is [0, ¥) , and the range is (-¥, ¥).
æ1ö 1
12. Since 3x 2 - y = 0 is equivalent to x 2 = 4 çç ÷÷÷ y, the equation is in the form x 2 = 4cy with c = . The
çè12 ø 12
æ 1ö 1
focus is çç0, ÷÷÷ , and the equation of the directrix is y = - . The axis is x = 0, or the y-axis. The graph is
çè 12 ø 12
shown in Figure 12. From the figure, the domain is (-¥, ¥) , and the range is [0, ¥).
æ 1ö 1
13. Since x 2 + 2 y = 0 is equivalent to x 2 = 4 çç- ÷÷÷ y, the equation is in the form x 2 = 4cy with c = - . The
çè 2 ø 2
æ 1ö 1
focus is çç0, - ÷÷÷ , and the equation of the directrix is y = . The axis is x = 0, or the y-axis. The graph is
çè 2ø 2
shown in Figure 13. From the figure, the domain is (-¥, ¥) , and the range is (-¥, 0].
Figure 13

Section 7.R 609
14. If the vertex is (0, 0), and the focus is (4, 0), then the parabola opens to the right and c = 4. The equation is
y 2 = 4cx  y 2 = 16 x.
15. If the vertex is (0, 0), and the parabola opens to the right, the equation is in the form y 2 = 4cx. Find the
25
value of c by using the fact that the parabola passes through (2,5). Thus, (5)2 = 4c(2)  c = . The
8
25
equation is y 2 = 4cx  y 2 = x.
2
16. If the vertex is (0, 0), and the parabola opens downward, the equation is in the form x 2 = 4cy. Find the
9
value of c by using the fact that the parabola passes through (3, -4). Thus, (3)2 = 4c (-4)  c = - . The
16
9
equation is x 2 = 4cy  x 2 = - y.
4
17. If the vertex is (0, 0), and the focus is (0, -3), then the parabola opens downward and c = -3. The equation
is x 2 = 4cy  x 2 = -12 y.
18. If the equation has the x-term squared, it has a vertical axis, and opens up if the coefficient of x 2 is positive
or down if the coefficient is negative. If the y-term is squared, it has a horizontal axis, and opens to the right
if the coefficient of y 2 is positive or to the left if the coefficient is negative.
19. If the focus is (2, 6), and the vertex is t (-5, 6), the parabola opens to the right and c = 7. Substituting in
( y - k ) 2 = 4c( x - h), we get ( y - 6)2 = -28( x + 5).
20. If the focus is (4,5), and the vertex is (4,3), the parabola opens upward and c = 2. Substituting in
( x - h)2 = 4c( y - k ), we get ( x - 4)2 = 8( y - 3).
x2 y 2
21. + = 1  a = 3 and b = 5. The endpoints of the major axis (vertices) are (0, 3), so the range is
5 9
[-3,3], The endpoints of the minor axis are ( 5, 0), so the domain is [- 5, 5]. See Figure 21.
x2 y 2
22. + = 1  a = 4 and b = 2. The endpoints of the major axis (vertices) are (4, 0), so the domain is
16 4
[-4, 4]. The endpoints of the minor axis are (0, 2), so the range is [-2, 2]. See Figure 22.
3
23. The transverse axis is horizontal with a = 8 and b = 6. The asymptotes are y =  x. See Figure 23. The
4
domain is (-¥, -8]  [8, ¥), and the range is (-¥, ¥). The vertices are (-8, 0) and (8, 0).

5
24. The transverse axis is vertical with a = 5 and b = 3. The asymptotes are y =  x. See Figure 24. The
3
domain is (-¥, ¥), and the range is (-¥, -5]  [5, ¥). The vertices are (0, -5) and (0,5).
25. The ellipse is centered at (3, -1). The major axis is horizontal and has length 2a = 4, so the vertices are
(1, -1) and (5, -1). The length of the minor axis is 2b = 2. The graph is shown in Figure 25. The domain is
[1,5], and the range is [-2, 0].
26. The ellipse is centered at (2, -3). The major axis is horizontal and has length 2a = 6, so the vertices are
(-1, -3) and (5, -3). The length of the minor axis is 2b = 4. The graph is shown in Figure 26. The domain
is [-1,5] and the range is [-5, -1].
27. The center is (-3, -2) and the transverse axis is vertical with a = 2 and b = 3. See Figure 27. The domain
is (-¥, ¥) and the range is (-¥, -4]  [0, ¥). The vertices are (-3, -4) and (-3, 0).
28. The center is (-1, 2) and the transverse axis is horizontal with a = 4 and b = 2. See Figure 28. The domain
is (-¥, -5]  [3, ¥) and the range is (-¥, ¥). The vertices are (-5, 2) and (3, 2).

Section 7.R 611
Figure 27 Figure 28
29. The major axis is vertical with a = 4. Since one focus is (0, 2), we know that c = 2. Since c 2 = a 2 - b2 ,
the value of b can be found by substitution: b2 = a 2 - c 2 = 42 - 22 = 16 - 4 = 12  b = 12. The equation
x2 y 2
is + = 1.
12 16
30. The major axis is horizontal with a = 6. Since one focus is (-2, 0), we know that c = 2. Since
c 2 = a 2 - b2 , the value of b can be found by substitution:
x2 y 2
36 32
31. The hyperbola has a vertical transverse axis with c = 5. The y-intercepts coincide with the vertices so a = 4.
Since c 2 = a 2 + b2 , the value of b can be found by substitution:
y 2 x2
b2 = c 2 - a 2 = 52 - 42 = 25 -16 = 9  b = 3. The equation is - = 1.
16 9
32. The hyperbola has a vertical transverse axis. The y-intercept coincides with a vertex so a = 2. The equation
y2 x2
is of the form - = 1. By substitution using the point (2, 3):
a2 b2
32 22 9 4 5 4 16 y2 x2
- =1 -1 =  =  5b 2 = 16  b 2 = . The equation is - = 1 or
16
22 b2 4 b2 4 b2 5 4
5
y2 5x2
- = 1.
4 16
c 3 2 9
33. Since 0 < e < 1, the conic is an ellipse with c = 3. Now = e  =  a = . For an ellipse,
a a 3 2
81 45 x2 y 2 4 x2 4 y 2
b2 = a 2 - c 2 = - 9 = . The equation is + = 1 or + = 1.
4 4 45 81 45 81
4 4
c 5 5
34. Since e > 1, the conic is a hyperbola with c = 5. Now = e  =  a = 2. For a hyperbola,
a a 2
x2 y 2
b2 = c 2 - a 2 = 25 - 4 = 21. The equation is - = 1.
4 21

