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Chapter 6
Analytic Trigonometry
Section 6.1 15. sin −1 ( −1)
1. Domain: { x x is any real number} ; π π

We are finding the angle θ , − ≤θ ≤ ,
2 2
Range: { y − 1 ≤ y ≤ 1} whose sine equals −1 .
π π
2. { x | x ≥ 1} or { x | x ≤ 1} sin θ = −1, − ≤ θ ≤
2 2
π
3. [3, ∞ ) θ =−
2
π
4. True sin −1 ( −1) = −
2
3
5. 1;
2 16. cos −1 ( −1)
We are finding the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose
1 cosine equals −1 .
6. − ; −1
2 cos θ = −1, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π
7. x = sin y θ =π
cos −1 ( −1) = π
8. 0 ≤ x ≤ π
9. −∞ ≤ x ≤ ∞ 17. tan −1 0
π π
10. False. The domain of y = sin −1 x is −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 . We are finding the angle θ , − < θ < , whose
2 2
tangent equals 0.
11. True π π
tan θ = 0, − <θ <
12. True 2 2
θ =0
13. sin −1 0 −1
tan 0 = 0
π π
We are finding the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose
2 2 18. tan −1 ( −1)
sine equals 0.
π π π π
sin θ = 0, − ≤ θ ≤ We are finding the angle θ , − < θ < , whose
2 2 2 2
tangent equals −1 .
θ =0
π π
sin −1 0 = 0 tan θ = −1, − <θ <
2 2
π
14. cos −1 1 θ =−
We are finding the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose 4
cosine equals 1. π
tan −1 (−1) = −
cos θ = 1, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π 4
θ =0
cos −1 1 = 0
686
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 6.1: The Inverse Sine, Cosine, and Tangent Functions
2  3
19. sin −1 22. sin −1  − 
2  2 
π π π π
We are finding the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose We are finding the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose
2 2 2 2
2 3
sine equals . sine equals − .
2 2
2 π π 3 π π
sin θ = , − ≤θ ≤ sin θ = − , − ≤θ ≤
2 2 2 2 2 2
π π
θ= θ =−
4 3
2 π  3  π
sin −1 = sin −1  −
2 4 2  = − 3
 
3
20. tan −1  3
3 23. cos −1  − 
π π  2 
We are finding the angle θ , − < θ < , whose
2 2 We are finding the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose
3 3
tangent equals . cosine equals − .
3 2
3 π π 3
tan θ = , − <θ < cos θ = − , 0 ≤θ ≤ π
3 2 2 2
π 5π
θ= θ=
6 6
3 π  3  5 π
tan −1 = cos −1  −  =
3 6  2  6
21. tan −1 3  2
π π 24. sin −1  − 
We are finding the angle θ , − < θ < , whose  2 
2 2
π π
tangent equals 3 . We are finding the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose
2 2
π π
tan θ = 3, − < θ < 2
2 2 sine equals − .
π 2
θ= 2 π π
3 sin θ = − , − ≤θ ≤
−1 π 2 2 2
tan 3= π
3 θ =−
4
 2 π
sin −1  −  = −
 2  4
687
Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry
25. sin −1 0.1 ≈ 0.10   3π 

39. tan −1  tan  −   follows the form of the
  8 
26. cos −1 0.6 ≈ 0.93
−1
( ) ( )
equation f −1 f ( x ) = tan −1 tan ( x ) = x . Since
27. tan 5 ≈ 1.37 3π  π π
− is in the interval  − ,  , we can apply
28. tan −1 0.2 ≈ 0.20
8  2 2
the equation directly and get
7   3π   3π
29. cos −1 ≈ 0.51 tan −1  tan  −   = − .
8   8  8
1
30. sin −1 ≈ 0.13   3π
8 
40. sin −1  sin  −   follows the form of the
31. tan −1 (− 0.4) ≈ − 0.38   7 
−1
( ) ( )
equation f −1 f ( x ) = sin −1 sin ( x ) = x . Since
32. tan (− 3) ≈ −1.25 3π  π π
7  2 2
33. sin −1 (− 0.12) ≈ − 0.12
the equation directly and get
  3π   3π
34. cos −1 (− 0.44) ≈ 2.03 sin −1  sin  −   = − .
  7  7
2
35. cos −1 ≈ 1.08
3   9π 
41. sin −1  sin    follows the form of the
3   8 
36. sin −1 ≈ 0.35
5 ( ) ( )
equation f −1 f ( x ) = sin −1 sin ( x ) = x , but we
 4π  9π
37. cos −1  cos  follows the form of the equation cannot use the formula directly since is not
 5  8
4π  π π
( ) ( )
f −1 f ( x ) = cos −1 cos ( x ) = x . Since
5
is in the interval  − ,  . We need to find an
 2 2
in the interval 0, π  , we can apply the equation  π π
angle θ in the interval  − ,  for which
 4π  4π  2 2
directly and get cos −1  cos = .
 5  5 9π 9π
sin = sin θ . The angle is in quadrant III
8 8
  π  9π
38. sin −1  sin  −   follows the form of the so sine is negative. The reference angle of is
  10   8
π
( ) ( )
equation f −1 f ( x ) = sin −1 sin ( x ) = x . Since
8
and we want θ to be in quadrant IV so sine
π  π π will still be negative. Thus, we have

10  2 2 9π  π π
sin = sin  −  . Since − is in the interval
the equation directly and get 8  8 8
  π  π  π π
sin −1  sin  −   = − .  − 2 , 2  , we can apply the equation above and
  10  10  
 9π  −1   π  π
get sin −1  sin  = sin  sin  −   = − .
 8    8  8
688
  5π    2π 
42. cos −1  cos  −   follows the form of the 44. tan −1  tan  −   follows the form of the
  3    3 
( ) ( )
equation f −1 f ( x ) = cos −1 cos ( x ) = x , but ( ) ( )
equation f −1 f ( x ) = tan −1 tan ( x ) = x . but we
5π 2π
we cannot use the formula directly since − is cannot use the formula directly since − is not
3 3
not in the interval 0, π  . We need to find an  π π
in the interval  − ,  . We need to find an angle
angle θ in the interval 0, π  for which  2 2
 π π
 5π  5π θ in the interval  − ,  for which
cos  −  = cos θ . The angle − is in  2 2
 3  3
 2π  2π
5π π tan  −  = tan θ . The angle − is in
quadrant I so the reference angle of − is .  3  3
3 3
quadrant III so tangent is positive. The reference
 5π  π π
Thus, we have cos  −  = cos . Since is 2π π
 3  3 3 angle of − is and we want θ to be in
3 3
in the interval  0, π  , we can apply the equation quadrant I so tangent will still be positive. Thus,
above and get  2π  π  π
we have tan  −  = tan   . Since is in the
  5π   −1  π π  3  3
  3
cos −1  cos  −   = cos  cos  = .
  3   3 3  π π
interval  − ,  , we can apply the equation
 2 2
  4π   
43. tan −1  tan    follows the form of the above and get tan −1  tan  − 2π   = tan −1  tan π  = π .
  3 
  5     3 3
( ) ( )
equation f −1 f ( x ) = tan −1 tan ( x ) = x , but
 1
4π 45. sin  sin −1  follows the form of the equation
we cannot use the formula directly since is  4
5
 π π
not in the interval  − ,  . We need to find an
( ) ( )
f f −1 ( x ) = sin sin −1 ( x ) = x . Since
1
4
is in
 2 2 the interval  −1,1 , we can apply the equation
 π π
angle θ in the interval  − ,  for which  1 1
 2 2 directly and get sin  sin −1  = .
 4 4
 4π  4π
tan   = tan θ . The angle is in quadrant
 5  5   2 
II so tangent is negative. The reference angle of 46. cos  cos −1  −   follows the form of the
  3 
4π π
5
is
5
and we want θ to be in quadrant IV
( ) (
equation f f −1 ( x ) = cos cos −1 ( x ) = x . )
so tangent will still be negative. Thus, we have 2
 4π   π π Since − is in the interval  −1,1 , we can
tan   = tan  −  . Since − is in the 3
 5   5  5 apply the equation directly and get
 π π   2  2
interval  − ,  , we can apply the equation cos  cos −1  −   = − .
 2 2   3  3
above and get
  4π   −1   π  π
tan −1  tan    = tan  tan  −   = − .
  5    5  5
689
( )
47. tan tan −1 4 follows the form of the equation we note that the argument of the inverse sine
x−2
function is and that it must lie in the
( ) (
f f −1 ( x ) = tan tan −1 ( x ) = x . Since 4 is a ) 5
real number, we can apply the equation directly interval  −1,1 . That is,
(
and get tan tan −1 4 = 4 . ) −1 ≤
x−2
≤1
5
( )
48. tan tan −1 ( −2 ) follows the form of the equation −5 ≤ x − 2 ≤ 5
−3 ≤ x ≤ 7
( ) (
f f −1 ( x ) = tan tan −1 ( x ) = x . Since −2 is a ) The domain of f −1 ( x ) is { x | −3 ≤ x ≤ 7} , or
real number, we can apply the equation directly  −3, 7  in interval notation. Recall that the
(
and get tan tan −1 ( −2 ) = −2 . ) domain of a function equals the range of its
inverse and the range of a function equals the
49. Since there is no angle θ such that cos θ = 1.2 , domain of its inverse. Thus, the range of f is
the quantity cos −1 1.2 is not defined. Thus, also  −3, 7  .
( )
cos cos −1 1.2 is not defined.
54. f ( x ) = 2 tan x − 3
50. Since there is no angle θ such that sin θ = −2 , y = 2 tan x − 3
the quantity sin −1 ( −2 ) is not defined. Thus, x = 2 tan y − 3
2 tan y = x + 3
( )
sin sin −1 ( −2 ) is not defined.
tan y =
x+3
2
( )
51. tan tan −1 π follows the form of the equation
y = tan −1
x+3
= f −1 ( x )
( ) (
f f −1 ( x ) = tan tan −1 ( x ) = x . Since π is a ) 2
The domain of f ( x ) equals the range of f −1 ( x)
real number, we can apply the equation directly
π π  π π
(
and get tan tan −1 π = π . ) and is −
2
<x<
2
or  − ,  in interval
 2 2
52. Since there is no angle θ such that sin θ = −1.5 , notation. To find the domain of f −1 ( x ) we note
the quantity sin −1 ( −1.5) is not defined. Thus, that the argument of the inverse tangent function
can be any real number. Thus, the domain of
( )
sin sin −1 ( −1.5 ) is not defined.
f −1 ( x ) is all real numbers, or ( −∞, ∞ ) in
interval notation. Recall that the domain of a
53. f ( x ) = 5sin x + 2
function equals the range of its inverse and the
y = 5sin x + 2 range of a function equals the domain of its
x = 5sin y + 2 inverse. Thus, the range of f is ( −∞, ∞ ) .
5sin y = x − 2
55. f ( x ) = −2 cos ( 3 x )
x−2
sin y = y = −2 cos ( 3 x )
5
x−2
y = sin −1= f −1 ( x )
5
The domain of f ( x ) equals the range of
π π  π π
f −1 ( x ) and is − ≤x≤ or  − ,  in
2 2  2 2
interval notation. To find the domain of f −1 ( x )
690
x = −2 cos ( 3 y )  −1,1 . That is,

x x
cos ( 3 y ) = − −1 ≤ ≤ 1
2 3
 x −3 ≤ x ≤ 3
3 y = cos −1  − 
 2 The domain of f −1 ( x ) is { x | −3 ≤ x ≤ 3} , or
1  x
y = cos −1  −  = f −1 ( x )  −3,3 in interval notation. Recall that the
3  2 domain of a function equals the range of its
The domain of f ( x ) equals the range of inverse and the range of a function equals the
domain of its inverse. Thus, the range of f is
π  π  −3,3 .
f −1 ( x ) and is 0 ≤ x ≤ , or 0, 3  in interval
3  
notation. To find the domain of f −1 ( x ) we note 57. f ( x ) = − tan ( x + 1) − 3
that the argument of the inverse cosine function y = − tan ( x + 1) − 3
is
−x
and that it must lie in the interval  −1,1 . x = − tan ( y + 1) − 3
2
That is, tan ( y + 1) = − x − 3
x
−1 ≤ − ≤ 1 y + 1 = tan −1 ( − x − 3)
2
y = −1 + tan −1 ( − x − 3)
2 ≥ x ≥ −2
−2 ≤ x ≤ 2 = −1 − tan −1 ( x + 3) = f −1 ( x )
The domain of f −1 ( x ) is { x | −2 ≤ x ≤ 2} , or (note here we used the fact that y = tan −1 x is an
 −2, 2  in interval notation. Recall that the odd function).
domain of a function equals the range of its
inverse and the range of a function equals the π π
domain of its inverse. Thus, the range of f is f −1 ( x) and is −1 − ≤x≤ − 1 , or
2 2
 −2, 2  .  π π 
 −1 − 2 , 2 − 1 in interval notation. To find the
56. f ( x ) = 3sin ( 2 x )  
domain of f −1 ( x ) we note that the argument of
y = 3sin ( 2 x )
the inverse tangent function can be any real
x = 3sin ( 2 y ) number. Thus, the domain of f −1 ( x ) is all real
x
sin ( 2 y ) = numbers, or ( −∞, ∞ ) in interval notation. Recall
3
x that the domain of a function equals the range of
2 y = sin −1 its inverse and the range of a function equals the
3
1 x
y = sin −1 = f −1 ( x ) ( −∞, ∞ ) .
2 3
The domain of f ( x ) equals the range of 58. f ( x ) = cos ( x + 2 ) + 1
π π  π π y = cos ( x + 2 ) + 1
f −1 ( x) and is − ≤x≤ , or  − ,  in
4 4  4 4 x = cos ( y + 2 ) + 1
cos ( y + 2 ) = x − 1
we note that the argument of the inverse sine
x y + 2 = cos −1 ( x − 1)
function is and that it must lie in the interval
3 y = cos −1 ( x − 1) − 2
691
The domain of f ( x ) equals the range of domain of its inverse. Thus, the range of f is
 −3,3 .
f −1 ( x) and is −2 ≤ x ≤ π − 2 , or  −2, π − 2  in
interval notation. To find the domain of f −1 ( x ) 60. f ( x ) = 2 cos ( 3 x + 2 )
we note that the argument of the inverse cosine y = 2 cos ( 3x + 2 )

function is x − 1 and that it must lie in the
x = 2 cos ( 3 y + 2 )
interval  −1,1 . That is, −1 ≤ x − 1 ≤ 1
x
0≤ x≤2 cos ( 3 y + 2 ) =
2
The domain of f ( x ) is { x | 0 ≤ x ≤ 2} , or
−1
x
3 y + 2 = cos −1  
0, 2  in interval notation. Recall that the 2
domain of a function equals the range of its x
inverse and the range of a function equals the 3 y = cos −1   − 2
2
1 x 2
0, 2  . y = cos −1   − = f −1 ( x )
3 2 3
59. f ( x ) = 3sin ( 2 x + 1)
y = 3sin ( 2 x + 1) 2 2 π
f −1 ( x ) and is − ≤ x ≤ − + , or
x = 3sin ( 2 y + 1) 3 3 3
x  2 2 π
sin ( 2 y + 1) =  − 3 , − 3 + 3  in interval notation. To find the
3  
x domain of f −1 ( x ) we note that the argument of
2 y + 1 = sin −1
3 x
x the inverse cosine function is and that it must
2 y = sin −1   − 1 2
3 lie in the interval  −1,1 . That is,
1  x 1
y = sin −1   − = f −1 ( x ) x
2 3 2 −1 ≤ ≤1
2
The domain of f ( x ) equals the range of −2 ≤ x ≤ 2
1 π 1 π The domain of f −1 ( x ) is { x | −2 ≤ x ≤ 2} , or
f −1 ( x) and is − − ≤ x ≤ − + , or
2 4 2 4  −2, 2  in interval notation. Recall that the
 1 π 1 π domain of a function equals the range of its
 − 2 − 4 , − 2 + 4  in interval notation. To find
  inverse and the range of a function equals the
the domain of f −1 ( x ) we note that the argument domain of its inverse. Thus, the range of f is
x  −2, 2  .
of the inverse sine function is and that it must
3
lie in the interval  −1,1 . That is,
61. 4sin −1 x = π
x π
−1 ≤ ≤ 1 sin −1 x =
3 4
−3 ≤ x ≤ 3 π 2
The domain of f −1 ( x ) is { x | −3 ≤ x ≤ 3} , or x = sin
4 2
=
 −3,3 in interval notation. Recall that the  2 

The solution set is   .
domain of a function equals the range of its  2 
inverse and the range of a function equals the
692
62. 2 cos −1 x = π 67. 4 cos −1 x − 2π = 2 cos −1 x

π 2 cos −1 x − 2π = 0
cos −1 x =
2 2 cos −1 x = 2π
π
x = cos=0 cos −1 x = π
2
The solution set is {0} . x = cos π = −1
The solution set is {−1} .
63. 3cos −1 ( 2 x ) = 2π
68. 5sin −1 x − 2π = 2sin −1 x − 3π
2π
cos ( 2 x ) =
−1
3sin −1 x = −π
3
2π π
2 x = cos sin −1 x = −
3 3
1  π 3
2x = − x = sin  −  = −
2  3 2
x=−
1  3 
The solution set is − .
4
 2 
 1
The solution set is −  .
 4 69. Note that θ = 29°45′ = 29.75° .
 cos −1 ( tan ( 23.5 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 29.75 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
64. −6sin −1 ( 3x ) = π a. D = 24 ⋅ 1 − 
 π 
π
sin −1 ( 3x ) = − ≈ 13.92 hours or 13 hours, 55 minutes
6
 π  cos −1 ( tan ( 0 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 29.75 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
3 x = sin  −  b. D = 24 ⋅ 1 − 
 6  π 
1 ≈ 12 hours
3x = −
2
 cos −1 ( tan ( 22.8 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 29.75 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
1 c. D = 24 ⋅ 1 − 
x=− π
6  
 1 ≈ 13.85 hours or 13 hours, 51 minutes
The solution set is −  .
 6
70. Note that θ = 40°45′ = 40.75° .
−1
65. 3 tan x = π  cos −1 ( tan ( 23.5 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 40.75 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
a. D = 24 ⋅ 1 −
π  π 
tan −1 x =  
3 ≈ 14.93 hours or 14 hours, 56 minutes
π
x = tan = 3  cos −1 ( tan ( 0 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 40.75 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
3 b. D = 24 ⋅  1 −
 
The solution set is { 3} . 
π

≈ 12 hours
66. −4 tan −1 x = π  cos −1 ( tan ( 22.8 ⋅ 180

π
) tan ( 40.75 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
c. D = 24 ⋅ 1 −
π  π 
tan −1 x = −  
4 ≈ 14.83 hours or 14 hours, 50 minutes
 π
x = tan  −  = −1
 4
The solution set is {−1} .
693
71. Note that θ = 21°18′ = 21.3° .  cos −1 ( tan ( 0 ⋅ 180

π
) tan ( 66.5 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
 cos ( tan ( 23.5 ⋅ 180 b. D = 24 ⋅  1 −
−1 π
) tan ( 21.3 ⋅ 180π ) )  

π 

a. D = 24 ⋅ 1 −
 π 
  ≈ 12 hours
≈ 13.30 hours or 13 hours, 18 minutes
 cos −1 ( tan ( 22.8 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 66.5 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
 cos −1 ( tan ( 0 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 21.3 ⋅ 180π ) )  c. D = 24 ⋅ 1 −
b. D = 24 ⋅  1 −  π 
 π   
 
≈ 22.02 hours or 22 hours, 1 minute
≈ 12 hours
 cos −1 ( tan ( 22.8 ⋅ 180

π
) tan ( 21.3 ⋅ 180π ) )  d. The amount of daylight at this location on the
c. D = 24 ⋅ 1 − winter solstice is 24 − 24 = 0 hours. That is,
 π 
  on the winter solstice, there is no daylight. In
≈ 13.26 hours or 13 hours, 15 minutes general, for a location at 66°30 ' north latitude,
it ranges from around-the-clock daylight to no
72. Note that θ = 61°10′ ≈ 61.167° . daylight at all.
 cos −1 ( tan ( 23.5 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 61.167 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
a. D = 24 ⋅ 1 − 75. Let point C represent the point on the Earth’s
 π 
  axis at the same latitude as Cadillac Mountain,
≈ 18.96 hours or 18 hours, 57 minutes and arrange the figure so that segment CQ lies
along the x-axis (see figure).
 cos −1 ( tan ( 0 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 61.167 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
b. D = 24 ⋅  1 − y
 π 
 
≈ 12 hours
P D (x,y )
 cos −1 ( tan ( 22.8 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 61.167 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
c. D = 24 ⋅ 1 − s
 π  θ
  22710 x
C 71 0 mi
≈ 18.64 hours or 18 hours, 38 minutes 2710
Q (2 71 0,0)
 cos −1 ( tan ( 23.5 ⋅ 180

π
) tan ( 0 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
73. a. D = 24 ⋅ 1 −
 π 
 
≈ 12 hours At the latitude of Cadillac Mountain, the effective
radius of the earth is 2710 miles. If point D(x, y)
b.
 cos
D = 24 ⋅ 1 −
−1
( tan ( 0 ⋅ ) tan ( 0 ⋅ ) ) 
π
180
π
180 represents the peak of Cadillac Mountain, then the
 π  length of segment PD is
 
≈ 12 hours 1 mile
1530 ft ⋅ ≈ 0.29 mile . Therefore, the
5280 feet
 cos −1 ( tan ( 22.8 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 0 ⋅ 180π ) )  point D( x, y ) = (2710, y ) lies on a circle with
c. D = 24 ⋅ 1 −
 π  radius r = 2710.29 miles. We now have
 
≈ 12 hours x 2710
cos θ = =
d. There are approximately 12 hours of r 2710.29
daylight every day at the equator.  2710 
θ = cos −1   ≈ 0.01463 radians
 2710.29 
74. Note that θ = 66°30′ = 66.5° . Finally, s = rθ = 2710(0.01463) ≈ 39.64 miles ,
 cos −1 ( tan ( 23.5 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 66.5 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
a. D = 24 ⋅  1 − 2π (2710) 39.64
 π  and = , so
  24 t
≈ 24 hours 24(39.64)
t= ≈ 0.05587 hours ≈ 3.35 minutes
2π (2710)
694
Therefore, a person atop Cadillac Mountain will 90°

see the first rays of sunlight about 3.35 minutes
sooner than a person standing below at sea level.
 34  6
76. θ ( x ) = tan −1   − tan −1   .
 x x 0 50
 34   6 0°
a. θ (10 ) = tan −1   − tan −1   ≈ 42.6°
 10   10  The maximum viewing angle will occur
If you sit 10 feet from the screen, then the when x ≈ 14.3 feet.
viewing angle is about 42.6° .
 34   6 77. a. a = 0 ; b = 3 ; The area is:
θ (15 ) = tan −1   − tan −1   ≈ 44.4° tan −1 b − tan −1 a = tan −1 3 − tan −1 0
 15   15 
If you sit 15 feet from the screen, then the π
= −0
viewing angle is about 44.4° . 3
 34   6  π
θ ( 20 ) = tan −1   − tan −1   ≈ 42.8° = square units
 20   20  3
If you sit 20 feet from the screen, then the
viewing angle is about 42.8° . 3
b. a=− ; b = 1 ; The area is:
3
b. Let r = the row that result in the largest
viewing angle. Looking ahead to part (c),  3
tan −1 b − tan −1 a = tan −1 1 − tan −1  − 
we see that the maximum viewing angle  3 
occurs when the distance from the screen is
π  π
about 14.3 feet. Thus, = −− 
5 + 3(r − 1) = 14.3 4  6
5 + 3r − 3 = 14.3 5π
= square units
3r = 12.3 12
r = 4.1 3
Sitting in the 4th row should provide the 78. a. a = 0; b = ; The area is:
2
largest viewing angle.
 3
c. Set the graphing calculator in degree mode sin −1 b − sin −1 a = sin −1  −1
 − sin 0
 2 
 34  6
and let Y1 = tan −1   − tan −1   : π
 x  x = −0
90° 3
π
= square units
3
0 50
0°
Use MAXIMUM:
695
1 1 point.
b. a = − ; b = ; The area is:
2 2
1  1
sin −1 b − sin −1 a = sin −1   − sin −1  − 
2  2
π  π
= −− 
6  6
π
=
square units
3
79. Here we have α1 = 41°50 ' , β1 = −87°37 ' ,
α 2 = 21°18' , and β 2 = −157°50 ' .
Converting minutes to degrees gives
( ) (
α1 = 41 56 ° , β1 = −87 37
60 )
° , α 2 = 21.3° , and 83. f ( x) = 1 + 2 x
β2 = ( −157 ) ° . Substituting these values, and
5
6
y = 1 + 2x
x = 1+ 2y
r = 3960 , into our equation gives d ≈ 4250
miles. The distance from Chicago to Honolulu is x −1 = 2y
about 4250 miles. log 2 ( x − 1) = log 2 2 y
(remember that S and W angles are negative)
log 2 ( x − 1) = y log 2 2
80. Here we have α1 = 21°18' , β1 = −157°50 ' , log 2 ( x − 1) = y
α 2 = −37°47 ' , and β 2 = 144°58' . f −1 ( x) = log 2 ( x − 1)
Converting minutes to degrees gives α1 = 21.3° ,
( ) ( )
− 12 − 12 − 32 1
β1 = −157 56 ° , α 2 = −37 47 ° , and 84. (2 x + 1) ( x 2 + 3) − ( x 2 + 3) ⋅ x(2 x + 1) 2
60
− 12 −3
= (144 ) ° . Substituting these values, and = (2 x + 1) ( x 2 + 3) ( x 2 + 3) − x(2 x + 1)
2
β2 29
30
− 12 − 32
r = 3960 , into our equation gives d ≈ 5518 = (2 x + 1) ( x 2 + 3) ( − x 2 − x + 3)
miles. The distance from Honolulu to
Melbourne is about 5518 miles.
(remember that S and W angles are negative)
Section 6.2
81. 3x − 2 + 5 ≤ 9
 π
3x − 2 ≤ 4 1. Domain:  x x ≠ odd integer multiples of  ,
 2
2
− ≤ 3x ≤ 2 Range: { y y ≤ −1 or y ≥ 1}
3
2
So the solution is: − , 2 2. True
3
1 5
82. The function f is one-to-one because every 3. =
5 5
horizontal line intersects the graph at exactly one
4. x = sec y , ≥ 1 , 0 , π
5. cosine
6. False
7. True
8. True
696
Section 6.2: The Inverse Trigonometric Functions (Continued)
 2   1 
9. cos  sin −1  12. tan sin −1  −  
 2    2 
π π π π
Find the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose sine Find the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose sine
2 2 2 2
2 1
equals . equals − .
2 2
1 π π
2 π π sin θ = − , − ≤θ ≤
sin θ = , − ≤θ ≤ 2 2 2
2 2 2
π
π θ =−
θ= 6
4
  1   π 3
 2  π 2 tan sin −1  −   = tan  −  = −
cos  sin −1  = cos =   2   6  3
 2  4 2
 1
 1 13. sec  cos −1 
10. sin  cos −1   2
 2 Find the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, whose cosine
Find the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, whose cosine
1
1 equals .
equals . 2
2 1
1 cos θ = , 0 ≤θ ≤ π
cos θ = , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π 2
2 π
θ=
π 3
θ=
3 π
 1
 −1 1  π 3 sec  cos −1  = sec = 2
sin  cos  = sin =  2  3
 2 3 2
  1 
 14. cot sin −1  −  
 3    2 
11. tan cos −1  −  
  2   π π
Find the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose sine
Find the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, whose cosine 2 2
3 1
equals − . equals − .
2 2
1 π π
3 sin θ = − , − ≤ θ ≤
cos θ = − , 0 ≤θ ≤ π 2 2 2
2
π
5π θ =−
θ= 6
6
 −1  1    π
 −1  3   5π 3 cot sin  −   = cot  −  = − 3
tan cos  −   = tan =−   2   6
  2   6 3
697
(
15. csc tan −1 1 )   1 
19. sec sin −1  −  
π π   2 
Find the angle θ , − < θ < , whose tangent
2 2 π π
equals 1. 2 2
π π 1
tan θ = 1, − <θ < equals − .
2 2 2
π 1 π π
θ= sin θ = − , − ≤θ ≤
4 2 2 2
π π
( )
csc tan −1 1 = csc
4
= 2 θ =−
6
  1   π 2 3
(
16. sec tan −1 3 ) sec sin −1  −   = sec  −  =
  2   6 3
π π
2 2   3 
20. csc  cos −1  −  
equals 3.
  2  
π π
tan θ = 3, − <θ < Find the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, whose cosine
2 2
π 3
θ= equals − .
3 2
π 3
(
sec tan −1 3 = sec) 3
=2 cos θ = −
2
0 ≤θ ≤ π
5π
17. sin  tan −1 (−1) 
θ=
6
π π   3  5π
Find the angle θ , − < θ < , whose tangent csc  cos −1  −   = csc =2
2 2   2   6
equals −1 .
π π
tan θ = −1, − <θ <  5π   2
2 2 21. cos −1  sin  = cos −1  − 
π  4   2 
θ =− Find the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, whose cosine
4
 π 2 2
sin  tan −1 (−1)  = sin  −  = − equals − .
 4 2 2
2
  3  cos θ = − , 0 ≤θ ≤ π
18. cos sin −1  −   2
  2   3π
θ=
π π 4
Find the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose sine 5π  3π
2 2 −1 
cos  sin  =
3  4  4
equals − .
2
3 π π
sin θ = − , − ≤θ ≤
2 2 2
π
θ =−
3
  3   π 1
cos sin −1  −   = cos  −  =
  2    3 2
698
 2π   1   1
22. tan −1  cot  = tan −1  −  25. tan  sin −1 
 3   3   3
π π 1 1
Find the angle θ , − < θ < , whose tangent Let θ = sin −1 . Since sin θ = and
2 2 3 3
1 π π
equals − . − ≤ θ ≤ , θ is in quadrant I, and we let
3 2 2
y = 1 and r = 3 .
1 π π
tan θ = − , − <θ < Solve for x:
3 2 2
x2 + 1 = 9
π
θ =− x2 = 8
6
 2π  π x = ± 8 = ±2 2
tan −1  cot =−
 3  6 Since θ is in quadrant I, x = 2 2 .
 1 y 1 2 2
tan  sin −1  = tan θ = = ⋅ =
  7π    3  3 x 2 2 2 4
23. sin −1 cos  −   = sin −1  − 
  6   2 
 1
π π 26. tan  cos −1 
Find the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose sine  3
2 2
1 1
3 Let θ = cos −1 . Since cos θ = and 0 ≤ θ ≤ π ,
equals − . 3 3
2
θ is in quadrant I, and we let x = 1 and r = 3 .
3 π π Solve for y:
sin θ = − , − ≤θ ≤
2 2 2 1 + y2 = 9
π
θ =− y2 = 8
3
  7π   π y = ± 8 = ±2 2
sin −1 cos  −  = −
  6  3 Since θ is in quadrant I, y = 2 2 .
 1 y 2 2
  π  tan  cos −1  = tan θ = = =2 2
24. cos  tan  −   = cos −1 ( −1)
−1  3  x 1
  3 
Find the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, whose cosine  1
27. sec  tan −1 
equals −1 .  2
cos θ = −1, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π 1 1
Let θ = tan −1 . Since tan θ = and
π 2 2
θ=
3 π π
− < θ < , θ is in quadrant I, and we let
  π   2 2
cos −1  tan  −   = π x = 2 and y = 1 .
  3 
Solve for r:
22 + 1 = r 2
r2 = 5
r= 5
θ is in quadrant I.
 1 r 5
sec  tan −1  = sec θ = =
 2 x 2
699
 2 31. sin  tan −1 (−3) 

28. cos  sin −1 
 3  Let θ = tan −1 (−3) . Since tan θ = −3 and
2 2 π π
Let θ = sin −1 . Since sin θ = and − < θ < , θ is in quadrant IV, and we let
3 3 2 2
π π x = 1 and y = −3 .
− ≤ θ ≤ , θ is in quadrant I, and we let
2 2 Solve for r:
y = 2 and r = 3 . 1+ 9 = r2
Solve for x: r 2 = 10
x2 + 2 = 9 r = ± 10
2
x =7 Since θ is in quadrant IV, r = 10 .
x=± 7 y
sin  tan −1 (−3)  = sin θ =
Since θ is in quadrant I, x = 7 . r
 2 x 7 −3 10 3 10
cos  sin −1  = cos θ = = = ⋅ =−
3 r 3 10 10 10
 
  2    3 
29. cot sin −1  −   32. cot  cos −1  −
  3    
  3  
 2 2  3 3
Let θ = sin −1  −  . Since sin θ = − and Let θ = cos −1  −  . Since cos θ = − and
 3  3  3  3
π π 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , θ is in quadrant II, and we let
− ≤ θ ≤ , θ is in quadrant IV, and we let
2 2 x = − 3 and r = 3 .
y = − 2 and r = 3 . Solve for y:
Solve for x: 3 + y2 = 9
x2 + 2 = 9 y2 = 6
x2 = 7 y=± 6
x=± 7 Since θ is in quadrant II, y = 6 .
Since θ is in quadrant IV, x = 7 .   3  x
 cot cos −1  −   = cot θ =
 2  x 7 2 14
cot sin −1  −   = cot θ = = ⋅ =−   3   y
  3   y − 2 2 2
− 3 −1 2 2
= = ⋅ =−
30. csc  tan −1 (− 2)  6 2 2 2
Let θ = tan −1 ( − 2) . Since tan θ = − 2 and
 2 5
π π 33. sec  sin −1 
− < θ < , θ is in quadrant IV, and we let  5 
2 2
x = 1 and y = − 2 . 2 5 2 5
Let θ = sin −1 . Since sin θ = and
Solve for r: 5 5
1+ 4 = r2 π π
− ≤ θ ≤ , θ is in quadrant I, and we let
2
r =5 2 2
y = 2 5 and r = 5 .
r=± 5
Solve for x:
Since θ is in quadrant IV, r = 5 .
r 5 5
csc  tan −1 (− 2)  = csc θ = = =−
y −2 2
700
x 2 + 20 = 25 39. csc −1 (−1)

x2 = 5 π π
We are finding the angle θ , − ≤θ ≤ ,
x=± 5 2 2
θ ≠ 0 , whose cosecant equals −1 .
Since θ is in quadrant I, x = 5 .
π π
 2 5 r 5 csc θ = −1, − ≤ θ ≤ , θ ≠ 0
sec  sin −1  = sec θ = = = 5 2 2
 5  x 5 π
θ =−
2
 1 π
34. csc  tan −1  −1
csc (−1) = −
 2 2
1 1
2 2 40. csc −1 2
π π π π
− < θ < , θ is in quadrant I, and we let We are finding the angle θ , − ≤θ ≤ ,
2 2 2 2
x = 2 and y = 1 . θ ≠ 0 , whose cosecant equals 2 .
Solve for r: π π
csc θ = 2, − ≤ θ ≤ , θ ≠ 0
22 + 1 = r 2 2 2
r2 = 5 π
θ=
r= 5 4
π
θ is in quadrant I. csc −1
2=
4
 1 r 5
csc  tan −1  = csc θ = = = 5
 2  y 1 2 3
41. sec −1
3
 3π   2 π
35. sin −1  cos  = sin −1  −  = − π
 4  We are finding the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , θ ≠ ,
 2  4
2
 7π   1  2π 2 3
36. cos −1  sin  = cos −1  −  = whose secant equals .
 6   2 3 3
2 3 π
sec θ = , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, θ ≠
37. cot −1 3 3 2
We are finding the angle θ , 0 < θ < π, whose π
θ=
cotangent equals 3. 6
cot θ = 3, 0 <θ < π 2 3 π
sec −1 =
π 3 6
θ=
6
π 42. sec −1 ( − 2 )
−1
cot 3=
6 π
We are finding the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , θ ≠ ,
2
38. cot −1 1 whose secant equals −2 .
We are finding the angle θ , 0 < θ < π, whose π
sec θ = − 2, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, θ ≠
cotangent equals 1. 2
cot θ = 1, 0 < θ < π 2π
θ=
π 3
θ= 2 π
4 sec −1 ( − 2 ) =
−1 π 3
cot 1 =
4
701
 3 1
43. cot −1  −  46. csc −1 5 = sin −1
5
 3 
We are finding the angle θ , 0 < θ < π, whose π π
We seek the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose sine
2 2
3
cotangent equals − . 1 1
3 equals . Now sin θ = , so θ lies in
5 5
3 1
cot θ = − , 0 <θ < π quadrant I. The calculator yields sin −1 ≈ 0.20 ,
3 5
2π which is an angle in quadrant I, so
θ=
3 csc−1 5 ≈ 0.20 .
 3  2π
cot −1  −  =
 3  3
 2 3
44. csc −1  − 
 3  1
47. cot −1 2 = tan −1
π π 2
We are finding the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ ,
2 2 We seek the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose tangent
2 3 1 1
θ ≠ 0 , whose cosecant equals − . equals . Now tan θ = , so θ lies in
3 2 2
2 3 π π 1
csc θ = − , − ≤θ ≤ , θ ≠ 0 quadrant I. The calculator yields an −1 ≈ 0.46 ,
3 2 2 2
π which is an angle in quadrant I, so
θ =− cot −1 ( 2 ) ≈ 0.46 .
3
 2 3 π
csc −1  −  = −
 3  3
1
45. sec −1 4 = cos −1
4  1
We seek the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose cosine 48. sec −1 (−3) = cos −1  − 
 3
1 1 We seek the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose cosine
equals . Now cos θ = , so θ lies in quadrant
4 4 1 1
1 equals − . Now cos θ = − , θ lies in
I. The calculator yields cos −1 ≈ 1.32 , which is 3 3
4 quadrant II. The calculator yields
an angle in quadrant I, so sec−1 ( 4 ) ≈ 1.32 .  1
cos −1  −  ≈ 1.91 , which is an angle in
 3
quadrant II, so sec−1 ( − 3) ≈ 1.91 .
702
 1  1 
49. csc −1 ( −3) = sin −1  −  52. cot −1 ( −8.1) = tan −1  − 
 3  8.1 
π π We seek the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose tangent
We seek the angle θ , − ≤θ ≤ , whose sine
2 2 1 1
equals − . Now tan θ = − , so θ lies in
1 1 8.1 8.1
equals − . Now sin θ = − , so θ lies in
3 3 quadrant II. The calculator yields
quadrant IV. The calculator yields  1 
tan −1  −  ≈ −0.12 , which is an angle in
 1  8.1 
sin −1  −  ≈ −0.34 , which is an angle in
 3 quadrant IV. Since θ is in quadrant II,
quadrant IV, so csc−1 ( −3) ≈ −0.34 . θ ≈ −0.12 + π ≈ 3.02 . Thus, cot −1 ( −8.1) ≈ 3.02 .
 1  3  2
50. cot −1  −  = tan −1 (− 2) 53. csc −1  −  = sin −1  − 
 2  2  3
We seek the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose tangent π π
We seek the angle θ , − ≤θ ≤ , θ ≠0,
equals −2 . Now tan θ = −2 , so θ lies in 2 2
quadrant II. The calculator yields 2 2
whose sine equals − . Now sin θ = − , so θ
tan −1 ( − 2 ) ≈ −1.11 , which is an angle in 3 3
quadrant IV. Since θ lies in quadrant II, lies in quadrant IV. The calculator yields
θ ≈ −1.11 + π ≈ 2.03 . Therefore,  2
sin −1  −  ≈ −0.73 , which is an angle in
 1  3
cot −1  −  ≈ 2.03 .
 2  3
quadrant IV, so csc−1  −  ≈ −0.73 .
 2
 1 
( )
51. cot −1 − 5 = tan −1  −
 5