35. (a) x 2 + y 2 + 2 x + 6 y -15 = 0  x 2 + 2 x + 1 + y 2 + 6 y + 9 = 15 + 9 + 1  ( x + 1)2 + ( y + 3)2 = 25;

The center is (-1, -3).
(b) The radius is r = 25 = 5.
(c) ( x + 1) 2 + ( y + 3)2 = 25  ( y + 3) 2 = 25 - ( x + 1)2  y + 3 =  25 - ( x + 1)2 
y = -3  25 - ( x + 1)2 ; Graph y = -3 - 25 - ( x + 1)2 and y = -3 + 25 - ( x + 1)2 .
x2 y2
36. D. 4 x 2 + y 2 = 36  + = 1; This is an ellipse with major axis on the y-axis.
9 36
æ1ö
37. E. x = 2 y 2 + 3  4 çç ÷÷÷ ( x - 3) = ( y - 0)2 ; This is a parabola that opens to the right.
çè 8 ø
38. A. ( x -1)2 + ( y + 2)2 = 36; This is a circle with center (1, -2) and radius 6.
x2 y 2
39. C. + = 1; This is an ellipse with major axis on the x-axis.
36 9
( y -1)2 ( x - 2)2
40. B. ( y -1)2 - ( x - 2) 2 = 36  - = 1; This is a hyperbola with center (2,1).
36 36
y 2 x2
41. F. y 2 = 36 + 4 x 2  y 2 - 4 x 2 = 36  - = 1; This is a hyperbola with transverse axis on the y-axis.
36 9
42. 4 x 2 + 8 x + 25 y 2 - 250 y = -529  4( x 2 + 2 x ) + 25( y 2 -10 y ) = -529 
2 2
4( x 2 + 2 x + 1) + 25( y 2 -10 y + 25) = -529 + 4 + 625  4 ( x + 1) + 25( y - 5) = 100 
( x + 1)2 ( y - 5)2
+ = 1; The center is (-1,5). The vertices are (-1- 5,5), (-1 + 5,5) or (-6,5), (4,5).
25 4
43. 5 x 2 + 20 x + 2 y 2 - 8 y = -18  5( x 2 + 4 x) + 2( y 2 - 4 y ) = -18 
5( x 2 + 4 x + 4) + 2( y 2 - 4 y + 4) = -18 + 20 + 8  5( x + 2)2 + 2( y - 2)2 = 10 
( x + 2) 2 ( y - 2) 2
2
+
5
( ) (
= 1; The center is (-2, 2). The vertices are -2, 2 - 5 , -2, 2 + 5 . )
44. x 2 + 4 x - 4 y 2 + 24 y = 36  ( x 2 + 4 x + 4) - 4( y 2 - 6 y + 9) = 36 + 4 - 36 
( x + 2)2 ( y - 3) 2
( x + 2)2 - 4( y - 3)2 = 4  - = 1. The center is (-2,3). The vertices are
4 1
(-2 - 2,3), (-2 + 2, 0) or (-4,3), (0,3).
45. 4 y 2 + 8 y - 3x 2 + 6 x = 11  4( y 2 + 2 y + 1) - 3( x 2 - 2 x + 1) = 11 + 4 - 3 
( y + 1)2 ( x -1)2
4( y + 1)2 - 3( x -1)2 = 12  - = 1. The center is (1, -1).
3 4
( )(
The vertices are 1, -1- 3 , 1, -1 + 3 . )

Section 7.R 613
x2 y 2 c 4
46. 9 x 2 + 25 y 2 = 225  + = 1  a = 5, b = 3, and c = 25 - 9 = 4; e = =
25 9 a 5
x2 y2 c 5
47. 4 x 2 + 9 y 2 = 36  + = 1  a = 3, b = 2, and c = 9 - 4 = 5; e = =
9 4 a 3
x2 y 2 c 10
48. 9 x 2 - y 2 = 9  - = 1  a = 1, b = 3, and c = 1 + 9 = 10; e = = = 10
1 9 a 1
49. The parabola opens to the right so the equation has the form ( y - k ) 2 = 4c( x - h). With vertex (-3, 2) and
3
y-intercept (0, 5), (5, -2) 2 = 4c(0 + 3)  9 = 12c  c = . The equation is ( y - 2)2 = 3( x + 3). This can
4
1
also be written x = ( y - 2)2 - 3.
3
50. The center is located between the foci at (0, 0). The hyperbola has a vertical transverse axis with c = 12.
a
From the asymptotes, = 1. Also c 2 = a 2 + b2  a 2 + b2 = 144. Solving these equations simultaneously
b
y 2 x2
results in a 2 = 72 and b2 = 72 . The equation is - = 1.
72 72
51. The foci are (0, 0) and (4, 0), so the center is (2, 0) and c = 2 . The sum of the distances is 8 so
( x - 2)2 y 2
2a = 8  a = 4. For an ellipse, b2 = a 2 - c 2 = 16 - 4 = 12. The equation is + = 1.
16 12
52. The foci are (0, 0) and (0, 4), so the center is (0, 2) and c = 2. The difference of the distances is 2 so
( y - 2)2 x 2
2a = 2  a = 1. For a hyperbola, b2 = c 2 - a 2 = 4 -1 = 3. The equation is - = 1.
1 3
2 x2 - y2 = 8
53. Add the two equations to eliminate the y 2 : 4 x 2 + y 2 = 16
6 x2 = 24  x 2 = 4  x = 2
Substitute these values into [equation 2] to find the value of y: 4(2)2 + y 2 = 16  y 2 = 0  y = 0 ,

2
4 (-2) + y 2 = 16  y 2 = 0  y = 0 , The solution set is {(2, 0), (-2, 0)} .
54. See Figure 54.
Figure 54

55. See Figure 55.

56. See Figure 56.
[-10,10] by [-10,10] [-10,10] by [-10,10]
Figure 55 Figure 56
57. From the 1st equation, x = t -1  t = x 2 + 1. By substitution in the 2nd equation y = x 2 + 1. This is
equivalent to y 2 - x 2 = 1. When t is in [1, ¥), the range of x = t -1 is x in [0, ¥).
x-2 x-2
58. From the 1st equation, x = 3t + 2  t = . By substitution in the 2nd equation y = -1. This is
3 3
equivalent to x - 3 y = 5. When t is in [-5, 5], the range of x = 3t + 2 is x in [-13,17].
59. Since the major axis has length 134.5 million miles, 2a = 134.5  a = 67.25. From the given eccentricity,
c c
= 0.006775  = 0.006775  c = 67.25(0.006775) = 0.4456 million miles. The smallest distance
a 67.25
is 67.25 - 0.4456 » 66.8 million miles and the largest distance is 67.25 + 0.4456 » 67.7 million miles.
60. Since the smallest distance between the comet and the sun is 89 million miles, a - c = 89. The given
c
eccentricity provides the equation = 0.964. Solving these two equations simultaneously gives
a
a » 2472.222 and c » 2383.222. Then b2 = a 2 - c 2  b2 = 2472.222 - 2383.222  b 2 » 432,135. The
x2 y2 x2 y2
equation is + =1 + = 1.
a2 b2 6,111,882 432,135
k 2.82´107 k
61. The value of is » 4326. Since 2090 < 4326, V < . The trajectory is elliptic.
6
D 42.5 ´10 D
62. The velocity must be more than 4326 m per sec. The minimum increase is 4326 - 2090 » 2236 m per sec.
63. The required increase in velocity is less when D is larger.
æ D ö æ E ö
64. Ax 2 + Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0  A çç x 2 + x÷÷÷ + C çç y 2 + y÷÷÷ = -F 
èç A ø èç C ø
æ D 2 ö÷÷ æ E 2 ö÷÷ D2 E 2 æ D ö÷
2
æ E ö÷
2
ç D çç 2 E ç ç
Açç x 2 + x + ÷ + C ç y + y + ÷ = - F + +  A çç x + ÷ + C çç y + ÷
çè A 4 A2 ÷÷ø çè C 4C 2 ÷÷ø 4 A 4C è 2 A ÷ø è 2C ÷ø
( ) ( )
2 2
CD 2 + AE 2 - 4 ACF x + 2DA y + 2EC æ D E ö
=  + = 1 .The center is çç- , - ÷÷÷.
4 AC CD 2 + AE 2 -4 ACF CD 2 + AE 2 -4 ACF çè 2 A 2C ø
4 A2 C 4 AC 2

Section 7.T 615
Chapter 7 Test
1. (a) B. This is a hyperbola with center (-3, -2).
(b) A. This is a circle with center (3, 2) and radius 4.
(c) D. This is a circle with center (-3, 2) and radius 4.
(d) E. This is a parabola that opens downward.
(e) F. This is a parabola that opens to the right.
(f) C. This is an ellipse with center (-3, -2).
1 æ1ö
2. y2 = x  ( y - 0) 2 = 4 çç ÷÷÷ ( x - 0); this is a parabola with vertex (0, 0) that opens to the right. Since
8 çè 32 ø
1 æ 1 ö÷
c= , the focus is located at çç , 0÷ and the equation of the directrix is x = - 1 .
32 çè 32 ÷ø 32
3. See Figure 3. This is the graph of a function with domain [-6, 6] and range [-1, 0].
[-9,9] by [-3,3]
Xscl = 1 Yscl = 1
Figure 3
æ x2 ö÷
4.
x2 y 2
-
25 49
=1
y2
=
49 25
x2
ç
ç
-1  y 2 = 49 çç -1÷÷÷  y =  49 25
è 25 ø÷
x 2 -1  y =  7
( ) x 2 -1
25
The equations
are y1 = 7 x 2 -1 and y2 = -7 x 2 -1.

25 25
2
5. This is a hyperbola with vertical transverse axis. Here a = 2 and b = 3. The asymptotes are y =  x. See
3
Figure 5. Since c = a 2 + b 2 = 22 + 32 = 13, the foci are (0, - 13) and (0, 13). The center is (0, 0).
The vertices are (0, -2) and (0, 2).
6. x 2 + 4 y 2 + 2 x -16 y + 17 = 0  x 2 + 2 x + 1 + 4( y 2 - 4 y + 4) = -17 + 1 + 16  ( x + 1)2 + 4( y - 2)2 = 0;

The only point that satisfies this equation is (-1, 2). See Figure 6.
æ1ö
7. y 2 - 8 y - 2 x + 22 = 0  y 2 - 8 y + 16 = 2 x - 22 + 16  ( y - 4)2 = 2( x - 3)  ( y - 4)2 = 4 çç ÷÷÷ ( x - 3);
çè 2 ø
This is a parabola with vertex (3, 4) and focus (3.5, 4). See Figure 7.