 4  3
54. sec −1  −  = cos −1  − 
We seek the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose tangent  3  4
1 1 π
equals − . Now tan θ = − , so θ lies in We are finding the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , θ ≠ ,
5 5 2
quadrant II. The calculator yields 3 3
whose cosine equals − . Now cos θ = − , so
 1  4 4
tan −1  −  ≈ −0.42 , which is an angle in θ lies in quadrant II. The calculator yields
 5
 3
quadrant IV. Since θ is in quadrant II, cos −1  −  ≈ 2.42 , which is an angle in
θ ≈ −0.42 + π ≈ 2.72 . Therefore,  4
( )
cot −1 − 5 ≈ 2.72 .  4
quadrant II, so sec −1  −  ≈ 2.42 .
 3
703
 3  2 π π
55. cot −1  −  = tan −1  −  59. Let θ = sin −1 u so that sin θ = u , − ≤θ ≤ ,
 2   3 2 2
We are finding the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose −1 ≤ u ≤ 1 . Then,
sin θ
tangent equals −
2 2
. Now tan θ = − , so θ ( )
tan sin −1 u = tan θ =
cos θ
3 3
lies in quadrant II. The calculator yields sin θ sin θ
= =
2
 2 cos θ 1 − sin 2 θ
 3 u
=
quadrant IV. Since θ is in quadrant II, 1− u2
 3
θ ≈ −0.59 + π ≈ 2.55 . Thus, cot −1  −  ≈ 2.55 .
 2 60. Let θ = cos −1 u so that cos θ = u , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π ,
−1 ≤ u ≤ 1 . Then,
sin θ
( )
tan cos −1 u = tan θ =
cos θ
sin 2 θ 1 − cos 2 θ
= =
 1  cos θ cos θ
( )
56. cot −1 − 10 = tan −1  −
 10 

1− u2
=
We are finding the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose u
1 1
tangent equals − . Now tan θ = − , so θ 61. Let θ = sec −1 u so that sec θ = u , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π and
10 10
lies in quadrant II. The calculator yields π
θ≠ , u ≥ 1 . Then,
 1  2
tan −1  −
 10 
 ≈ −0.306 , which is an angle in
( )
sin sec −1 u = sin θ = sin 2 θ = 1 − cos 2 θ
quadrant IV. Since θ is in quadrant II,
1 sec 2 θ − 1
(
θ ≈ −0.306 + π ≈ 2.84 . So, cot −1 − 10 ≈ 2.84 . ) = 1−
sec θ2
=
sec 2 θ
u2 −1
=
u
62. Let θ = cot −1 u so that cot θ = u , 0 < θ < π ,

−1 π π −∞ < u < ∞ . Then,
57. Let θ = tan u so that tan θ = u , − <θ < ,
2 2
−∞ < u < ∞ . Then, ( )
sin cot −1 u = sin θ = sin 2 θ =
1
csc2 θ
1 1
( −1
)
cos tan u = cos θ =
sec θ
= 1 1
sec 2 θ = =
2
1 1 1 + cot θ 1+ u2
= =
2
1 + tan θ 1+ u2
58. Let θ = cos −1 u so that cos θ = u , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π ,

−1 ≤ u ≤ 1 . Then,
( )
sin cos −1 u = sin θ = sin 2 θ
= 1 − cos 2 θ = 1 − u 2
704
π π Since θ is in quadrant I, x = 5 .
63. Let θ = csc−1 u so that csc θ = u , − ≤θ ≤ ,
2 2   12    12  x 5
g  f −1    = cos  sin −1  = cos θ = =
u ≥ 1 . Then,   13    13  r 13
sin θ
( )
cos csc−1 u = cos θ = cos θ ⋅
sin θ
= cot θ sin θ
68.
  5   5
f  g −1    = sin  cos −1 
  13    13 
cot θ cot 2 θ csc 2 θ − 1
= = = 5 5
csc θ csc θ csc θ Let θ = cos −1 . Since cos θ = and
13 13
u2 −1 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , θ is in quadrant I, and we let x = 5
=
u and r = 13 . Solve for y:
52 + y 2 = 132
64. Let θ = sec−1 u so that sec θ = u , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π and
25 + y 2 = 169
π
θ≠ , u ≥ 1 . Then, y 2 = 144
2
( )
cos sec −1 u = cos θ =
1
=
sec θ u
1 y = ± 144 = ±12
Since θ is in quadrant I, y = 12 .
  5   5 y 12
65. Let θ = cot −1 u so that cot θ = u , 0 < θ < π , f  g −1    = sin  cos −1  = sin θ = =
−∞ < u < ∞ . Then,   13    13  r 13
(
tan cot −1 u = tan θ =) 1
=
cot θ u
1

69. g −1 
 7π   −1  7π 
f   = cos  sin 
  4   4 
66. Let θ = sec−1 u so that sec θ = u , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π and  2  3π
π = cos −1  −  =
θ≠ , u ≥ 1 . Note that sin θ ≥ 0 . Then,  2  4
2
( )
tan sec −1 u = tan θ = sin θ sec θ   5π
f −1  g 
 −1  5π 
70.   = sin  cos 
= sec θ 1 − cos 2 θ   6   6 
 3 π
1 u2 −1 = sin −1  −  = − 3
= u 1− =u  2 
u2 u2
The u cannot be cancelled since it can be either   3    3 

71. h  f −1  −   = tan  sin −1  −  
positive or negative.   5    5 
  12    12   3 3
67. g  f −1    = cos  sin −1  Let θ = sin −1  −  . Since sin θ = − and
13 13   5  5
   
12 12 π π
− , θ is in quadrant IV, and we let
≤θ ≤
Let θ = sin −1 . Since sin θ = and 2 2
13 13
y = −3 and r = 5 . Solve for x:
π π
− , θ is in quadrant I, and we let
≤θ ≤ x 2 + (−3) 2 = 52
2 2
y = 12 and r = 13 . Solve for x: x 2 + 9 = 25
x 2 + 122 = 132 x 2 = 16
x 2 + 144 = 169 x = ± 16 = ±4
x = 25  x = ± 25 = ±5
2
705
Since θ is in quadrant IV, x = 4 . r 2 = 122 + 52

  3    3  r 2 = 144 + 25 = 169
h  f −1  −   = tan  sin −1  −  
  5    5 
r = ± 169 = ±13
y −3 3 Now, r must be positive, so r = 13 .
= tan θ = = =−
x 4 4
  5   5 y 5
f  h −1    = sin  tan −1  = sin θ = =
  4    4    12    12  r 13
72. h  g −1  −   = tan  cos −1  −  
  5    5 
  4π  −1   4π 
 4  4 75. g −1  f −   = cos  sin  − 
Let θ = cos −1  −  . Since cos θ = − and   3    3 
 5 5
0 ≤ θ ≤ π , θ is in quadrant II, and we let 3 π
= cos −1 =
x = −4 and r = 5 . Solve for y: 2 6
(−4) 2 + y 2 = 52
  5π   −1   5π  
16 + y 2 = 25 76. g −1  f  −   = cos  sin  − 
  6    6 
y2 = 9
 1  2π
= cos −1  −  =
y = ± 9 = ±3  2 3
Since θ is in quadrant II, y = 3 .
  4    4    1    1 
h  g −1  −   = tan  cos −1  −   77. h  g −1  −   = tan  cos −1  −  
  5    5    4    4 
y −3 3  1 1
= tan θ = = =− Let θ = cos −1  −  . Since cos θ = − and
x 4 4  4 4
0 ≤ θ ≤ π , θ is in quadrant II, and we let
  12    12  x = −1 and r = 4 . Solve for y:
73. g  h −1    = cos  tan −1 
  5   5 (−1) 2 + y 2 = 42
12 12 1 + y 2 = 16
5 5 y 2 = 15
π π
− ≤θ ≤, θ is in quadrant I, and we let y = ± 15
2 2
x = 5 and y = 12 . Solve for r: Since θ is in quadrant II, y = 15 .
r 2 = 52 + 122   1    1 
h  g −1  −   = tan  cos −1  −  
  4    4 
r 2 = 25 + 144 = 169
y 15
r = ± 169 = ±13 = tan θ = = = − 15
Now, r must be positive, so r = 13 . x −1
  12    12  x 5
g  h −1    = cos  tan −1  = cos θ = =   2    2 
   5  5  r 13 78. h  f −1  −   = tan  sin −1  −  
  5    5 
  5   2 2
 5 Let θ = sin −1  −  . Since sin θ = − and
74. f  h −1    = sin  tan −1   5  5
  12    12 
π π
5 5 − , θ is in quadrant IV, and we let
≤θ ≤
Let θ = tan −1 . Since tan θ = and 2 2
12 12
y = −2 and r = 5 . Solve for x:
π π
− ≤θ ≤, θ is in quadrant I, and we let
2 2
x = 12 and y = 5 . Solve for r:
706
x 2 + (−2)2 = 52 4
Thus, h = = 4.79 feet. The
2
x + 4 = 25 cot ( 50.14° )
x 2 = 21 bunker will be 4.79 feet high.
x = ± 21  4.22 
c. θTG = cot −1   = 54.88°
Since θ is in quadrant IV, x = 21 .  6 
  2    2  From part (a) we have θUSGA = 50.14° . For
h  f −1  −   = tan  sin −1  −   steep bunkers, a larger angle of repose is
  5    5 
required. Therefore, the Tour Grade 50/50
y −2 2 21 sand is better suited since it has a larger
= tan θ = = =−
x 21 21 angle of repose.
2x
79. a. Since the diameter of the base is 45 feet, we 81. a. cot θ =
45 2 y + gt 2
have r = = 22.5 feet. Thus,
2  2x 
θ = cot −1 
 22.5   2 y + gt 2 
θ = cot −1   
 = 31.89° .
 14  The artillery shell begins at the origin and
r lands at the coordinates ( 6175, 2450 ) . Thus,
b. θ = cot −1
h  
2 ⋅ 6175
r θ = cot −1  
cot θ = → r = h cot θ  2 ⋅ 2450 + 32.2 2.27 2 
h  ( ) 
Here we have θ = 31.89° and h = 17 feet. ≈ cot −1 ( 2.437858 ) ≈ 22.3°
Thus, r = 17 cot ( 31.89° ) = 27.32 feet and The artilleryman used an angle of elevation
the diameter is 2 ( 27.32 ) = 54.64 feet. of 22.3° .
v0 t
r b. sec θ =
c. From part (b), we get h = . x
cot θ
122 x sec θ ( 6175 ) sec ( 22.3° )
The radius is = 61 feet. v0 = =
2 t 2.27
r 61 = 2940.23 ft/sec
h= = ≈ 37.96 feet.
cot θ 22.5 /14
x
Thus, the height is 37.96 feet. 82. Let. y = cot −1 x = cos −1
2
x +1
80. a. Since the diameter of the base is 6.68 feet, 3π
6.68 2
we have r = = 3.34 feet. Thus,
2
 3.34 
θ = cot −1   = 50.14°
 4  −10 10
r π
b. θ = cot −1 −
2
h
r r Note that the range of y = cot −1 x is ( 0, π ) , so
cot θ = → h=
h cot θ 1
tan −1 will not work.
Here we have θ = 50.14° and r = 4 feet. x
707
83. y = sec −1 x = cos −1

1 Section 6.3
x
π 1. 3x − 5 = − x + 1
4x = 6
6 3
x= =
4 2
−5 5 3
0 The solution set is   .
2
1
84. y = csc −1 x = sin −1 2 1
x 2. , −
_π 2 2
2
3. 4 x2 − x − 5 = 0
−10 10
( 4 x − 5)( x + 1) = 0
4 x − 5 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
5
_π x= or x = −1
−
2
4
 5
The solution set is −1,  .
85 – 86. Answers will vary.  4
87. f ( x) = 4 x 4 + 21x 2 − 100
4. x 2 − x − 1 = 0
4 x 4 + 21x 2 − 100 = 0
− ( −1) ± ( −1) − 4 (1)( −1)
2
( x 2 − 4)( x 2 + 25) = 0 x=
2 2
2 (1)
x − 4 = 0 or x + 25 = 0
1± 1+ 4
x = ±2 or x = ±5i =
So the solution set is: {−2, 2, −5i,5i} 2
1± 5
=
88. f ( − x ) = ( − x )3 + ( − x ) 2 − ( − x ) 2
= − x3 + x 2 + x ≠ f ( x) 1 − 5 1 + 5 
The solution set is  , .
So the function is not even.  2 2 
f ( − x ) = ( − x )3 + ( − x ) 2 − ( − x )
= −( x3 − x 2 − x) ≠ − f ( x) 5. (2 x − 1) 2 − 3(2 x − 1) − 4 = 0
So the function is not odd. [(2 x − 1) + 1][(2 x − 1) − 4] = 0
π 7π 2 x(2 x − 5) = 0
89. 315 = radians 2 x = 0 or 2 x − 5 = 0
180 4
5
5π x = 0 or x=
90. 75° = 2
12  5
s = rθ The solution set is 0,  .
 2
5π
=6
12 6. 5 x3 − 2 = x − x 2
5π Let y1 = 5 x3 − 2 and y2 = x − x 2 . Use
= ≈ 7.85 in.
2 INTERSECT to find the solution(s):
708
Section 6.3: Trigonometric Equations
6
13. 4 cos 2 θ = 1
1
cos 2 θ =
−6 6 4
1
cos θ = ±
2
−6
π 2π
In this case, the graphs only intersect in one θ= + k π or θ = + k π , k is any integer
location, so the equation has only one solution. 3 3
Rounding as directed, the solutions set is {0.76} . On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
 π 2π 4π 5π 
 , , , .
π 5π 3 3 3 3 
7. ,
6 6
1
14. tan 2 θ =
 π 5π  3
8. θ θ = + 2π k , θ = + 2π k , k is any integer 
 6 6  1 3
tan θ = ± =±
3 3
9. False because of the circular nature of the π 5π
functions. θ = + k π or θ = + k π, k is any integer
6 6
10. False, 2 is outside the range of the sin function. On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
 π 5π 7π 11π 
11. 2sin θ + 3 = 2  , , , .
6 6 6 6 
2sin θ = −1
1 15. 2sin 2 θ − 1 = 0
sin θ = −
2 2sin 2 θ = 1
7π 11π 1
θ= + 2k π or θ = + 2k π , k is any integer sin 2 θ =
6 6 2
 7 π 11π  1 2
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  , . sin θ = ± =±
6 6  2 2
π 3π
1 θ = + kπ or θ = + kπ , k is any integer
12. 1 − cos θ = 4 4
2 On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
1  π 3π 5π 7 π 
1 − cos θ =
2  , , , .
4 4 4 4 
1
= cos θ
2 16. 4 cos 2 θ − 3 = 0
π 5π
θ = + 2k π or θ = + 2k π , k is any integer 4 cos 2 θ = 3
3 3
3
 π 5π  cos 2 θ =
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  ,  . 4
3 3 
3
cos θ = ±
2
π 5π
θ= + k π or θ = + k π , k is any integer
6 6
On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
 π 5π 7π 11π 
 , , , .
6 6 6 6 
709
17. sin ( 3θ ) = −1 On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is

3π  4π 8π 16π 
3θ = + 2k π  , , .
2 9 9 9 
π 2k π
θ= + , k is any integer 2θ
2 3 22. cot =− 3
3
2θ 5π
 π 7 π 11π  = + kπ , k is any integer
 , , . 3 6
2 6 6  5π 3kπ
θ= + , k is any integer
4 2
θ 
18. tan   = 3  5π 
2 On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is   .
4
θ π
=+ kπ , k is any integer
2 3 23. 2sin θ + 1 = 0
2π 2sin θ = −1
θ= + 2π k , k is any integer
3 1
 2π  sin θ = −
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is   . 2
3  7π 11π
θ= + 2k π or θ = + 2k π , k is any integer
6 6
1
19. cos ( 2θ ) = −  7 π 11π 
2 On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  , .
2π 4π 6 6 
2θ = + 2kπ or 2θ = + 2kπ
3 3 24. cos θ + 1 = 0
π 2π
θ = + kπ or θ = + kπ , k is any integer cos θ = −1
3 3
θ = π + 2k π , k is any integer
On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is {π } .
 π 2π 4π 5π 
 , , , .
3 3 3 3  25. tan θ + 1 = 0
20. tan ( 2θ ) = −1 tan θ = −1
3π
3π θ = + k π , k is any integer
2θ = + k π, k is any integer 4
4
3π k π  3π 7π 
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  ,  .
θ = + , k is any integer 4 4 
8 2
26. 3 cot θ + 1 = 0
 3π 7π 11π 15π 
 , , , . 3 cot θ = −1
8 8 8 8 
1 3
3θ cot θ = − =−
21. sec = −2 3 3
2 2π
3θ 2π 3θ 4π θ= + k π , k is any integer
= + 2kπ or = + 2kπ 3
2 3 2 3
 2π 5π 
4π 4kπ 8π 4kπ On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  ,  .
θ= + or θ = + , 3 3
9 3 9 3
k is any integer
710
27. 4sec θ + 6 = − 2  π
32. sin  3θ +  = 1
4sec θ = − 8  18 
sec θ = − 2 π π
3θ + = + 2k π
2π 4π 18 2
θ= + 2k π or θ = + 2k π , k is any integer
4π
3 3 3θ = + 2k π
 2π 4 π  9
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  ,  . 4π 2k π
3 3 θ= + , k is any integer
27 3
28. 5csc θ − 3 = 2 On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
5csc θ = 5  4π 22π 40π 
 , , .
csc θ = 1  27 27 27 
π
θ = + 2k π , k is any integer θ π 
2 33. tan  +  = 1
π 2 3
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is   .
2 θ π π
+ = + kπ
2 3 4
29. 3 2 cos θ + 2 = −1 θ π
= − + kπ
3 2 cos θ = − 3 2 12
π
1 2 θ = − + 2k π , k is any integer
cos θ = − =− 6
2 2
11π 
3π 5π On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  .
θ= + 2k π or θ = + 2k π , k is any integer  6 
4 4
 3π 5π  θ π  1
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  ,  . 34. cos  −  =
4 4 3 4 2
θ π π θ π 5π
30. 4sin θ + 3 3 = 3 − = + 2k π or − = + 2k π
3 4 3 3 4 3
4sin θ = − 2 3 θ 7π θ 23π
= + 2k π or = + 2k π
2 3 3 3 12 3 12
sin θ = − =−
4 2 7π 23π
θ= + 6k π or θ= + 6k π ,
4π 5π 4 4
θ= + 2k π or θ = + 2k π , k is any integer k is any integer.
3 3
 4 π 5π   7π 
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  ,  . On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is   .
3 3 4 
π 1
 35. sin θ =
31. cos  2θ −  = −1 2
 2
 π 5π 
π
2θ − = π + 2k π θ θ = + 2kπ or θ = + 2kπ  , k is any
 6 6 
2
3π integer. Six solutions are
2θ = + 2k π π 5π 13π 17 π 25π 29π
2 θ= , , , , , .
3π 6 6 6 6 6 6
θ = + k π , k is any integer
4
 3π 7π 
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  ,  .
4 4
711
36. tan θ = 1 42. sin ( 2θ ) = −1