8. x 2 + ( y - 4)2 = 9  ( x - 0)2 + ( y - 4)2 = 9 ; This is a circle with center (0, 4) and radius 3. See Figure 8.
9. This is an ellipse with horizontal major axis. Here a = 7 and b = 4 so c = 72 - 42 = 33. The center is
(
(3, -1). The vertices are (3 - 7, -1) and (3 + 7, -1) or (-4, -1) and (10, -1). The foci are 3 + 33, -1 )
( )
and 3 - 33, -1 . See Figure 9.
10. From the 2nd equation y = t -1  t = y + 1. Substituting in the 1st equation yields x = 4( y + 1)2 - 4. This
æ1ö
equation can be written ( y + 1)2 = 4 çç ÷÷÷ ( x + 4). This is a parabola that opens to the right. The vertex is
çè16 ø
æ 1 ö æ 63 ö
(-4, -1) and the focus is çç-4 + , -1÷÷  çç- , -1÷÷. See Figure 10.
çè 16 ÷ ç
ø è 16 ø÷
11. (a) Since e = 1, the conic is a parabola. With center (0, 0) and focus (0, -2), we know that c = -2. The
1
equation is x 2 = 4cy  x 2 = -8 y  y = - x 2 .
8
c c 5 15
(b) Since 0 < e < 1, the conic is an ellipse with a = 3. Now = e  =  c = . For an ellipse,
a 3 6 6
225 11 x2 y 2 4x2 y2
b2 = a 2 - c 2 = 9 - = . The equation is + = 1 or + = 1.
36 4 11 9 11 9
4
12. Using a vertical minor axis, b = 12. The major axis has length 40 so a = 20. The equation is
x2 y2 102 y2 y2 1 æ 3ö æ 3 ö÷
+ = 1. When x = 10, + =1 = 1-  y 2 = 144 çç ÷÷÷  y = 12 çç ÷ » 10.39 ft.
400 144 400 144 144 4 ç
è 4ø çè 4 ÷ø

Section 7.T 617
13. Add 4 multiplied by [equation 1] and 3 multiplied by [equation 2] to eliminate x 2 :

12 x 2 + 8 y 2 = 20
-12 x 2 + 9 y 2 = -3
17 y 2 = 17  y 2 = 1  y = 1
Substitute these values into [equation 1] to find the values of x: 3(1)2 + 2 y 2 = 5  2 y 2 = 2  y = 1,
3(-1)2 + 2 y 2 = 5  2 y 2 = 2  y = 1, The solution set is {(1,1), (1, -1), (-1,1), (-1, -1)} .
14. See Figure 14.
Figure 14
15. See Figure 15.
[-5,5] by [0,10]
Xscl = 1 Yscl = 1
Figure 15
1 1 1
16. x=  t = - 3. Substituting this in y = t + 3  y = , x ¹ 0.
t +3 x x

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history of the world in twenty-five volumes,
volume 17
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Title: The historians' history of the world in twenty-five volumes,

volume 17
Switzerland (concluded), Russia and Poland
Editor: Henry Smith Williams
Release date: April 10, 2024 [eBook #73369]
Language: English
Original publication: New York: The Outlook Company, 1905
Credits: David Edwards and the Online Distributed Proofreading

Team at https://www.pgdp.net
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE

HISTORIANS' HISTORY OF THE WORLD IN TWENTY-FIVE
VOLUMES, VOLUME 17 ***
Transcriber’s Note: As a result of editorial shortcomings in the original, some reference
letters in the text don’t have matching entries in the reference-lists, and vice versa.
THE HISTORIANS’ HISTORY OF

THE WORLD
HUME
THE HISTORIANS’
HISTORY
OF THE WORLD
A comprehensive narrative of the rise and development of nations

as recorded by over two thousand of the great writers of
all ages: edited, with the assistance of a distinguished
board of advisers and contributors,
by
HENRY SMITH WILLIAMS, LL.D.
IN TWENTY-FIVE VOLUMES
VOLUME XVII—SWITZERLAND (Concluded)

RUSSIA AND POLAND
The Outlook Company The History Association

New York London
1905
Copyright, 1904,
By HENRY SMITH WILLIAMS.
All rights reserved.
Press of J. J. Little & Co.

New York, U. S. A.
Contributors, and Editorial Revisers.
Prof. Adolf Erman, University of Berlin.
Prof. Joseph Halévy, College of France.
Prof. Thomas K. Cheyne, Oxford University.
Prof. Andrew C. McLaughlin, University of
Michigan.
Prof. David H. Müller, University of Vienna.
Prof. Alfred Rambaud, University of Paris.
Capt. F. Brinkley, Tokio.
Prof. Eduard Meyer, University of Berlin.
Dr. James T. Shotwell, Columbia University.
Prof. Theodor Nöldeke, University of Strasburg.
Prof. Albert B. Hart, Harvard University.
Dr. Paul Brönnle, Royal Asiatic Society.
Dr. James Gairdner, C.B., London.
Prof. Ulrich von Wilamowitz Möllendorff, University of
Berlin.
Prof. H. Marczali, University of Budapest.
Dr. G. W. Botsford, Columbia University.
Prof. Julius Wellhausen, University of Göttingen.
Prof. Franz R. von Krones, University of Graz.
Prof. Wilhelm Soltau, Zabern University.
Prof. R. W. Rogers, Drew Theological Seminary.
Prof. A. Vambéry, University of Budapest.
Prof. Otto Hirschfeld, University of Berlin.
Dr. Frederick Robertson Jones, Bryn Mawr
College.
Baron Bernardo di San Severino Quaranta,
London.
Dr. John P. Peters, New York.
Prof. Adolph Harnack, University of Berlin.
Dr. S. Rappoport, School of Oriental Languages,
Paris.
Prof. Hermann Diels, University of Berlin.
Prof. C. W. C. Oman, Oxford University.
Prof. W. L. Fleming, University of West Virginia.
Prof. I. Goldziher, University of Vienna.
Prof. R. Koser, University of Berlin.
CONTENTS
VOLUME XVII
SWITZERLAND (Concluded)
CHAPTER V
The Eighteenth Century

The conspiracy of Hentzi; the insurrection of Fribourg, 1. Disorders at Geneva, 4. Tumults in Neuchâtel, 8. Aristocracy
democracy, 9. Davel, 10. Federal relations of the Swiss states, 13. Switzerland feels the shock of the French Revolution
French troops in Switzerland, 20. The capitulation of Berne; the Constitution Unitaire, 23.
CHAPTER VI
Switzerland Since 1798

Changes of constitutions and administrations, 26. The evacuation of Switzerland; the nomination of deputies, 28. The a
mediation (1813 a.d.); Cabals follow Napoleon’s fall, 30. Switzerland develops along new lines, 35. Reaction and ref
effects of the revolution of July, 35. Siebener Konkordat; disputes over asylum and religion, 38. The Sonderbund War
Colonel Dufour is made commander of the army, 40. Preparations of the Sonderbund, 41. The capitulation of Fribourg
Lucerne end the Sonderbund, 42.
Brief Reference-List of Authorities by Chapters
A General Bibliography of Swiss History
A Chronological Summary of the History of Switzerland
RUSSIA
Introduction. The Intellectual Development of Russia. By Dr. A. S. Rappoport
CHAPTER I
Land and People and Early History (To 1054 A.D.)

Extent, configuration, and climate, 79. The similarity of European and Asiatic Russia, 80. The dualism of north and so
81. The soil of the Black Lands and the Steppes, 82. Diversity of races, 84. The Finns, 85. Ethnological distributio
religions, 87. The Great Russians and the Little Russians, 91. Social and political organisation, 92. The treaty
Constantinople, 96. The first written document of Russian history, 97. The reign of Igor, 97. The regency of Olga, 99. Ne
tells of the baptism of Olga, 100. Sviatoslav; the victory of north over south, 101. Nestor’s account of Vladimir’s conver
103. The death of Vladimir the Christian, 106. Sviatopolk is succeeded by Iaroslav, 107. Iaroslav’s code of laws, 110. Iaro
dies, 115.
CHAPTER II
The Period of the Principalities (1054-1224 a.d.)

The character of the principalities, 117. The unity of the principalities, 120. The theory of succession, 121. Civil wars,
Vsevolod, 124. Sviatopolk, 124. Vladimir Monomakh, 126. The “Instruction” of Vladimir Monomakh, 127. The fall of Kiev
the rise of Suzdal, 129.
CHAPTER III
The Time of Tatar Domination (1235-1462 a.d.)
Jenghiz Khan; the Tatar invasion, 134. Influences of Tatar domination, 136. Alexander Nevski, 139. Death of Alexa
Nevski; appreciation of his character, 142. The grand princedom, 143. The growing ascendency of Moscow, 144. The prin
of direct succession, 148. The battle of the Don or Kulikovo, 151. Significance of the battle of Kulikovo, 152. The destructio
Moscow, 153. The death of Dmitri Donskoi; his place in history, 154. The reign of Vasili Dmitrievitch, 156. Vasili Vasilie
(afterwards called “The Blind” or “The Dark”), 158. Jonas becomes metropolitan, 159. A review of the internal developm
during the Tatar period, 160. The influence of Tatar domination, 163. Wallace’s view, 164.
CHAPTER IV
From Ivan the Great to Ivan the Terrible (1462-1584 a.d.)

Accession of Ivan (III) Vasilievitch, 166. Character and aims of Ivan, 168. Ivan Vasilievitch marries the Greek prin
Sophia, 170. The growth of autocracy, 171. Subjugation of the republics, 172. The final overthrow of the Tatars, 176. Affai
Lithuania, 179. Last years of Ivan; inheritance left to his sons, 181. Appreciations of Ivan Vasilievitch, 181. Accession of V
Ivanovitch, 184. Wars with Lithuania, 184. Wars with the Tatars, 188. The growing power of Russia, 189. Maxine the Gr
190. Private life of Vasili Ivanovitch; his death, 192. A forecast of the reign of Ivan (IV) the Terrible, 192. The minority of
IV, 194. Ivan assumes the reins of government, 196. The discovery of Siberia, 197. The restraining influences of Anast
198. Ivan’s atrocities, 199. The Polish invasion, 200. The reign of terror, 202. The march against Novgorod, 203. Carnag
Moscow, 205. The struggle for Livonia, 207. Projects of alliance with England, 208. Death of Ivan the Terrible, 208. Karam
estimate of Ivan, 209. Ivan the Terrible compared with Peter the Great, 212.
CHAPTER V
The Century After Ivan the Terrible (1584-1682 a.d.)

Character of Boris Godunov, 214. War with Sweden, 215. Serfdom, 218. Death of Dmitri, 219. The reign of Boris, 222.
false Dmitri appears, 224. Career and murder of Demetrius, 227. The false Dmitri; marriage and death, 228. Vasili Ivano
Shuiski, 229. Accession of the house of Romanov, 237. The Cossacks, 239. Last years of Michael, 242. Alexis, 243. Feo
247.
CHAPTER VI
Peter the great (1684-1725 a.d.)