 π  3π
θ θ = + k π  , k is any integer 2θ = + 2k π, k is any integer
 4  2
π 5π 9π 13π 17 π 21π  3π 
Six solutions are θ = , , , , , . θ θ = + k π  , k is any integer
4 4 4 4 4 4  4 
Six solutions are
3 3π 7π 11π 15π 19π 23π
37. tan θ = − θ= , , , , , .
3 4 4 4 4 4 4
 5π 
θ θ = + k π  , k is any integer θ 3
 6  43. sin =−
2 2
Six solutions are
θ 4π θ 5π
5π 11π 17 π 23π 29π 35π = + 2k π or = + 2k π, k is any integer
θ= , , , , , . 2 3 2 3
6 6 6 6 6 6
 8π 10π 
θ θ = + 4k π or θ = + 4k π  , k is any
3  3 3 
38. cos θ = −
2 integer. Six solutions are
 5π 7π  8π 10π 20π 22π 32π 34π
θ θ = + 2k π or θ = + 2k π  , k is any θ= , , , , , .
 6 6  3 3 3 3 3 3
integer. Six solutions are θ
5π 7 π 17 π 19π 29π 31π 44. tan = −1
θ= , , , , , . 2
6 6 6 6 6 6 θ 3π
= + kπ , k is any integer
2 4
39. cos θ = 0
 3π 
 π 3π  θ θ = + 2kπ  , k is any integer
θ θ = + 2k π or θ = + 2k π  , k is any  2 
 2 2  Six solutions are
integer
3π 7π 11π 15π 19π 23π
π 3π 5π 7 π 9π 11π θ= , , , , , .
Six solutions are θ = , , , , , . 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
45. sin θ = 0.4
40. sin θ =
2 θ = sin −1 ( 0.4 ) ≈ 0.41
2 θ ≈ 0.41 or θ ≈ π − 0.41 ≈ 2.73 .
 π 3π  The solution set is {0.41, 2.73} .
θ θ = + 2k π or θ = + 2kπ  , k is any
 4 4 
integer 46. cos θ = 0.6
π 3π 9π 11π 17π 19π θ = cos−1 ( 0.6 ) ≈ 0.93
Six solutions are θ = , , , , , .
4 4 4 4 4 4 θ ≈ 0.93 or θ ≈ 2π − 0.93 ≈ 5.36 .
1 The solution set is {0.93, 5.36} .
41. cos ( 2θ ) = −
2
2π 4π 47. tan θ = 5
2θ = + 2k π or 2θ = + 2k π, k is any integer
3 3 θ = tan −1 ( 5 ) ≈ 1.37
 π 2π  θ ≈ 1.37 or θ ≈ π + 1.37 ≈ 4.51 .
θ θ = + k π or θ = + k π  , k is any integer
The solution set is {1.37, 4.51} .
 3 3 
π 2π 4π 5π 7π 8π
Six solutions are θ = , , , , , .
3 3 3 3 3 3
712
48. cot θ = 2 54. 4 cot θ = −5

1 5
tan θ = cot θ = −
2 4
1 4
θ = tan −1   ≈ 0.46 tan θ = −
 2 5
θ ≈ 0.46 or θ ≈ π + 0.46 ≈ 3.61 .  4
θ = tan −1  −  ≈ −0.675
The solution set is {0.46, 3.61} .   5
θ ≈ −0.675 + π or θ ≈ −0.675 + 2π .
49. cos θ = −0.9 ≈ 2.47 ≈ 5.61
θ = cos −1 ( −0.9 ) ≈ 2.69 The solution set is {2.47, 5.61} .
θ ≈ 2.69 or θ ≈ 2π − 2.69 ≈ 3.59 .
The solution set is {2.69, 3.59} . 55. 3sin θ − 2 = 0
3sin θ = 2
50. sin θ = −0.2
2
θ = sin −1 ( −0.2 ) ≈ −0.20 sin θ =
3
θ ≈ −0.20 + 2π or θ ≈ π − ( −0.20 ) . 2
θ = sin −1   ≈ 0.73
≈ 6.08 ≈ 3.34  3
The solution set is {3.34, 6.08} . θ ≈ 0.73 or θ ≈ π − 0.73 ≈ 2.41 .
51. sec θ = −4
1 56. 4 cos θ + 3 = 0
cos θ = −
4 4 cos θ = −3
 1 3
θ = cos −1  −  ≈ 1.82 cos θ = −
 4 4
θ ≈ 1.82 or θ ≈ 2π − 1.82 ≈ 4.46 .  3
θ = cos −1  −  ≈ 2.42
The solution set is {1.82, 4.46} .  4
θ ≈ 2.42 or θ ≈ 2π − 2.42 ≈ 3.86 .
52. csc θ = −3
1
sin θ = −
3
57. 2 cos 2 θ + cos θ = 0
 1
−1
θ = sin  −  ≈ −0.34 cos θ (2 cos θ + 1) = 0
 3
cos θ = 0 or 2 cos θ + 1 = 0
θ ≈ −0.34 + 2π or θ ≈ π − ( −0.34 ) .
π 3π 2 cos θ = −1
≈ 5.94 ≈ 3.48 θ= ,
2 2 1
The solution set is {3.48, 5.94} . cos θ = −
2
2π 4π
53. 5 tan θ + 9 = 0 θ= ,
3 3
5 tan θ = −9
 π 2π 4π 3π 
9 The solution set is  , , , .
tan θ = − 2 3 3 2 
5
 9
θ = tan −1  −  ≈ −1.064
  5
θ ≈ −1.064 + π or θ ≈ −1.064 + 2π
≈ 2.08 ≈ 5.22
713
58. sin 2 θ − 1 = 0  1
62. (cot θ + 1)  csc θ −  = 0
(sin θ + 1)(sin θ − 1) = 0  2
sin θ + 1 = 0 or sin θ − 1 = 0 1
cot θ + 1 = 0 or csc θ − =0
sin θ = −1 sin θ = 1 2
cot θ = −1
1
3π π 3π 7 π csc θ =
θ= θ= θ= , 2
2 2 4 4 (not possible)
 π 3π 
The solution set is  , .  3π 7π 
2 2  The solution set is  , .
 4 4 
59. 2sin 2 θ − sin θ − 1 = 0
63. sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ = 1 + cos θ
(2sin θ + 1)(sin θ − 1) = 0
2sin θ + 1 = 0 or sin θ − 1 = 0 (1 − cos θ ) − cos
2 2
θ = 1 + cos θ
2sin θ = −1 sin θ = 1 1 − 2 cos θ = 1 + cos θ
2
1 π 2 cos 2 θ + cos θ = 0
sin θ = − θ=
2 2 ( cos θ )( 2 cos θ + 1) = 0
7 π 11π
θ= , cos θ = 0 or 2 cos θ + 1 = 0
6 6
π 3π 1
 π 7π 11π  θ= , cos θ = −
The solution set is  , , . 2 2 2
2 6 6 
2π 4π
, θ=
3 3
60. 2 cos 2 θ + cos θ − 1 = 0
 π 2π 4π 3π 
(cos θ + 1)(2 cos θ − 1) = 0 The solution set is  , , , .
2 3 3 2 
cos θ + 1 = 0 or 2 cos θ − 1 = 0
cos θ = −1 2 cos θ = 1 64. cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ + sin θ = 0
θ =π 1
cos θ =
2
(1 − sin θ ) − sin
2 2
θ + sin θ = 0
π 5π 1 − 2sin 2 θ + sin θ = 0
θ= ,
3 3 2sin 2 θ − sin θ − 1 = 0
 π 5π  ( 2sin θ + 1)( sin θ − 1) = 0
The solution set is  , π , .
3 3  2sin θ + 1 = 0 or sin θ − 1 = 0
1 sin θ = 1
61. (tan θ − 1)(sec θ − 1) = 0 sin θ = −
2 π
tan θ − 1 = 0 or sec θ − 1 = 0 θ=
7π 11π 2
tan θ = 1 sec θ = 1 θ= ,
6 6
π 5π  π 7π 11π 
θ= , θ =0 The solution set is  ,
4 4 , .
2 6 6 
 π 5π 
The solution set is 0, , .
 4 4 
714
65. sin 2 θ = 6 ( cos ( −θ ) + 1) 68. cos θ − sin ( −θ ) = 0

sin θ = 6 ( cos (θ ) + 1)
2 cos θ − ( − sin (θ ) ) = 0
1 − cos 2 θ = 6 cos θ + 6 cos θ + sin θ = 0

cos 2 θ + 6 cos θ + 5 = 0 sin θ = − cos θ
sin θ
( cos θ + 5)( cos θ + 1) = 0 = −1
cos θ
cos θ + 5 = 0 or cos θ + 1 = 0
tan θ = −1
cos θ = −5 cos θ = −1
3π 7π
(not possible) θ =π θ= ,
4 4
The solution set is {π } .  3π 7π 
 4 4 
66. 2sin 2 θ = 3 (1 − cos ( −θ ) )
69. tan θ = 2sin θ
2sin 2 θ = 3 (1 − cos θ )
sin θ
( )
2 1 − cos 2 θ = 3 (1 − cos θ ) cos θ
= 2sin θ
2 − 2 cos 2 θ = 3 − 3cos θ sin θ = 2sin θ cos θ

2 cos 2 θ − 3cos θ + 1 = 0 0 = 2sin θ cos θ − sin θ
( 2 cos θ − 1)( cos θ − 1) = 0 0 = sin θ (2 cos θ − 1)
2 cos θ − 1 = 0 or sin θ = 0
2 cos θ − 1 = 0 or cos θ − 1 = 0
1 θ = 0, π
1 cos θ = 1 cos θ =
cos θ = 2
2 θ =0
π 5π
π 5π θ= ,
θ= , 3 3
3 3
 π 5π   π 5π 
The solution set is 0, , π , .
The solution set is 0, , .  3 3 
 3 3 
70. tan θ = cot θ
67. cos θ = − sin ( −θ )
1
cos θ = − ( − sin θ ) tan θ =
tan θ
cos θ = sin θ tan 2 θ = 1
sin θ tan θ = ±1
=1
cos θ π 3π 5π 7 π
tan θ = 1 θ= , , ,
4 4 4 4
π 5π  π 3π 5π 7π 
θ= , The solution set is  , , , .
4 4 4 4 4 4 
 π 5π 
4 4 
715
71. 1 + sin θ = 2 cos 2 θ 75. 3(1 − cos θ ) = sin 2 θ

1 + sin θ = 2(1 − sin 2 θ ) 3 − 3cos θ = 1 − cos 2 θ
1 + sin θ = 2 − 2sin 2 θ cos 2 θ − 3cos θ + 2 = 0
2sin 2 θ + sin θ − 1 = 0 ( cos θ − 1)( cos θ − 2 ) = 0
(2sin θ − 1)(sin θ + 1) = 0 cos θ − 1 = 0 or cos θ − 2 = 0
2sin θ − 1 = 0 or sin θ + 1 = 0 cos θ = 1 cos θ = 2
1 sin θ = −1 θ =0 (not possible)
sin θ =
2 3π The solution set is {0} .
θ=
π 5π 2
θ= ,
6 6 76. 4(1 + sin θ ) = cos 2 θ
 π 5π 3π  4 + 4sin θ = 1 − sin 2 θ
The solution set is  , , .
6 6 2 
sin 2 θ + 4sin θ + 3 = 0
72. sin 2 θ = 2 cos θ + 2 ( sin θ + 1)( sin θ + 3) = 0
1 − cos θ = 2 cos θ + 2
2 sin θ + 1 = 0 or sin θ + 3 = 0
cos 2 θ + 2 cos θ + 1 = 0 sin θ = −1 sin θ = −3
3π (not possible)
( cos θ + 1)
2
=0 θ=
2
cos θ + 1 = 0
 3π 
cos θ = −1 The solution set is   .
 2 
θ =π
The solution set is {π } . 77. tan 2 θ =
3
sec θ
2
73. 2sin 2 θ − 5sin θ + 3 = 0 3
sec 2 θ − 1 = sec θ
( 2sin θ − 3)( sin θ + 1) = 0 2
2sin θ − 3 = 0 or sin θ − 1 = 0 2sec 2 θ − 2 = 3sec θ
3 π 2sec 2 θ − 3sec θ − 2 = 0
sin θ = (not possible) θ=
2 2 (2sec θ + 1)(sec θ − 2) = 0
π  2sec θ + 1 = 0 or sec θ − 2 = 0
The solution set is   .
2 1 sec θ = 2
sec θ = −
74. 2 cos θ − 7 cos θ − 4 = 0
2
2 π 5π
θ= ,
( 2 cos θ + 1)( cos θ − 4 ) = 0 (not possible) 3 3
2 cos θ + 1 = 0 or cos θ − 4 = 0  π 5π 
1 cos θ = 4 3 3 
sin θ = −
2 (not possible) 78. csc2 θ = cot θ + 1
2π 4 π
θ= , 1 + cot 2 θ = cot θ + 1
3 3
 2π 4π  cot 2 θ − cot θ = 0
 3 3  cot θ (cot θ − 1) = 0
cot θ = 0 or cot θ = 1
π 3π π 5π
θ= , θ= ,
2 2 4 4
 π π 5π 3π 
The solution set is  , , , .
4 2 4 2 
716
10 10
79. sec 2 θ + tan θ = 0
tan 2 θ + 1 + tan θ = 0
This equation is quadratic in tan θ . −3π 3π −3π 3π
2`
The discriminant is b − 4ac = 1 − 4 = −3 < 0 .
The equation has no real solutions.
−10 −10
10
80. sec θ = tan θ + cot θ
1 sin θ cos θ
= + −3π 3π
cos θ cos θ sin θ
1 sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ
=
cos θ sin θ cos θ −10
1 1 x ≈ − 2.47, 0, 2.47
=
cos θ sin θ cos θ
83. 22 x − 17 sin x = 3
sin θ cos θ
=1 Find the intersection of Y1 = 22 x − 17 sin x and
cos θ
Y2 = 3 :
sin θ =1
π 5
θ=
2
π π −π π
Since sec   and tan   do not exist, the
2
  2
equation has no real solutions.
−5
81. x + 5cos x = 0 x ≈ 0.52
Find the zeros (x-intercepts) of Y1 = x + 5cos x :
10 10 84. 19 x + 8cos x = 2
Find the intersection of Y1 = 19 x + 8cos x and
Y2 = 2 :
−3π 3π −3π 3π
5
−10 −10
10 −π π
−3π 3π −5
x ≈ − 0.30
−10
x ≈ −1.31, 1.98, 3.84 85. sin x + cos x = x
Find the intersection of Y1 = sin x + cos x and
82. x − 4sin x = 0 Y2 = x :
Find the zeros (x-intercepts) of Y1 = x − 4sin x :
3
−π π
−3
x ≈ 1.26
717
86. sin x − cos x = x 90. x 2 = x + 3cos(2 x)

Find the intersection of Y1 = sin x − cos x and
Find the intersection of Y1 = x 2 and
Y2 = x :
Y2 = x + 3cos(2 x) :
3
10 10
−π π
−2π 2π −2π 2π
−3
−5 −5
x ≈ −1.26
x ≈ − 0.62, 0.81
2
87. x − 2 cos x = 0
91. 6sin x − e x = 2, x > 0
Find the zeros (x-intercepts) of Y1 = x 2 − 2 cos x :
Find the intersection of Y1 = 6sin x − e x and
3 3
Y2 = 2 :
6 6
−π π −π π
0 2π 0 2π
−3 −3
x ≈ −1.02, 1.02
−6 −6
2
88. x + 3sin x = 0 x ≈ 0.76, 1.35
Find the zeros (x-intercepts) of Y1 = x 2 + 3sin x :
92. 4 cos(3 x) − e x = 1, x > 0
3 3
Find the intersection of Y1 = 4 cos(3 x) − e x and
Y2 = 1 :
−π π −π π
6
−3 −3
0 π
x ≈ −1.72, 0
89. x 2 − 2sin ( 2 x ) = 3 x −6
Find the intersection of Y1 = x − 2sin ( 2 x ) and
2 x ≈ 0.31
Y2 = 3 x :
93. f ( x) = 0
12 12 4sin 2 x − 3 = 0
4sin 2 x = 3
3
sin 2 x =
−π __
3π −π __
3π 4
2 2
−3 −3
3 3
sin x = ±
=±
4 2
x ≈ 0, 2.15 π 2π
x = + kπ or x = + kπ , k is any integer
3 3
718
On the interval [ 0, 2π] , the zeros of f are On the interval [ −2π , 4π] , the solution set is
π 2π 4π 5π  11π 7π π 5π 13π 17 π 
, , , . − ,− , , , , .
3 3 3 3  6 6 6 6 6 6 
d. From the graph in part (b) and the results of
94. f ( x) = 0
3
2 cos ( 3 x ) + 1 = 0 part (c), the solutions of f ( x ) > on the
2
2 cos ( 3 x ) = −1  11π 7π
interval [ −2π , 4π] is  x − <x<−
1  6 6
cos ( 3 x ) = −
2 π 5π 13π 17π 
or <x< or <x< .
2π 4π 6 6 6 6 
3x = + 2kπ or 3x = + 2kπ
3 3
2π 2kπ 4π 2kπ 96. a. f ( x) = 0
x= + or x = + ,
9 3 9 3 2 cos x = 0
k is any integer
cos x = 0
On the interval [ 0, π] , the zeros of f are
π 3π
2π 4π 8π x= + 2kπ or x = + 2kπ , k is any
, , . 2 2
9 9 9 integer
On the interval [ −2π , 4π] , the zeros of f are
95. a. f ( x) = 0
3π π π 3π 5π 7π
3sin x = 0 − ,− , , , , .
2 2 2 2 2 2
sin x = 0
b. f ( x ) = 2 cos x
x = 0 + 2kπ or x = π + 2kπ , k is any integer
On the interval [ −2π , 4π] , the zeros of f are
−2π, −π, 0, π, 2π, 3π, 4π .
b. f ( x ) = 3sin x
c. f ( x) = − 3
2 cos x = − 3
3
cos x = −
2
3 5π 7π
c. f ( x) = x= + 2kπ or x = + 2kπ , k is any
2 6 6
3 integer
3sin x = On the interval [ −2π , 4π] , the solution set is
2
1  7π 5π 5π 7π 17π 19π 
sin x = − , − , , , , .
2  6 6 6 6 6 6 
π 5π
x= + 2kπ or x = + 2kπ , k is any integer d. From the graph in part (b) and the results of
6 6
part (c), the solutions of f ( x ) < − 3 on the
719
 7π 5π 6
interval [ −2π , 4π] is  x − <x<−
 6 6
5π 7π 17 π 19π  0 π
or <x< or <x< .
6 6 6 6 
−6
97. f ( x ) = 4 tan x
a. f ( x ) = −4 7
99. a, d. f ( x ) = 3sin ( 2 x ) + 2 ; g ( x ) =
4 tan x = −4 2
tan x = −1
 π 
 x x = − + kπ  , k is any integer
 4 
b. f ( x ) < −4
4 tan x < −4
tan x < −1
Graphing y1 = tan x and y2 = −1 on the
 π π
interval  − ,  , we see that y1 < y2 for b. f ( x) = g ( x)
 2 2
π π  π π 7
− < x < − or  − , −  . 3sin ( 2 x ) + 2 =
2
2 4  2 4
6 3
3sin ( 2 x ) =
2
_ 1
−_
π π sin ( 2 x ) =
2 2 2
π 5π
2x = + 2kπ or 2 x = + 2kπ
−6 6 6
π 5π
98. f ( x ) = cot x x= + kπ or x= + kπ ,
12 12
a. f ( x) = − 3 k is any integer
 π 5π 
cot x = − 3 On [ 0, π] , the solution set is  ,  .
12 12 
 5π 
x x = + kπ  , k is any integer c. From the graph in part (a) and the results of
 6 
part (b), the solution of f ( x ) > g ( x ) on
b. f ( x) > − 3  π 5π   π 5π 
[0, π] is  x < x <  or  , .
cot x > − 3  12 12   12 12 
1
Graphing y1 = and y2 = − 3 on the x
tan x 100. a, d. f ( x ) = 2 cos + 3 ; g ( x ) = 4
interval ( 0, π ) , we see that y1 > y2 for 2
5π  5π 
0< x< or  0, .
6  6 
720
b. f ( x) = g ( x) c. From the graph in part (a) and the results of

x part (b), the solution of f ( x ) > g ( x ) on
2 cos + 3 = 4
2  2π 4π   2π 4π 
x
[0, 2π ] is x <x<  or  , .
2 cos = 1  3 3   3 3 
2
x 1 102. a, d. f ( x ) = 2sin x ; g ( x ) = −2sin x + 2
cos =
2 2
x π x 5π
= + 2kπ or = + 2kπ
2 3 2 3
2π 10π
x= + 4kπ or x = + 4kπ ,
3 3
k is any integer
 2π 10π 
On [ 0, 4π ] , the solution set is  , .
3 3 
c. From the graph in part (a) and the results of
b. f ( x) = g ( x)
part (b), the solution of f ( x ) < g ( x ) on
2sin x = −2sin x + 2
 2π 10π   2π 10π 
[0, 4π] is  x <x<  or  , . 4sin x = 2
 3 3   3 3 
2 1
sin x = =
101. a, d. f ( x ) = −4 cos x ; g ( x ) = 2 cos x + 3 4 2
π 5π
x= + 2kπ or x = + 2kπ ,
6 6
k is any integer
 π 5π 
On [ 0, 2π ] , the solution set is  ,  .
6 6 
c. From the graph in part (a) and the results of
part (b), the solution of f ( x ) > g ( x ) on
 π 5π   π 5π 
[0, 2π] is  x < x <  or  , .
 6 6 6 6 
 7π 
103. P ( t ) = 100 + 20sin  t
 3 
b. f ( x) = g ( x)
a. Solve P ( t ) = 100 on the interval [ 0,1] .
−4 cos x = 2 cos x + 3
 7π 
−6 cos x = 3 100 + 20sin  t  = 100
 3 
3 1
cos x = =−  7π 
−6 2 20sin  t = 0
 3 
2π 4π
x= + 2kπ or x = + 2kπ ,  7π 
3 3 sin  t = 0
k is any integer  3 
 2π 4π  7π
On [ 0, 2π ] , the solution set is  , . t = kπ , k is any integer
 3 3  3
3
t = k , k is any integer
7
We need 0 ≤ 73 k ≤ 1 , or 0 ≤ k ≤ 7 .
3
721
For k = 0 , t = 0 sec. the results from part (a), the blood pressure
3 will be between 100 mmHg and 105 mmHg
For k = 1 , t = ≈ 0.43 sec. for values of t (in seconds) in the interval
7
6
[0, 0.03] ∪ [0.39, 0.43] ∪ [0.86, 0.89] .
For k = 2 , t = ≈ 0.86 sec.
7  π
The blood pressure will be 100 mmHg after 104. h ( t ) = 125sin  0.157t −  + 125
 2
0 seconds, 0.43 seconds, and 0.86 seconds.
 π
a. Solve h ( t ) = 125sin  0.157t −  + 125 = 125
b. Solve P ( t ) = 120 on the interval [ 0,1] .  2
 7π  on the interval [ 0, 40] .
100 + 20sin  t  = 120
 3   π
125sin  0.157t −  + 125 = 125
 7π   2
20sin  t  = 20
 3   π
125sin  0.157t −  = 0
 7π   2
sin  t =1
 3   π
sin  0.157t −  = 0
7π π  2
t = 2π k + , k is any integer
3 2 π
0.157t − = kπ , k is any integer
3 ( 2k + 12 ) 2
t= , k is any integer π
7 0.157t = kπ + , k is any integer
We need 2
3 ( 2k + 12 ) π
kπ +
0≤ ≤1 2 , k is any integer
7 t=
0.157
0 ≤ 2k + 12 ≤ 73 π
0+
− 12 ≤ 2k ≤ 11
6 For k = 0, t = 2 ≈ 10 seconds .
0.157
1 11
− 4 ≤ k ≤ 12 π
π+
3 For k = 1, t = 2 ≈ 30 seconds .
For k = 0 , t = ≈ 0.21 sec 0.157
14
The blood pressure will be 120mmHg after π
2π +
0.21 sec . 2 ≈ 50 seconds .
For k = 2, t =
0.157
c. Solve P ( t ) = 105 on the interval [ 0,1] .
So during the first 40 seconds, an individual
 7π  on the Ferris Wheel is exactly 125 feet above
100 + 20sin  t  = 105
 3  the ground when t ≈ 10 seconds and again
 7π  when t ≈ 30 seconds .
20sin  t = 5
 3   π
b. Solve h ( t ) = 125sin  0.157t −  + 125 = 250
 7π  3  2
sin  t =
 3  4 on the interval [ 0,80] .
7π 3  π
t = sin −1   125sin  0.157t −  + 125 = 250
3 4  2
3 3  π
t= sin −1   125sin  0.157t −  = 125
7π 4  2
On the interval [ 0,1] , we get t ≈ 0.03  π
sin  0.157t −  = 1
seconds, t ≈ 0.39 seconds, and t ≈ 0.89  2
seconds. Using this information, along with
722
π π 105. d ( x ) = 70sin ( 0.65 x ) + 150

0.157t − = + 2kπ , k is any integer
2 2 a. d ( 0 ) = 70sin ( 0.65 ( 0 ) ) + 150
0.157t = π + 2kπ , k is any integer
= 70sin ( 0 ) + 150
π + 2kπ
t= , k is any integer = 150 miles
0.157
For k = 0, t =
π
≈ 20 seconds . b. Solve d ( x ) = 70sin ( 0.65 x ) + 150 = 100 on
0.157 the interval [ 0, 20] .
π + 2π
For k = 1, t = ≈ 60 seconds . 70sin ( 0.65 x ) + 150 = 100
0.157
π + 4π 70sin ( 0.65 x ) = −50
For k = 2, t = ≈ 100 seconds .
0.157 5
sin ( 0.65 x ) = −
So during the first 80 seconds, an individual 7
on the Ferris Wheel is exactly 250 feet above  5
the ground when t ≈ 20 seconds and again 0.65 x = sin −1  −  + 2π k
 7
when t ≈ 60 seconds .
 5
sin −1  −  + 2π k
 π  7
c. Solve h ( t ) = 125sin  0.157t −  + 125 > 125 x=
 2 0.65
on the interval [ 0, 40] . 3.94 + 2π k 5.94 + 2π k
x≈ or x ≈ ,
 π 0.65 0.65
125sin  0.157t −  + 125 > 125 k is any integer
 2
π 3.94 + 0 5.94 + 0
 For k = 0 , x ≈ or x ≈
125sin  0.157t −  > 0 0.65 0.65
 2
≈ 6.06 min ≈ 8.44 min
 π 
sin  0.157t −  > 0 3.94 + 2π 5.94 + 2π
 2 For k = 1 , x ≈ or x ≈
π 0.65 0.65

Graphing y1 = sin  0.157 x −  and y2 = 0 ≈ 15.72 min ≈ 18.11 min
 2
on the interval [ 0, 40] , we see that y1 > y2 for For k = 2 ,
3.94 + 4π 5.94 + 4π
10 < x < 30 . x≈ or x ≈
1.5 0.65 0.65
≈ 25.39 min ≈ 27.78 min
So during the first 20 minutes in the holding
pattern, the plane is exactly 100 miles from
0 40
the airport when x ≈ 6.06 minutes ,
x ≈ 8.44 minutes , x ≈ 15.72 minutes , and
x ≈ 18.11 minutes .
−1.5
So during the first 40 seconds, an individual c. Solve d ( x ) = 70sin ( 0.65 x ) + 150 > 100 on
on the Ferris Wheel is more than 125 feet the interval [ 0, 20] .
above the ground for times between about 10
and 30 seconds. That is, on the interval 70sin ( 0.65 x ) + 150 > 100
10 < x < 30 , or (10, 30 ) . 70sin ( 0.65 x ) > −50
5
sin ( 0.65 x ) > −
7
5
Graphing y1 = sin ( 0.65 x ) and y2 = − on
7
723
the interval [ 0, 20] , we see that y1 > y2 for b. Solve R (θ ) = 672sin ( 2θ ) = 540 on the
0 < x < 6.06 , 8.44 < x < 15.72 , and  π
18.11 < x < 20 . interval  0,  .
 2
1.5
672sin ( 2θ ) = 540
540 135
0 20 sin ( 2θ ) = =
672 168
 135 
2θ = sin −1   + 2kπ
−1.5  168 
So during the first 20 minutes in the holding  135 
pattern, the plane is more than 100 miles sin −1   + 2kπ
from the airport before 6.06 minutes, θ=  168 
between 8.44 and 15.72 minutes, and after 2
18.11 minutes. 0.9333 + 2kπ 2.2083 + 2kπ
θ≈ or θ ≈ ,
d. No, the plane is never within 70 miles of the 2 2
airport while in the holding pattern. The k is any integer
minimum value of sin ( 0.65 x ) is −1 . Thus, 0.9330 + 0 2.2083 + 0
For k = 0 , θ = or θ =
the least distance that the plane is from the 2 2
airport is 70 ( −1) + 150 = 80 miles. ≈ 0.46665 ≈ 1.10415
≈ 26.74° ≈ 63.26°
106. R (θ ) = 672sin ( 2θ )
0.9330 + 2π 2.2083 + 2π
a. Solve R (θ ) = 672sin ( 2θ ) = 450 on the For k = 1 , θ = or θ =
2 2
 π ≈ 3.608 ≈ 4.246
interval 0,  .
 2 ≈ 206.72° ≈ 243.28°
672sin ( 2θ ) = 450 So the golfer should hit the ball at an angle
of either 26.74° or 63.26° .
450 225
sin ( 2θ ) = = c. Solve R (θ ) = 672sin ( 2θ ) ≥ 480 on the
672 336
 225   π
2θ = sin −1   + 2kπ interval  0,  .
 336   2
 225  672sin ( 2θ ) ≥ 480
sin −1   + 2kπ
θ=  336  480
sin ( 2θ ) ≥
2 672
0.7337 + 2kπ 2.408 + 2kπ 5
θ≈ or θ ≈ , sin ( 2θ ) ≥
2 2 7
k is any integer 5
Graphing y1 = sin ( 2 x ) and y2 = on the
0.7337 + 0 2.408 + 0 7
For k = 0 , θ = or θ =
2 2  π
interval  0,  and using INTERSECT, we
≈ 0.36685 ≈ 1.204  2
≈ 21.02° ≈ 68.98° see that y1 ≥ y2 when 0.3978 ≤ x ≤ 1.1730
radians, or 22.79° ≤ x ≤ 67.21° .
0.7337 + 2π 2.408 + 2π
For k = 1 , θ = or θ = 1.5
2 2
≈ 3.508 ≈ 4.3456
≈ 200.99° ≈ 248.98° 0 _
π
2
So the golfer should hit the ball at an angle
of either 21.02° or 68.98° .
−1.5
724
1.5 3 4
c. Graph Y1 = + and use the
cos x sin x
0 _
π MINIMUM feature:
2
20
−1.5
So, the golf ball will travel at least 480 feet
if the angle is between about 22.79° and
67.21° . 0 90
0
d. No; since the maximum value of the sine
function is 1, the farthest the golfer can hit An angle of θ ≈ 47.74° minimizes the
the ball is 672 (1) = 672 feet. length at L ≈ 9.87 feet .
107. Find the first two positive intersection points of d. For this problem, only one minimum length
Y1 = − x and Y2 = tan x . exists. This minimum length is 9.87 feet,
and it occurs when θ ≈ 47.74° . No matter
2 2 if we find the minimum algebraically (using
0 2π 0 2π calculus) or graphically, the minimum will
be the same.
(34.8) 2 sin ( 2θ )
109. a. 107 =
−12 −12 9.8
The first two positive solutions are x ≈ 2.03 and 107(9.8)
sin ( 2θ ) = ≈ 0.8659
x ≈ 4.91 . (34.8) 2
2θ ≈ sin −1 ( 0.8659 )
108. a. Let L be the length of the ladder with x and
y being the lengths of the two parts in each 2θ ≈ 60º or 120º
hallway. θ ≈ 30º or 60º
L = x+ y
b. Notice that the answers to part (a) add up to
3 4 90° . The maximum distance will occur
cos θ = sin θ =
x y when the angle of elevation is 90° ÷ 2 = 45° :
x=
3 4 (34.8) 2 sin  2 ( 45° ) 
y= R ( 45° ) = ≈ 123.6
cos θ sin θ 9.8
3 4 The maximum distance is 123.6 meters.
L(θ ) = + = 3sec θ + 4 csc θ
cos θ sin θ
(34.8) 2 sin(2 x)
c. Let Y1 =
3sec θ tan θ − 4 csc θ cot θ = 0 9.8
125
3sec θ tan θ = 4 csc θ cot θ
sec θ tan θ 4
=
csc θ cot θ 3
4
tan 3 θ = 0 90
3 0
4 d.
tan θ = 3 ≈ 1.10064
3
θ ≈ 47.74º
3 4
b. L ( 47.74º ) = +
cos ( 47.74º ) sin ( 47.74º )
≈ 9.87 feet
725
sin 50°
112. = 1.66
sin θ 2
1.66sin θ 2 = sin 50°
sin 50°
sin θ 2 = ≈ 0.4615
(40) sin(2θ )
2
1.66
110. a. 110 =
9.8 θ 2 = sin −1 ( 0.4615 ) ≈ 27.48°
110 ⋅ 9.8
sin(2θ ) = ≈ 0.67375 113. Calculate the index of refraction for each:
402
v1 sin θ1
2θ ≈ sin −1 ( 0.67375 ) θ1 θ2 =
v2 sin θ 2
2θ ≈ 42.4º or 137.6º sin10º
10º 8º ≈ 1.2477
θ ≈ 21.2º or 68.8º sin 8º
sin 20º
b. The maximum distance will occur when the 20º 15º 30 ' = 15.5º ≈ 1.2798
angle of elevation is 45° : sin15.5º
sin 30º
(40) 2 sin [ 2(45°) ] 30º 22º 30 ' = 22.5º ≈ 1.3066
R ( 45° ) = ≈ 163.3 sin 22.5º
9.8 sin 40º
The maximum distance is approximately 40º 29º 0 ' = 29º ≈ 1.3259
sin 29º
163.3 meter sin 50º
50º 35º 0 ' = 35º ≈ 1.3356
(40) 2 sin(2 x) sin 35º
c. Let Y1 = : sin 60º
9.8 60º 40º 30 ' = 40.5º ≈ 1.3335
170 sin 40.5º
sin 70º
70º 45º 30 ' = 45.5º ≈ 1.3175
sin 45.5º
sin 80º
80º 50º 0 ' = 50º ≈ 1.2856
sin 50º
0 90 Yes, these data values agree with Snell’s Law.
0
The results vary from about 1.25 to 1.34.
d.
v1 2.998 × 108
114. = ≈ 1.56
v2 1.92 × 108
The index of refraction for this liquid is about
1.56.
115. Calculate the index of refraction:
sin θ1 sin 40º
θ1 = 40º , θ 2 = 26º ; = ≈ 1.47
sin θ 2 sin 26º
116. The index of refraction of crown glass is 1.52.

sin 40° sin 30º
111. = 1.33 ≈ 1.52
sin θ 2 sin θ 2
1.33sin θ 2 = sin 40° 1.52sin θ 2 = sin 30°
sin 40° sin 30°
sin θ 2 = ≈ 0.4833 sin θ 2 = ≈ 0.3289
1.33 1.52
θ 2 = sin −1 ( 0.4833) ≈ 28.90° θ 2 ≈ sin −1 ( 0.3352 ) ≈ 19.20°
The angle of refraction is about 19.20° .
726
Section 6.4: Trigonometric Identities
117. If θ is the original angle of incidence and φ is 10 3 10

123. sin θ = − , cos θ =
sin θ 10 10
the angle of refraction, then = n2 . The
sin φ 10
angle of incidence of the emerging beam is also −
sin θ 10 10 10 1
1 tan θ = = =− ⋅ =−
φ , and the index of refraction is . Thus, θ is cos θ 3 10 10 3 10 3
n2
10
the angle of refraction of the emerging beam.
The two beams are parallel since the original 1 1 10 10
angle of incidence and the angle of refraction of csc θ = = =1 − = − 10
sin θ 10 10 10
the emerging beam are equal. −
10
1 1 10 10 10
sec θ = = = ⋅ =
cos θ 3 10 3 10 10 3
10
1
cot θ = = −3
tan θ
124. y = 2sin ( 2 x − π )
118. Here we have n1 = 1.33 and n2 = 1.52 .
Amplitude: A = 2 =2
n1 sin θ B = n2 cos B
2π 2π
sin θ B n2 Period: T= = =π
= ω 2
cos θ B n1
φ π π
n2 Phase Shift: = =
tan θ B = ω 2 2
n1
n2  1.52 
θ B = tan −1 = tan −1   ≈ 48.8°
n1  1.33 
119. Answers will vary.
120. Since the range of y = sin x is −1 ≤ y ≤ 1 , then
y = 5sin x + x cannot be equal to 3 when
x > 4π or x < −π since you are multiplying the
result by 5 and adding x.
121. 6 x = y ↔ x = log 6 y
− ( −9) ± ( −9) 2 − 4(2)(8) Section 6.4
122. x =
2(2)
1. True
9 ± 81 − 64
=
4 2. True
9 ± 17
= 3. identity; conditional
4
9 − 17 9 + 17 4. −1
So the solution set is: , .
4 4 5. 0
6. True
727
7. False, you need to work with one side only. ( sin θ + cos θ )( sin θ + cos θ ) − 1
15.
8. True sin θ cos θ
sin θ + 2sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ − 1
2
=
sin θ 1 1 sin θ cos θ
9. tan θ ⋅ csc θ = ⋅ =
cos θ sin θ cos θ sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ + 2sin θ cos θ − 1
=
sin θ cos θ
cos θ 1 1
10. cot θ ⋅ sec θ = ⋅ = 1 + 2sin θ cos θ − 1
sin θ cos θ sin θ =
sin θ cos θ
cos θ 1 + sin θ cos θ (1 + sin θ ) 2sin θ cos θ
11. ⋅ = =
1 − sin θ 1 + sin θ 1 − sin 2 θ sin θ cos θ
cos θ (1 + sin θ ) =2
=
cos 2 θ ( tan θ + 1)( tan θ + 1) − sec2 θ
1 + sin θ 16.
= tan θ
cos θ
tan θ + 2 tan θ + 1 − sec 2 θ
2
=
sin θ 1 − cos θ sin θ (1 − cos θ ) tan θ
12. ⋅ = tan θ + 1 + 2 tan θ − sec2 θ
2
1 + cos θ 1 − cos θ 1 − cos 2 θ =
sin θ (1 − cos θ ) tan θ
= sec θ + 2 tan θ − sec 2 θ
2
sin 2 θ =
1 − cos θ tan θ
= 2 tan θ
sin θ =
tan θ
sin θ + cos θ cos θ − sin θ =2
13. +
cos θ sin θ
sin θ + sin θ cos θ + cos θ ( cos θ − sin θ )
2 3sin 2 θ + 4sin θ + 1 ( 3sin θ + 1)( sin θ + 1)
= 17. =
sin θ cos θ sin 2 θ + 2sin θ + 1 ( sin θ + 1)( sin θ + 1)
sin θ + sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ − cos θ sin θ
2 3sin θ + 1
= =
sin θ cos θ sin θ + 1
sin θ + cos θ + sin θ cos θ − cos θ sin θ
2 2
= cos 2 θ − 1 ( cos θ + 1)( cos θ − 1)
sin θ cos θ 18. =
cos 2 θ − cos θ cos θ ( cos θ − 1)
1
= cos θ + 1
sin θ cos θ =
cos θ
1 1 1 + cos v + 1 − cos v
14. + = 1 cos θ
1 − cos v 1 + cos v (1 − cos v )(1 + cos v ) 19. csc θ ⋅ cos θ = ⋅ cos θ = = cot θ
sin θ sin θ
2
=
1 − cos 2 v 1 sin θ
2 20. sec θ ⋅ sin θ = ⋅ sin θ = = tan θ
= cos θ cos θ
sin 2 v
21. 1 + tan 2 (−θ ) = 1 + (− tan θ ) 2 = 1 + tan 2 θ = sec2 θ
22. 1 + cot 2 (−θ ) = 1 + (− cot θ ) 2 = 1 + cot 2 θ = csc2 θ
728
 sin θ cos θ  32. (1 − cos 2 θ )(1 + cot 2 θ ) = sin 2 θ ⋅ csc 2 θ