The childhood and youth of Peter, 251. Peter asserts control, 253. Military reforms, 255. Azov taken from the Turks,
Schemes of conquest, 258. Conspiracy to murder Peter, 258. Peter travels to acquire knowledge, 259. Peter in Holl
England and Austria, 261. The insurrection of the Strelitz, 265. War with Sweden, 265. Rallying from defeat, 267.
antecedents of an empress, 268. Military success: Foundation of St. Petersburg, 269. Renewed hostilities, 272. Polish aff
273. Charles XII invades Russia, 275. Revolt of the Cossacks of the Don; Mazeppa, 277. Mazeppa joins Charles XII; Pult
279. Peter and the Powers, 281. Catherine acknowledged as Peter’s wife, 281. War with Turkey, 282. Catherine’s hero
the Peace of Pruth, 283. War with Sweden, 285. A naval victory; Peter’s triumph, 286. Peter at the height of power,
Peter’s second European tour, 289. The czarevitch Alexis disinherited, 294. Death of the czarevitch Alexis, 297. Dom
affairs, 299. Renewed hostilities with Sweden, 302. Peter as administrator, 304. The church and the aristocracy,
Commerce with the East, 311. War with Persia, 312. Last years and death of Peter, 314. Soloviev’s estimate of Peter’s w
318. Kostomarov’s estimate of Peter, 323. Haxthausen’s estimate of Peter’s influence, 326.
CHAPTER VII
Catherine I to Peter III (1725-1762 a.d.)

Catherine I (1725-1727 a.d.), 327. Peter II (1727-1730 a.d.), 328. Anna Ivanovna, 331. War with Turkey, 335. Inte
administration, 337. Biron the favourite, 338. Death of Anna, (1740 a.d.); the succession, 339. A Russian estimate of A
and of Biron, 340. The nominal reign of Ivan VI, 341. Anna of Brunswick assumes the regency, 342. Sweden renews the
342. Successful conspiracy against the regent, 345. Elizabeth Petrovna, 350. Foreign affairs, 352. Antecedents of the fu
Peter III, 353. The future Catherine II appears, 354. Court intrigues: the death of Elizabeth, 355. Spread of art, literature,
education under Elizabeth, 356. Bain’s estimate of Elizabeth, 359. Peter III, 360. Impolitic acts of Peter III, 362. Cathe
plots against the Czar, 364. Catherine usurps the crown, 367. Death of Peter III, 368.
CHAPTER VIII
The Age of Catherine II (1762-1796 a.d.)

Catherine’s own views on Russia, 373. The Polish succession; the policy of the nations, 376. Poland is dismembered,
War with Turkey, 380. The Treaty of Kutchuk-Kainardji, 383. The migration of the Kalmucks, 383. The Kalmucks reach Ch
385. Insurrections and pretenders, 386. Favouritism under Catherine II, 387. The rise of Potemkin, 389. The official statu
the favourite, 392. Potemkin’s schemes of conquest, 392. General Suvarov, 396. The favourites Lanskoi and Iermolov,
Joseph II visits Catherine; A spectacular tour, 397. Outbreak of the Austro-Russian war with Turkey, 399. The Swedish
400. The campaign of 1790; the Treaty of Varela, 403. Progress of the Austro-Russian war with Turkey, 405. Successe
Laudon, 405. Victories of Suvarov, 406. Austrian and Russian valour; Austria’s withdrawal, 408. Russia prosecutes the
the storm of Ismail, 409. European intervention; the Treaty of Jassy, 410. The death of Potemkin (1792 a.d.); Ség
characterisation, 411. The question of the imperial succession, 413. The last of the favourites, 415. Debaucherie
Catherine’s court, 416. The subjugation and final partition of Poland, 417. The annexation of Courland, 420. Last years
death of Catherine, 421. A Russian estimate of Catherine, 422.
CHAPTER IX
Russia in the Napoleonic Epoch (1796-1815 a.d.)

Early measures of the reign of Paul I, 426. Imperial eccentricities, 427. Paul’s foreign policy, 432. The campaign
Korsakov and Suvarov, 433. Paul reconciled with France, 436. The armed neutrality, 438. Assassination of Paul, 440.
accession of Alexander I (1801 a.d.): His early reforms, 443. The incorporation of Georgia, 444. Russia joins the
coalition, 445. The campaign of Austerlitz, 446. The campaign of Eylau and Friedland, 451. Meeting of Alexander
Napoleon at Tilsit, 455. Russia declares war against England, 456. The conquest of Finland, 457. War with Persia and
Turkey, 459. Congress of Erfurt, 463. Renewed war with Turkey, 466. War with Napoleon, 468. Napoleon invades Ru
471. The abandonment of Moscow, 473. The retreat of the grand army, 476. Napoleon on the road to Smolensk, 477.
battle of Viazma; Smolensk is found evacuated, 480. Kutusov’s policy, 481. Campaigns of the Grand Alliance, 484. Alexa
I at the capitulation of Paris, 487. The Russian occupation of Paris, 488. Alexander I and the congress of Vienna,
Alexander’s religious mysticism; Baroness Krüdener, 493. Alexander’s holy alliance, 496.
CHAPTER X
Alexander I, Mystic and Humanitarian (1801-1825 a.d.)

The complex character of Alexander I, 499. Ministerial influences; Speranski and Araktcheiev, 501. Educational advan
the Lycée and the library, 502. Expulsion of the Jesuits from St. Petersburg, 504. Liberation of the peasants of the B
provinces, 505. The emperor and the quakers, 506. Secret societies under Alexander I, 510. Closing of the masonic lod
513. Turgeniev’s comment on the secret societies, 514. Literary activity of the period, 516. Alexander I as a patro
literature, 517. Failure of the Polish experiments, 518. Constitutional projects, 520. The military colonies, 521. Alexander
the great uprising, 523. The great inundation of 1824, 525. The close of Alexander’s reign, 527. Death of Alexander I,
Alison’s estimate of Alexander I, 531. Skrine’s estimate of Alexander I, 532.
CHAPTER XI
The Reign of Nicholas I (1825-1855 a.d.)