23. cos θ (tan θ + cot θ ) = cos θ  + 
 cos θ sin θ  1
= sin 2 θ ⋅ 2
 sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ  sin θ
= cos θ  
 cos θ sin θ  =1
 1 
= cos θ   33. (sin θ + cos θ ) 2 + (sin θ − cos θ ) 2
 cos θ sin θ 
= sin 2 θ + 2sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ
1
= + sin 2 θ − 2sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ
sin θ
= csc θ = 2sin 2 θ + 2 cos 2 θ
= 2(sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ )
 cos θ sin θ 
24. sin θ (cot θ + tan θ ) = sin θ  +  = 2 ⋅1
 sin θ cos θ 
=2
 cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ 
= sin θ  
 sin θ cos θ  34. tan 2 θ cos 2 θ + cot 2 θ sin 2 θ
 1  sin 2 θ cos 2 θ
= sin θ   = ⋅ cos 2 θ + ⋅ sin 2 θ
 sin θ cos θ  cos θ2
sin 2 θ
1 = sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ
=
cos θ =1
= sec θ
35. sec 4 θ − sec 2 θ = sec 2 θ (sec 2 θ − 1)
1
25. tan u cot u − cos 2 u = tan u ⋅ − cos 2 u = (tan 2 θ + 1) tan 2 θ
tan u
= 1 − cos 2 u = tan 4 θ + tan 2 θ
= sin 2 u 36. csc 4 θ − csc 2 θ = csc 2 θ (csc 2 θ − 1)
2 1 = (cot 2 θ + 1) cot 2 θ
26. sin u csc u − cos u = sin u ⋅ − cos 2 u
sin u = cot 4 θ + cot 2 θ
= 1 − cos 2 u
37. csc3 x = cos x cos 2 x
= sin 2 u
= cos x(1 − sin 2 x)
27. (sec θ − 1)(sec θ + 1) = sec θ − 1 = tan θ
2 2
= cos x − sin 2 x cos x
28. (csc θ − 1)(csc θ + 1) = csc 2 θ − 1 = cot 2 θ 38. tan 3 x + tan x = (tan 2 x + 1) tan x
= sec2 x tan x
29. (sec θ + tan θ )(sec θ − tan θ ) = sec θ − tan θ = 1
2 2
30. (csc θ + cot θ )(csc θ − cot θ ) = csc2 θ − cot 2 θ = 1
31. cos 2 θ (1 + tan 2 θ ) = cos 2 θ ⋅ sec 2 θ

1
= cos 2 θ ⋅
cos 2 θ
=1
729
1 sin u sin 2 θ 1 − cos 2 θ

39. sec u − tan u = − 44. 1 − = 1−
cos u cos u 1 − cos θ 1 − cos θ
 1 − sin u   1 + sin u  (1 − cos θ )(1 + cos θ )
= ⋅  = 1−
 cos u   1 + sin u  1 − cos θ
1 − sin 2 u = 1 − (1 + cos θ )
=
cos u (1 + sin u ) = 1 − 1 − cos θ
cos 2 u = − cos θ
=
cos u (1 + sin u ) 1
1+
cos u 1 + tan v cot v
= 45. =
1 + sin u 1 − tan v 1 − 1
cot v
1 cos u  1 
40. csc u − cot u = − 1 +  cot v
sin u sin u =  cot v 
 1 − cos u   1 + cos u   1 
= ⋅  1 −  cot v
 sin u   1 + cos u   cot v 
1 − cos 2 u cot v + 1
= =
sin u (1 + cos u ) cot v − 1
sin 2 u 1
= −1
sin u (1 + cos u ) csc v − 1 sin v
46. =
sin u csc v + 1 1
= +1
1 + cos u sin v
 1 
41. 3sin 2 θ + 4 cos 2 θ = 3sin 2 θ + 3cos 2 θ + cos 2 θ  − 1 sin v
=  sin v 
= 3(sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ ) + cos 2 θ  1 
 + 1 sin v
= 3 ⋅1 + cos 2 θ  sin v 
= 3 + cos 2 θ 1 − sin v
=
1 + sin v
42. 9sec 2 θ − 5 tan 2 θ = 4sec 2 θ + 5sec2 θ − 5 tan 2 θ
= 4sec 2 θ + 5(sec 2 θ − tan 2 θ ) 1
sec θ sin θ cos θ sin θ
= 4sec 2 θ + 5 ⋅1 47. + = +
csc θ cos θ 1 cos θ
= 5 + 4sec 2 θ sin θ
cos 2 θ 1 − sin 2 θ sin θ sin θ
43. 1 − = 1− = +
1 + sin θ 1 + sin θ cos θ cos θ
(1 − sin θ )(1 + sin θ ) = tan θ + tan θ
= 1− = 2 tan θ
1 + sin θ
= 1 − (1 − sin θ )
csc θ − 1 csc θ − 1 csc θ + 1
= 1 − 1 + sin θ 48. = ⋅
cot θ cot θ csc θ + 1
= sin θ csc 2 θ − 1
=
cot θ (csc θ + 1)
cot 2 θ
=
cot θ (csc θ + 1)
cot θ
=
csc θ + 1
730
1 cos v 1 + sin v cos 2 v + (1 + sin v) 2

1+ 52. + =
1 + sin θ csc θ 1 + sin v cos v cos v(1 + sin v)
49. =
1 − sin θ 1 − 1
cos 2 v + 1 + 2sin v + sin 2 v
csc θ =
csc θ + 1 cos v(1 + sin v)
2 + 2sin v
= csc θ =
csc θ − 1 cos v(1 + sin v)
csc θ 2(1 + sin v)
=
csc θ + 1 csc θ cos v(1 + sin v)
= ⋅
csc θ csc θ − 1 2
csc θ + 1 =
= cos v
csc θ − 1 = 2sec v
1 1
+1
cos θ + 1 sec θ sin θ sin θ
50. = 53. = ⋅ sin θ
cos θ − 1 1 1
−1 sin θ − cos θ sin θ − cos θ
sec θ sin θ
1 + sec θ 1
=
= sec θ cos θ
1 − sec θ 1−
sin θ
sec θ
1
1 + sec θ =
= 1 − cot θ
1 − sec θ
sin 2 θ 1 − cos 2 θ
1 − sin v cos v (1 − sin v) 2 + cos 2 v 54. 1 − = 1−
51. + = 1 + cos θ 1 + cos θ
cos v 1 − sin v cos v(1 − sin v)
(1 − cos θ )(1 + cos θ )
1 − 2sin v + sin 2 v + cos 2 v = 1−
= 1 + cos θ
cos v(1 − sin v) = 1 − (1 − cos θ )
1 − 2sin v + 1 = cos θ
=
cos v(1 − sin v)
2 − 2sin v 55. (sec θ − tan θ ) 2
=
cos v(1 − sin v) = sec2 θ − 2sec θ tan θ + tan 2 θ
2(1 − sin v) 1 1 sin θ sin 2 θ
= = − 2⋅ ⋅ +
cos v(1 − sin v) cos θ
2
cos θ cos θ cos 2 θ
2 1 − 2sin θ + sin 2 θ
= =
cos v cos 2 θ
= 2sec v (1 − sin θ )(1 − sin θ )
=
1 − sin 2 θ
(1 − sin θ )(1 − sin θ )
=
(1 − sin θ )(1 + sin θ )
1 − sin θ
=
1 + sin θ
731
56. (csc θ − cot θ ) 2 cot θ tan θ

58. +
= csc θ − 2 csc θ cot θ + cot θ
2 2 1 − tan θ 1 − cot θ
cos θ sin θ
1 1 cos θ cos 2 θ
=
sin 2 θ
− 2 ⋅ ⋅ +
sin θ sin θ sin 2 θ = sin θ + cos θ
sin θ cos θ
1− 1−
1 − 2 cos θ + cos 2 θ cos θ sin θ
=
sin 2 θ cos θ sin θ
(1 − cos θ )(1 − cos θ ) sin θ cos θ
= = +
1 − cos 2 θ cos θ − sin θ sin θ − cos θ
(1 − cos θ )(1 − cos θ ) cos θ sin θ
=
(1 − cos θ )(1 + cos θ ) cos 2 θ sin 2 θ
= +
1 − cos θ sin θ (cos θ − sin θ ) cos θ (sin θ − cos θ )
=
1 + cos θ − cos 2 θ ⋅ cos θ + sin 2 θ ⋅ sin θ
=
sin θ cos θ (sin θ − cos θ )
cos θ sin θ
57. + sin 3 θ − cos3 θ
1 − tan θ 1 − cot θ =
sin θ cos θ (sin θ − cos θ )
cos θ sin θ
= + (sin θ − cos θ )(sin 2 θ + sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ )
sin θ cos θ =
1− 1−
cos θ sin θ sin θ cos θ (sin θ − cos θ )
cos θ sin θ sin 2 θ + sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ
= + =
cos θ − sin θ sin θ − cos θ sin θ cos θ
cos θ sin θ sin θ
2
sin θ cos θ cos 2 θ
= + +
cos θ2
sin 2 θ sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ
= +
cos θ − sin θ sin θ − cos θ sin θ cos θ
= +1+
cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ cos θ sin θ
=
cos θ − sin θ = 1 + tan θ + cot θ
(cos θ − sin θ )(cos θ + sin θ )
= cos θ sin θ cos θ
cos θ − sin θ 59. tan θ + = +
= sin θ + cos θ 1 + sin θ cos θ 1 + sin θ
sin θ (1 + sin θ ) + cos 2 θ
=
cos θ (1 + sin θ )
sin θ + sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ
=
sin θ + 1
=
1
=
cos θ
= sec θ
732
1 sin θ cos θ
(sin θ cos θ ) ⋅ −
sin θ cos θ cos 2 θ tan θ − cot θ cos θ sin θ
60. = 63. =
cos θ − sin θ (cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ ) ⋅ 1
2 2
tan θ + cot θ sin θ + cos θ
cos 2 θ cos θ sin θ
sin θ sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ
= cos θ2 = cos θ sin θ
sin θ sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ
1−
cos 2 θ cos θ sin θ
tan θ sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ
= =
1 − tan 2 θ 1
= sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ
tan θ + sec θ − 1
61.
tan θ − sec θ + 1 1 cos 2 θ
tan θ + (sec θ − 1) tan θ + (sec θ − 1) −
= ⋅ sec θ − cos θ cos θ cos θ
64. =
tan θ − (sec θ − 1) tan θ + (sec θ − 1) sec θ + cos θ 1 cos 2 θ
+
tan 2 θ + 2 tan θ (sec θ − 1) + sec2 θ − 2sec θ + 1 cos θ cos θ
=
tan 2 θ − (sec2 θ − 2sec θ + 1) 1 − cos 2 θ
=
sec 2 θ − 1 + 2 tan θ (sec θ − 1) + sec2 θ − 2sec θ + 1 = cos θ2
sec2 θ − 1 − sec 2 θ + 2sec θ − 1 1 + cos θ
2sec θ − 2sec θ + 2 tan θ (sec θ − 1)
2 cos θ
= 1 − cos 2 θ
2sec θ − 2 =
2sec θ (sec θ − 1) + 2 tan θ (sec θ − 1) 1 + cos 2 θ
=
2sec θ − 2 sin 2 θ
=
2(sec θ − 1)(sec θ + tan θ ) 1 + cos 2 θ
=
2(sec θ − 1)
sin u cos u
= tan θ + sec θ −
tan u − cot u
65. + 1 = cos u sin u + 1
tan u + cot u sin u cos u
sin θ − cos θ + 1 +
62. cos u sin u
sin θ + cos θ − 1
(sin θ − cos θ ) + 1 (sin θ + cos θ ) + 1 sin 2 u − cos 2 u
= ⋅
(sin θ + cos θ ) − 1 (sin θ + cos θ ) + 1 = cos u sin u + 1
sin 2 u + cos 2 u
sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ + sin θ + cos θ + sin θ − cos θ + 1 cos u sin u
=
(sin θ + cos θ ) 2 − 1 sin 2 u − cos 2 u
= +1
sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ + 2sin θ + 1 1
=
sin 2 θ + 2sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ − 1 = sin 2 u − cos 2 u + 1
sin 2 θ − (1 − sin 2 θ ) + 2sin θ + 1 = sin 2 u + (1 − cos 2 u )
=
2sin θ cos θ + 1 − 1
= sin 2 u + sin 2 u
2sin 2 θ + 2sin θ
= = 2sin 2 u
2sin θ cos θ
2sin θ (sin θ + 1)
=
2sin θ cos θ
sin θ + 1
=
cos θ
733
sin u cos u 1 − tan 2 θ 1 − tan 2 θ 1 + tan 2 θ

− 69. +1 = +
tan u − cot u
+ 2 cos 2 u = cos u sin u + 2 cos 2 u 1 + tan θ 1 + tan 2 θ 1 + tan 2 θ
2
66.
tan u + cot u sin u cos u
+ 1 − tan 2 θ + 1 + tan 2 θ
cos u sin u =
1 + tan 2 θ
sin 2 u − cos 2 u 2 2
= =
= cos u sin u + 2 cos 2 u
1 + tan θ sec 2 θ
2
sin 2 u + cos 2 u
1
cos u sin u = 2⋅ 2
sec θ
sin 2 u − cos 2 u
= + 2 cos 2 u = 2 cos 2 θ
1
= sin 2 u + cos 2 u 1 − cot 2 θ 1 − cot 2 θ
70. + 2 cos 2 θ = + 2 cos 2 θ
=1 1 + cot θ
2
csc θ
2
1 cot 2 θ
1 sin θ = − + 2 cos 2 θ
+ csc 2 θ csc 2 θ
sec θ + tan θ cos θ cos θ
67. = cos 2 θ
cot θ + cos θ cos θ + cos θ
= sin 2 θ − sin θ + 2 cos 2 θ
2
sin θ
1 + sin θ 1
cos θ sin 2 θ
=
cos θ + cos θ sin θ = sin θ − cos 2 θ + 2 cos 2 θ
2
sin θ = sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ

1 + sin θ sin θ =1
= ⋅
cos θ cos θ (1 + sin θ )
sin θ 1 sec θ − csc θ sec θ csc θ
= ⋅ 71. = −
cos θ cos θ sec θ csc θ sec θ csc θ sec θ csc θ
= tan θ sec θ 1 1
= −
csc θ sec θ
1 = sin θ − cos θ
sec θ cos θ
68. =
1 + sec θ 1 + 1 sin 2 θ − tan θ
cos θ 72.
cos 2 θ − cot θ
1 sin θ
sin 2 θ −
= cos θ = cos θ
cos θ + 1 cos θ
cos θ cos θ −
2
sin θ
 1   1 − cos θ  sin θ cos θ − sin θ
2
= ⋅ 
 1 + cos θ   1 − cos θ  cos θ
=
1 − cos θ cos 2 θ sin θ − cos θ
=
1 − cos 2 θ sin θ
1 − cos θ sin 2 θ cos θ − sin θ sin θ
= = ⋅
sin 2 θ cos θ cos θ sin θ − cos θ
2
sin θ (sin θ cos θ − 1) sin θ

= ⋅
cos θ cos θ (cos θ sin θ − 1)
sin 2 θ
=
cos 2 θ
= tan 2 θ
734
1 sec θ  sec θ   1 + sin θ 

73. sec θ − cos θ = − cos θ 77. = ⋅ 
cos θ 1 − sin θ  1 − sin θ   1 + sin θ 
1 − cos 2 θ sec θ (1 + sin θ )
= =
cos θ 1 − sin 2 θ
sin 2 θ sec θ (1 + sin θ )
= =
cos θ cos 2 θ
sin θ 1 1 + sin θ
= sin θ ⋅ = ⋅
cos θ cos θ cos 2 θ
= sin θ tan θ 1 + sin θ
=
cos3 θ
sin θ cos θ
74. tan θ + cot θ = +
cos θ sin θ 1 + sin θ (1 + sin θ )(1 + sin θ )
78. =
sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ 1 − sin θ (1 − sin θ )(1 + sin θ )
=
sin θ cos θ (1 + sin θ ) 2
1 =
= 1 − sin 2 θ
sin θ cos θ (1 + sin θ ) 2
1 1 =
= ⋅ cos 2 θ
cos θ sin θ 2
= sec θ csc θ  1 + sin θ 
= 
 cos θ 
1 1 1 + sin θ + 1 − sin θ  1 sin θ 
2
75. + = = +
1 − sin θ 1 + sin θ (1 − sin θ )(1 + sin θ ) 
 cos θ cos θ 
2 = (sec θ + tan θ ) 2
=
1 − sin 2 θ
2 (sec v − tan v) 2 + 1
= 79.
cos 2 θ csc v(sec v − tan v)
= 2sec 2 θ sec2 v − 2sec v tan v + tan 2 v + 1
=
1 + sin θ 1 − sin θ csc v(sec v − tan v)
76. −
1 − sin θ 1 + sin θ sec 2 v − 2sec v tan v + sec2 v
=
(1 + sin θ ) 2 − (1 − sin θ ) 2 csc v(sec v − tan v)
=
(1 − sin θ )(1 + sin θ ) 2sec 2 v − 2sec v tan v
=
1 + 2sin θ + sin 2 θ − (1 − 2sin θ + sin 2 θ ) csc v(sec v − tan v)
=
1 − sin 2 θ 2sec v(sec v − tan v)
=
4sin θ csc v(sec v − tan v)
=
cos 2 θ 2sec v
=
sin θ 1 csc v
= 4⋅ ⋅
cos θ cos θ 1
2⋅
= 4 tan θ sec θ
= cos v
1
sin v
1 sin v
= 2⋅ ⋅
cos v 1
sin v
= 2⋅
cos v
= 2 tan v
735
sec2 v − tan 2 v + tan v 1 + tan v sin 3 θ + cos3 θ

80. = 84.
sec v sec v 1 − 2 cos 2 θ
sin v (sin θ + cos θ )(sin 2 θ − sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ )
1+ =
= cos v 1 − cos 2 θ − cos 2 θ
1
(sin θ + cos θ )(sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ − sin θ cos θ )
cos v =
sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ
cos v + sin v
(sin θ + cos θ )(1 − sin θ cos θ )
cos v =
= (sin θ + cos θ )(sin θ − cos θ )
1
cos v 1
= cos v + sin v 1 − sin θ cos θ cos θ
= ⋅
sin θ − cos θ 1
sin θ + cos θ sin θ − cos θ cos θ
81. −
cos θ sin θ 1
− sin θ
=
sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ
+ − + = cos θ
cos θ cos θ sin θ sin θ sin θ
−1
sin θ cos θ cos θ
= +1−1+ sec θ − sin θ
cos θ sin θ =
tan θ − 1
sin θ + cos θ
2 2
=
cos θ sin θ cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
85. =
1 1 − tan 2 θ sin 2 θ
= 1−
cos θ sin θ cos 2 θ
= sec θ csc θ cos θ − sin 2 θ
2
=
sin θ + cos θ cos θ − sin θ cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
82. − cos 2 θ
sin θ cos θ
sin θ cos θ cos θ sin θ cos 2 θ
= + − + = ( cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ ) ⋅
sin θ sin θ cos θ cos θ cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
cos θ sin θ = cos 2 θ
= 1+ −1+
sin θ cos θ
cos θ + sin θ − sin 3 θ cos θ sin θ sin 3 θ
cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ 86. = + −
= sin θ sin θ sin θ sin θ
cos θ sin θ
1 = cot θ + 1 − sin 2 θ
=
cos θ sin θ = cot θ + cos 2 θ
= sec θ csc θ 2
(2 cos 2 θ − 1)2  2 cos 2 θ − (sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ ) 
sin θ + cos θ
3 3
87. =
83. cos 4 θ − sin 4 θ (cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ )(cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ )
sin θ + cos θ
(sin θ + cos θ )(sin 2 θ − sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ ) (cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ ) 2
= =
sin θ + cos θ (cos θ − sin 2 θ )(cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ )
2
= sin θ + cos θ − sin θ cos θ

2 2
cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
=
= 1 − sin θ cos θ cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ
= cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
= 1 − sin 2 θ − sin 2 θ
= 1 − 2sin 2 θ
736
1 − 2 cos 2 θ 1 − cos 2 θ − cos 2 θ 91. (a sin θ + b cos θ ) 2 + (a cos θ − b sin θ ) 2

88. =
sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ = a 2 sin 2 θ + 2ab sin θ cos θ + b 2 cos 2 θ
sin θ − cos 2 θ
2
+ a 2 cos 2 θ − 2ab sin θ cos θ + b 2 sin 2 θ
=
sin θ cos θ
= a 2 (sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ ) + b 2 (sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ )
sin 2 θ cos 2 θ
= − = a 2 + b2
sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ
sin θ cos θ
= − 92. (2a sin θ cosθ ) 2 + a 2 (cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ ) 2
cos θ sin θ
= 4a 2 sin 2 θ cos 2 θ
= tan θ − cot θ
(
+ a 2 cos 4 θ − 2cos 2 θ sin 2 θ + sin 4 θ )
1 + sin θ + cos θ
89.
1 + sin θ − cos θ
(
= a 4sin θ cos θ + cos θ − 2cos θ sin θ + sin θ
2 2 2 4 2 2 4
)
=
(1 + sin θ ) + cos θ (1 + sin θ ) + cos θ
⋅
= a2 ( cos θ + 2cos θ sin θ + sin θ )
4 2 2 4
(1 + sin θ ) − cos θ (1 + sin θ ) + cos θ

( cos θ + sin θ )
2
= a2 2 2
1 + 2sin θ + sin θ + 2cosθ (1 + sin θ ) + cos θ

2 2
= = a 2 (1)
2
1 + 2sin θ + sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ
1 + 2sin θ + sin 2 θ + 2cosθ (1 + sin θ ) + (1 − sin 2 θ ) = a2
=
1 + 2sin θ + sin 2 θ − (1 − sin 2 θ )
tan α + tan β tan α + tan β
2 + 2sin θ + 2cosθ (1 + sin θ ) 93. =
= cot α + cot β 1 1
2sin θ + 2sin 2 θ +
2(1 + sin θ ) + 2cosθ (1 + sin θ )
tan α tan β
= tan α + tan β
2sin θ (1 + sin θ ) =
2(1 + sin θ )(1 + cosθ )
tan β + tan α
= tan α tan β
2sin θ (1 + sin θ )
1 + cosθ  tan α tan β 
= = (tan α + tan β ) ⋅  
sin θ  tan α + tan β 
= tan α tan β
1 + cos θ + sin θ
90.
1 + cos θ − sin θ 94. (tan α + tan β )(1 − cot α cot β )
(1 + cos θ ) + sin θ (1 + cos θ ) + sin θ
= ⋅ + (cot α + cot β )(1 − tan α tan β )
(1 + cos θ ) − sin θ (1 + cos θ ) + sin θ
= tan α + tan β − tan α cot α cot β
1 + 2cosθ + cos 2 θ + 2sin θ (1 + cosθ ) + sin 2 θ
= − tan β cot α cot β + cot α + cot β
1 + 2cosθ + cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
− cot α tan α tan β − cot β tan α tan β
1 + 2cosθ + cos 2 θ + 2sin θ (1 + cosθ ) + 1 − cos 2 θ
= = tan α + tan β − cot β − cot α + cot α
1 + 2cosθ + cos 2 θ − (1 − cos 2 θ )
+ cot β − tan β − tan α
2 + 2 cos θ + 2sin θ (1 + cos θ )
= =0
2 cos θ + 2 cos 2 θ
2(1 + cos θ ) + 2sin θ (1 + cos θ )
= 95. (sin α + cos β ) 2 + (cos β + sin α )(cos β − sin α )
2 cos θ (1 + cos θ )
= sin 2 α + 2sin α cos β + cos 2 β + cos 2 β − sin 2 α
2(1 + cos θ )(1 + sin θ )
= = 2sin α cos β + 2 cos 2 β
2 cos θ (1 + cos θ )
1 + sin θ = 2 cos β (sin α + cos β )
=
cos θ
1 sin θ
= +
cos θ cos θ
= sec θ + tan θ
737
96. (sin α − cos β ) 2 + (cos β + sin α )(cos β − sin α ) 102. f ( x ) = cos x ⋅ cot x
= sin α − 2sin α cos β + cos β + cos β − sin α
2 2 2 2
cos x
= cos x ⋅
= − 2sin α cos β + 2cos β = − 2cos β (sin α − cos β )
2
sin x
cos 2 x
=
1 −1 sin x
97. ln sec θ = ln = ln cos θ = − ln cos θ
cos θ 1 − sin 2 x
=
sin x
sin θ
98. ln tan θ = ln = ln sin θ − ln cos θ 1 sin 2 x
cos θ = −
sin x sin x
= csc x − sin x
99. ln 1 + cos θ + ln 1 − cos θ
= g ( x)
= ln ( 1 + cos θ ⋅ 1 − cos θ )
= ln 1 − cos 2 θ 1 − sin θ cos θ
103. f (θ ) = −
cos θ 1 + sin θ
= ln sin 2 θ
(1 − sin θ )(1 + sin θ ) cos θ ⋅ cos θ
= 2 ln sin θ = −
cos θ (1 + sin θ ) (1 + sin θ ) ⋅ cos θ
1 − sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ
100. ln sec θ + tan θ + ln sec θ − tan θ =
= ln ( sec θ + tan θ ⋅ sec θ − tan θ )
1 − ( sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ )
= ln sec θ − tan θ
2 2
=
= ln tan 2 θ + 1 − tan 2 θ 1−1
=
= ln 1 cos θ (1 + sin θ )
=0 0
=
101. f ( x ) = sin x ⋅ tan x
=0
sin x
= sin x ⋅ = g (θ )
cos x
sin 2 x 104. f (θ ) = tan θ + sec θ
=
cos x
sin θ 1
1 − cos 2 x = +
= cos θ cos θ
cos x 1 + sin θ
1 cos 2 x =
= − cos θ
cos x cos x 1 + sin θ 1 − sin θ
= sec x − cos x = ⋅
cos θ 1 − sin θ
= g ( x) 1 − sin 2 θ
=
cos θ (1 − sin θ )
cos 2 θ
=
cos θ (1 − sin θ )
cos θ
=
1 − sin θ
= g (θ )
738
105. 16 + 16 tan 2 θ = 16(1 + tan 2 θ ) = 4 1 + tan 2 θ . b −120

x=− =− = 20
2a 2( −3)
Since sec θ > 0 for − π2 < θ < π2 , then
f (20) = −3(20) 2 + 120(20) + 50 = 1250
4 1 + tan 2 θ = 4 sec 2 θ = 4sec θ
The vertex is (20,1250) so the maximum value
106. 9sec2 θ − 9 = 9(sec 2 θ − 1) = 3 sec 2 θ − 1 . of the function is 1250.
Since tan θ > 0 for π < θ < 3π
2
, then
x +1
3 sec 2 θ − 1 = 3 tan 2 θ = 3 tan θ 114. f ( x) = ; g ( x) = 3x − 4
x−2
(3x − 4) + 1
1  2  f g =
(
107. 1200sec θ 2sec2 θ − 1 = 1200 ) 
cos θ  cos θ
2
− 1

(3 x − 4) − 2
3x − 3
1  2 cos 2 θ  =
= 1200  −  3x − 6
cos θ 2
 cos θ cos θ
2
 3( x − 1)
=
 2 − cos 2 θ  3( x − 2)
1
= 1200   x −1
cos θ 2
 cos θ  =
x−2
=
(
1200 1 + 1 − cos 2 θ )
3 115. For the point ( −12,5) , x = −12 , y = 5 ,
cos θ
=
(
1200 1 + sin 2 θ ) r= x 2 + y 2 = 144 + 25 = 169 = 13
5 13
cos3 θ sin θ = csc θ =
13 5
108. I t = 4 A2
( cscθ − 1)( secθ + tan θ ) cos θ = −
12
sec θ = −
13
13 12
csc θ sec θ
5 12
csc θ − 1 sec θ + tan θ tan θ = − cot θ = −
= 4 A2 ⋅ 12 5
csc θ sec θ
 1   tan θ  f (π / 2 ) − f ( 0 ) cos (π / 2 ) − cos ( 0 )
= 4 A2  1 − 1+
 csc θ   sec θ  116.
π /2−0
=
π /2
= 4 A (1 − sin θ )(1 + sin θ )
2
=
0 −1
=−
2
π /2 π
(
= 4 A2 1 − sin 2 θ ) 2
The average rate of change is − .
= 4 A cos θ = ( 2 A cos θ ) π
2 2 2
110. sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1

tan 2 θ + 1 = sec2 θ
1 + cot 2 θ = csc 2 θ
111 – 112. Answers will vary.
113. Since a is negative then the graph opens up so

the function has a maximum value. To find the
maximum value we can find the vertex.
739
Section 6.5 13. cos

7π  4π 3π 
= cos  + 
12  12 12 
+ (1 − ( −3) )
2
(5 − 2)
2
1. π π π π
= cos ⋅ cos − sin ⋅ sin
3 4 3 4
= 32 + 42 = 9 + 16 = 25 = 5
1 2 3 2
= ⋅ − ⋅
3 2 2 2 2
2. −
1
5
=
4
( 2− 6 )
2 1 2
3. a. ⋅ =
2 2 4 7π  3π 4π 
14. tan = tan  + 
12  12 12 
1 1
b. 1− = π π
2 2 tan + tan
= 4 3
4. y = 4, r = 5, x = −3 (Quadrant 2) π π
1 − tan ⋅ tan
x 3 4 3
cos α = = −
r 5 1+ 3
=
1 − 1⋅ 3
5. −
 1+ 3   1+ 3 
6. − =   ⋅  
 1− 3   1+ 3 
7. False
1+ 2 3 + 3
8. False =
1− 3
9. False 4+2 3
=
10. True −2
= −2− 3
5π  3π 2π 
11. sin = sin  + 
12  12 12  15. cos165º = cos (120º + 45º )
π π π π = cos120º ⋅ cos 45º − sin120º ⋅ sin 45º
= sin ⋅ cos + cos ⋅ sin
4 6 4 6
1 2 3 2
2 3 2 1 =− ⋅ − ⋅
= ⋅ + ⋅ 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1
=
1
(6+ 2 )
=−
4
2+ 6 ( )
4
π 16. sin105º = sin ( 60º + 45º )
 3π 2π 
12. sin = sin  − 
12  12 12  = sin 60º ⋅ cos 45º + cos 60º ⋅ sin 45º
π π π π 3 2 1 2
= sin ⋅ cos − cos ⋅ sin = ⋅ + ⋅
4 6 4 6 2 2 2 2
1
=
2 3
2 2
⋅ −
2 1
⋅
2 2
=
4
(6+ 2 )
1
=
4
( 6− 2 )
740
Section 6.5: Sum and Difference Formulas
17. tan15º = tan(45º − 30º ) 19π  15π 4π 

20. tan = tan  + 
tan 45º − tan 30º 12  12 12 
=
1 + tan 45º ⋅ tan 30º 5π π
tan + tan
3 = 4 3
1− 5π π
3 3 1 − tan ⋅ tan
= ⋅
3 3 4 3
1 + 1⋅
3 1+ 3
=
3− 3 3− 3 1 − 1⋅ 3
= ⋅
3+ 3 3− 3 1+ 3 1+ 3
= ⋅
9−6 3 +3 1− 3 1+ 3
=
9−3 1+ 2 3 + 3
=
12 − 6 3 1− 3
=
6 4+2 3
=
= 2− 3 −2
= −2− 3
18. tan195º = tan(135º +60º )
tan135º + tan 60º  π 1 1
= 21. sec  −
1 − tan135º ⋅ tan 60º = =
 12  cos  −  cos  − 4π 
π 3 π
   
−1 + 3  12   12 12 
=
1 − (−1) ⋅ 3 1
=
π π π π
−1 + 3 1 − 3 cos ⋅ cos + sin ⋅ sin
= ⋅ 4 3 4 3
1+ 3 1− 3 1
=
−1 + 2 3 − 3 2 1 2 3
= ⋅ + ⋅
1− 3 2 2 2 2
−4+ 2 3 1
= =
−2 2+ 6
4
= 2− 3
4 2− 6
= ⋅
17π  15π 2π  2+ 6 2− 6
19. sin = sin  + 
12  12 12  4 2 −4 6
=
5π π 5π π 2−6
= sin ⋅ cos + cos ⋅ sin
4 6 4 6 4 2 −4 6
=
2 3  2 1 −4
=− ⋅ +  − ⋅
2 2  2  2 = 6− 2
1
=−
4
( 6+ 2 )
741
 5π  5π −1 tan 20º + tan 25º

22. cot  −  = − cot = 27. = tan ( 20º +25º )
 12  12 tan 5π 1 − tan 20º tan 25º
12 = tan 45º
−1 =1
=
 3π 2π 
tan  + 
 12 12  tan 40º − tan10º
28. = tan ( 40º −10º )
−1 1 + tan 40º tan10º
=
π π = tan 30º
tan + tan
4 6
π π 3
1 − tan ⋅ tan =
4 6 3
 π π
 1 − tan 4 ⋅ tan 6  π 7π π 7π  π 7π 
= −  29. sin ⋅ cos − cos ⋅ sin = sin  − 
12 12 12 12  12 12 
 tan π + tan π 
 4 6   6π 
= sin  − 
1  12 
1 − 1⋅
3⋅ 3
=−  π
1 3 = sin  − 
1+  2
3
= −1
3 −1 3 −1
=− ⋅
3 +1 3 −1 5π 7π 5π 7π  5π 7 π 
30. cos ⋅ cos − sin ⋅ sin = cos  + 
12 12 12 12  12 12 
3 − 3 − 3 +1
=− 12π
3 −1 = cos
12
4−2 3
=− = cos π
2
= −1
= −2 + 3
π 5π 5π π  π 5π 
23. sin 20º ⋅ cos10º + cos 20º ⋅ sin10º = sin(20º + 10º ) 31. cos ⋅ cos + sin ⋅ sin = cos  − 
12 12 12 12  12 12 
= sin 30º  4π 
= cos  − 
1  12 
=
2  π
= cos  − 
24. sin 20º ⋅ cos80º − cos 20º ⋅ sin 80º = sin(20º − 80º )  3
π
= sin(− 60º ) = cos
3
= − sin 60º
1
3 =
=− 2
2
π 5π π 5π  π 5π 
25. cos 70º ⋅ cos 20º − sin 70º ⋅ sin 20º = cos(70º + 20º ) 32. sin ⋅ cos + cos ⋅ sin = sin  + 
18 18 18 18  18 18 
= cos 90º 6π
=0 = sin
18
π
26. cos 40º ⋅ cos10º + sin 40º ⋅ sin10º = cos(40º − 10º ) = sin
3
= cos 30º
3
3 =
= 2
2
742
3 π c. sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β

33. sin α = , 0 < α <
5 2 3 2 5 4  5
= ⋅ − ⋅  − 
cos β =
2 5 π
, − <β <0 5 5 5  5 
5 2
6 5+4 5
y y =
(x, 3) 2 5 25
x 10 5
β
5 y =
3 5 25
α 2 5
x x (2 5, y ) =
5
x 2 + 32 = 52 , x > 0 tan α − tan β

d. tan(α − β ) =
1 + tan α ⋅ tan β
x 2 = 25 − 9 = 16, x > 0
3  1
x=4 −− 
4  2
4 3 =
cos α = , tan α =  3  1 
5 4 1 +   − 
 4  2 
(2 5 )
2
+ y 2 = 52 , y < 0 5
y 2 = 25 − 20 = 5, y < 0 = 4
5
y=− 5 8
5 − 5 1 =2
sin β = − , tan β = =−
5 2 5 2
5 π
34. cos α = , 0<α <
a. sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β 5 2
3 2 5 4  5 4 π
= ⋅ + ⋅  − sin β = − , − < β < 0
 5 2
5 5 5  5 
y y
6 5−4 5 x
= ( 5, y ) x
25 β
5
2 5 y −4
5
=
25 α (x, −4)
x
5
b. cos(α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β
4 2 5 3  5 ( 5)
2
= ⋅ − ⋅  −  + y 2 = 52 , y > 0
5 5 5  5 
y 2 = 25 − 5 = 20, y > 0
8 5 +3 5
= y = 20 = 2 5
25
2 5 2 5
11 5 sin α = , tan α = =2
= 5 5
25
x 2 + (− 4) 2 = 52 , x > 0
x 2 = 25 − 16 = 9, x > 0
x=3
3 −4 4
cos β = , tan β = =−
5 3 3
743
a. sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β (−3, 4) y y