The interregnum, 533. The accession of Nicholas, 537. Trial of the conspirators, 539. The coronation of Nicholas,
Changes in internal administration, 540. Reforms in the administration of justice, 541. War with Persia, 543. War with Tu
544. The Polish insurrection, 545. The outbreak of cholera and the riots occasioned by it, 548. The war in the Caucasus,
The emperor’s conservative patriotism, 555. Unveiling of the monument at Borodino, 556. Death or retirement of the
ministers, 557. Great fire in the winter palace, 558. The emperor Nicholas’ views of Louis Napoleon, 559. Events leading u
the Crimean War, 560. Outbreak of the Crimean War, 562. France, England, and Turkey in alliance, 562. The takin
Bomarsund, 563. The seat of war transferred to the Crimea, 564. The battle of the Alma, 565. The seizure of Balaklava,
The advance on Sebastopol, 571. The Battle of Balaklava, 572. The Battle of Inkerman (November 5th, 1854), 573. Dea
the emperor Nicholas I, 576. Skrine’s estimate of Nicholas, 576.
CHAPTER XII
Alexander II, the Czar Liberator (1855-1881 a.d.)

The fall of Sebastopol, 579. Amelioration in the condition of the soldier, 585. The emancipation of the serfs, 586. Laws
social rights granted to the peasants, 588. Text of the imperial proclamation, 589. Effects of the new conditions, 593. Abo
of corporal punishment, 595. Reforms in the courts of justice, 596. The Polish insurrection of 1863, 597. The subjection o
Caucasus, 598. The taking of Schamyl, 599. Wars with Khokand and Bokhara, 600. A glance at the past history of Bokh
600. The conquest of Khiva, 601. The Russo-Turkish War, 602. Spread of education and civilisation, 606. The deat
Alexander II, 607.
CHAPTER XIII
Reaction, Expansion, and the War with Japan (1881-1904 a.d.)
The reactionary policy under Alexander III, 611. The Russification of the provinces, 613. Foreign policy; the French allia
614. The conquest of the Tekke-Turcomans, 615. Accession of Nicholas II, 617. Kuropatkin on the Russian polic
expansion, 619. Russia in Manchuria, 621. The war with Japan, 622.
APPENDIX
DOCUMENTS RELATING TO RUSSIAN HISTORY
I—The Treaty of Paris
II—The Treaty of Berlin, 1878
III—The Hague Peace Conference
Brief Reference-List of Authorities by Chapters
A General Bibliography of Russian History
A Chronological Summary of the History of Russia

SWITZERLAND (Concluded)
CHAPTER V. THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
There is an evil worse than war and that is the debasement of peoples. The
wounds of war may be healed, but moral degradation leads nations to the tomb.
During the peace that followed the battle of Villmergen up to the time of the French
revolution Switzerland suffered more calamities than in all the wars against
Burgundy and Austria. For during the eighty years of repose during which the
swords of the Winckelrieds, the Fontanas, the Halhwyls, and the Erlachs were
tarnishing, the rust of egoism and of pride succeeded in eating away the tablets on
which was engraven the loyal union of the ancient Swiss; and like a corpse the old
confederation was rotting away. In vain degenerate sons decorated pompously the
corpse of the achievements of their ancestors, that they might conceal the fact that
the spirit which animated it aforetime had left it.—Zschokke.b
THE CONSPIRACY OF HENTZI; THE INSURRECTION AT

FRIBOURG
The outward peace enjoyed by the confederacy during the

eighteenth century (the last of its existence in its primitive form) was
contrasted by incessant inward disturbances. The first of these which
claims our attention is the conspiracy of Hentzi at Bern. Here, as in
most towns of the confederacy, a more and more formal and regular
aristocracy had grown up by degrees in the course of centuries.
From time immemorial the powers of government had been held by
the avoyer and council. For the protection of the burghers against
the encroachments of the council, and of that body against the
influence of the multitude, an assembly of two hundred of the most
respectable burghers was formed, the members of which were
annually elected.
The most important acts, which imposed duties on every burgher,
not only for himself but for his posterity, were often brought before
the whole body of citizens, and even country people; the more so as
at that time a few villages constituted the whole domain of Bern. The
continual aggrandisement of the state rendered obsolete the
fundamental laws of its constitution, which became imperceptibly
modified in proportion as political emergencies appeared to require
alterations. When the power of Bern was doubled by the conquest of
the Vaud, the assembly of the burghers ceased to be thought of. The
dignities of the state became hereditary in those families which had
once obtained a seat in the great council. It is true that the other
burghers remained eligible to public functions; but it was rarely
indeed, and generally by means of intermarriages, that a new family
raised itself to the rank of the rulers de facto.
The administration of these ruling families
[1743-1749 a.d.] was, in general, not devoid of wisdom and
equity; and, in fact, the principal subject of
complaint was that participation in state affairs had ceased to be
open to all. It was, however, precisely this system of aristocratic
exclusion which was felt so insupportably by many of those who
were subjected to it, that so early as 1710 attempts were made to
break it up. These were renewed with increased vigour, in 1743, by
six and twenty burghers, who combined to petition the council for the
revival of a greater equality of rights in favour of the general body of
citizens. These adventurous men incurred the censure of the
authorities, and were placed under arrest in their houses or
banished.
Amongst the exiles was Samuel Hentzi, a man of no ordinary
talent and spirit. He had fixed on Neuchâtel as the place of his
banishment; the term of which was shortened by the favour of the
authorities. On his return, the embarrassed state in which he found
his domestic economy, and the ill success of his efforts to obtain a
lucrative office, may have mingled with other motives in inducing him
to take the lead in a desperate undertaking of a little band of
malcontents, who, without money, arms, or even unity of purpose,
dreamed of overturning a government strong in its own resources,
and sure of support from the whole Helvetic body, and of instituting
equality of rights among all burghers, and appointment to all offices
by lot. Yet, with all their root and branch work, the conspirators had
no idea of remedying the real defects of the state, of satisfying the
prevalent and increasing discontents of the Vaud, or of procuring an
extension of political rights to the whole people: for, in the plan of a
constitution annexed to their mediated manifesto, exclusive regard
was paid to the burghers at Bern; and the rest of the people would
hardly have been bettered by their accession to the dignities which
had hitherto been engrossed by the ruling families. The 13th of July,
1749, was fixed for the execution of the plans of the conspirators; but
many of their own number had opened their eyes by this time to the
utter impossibility of success, produced by the disunion and
imprudence of their colleagues—to the passion and cupidity of
some, and the atrocious hopes of murder and plunder entertained by
others.
No man felt more sensibly the criminal views of his party than the
only man of ability and public spirit among them, Hentzi. He would
not betray those with whom he had long pursued the same object;
but he made an attempt to save himself by flight from further
participation in their plans and foreseen destiny. It was too late: a
betrayer had already done his work. Hentzi and other leaders of the
party were taken and beheaded during the first exasperation of the
government. Sentence of death was also pronounced upon some
who had made their escape; others were imprisoned or banished,
but soon afterwards pardoned. On embarking with her two sons to
quit the Helvetic territory, the wife of Hentzi exclaimed, “I would
rather see these children sink in the Rhine-stream than they should
not one day learn to avenge the murder of their father.” However,
when the sons came to manhood, they displayed more magnanimity
than their mother; and one of them, who rose to distinction in the
service of the Netherlands, requited with good offices to the burghers

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Chapter 7: Analytic Geometry and Nonlinear Systems

7.1: Circles and Parabolas

5. F. This is the equation of a circle centered at the origin with radius 5.

11. A circle that is centered at the origin with r 2 = 12 = 1 has equation x 2 + y 2 = 1.

(2 -(-2)) + (-7 - (-4)) = 16 + 9 = 5. Here h = 2, k = -7 and r 2 = 52 = 25. The equation is

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 2  5   3   9    9  36  45 ⇒ The radius of the circle is

equation of the circle is  x  2    y  3  45 .

1  6    2   9    25  49  74 ⇒ The radius of the circle is

equation of the circle is  x  1   y  2   74 .

 2  1   3  1   9  16  25  5 ⇒ The radius of the circle is 5 units. The

equation of the circle is  x  2    y  3  25 .

 1  1   3   4    4  1  5 ⇒ The radius of the circle is

The equation of the circle is  x  1   y  3  5 .

Distance: d   0  (5)    0  0   25  5 ⇒ The radius of the circle is 5 units.

The equation of the circle is  x    y   25 .

Distance: d  0  0   0  9   81  9 ⇒ The radius of the circle is 9 units. The

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Figure 29 Figure 30 Figure 31

domain is  4,8 , and the range is [-6, 6].

domain is  6, 2 , and the range is 1,9 .

domain is  2,12 , and the range is [-11,3].

Figure 33 Figure 34 Figure 35

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domain is  1,9 , and the range is  2,8 .

domain is  9,3 , and the range is  8, 4 .

domain is  3,5 , and the range is  6, 2 .

Figure 36 Figure 37 Figure 38

40. Since  x  1  y 2  2  0 is equivalent to  x  1  y 2  2, this is the equation of a circle centered at

41. x 2  y 2  81 ⇒ y 2  81  x 2 ⇒ y   81  x 2 Graph y1  81  x 2 and y2  81  x 2 as shown in

and the range is  10, 4

domain is  2,8 , and the range is  3, 7 .

(, ) y  3  36   x  2  . Graph y1  3  36   x  2  and y2  3  36   x  2  as shown in

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[-14.1,14.1] by [-9.3,9.3] [-14.1,14.1] by [-12.3,6.3] [-9.4,9.4] by [-4.2,8.2] [-9.4,9.4] by [-9.2,3.2]

Figure 41 Figure 42 Figure 43 Figure 44

x 2  6 x  y 2  8 y  9  0 ⇒  x 2  6 x  9    y 2  8 y  16   9  9  16 ⇒  x  3   y  4   16. The graph

is a circle with center  3, 4  , and radius r  4.

graph is a circle with center  4,3 , and radius r  3.

47. x 2  4 x  y 2  12 y  4 ⇒  x 2  4 x  4    y 2  12 y  36   4  4  36 ⇒ ( x  2)2  ( y  6) 2  36.

The graph is a circle with center  2, 6  , and radius r  6.

48. x 2  12 x  y 2  10 y  25 ⇒  x 2  12 x  36    y 2  10 y  25  25  36  25 ⇒

( x  6) 2  ( y  5) 2  36 The graph is a circle with center  6, 5  , and radius r  6.

x 2  2 x  y 2  6 y  14  0 ⇒  x 2  2 x  1   y 2  6 y  9   14  1  9 ⇒  x  1   y  3  4. The graph

x 2  4 x  y 2  8 y  32  0 ⇒  x 2  4 x  4    y 2  8 y  16   32  4  16 ⇒  x  2   y  4   12. The

x 2  2 x  y 2  4 y  0 ⇒  x 2  2 x  1   y 2  4 y  4   1  4 ⇒  x  1   y  2   5. The graph is a circle

with center (1, -2) and radius r = 5 .

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