(1, y)
 2 5  3  5   4
=   ⋅   +   ⋅  −  r 2
 5  5  5   5 4 y
6 5−4 5 α β
= −3 x 1 x
25
2 5 r 2 = (−3) 2 + 42 = 25
=
25 r =5
b. cos(α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β 4 −3 3
sin α = , cos α = =−
 5  3  2 5   4 5 5 5
=   ⋅   −   ⋅  − 
 5  5  5   5 12 + y 2 = 22 , y > 0
3 5 +8 5 y 2 = 4 − 1 = 3, y > 0
=
25 y= 3
11 5 3 3
= sin β = , tan β = = 3
25 2 1
c. sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β a. sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β
 2 5  3  5   4  4  1  3  3 
=   ⋅   −   ⋅  −  =   ⋅   +  −  ⋅  
 5  5  5   5  5   2   5   2 
6 5+4 5 4−3 3
= =
25 10
10 5 b. cos(α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β
=
25
 3 1  4  3 
2 5 =  −  ⋅   −   ⋅  
=  5   2   5   2 
5
−3 − 4 3
tan α − tan β =
d. tan(α − β ) = 10
1 + tan α tan β
c. sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β
 4
2−− 
 3  4 1  3  3 
= =   ⋅   −  −  ⋅  
 4
1+ 2 ⋅ −   5   2   5   2 
 3 4+3 3
10 =
10
= 3
5
−
3
= −2
4 π
35. tan α = − , < α < π
3 2
1 π
cos β = , 0 < β <
2 2
744
tan α − tan β b. cos(α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β

d. tan(α − β ) =
1 + tan α tan β  12   3  5   1
=  −  ⋅  −  − − ⋅− 
4
− − 3  13   2   13   2 
= 3 12 3 − 5
 4 =
1+  −  ⋅ 3 26
 3
c. sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β
−4−3 3
 5  3   12   1 
= 3 =  −  ⋅  −  −  −  ⋅  − 
3− 4 3  13   2   13   2 
3 5 3 − 12
=
 −4−3 3   3+ 4 3  26
=   ⋅   tan α − tan β
 3− 4 3   3+ 4 3  d. tan(α − β ) =
1 + tan α ⋅ tan β
− 48 − 25 3
= 5 3 5−4 3
−39 −
= 12 3 = 12
25 3 + 48 5 3 36 + 5 3
= 1+ ⋅
39 12 3 36
 15 − 12 3   36 − 5 3 
5 3π = 
36. tan α = , π<α <  ⋅  
12 2  36 + 5 3   36 − 5 3 
1 3π 540 − 507 3 + 180
sin β = − , π < β < =
2 2 1296 − 75
y y 720 − 507 3
=
−12 α x β 1221
x x
1 240 − 169 3
−5 r 2 =
407
(x, −1)
(−12,−5)
5 3π
37. sin α = , − < α < −π
13 2
r 2 = (−12) 2 + (−5) 2 = 169 π
tan β = − 3, < β < π
r = 13 2
−5 5 −12 12
sin α = = − , cos α = =− (x, 5) y (−1, 3 ) y
13 13 13 13
x 2 + (−1)2 = 22 , x < 0 13
5 r
2 3
x = 4 − 1 = 3, x < 0
x x β
x=− 3 α
−1 x
3 −13
cos β = − , tan β = =
2 − 3 3 x 2 + 52 = 132 , x < 0
a. sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β x 2 = 169 − 25 = 144, x < 0

x = −12
 5  3   12   1 
=  −  ⋅  −  + − ⋅−  −12 12 5
 13   2   13   2  cos α = =− , tan α = −
13 13 12
5 3 + 12 12 + 5 3
= =
26 26
745
2
r 2 = (−1) 2 + 3 = 4 1 π
38. cos α = , − <α < 0
r=2 2 2
1 π
3 −1 1 sin β = , 0 < β <
sin β = , cos β = =− 3 2
2 2 2 y y
1
α x
(x, 1)
a. sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β y
2 3
 5   1   12   3  (1, y) 1
=   ⋅  −  +  −  ⋅   β
 13   2   13   2  x x
−5 − 12 3 5 + 12 3
= or − 12 + y 2 = 22 , y < 0
26 26
y 2 = 4 − 1 = 3, y < 0
y=− 3
 12   1   5   3 
=  −  ⋅  −  −   ⋅   − − 3
 13   2   13   2  sin α =
3
=−
3
, tan α = =− 3
2 2 1
12 − 5 3
= x 2 + 12 = 32 , x > 0
26
c. sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β x 2 = 9 − 1 = 8. x > 0
x= 8=2 2
 5   1   12   3 
=   ⋅  −  −  −  ⋅  
 13   2   13   2  cos β =
2 2
, tan β =
1
=
2
3 2 2 4
−5 + 12 3
=
26 a. sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β
tan α − tan β  3   2 2  1 1

d. tan(α − β ) = =  −  ⋅   +   ⋅  
1 + tan α tan β  2   3   2 3
5
− − − 3
12
( ) =
1− 2 6
6
=
 5
1+  −  ⋅ − 3
 12 
( ) b. cos(α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β
−5 + 12 3 1 2 2   3  1
=   ⋅   −  − ⋅ 
12  2   3   2   3 
=
12 + 5 3 3+2 2
=
12 6
 −5 + 12 3   12 − 5 3 
=   ⋅   c. sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β
 12 + 5 3   12 − 5 3   3   2 2  1 1
− 240 + 169 3 =  −  ⋅   −   ⋅  
=  2   3   2 3
69
−1 − 2 6
=
6
746
tan α − tan β π
d. tan(α − β ) =
1 + tan α tan β  π  tan θ + tan 4
d. tan  θ +  =
 4  1 − tan θ ⋅ tan π
2
− 3− 4
= 4
1
− +1
(
1+ − 3 ⋅ ) 4
2
= 2 2
 1 
−4 3 − 2 1−  −  ⋅1
 2 2
= 4
4− 6 −1 + 2 2
4 = 2 2
 −4 3 − 2   4+ 6  2 2 +1
=   ⋅   2 2
 4− 6   4+ 6 
 2 2 −1   2 2 −1 
−16 3 − 4 2 − 4 18 − 12 =   ⋅  
=
16 − 6  2 2 + 1   2 2 −1 
−18 3 − 16 2 8 − 4 2 +1
= =
10 8 −1
−9 3 − 8 2 9−4 2
= =
5 7
1 1
40. cos θ = , θ in quadrant IV
39. sin θ = , θ in quadrant II 4
3
2 a. sin θ = − 1 − cos 2 θ
1
a. cos θ = − 1 − sin θ = − 1 −  
2
2
3 1
= − 1−  
4
1
= − 1− 1
9 = − 1−
8 16
=− 15
9 =−
2 2 16
=− 15
3 =−
4
 π π π
b. sin  θ +  = sin θ ⋅ cos + cos θ ⋅ sin π π π
 6 6 6 
b. sin  θ −  = sin θ ⋅ cos − cos θ ⋅ sin
 6 6 6
 1  3   2 2  1 
=    +−    15   3   1   1 
 3   2   3   2  =  −  ⋅   −   ⋅  
3 − 2 2 −2 2 + 3  4   2  4 2
= = −1 − 3 5
6 6 =
8
 π π π
c. cos  θ −  = cos θ ⋅ cos + sin θ ⋅ sin  π π π
 3 3 3 c. cos  θ +  = cos θ ⋅ cos − sin θ ⋅ sin
 3 3 3
 2 2  1   1  3 
=  −   +     1   1   15   3 
 3   2   3   2  =   ⋅   −  − ⋅ 
 4   2   4   2 
−2 2 + 3
= 1+ 3 5
6 =
8
747
π 42. From the solution to Problem 41, we have

tan θ − tan
 π 4 1 3 −2 2
d. tan  θ − = sin α = , cos α = , sin β = , and
 4  1 + tan θ ⋅ tan π 2 2 3
4 1
− 15 − 1 cos β = . Thus,
= 3
(
1 + − 15 ⋅1 ) g (α + β ) = cos (α + β )
 −1 − 15   1 + 15  = cos α ⋅ cos β − sin α ⋅ sin β
=   ⋅    3  1   1  2 2 
 1 − 15   1 + 15  =     −    − 
 2  3   2  3 
−1 − 2 15 − 15
=
1 − 15 3 2 2 3+2 2
= + =
−16 − 2 15 6 6 6
=
−14
43. From the solution to Problem 41, we have
8 + 15
= 1 3 −2 2
7 sin α = , cos α = , sin β = , and
2 2 3
41. α lies in quadrant I . Since x 2 + y 2 = 4 , 1
cos β = . Thus,
3
r = 4 = 2 . Now, ( x, 1) is on the circle, so
g (α − β ) = cos (α − β )
x 2 + 12 = 4
= cos α ⋅ cos β + sin α ⋅ sin β
x 2 = 4 − 12
 3  1   1  2 2 
x = 4 − 12 = 3 =     +    − 
 2  3   2  3 
y 1 x 3
Thus, sin α = = and cos α = = . 3 2 2 3−2 2
r 2 r 2 = − =
6 6 6
β lies in quadrant IV . Since x 2 + y 2 = 1 ,
1  44. From the solution to Problem 41, we have
r = 1 = 1 . Now,  , y  is on the circle, so
3  1 3 −2 2
2
sin α = , cos α = , sin β = , and
1 2
2 2 3
  + y =1 1
3 cos β = . Thus,
2 3
1
y2 = 1−   f (α − β ) = sin (α − β )
3
2 = sin α ⋅ cos β − cos α ⋅ sin β
1 8 2 2
y = − 1−   = − =−  1  1   3   2 2 
3 9 3 =    −   − 
 2  3   2   3 
y −23 2 −2 2
Thus, sin β = = = and 1 2 6 1+ 2 6
r 1 3 = + =
x 1 1 6 6 6
cos β = = 3 = . Thus,
r 1 3 45. From the solution to Problem 41, we have
f (α + β ) = sin (α + β )
1 3 −2 2
= sin α ⋅ cos β + cos α ⋅ sin β sin α = , cos α = , sin β = , and
2 2 3
 1   1   3  2 2  1
=     +   −  cos β = . Thus,
 2   3   2 
 3  3
1 2 6 1− 2 6
= − =
6 6 6
748
1 π  π π
sin α 1 3 47. sin  + θ  = sin ⋅ cos θ + cos ⋅ sin θ
tan α = = 2 = = and 2  2 2
cos α 3 3 3 = 1 ⋅ cos θ + 0 ⋅ sin θ
2 = cos θ
2 2
−
sin β 3 = −2 2 . Finally, π  π π
tan β = = 48. cos  + θ  = cos ⋅ cos θ − sin ⋅ sin θ
cos β 1 2  2 2
3 = 0 ⋅ cos θ − 1 ⋅ sin θ
tan α + tan β
h (α + β ) = tan (α + β ) = = − sin θ
1 − tan α tan β
49. sin ( π − θ ) = sin π ⋅ cos θ − cos π ⋅ sin θ
3
3
(
+ −2 2 ) = 0 ⋅ cos θ − ( −1) sin θ
=
1−
3
3
( −2 2 ) = sin θ
3 50. cos ( π − θ ) = cos π ⋅ cos θ + sin π ⋅ sin θ

−2 2
3 3 = −1 ⋅ cos θ + 0 ⋅ sin θ
= ⋅
2 6 3 = − cos θ
1+
3
3 −6 2 3− 2 6 51. sin ( π + θ ) = sin π ⋅ cos θ + cos π ⋅ sin θ
= ⋅
3+ 2 6 3− 2 6 = 0 ⋅ cos θ + ( −1) sin θ
3 3 − 6 2 − 18 2 + 24 3 = − sin θ
=
9 − 6 6 + 6 6 − 24
52. cos ( π + θ ) = cos π ⋅ cos θ − sin π ⋅ sin θ
27 3 − 24 2 8 2 − 9 3
= = = −1 ⋅ cos θ − 0 ⋅ sin θ
−15 5
= − cos θ
tan π − tan θ
3 53. tan ( π − θ ) =
tan α = and tan β = −2 2 . Thus, 1 + tan π ⋅ tan θ
3
0 − tan θ
tan α − tan β =
h (α − β ) = tan (α − β ) = 1 + 0 ⋅ tan θ
1 + tan α tan β
− tan θ
=
3
3
(
− −2 2 ) 1
= − tan θ
=
1+
3
3
( −2 2 ) tan 2π − tan θ
54. tan ( 2π − θ ) =
3 1 + tan 2π ⋅ tan θ
+2 2 0 − tan θ
3 3
= ⋅ =
2 6 3 1 + 0 ⋅ tan θ
1− − tan θ
3 =
3 + 6 2 3+ 2 6 1
= ⋅ = − tan θ
3− 2 6 3+ 2 6
3 3 + 6 2 + 18 2 + 24 3  3π  3π 3π
= 55. sin  + θ  = sin ⋅ cos θ + cos ⋅ sin θ
9 + 6 6 − 6 6 − 24  2  2 2
27 3 + 24 2 8 2 +9 3 = −1 ⋅ cos θ + 0 ⋅ sin θ
= =−
−15 5 = − cos θ
749
 3π  3π 3π sin(α + β ) sin α cos β + cos α sin β

56. cos  + θ  = cos ⋅ cos θ − sin ⋅ sin θ 63. =
 2  2 2 sin(α − β ) sin α cos β − cos α sin β
= 0 ⋅ cos θ − (−1) ⋅ sin θ sin α cos β + cos α sin β
= sin θ cos α cos β
=
sin α cos β − cos α sin β
57. sin(α + β ) + sin(α − β ) cos α cos β
= sin α cos β + cos α sin β sin α cos β cos α sin β
+
+ sin α cos β − cos α sin β cos α cos β cos α cos β
=
= 2sin α cos β sin α cos β cos α sin β
−
cos α cos β cos α cos β
58. cos(α + β ) + cos(α − β ) tan α + tan β
=
= cos α cos β − sin α sin β tan α − tan β
+ cos α cos β + sin α sin β
= 2 cos α cos β cos(α + β ) cos α cos β − sin α sin β
64. =
cos(α − β ) cos α cos β + sin α sin β
sin(α + β ) sin α cos β + cos α sin β cos α cos β − sin α sin β
59. =
sin α cos β sin α cos β cos α cos β
=
sin α cos β cos α sin β cos α cos β + sin α sin β
= +
sin α cos β sin α cos β cos α cos β
= 1 + cot α tan β cos α cos β sin α sin β
−
=
sin(α + β ) sin α cos β + cos α sin β cos α cos β sin α sin β
60. = +
cos α cos β cos α cos β cos α cos β cos α cos β
sin α cos β cos α sin β 1 − tan α tan β
= + =
cos α cos β cos α cos β 1 + tan α tan β
= tan α + tan β
cos(α + β )
65. cot(α + β ) =
cos(α + β ) cos α cos β − sin α sin β sin(α + β )
61. =
cos α cos β cos α cos β cos α cos β − sin α sin β
=
cos α cos β sin α sin β sin α cos β + cos α sin β
= −
cos α cos β cos α cos β cos α cos β − sin α sin β
= 1 − tan α tan β sin α sin β
=
sin α cos β + cos α sin β
cos(α − β ) cos α cos β + sin α sin β sin α sin β
62. =
sin α cos β sin α cos β cos α cos β sin α sin β
−
cos α cos β sin α sin β sin α sin β sin α sin β
= + =
sin α cos β sin α cos β sin α cos β cos α sin β
+
= cot α + tan β sin α sin β sin α sin β
cot α cot β − 1
=
cot β + cot α
750
cos(α − β ) 69. sin(α − β )sin(α + β )

66. cot(α − β ) =
sin(α − β ) = ( sin α cos β − cos α sin β )( sin α cos β + cos α sin β )
cos α cos β + sin α sin β = sin 2 α cos 2 β − cos 2 α sin 2 β
=
sin α cos β − cos α sin β = sin 2 α (1 − sin 2 β ) − (1 − sin 2 α )sin 2 β
cos α cos β + sin α sin β = sin 2 α − sin 2 α sin 2 β − sin 2 β + sin 2 α sin 2 β
sin α sin β
= = sin 2 α − sin 2 β
sin α cos β − cos α sin β
sin α sin β 70. cos(α − β )cos(α + β )
cos α cos β sin α sin β = ( cos α cos β + sin α sin β )( cos α cos β − sin α sin β )
+
sin α sin β sin α sin β
= = cos 2 α cos 2 β − sin 2 α sin 2 β
sin α cos β cos α sin β
− = cos 2 α (1 − sin 2 β ) − (1 − cos 2 α )sin 2 β
sin α sin β sin α sin β
cot α cot β + 1 = cos 2 α − cos 2 α sin 2 β − sin 2 β + cos 2 α sin 2 β
=
cot β − cot α = cos 2 α − sin 2 β
1 71. sin(θ + k π) = sin θ ⋅ cos k π + cos θ ⋅ sin k π

67. sec(α + β ) =
cos(α + β ) = (sin θ )(−1) k + (cos θ )(0)
1 = (−1) k sin θ , k any integer
=
cos α cos β − sin α sin β
1 72. cos(θ + k π) = cos θ ⋅ cos k π − sin θ ⋅ sin k π
sin α sin β = (cos θ )(−1) k − (sin θ )(0)
=
cos α cos β − sin α sin β = (−1) k cos θ , k any integer
sin α sin β
1 1  1  π π 
⋅ 73. sin  sin −1 + cos −1 0  = sin  + 
sin α sin β  2  6 2
=
cos α cos β sin α sin β  2π 
− = sin 
sin α sin β sin α sin β 
 3 
csc α csc β
= 3
cot α cot β − 1 =
2
1
68. sec(α − β ) =  3  π 
cos(α − β ) 74. sin  sin −1 + cos −1 1 = sin  + 0 
 2   3 
1
= π
cos α cos β + sin α sin β = sin
3
1
cos α cos β 3
= =
cos α cos β + sin α sin β 2
cos α cos β
 3  4 
1 1 75. sin sin −1 − cos −1  −  
⋅  5  5 
cos α cos β
= 3  4
cos α cos β sin α sin β Let α = sin −1 and β = cos −1  −  . α is in
+ 5
cos α cos β cos α cos β  5
sec α sec β
=
1 + tan α tan β
751
3 sin β = 1 − cos 2 β
quadrant I; β is in quadrant II. Then sin α = ,
5 2
π 4 π 4 16 9 3
0 ≤ α ≤ , and cos β = − , ≤ β ≤ π . = 1−   = 1− = =
2 5 2 5 25 25 5
cos α = 1 − sin 2 α   4 3
sin sin −1  −  − tan −1 
2   5  4
3 9 16 4
= 1−   = 1− = = = sin (α − β )
5
  25 25 5
= sin α cos β − cos α sin β
sin β = 1 − cos β2
 4  4 3 3
=  − ⋅  −  ⋅ 
2  5  5 5 5
 4 16 9 3
= 1−  −  = 1− = = 16 9 25
 5 25 25 5 =− − =−
25 25 25
 3  4  = −1
sin sin −1 − cos −1  −   = sin (α − β )
 5  5 
 4 5
= sin α cos β − cos α sin β 77. cos  tan −1 + cos −1 
 3 13 
3  4  4 3 4 5
=  ⋅ −  −  ⋅  Let α = tan −1 and β = cos −1 . α is in
5  5  5 5 3 13
12 12 4
=− − quadrant I; β is in quadrant I. Then tan α = ,
25 25 3
24 π 5 π
=− 0<α < , and cos β = , 0≤β ≤ .
25 2 13 2
  4 3 sec α = 1 + tan 2 α
76. sin sin −1  −  − tan −1 
  5  4  2
4 16 25 5
 4  3 = 1+   = 1+ = =
Let α = sin −1  −  and β = tan −1 . α is in 3 9 9 3
 5 4
quadrant IV; β is in quadrant I. Then 3
cos α =
4 π 3 5
sin α = −
, − ≤ α ≤ 0 , and tan β = ,
5 2 4
sin α = 1 − cos 2 α
π
0<β < . 2
2 3 9 16 4
= 1−   = 1− = =
5 25 25 5
cos α = 1 − sin 2 α
 4 16
2
9 3 sin β = 1 − cos 2 β
= 1−  −  = 1− = =
 5  25 25 5 5 25
2
144 12
= 1−   = 1− = =
 13  169 169 13
sec β = 1 + tan 2 β
2
3 9 25 5
= 1+   = 1− = =
 
4 16 16 4
4
cos β =
5
752
 4 5 5
cos  tan −1 + cos −1  quadrant I; β is in quadrant I. Then sin α = ,
 3 13  13
= cos (α + β ) π 3 π
0≤α ≤ , and tan β = , 0 < β < .
= cos α cos β − sin α sin β 2 4 2
 3   5   4   12  cos α = 1 − sin 2 α
=  ⋅  −  ⋅ 
 5   13   5   13  2
5 25 144 12
15 48 33 = 1−   = 1− = =
= − =−  13  169 169 13
65 65 65
sec β = 1 + tan 2 β
 5  3 
78. cos  tan −1 − sin −1  −   2
 12  5  3 9 25 5
= 1+   = 1+ = =
5  3 4 16 16 4
Let α = tan −1 and β = sin −1  −  . α is in
12  5 4
quadrant I; β is in quadrant IV. Then cos β =
5
5 π 3
tan α = , 0 < α < , and sin β = − , sin β = 1 − cos 2 β
12 2 5
π 4
2
16 9 3
− <α < 0. = 1−   = 1− = =
2 5 25 25 5
sec α = 1 + tan 2 α
 5 3
2 cos sin −1 − tan −1 
 5 25 169 13  13 4
= 1+   = 1+ = =
12
  144 144 12 = cos (α − β )
12 = cos α cos β + sin α sin β
cos α =
13 12 4 5 3
= ⋅ + ⋅
13 5 13 5
sin α = 1 − cos 2 α 48 15
2 = +
 12  144 25 5 65 65
= 1−   = 1− = =
13
  169 169 13 63
=
65
cos β = 1 − sin 2 β
 4 12 
 3
2
9 16 4 80. cos  tan −1 + cos −1 
= 1−  −  = 1− = =  3 13 
 5 25 25 5
4 12
Let α = tan −1 and β = cos −1 . α is in
 5  3  3 13
cos  tan −1 − sin −1  −  
 12  5  4
quadrant I; β is in quadrant I. Then tan α = ,
= cos (α − β ) 3
= cos α cos β + sin α sin β π 12 π
0<α < , and cos β = , 0 ≤ β ≤ .
2 13 2
 12   4   5   3  48 15 33
=  ⋅  +  ⋅ −  = − =
 13   5   13   5  65 65 65 sec α = 1 + tan 2 α
2
 5 3 4 16 25 5
79. cos  sin −1 − tan −1  = 1+   = 1+ = =
 13 4 3 9 9 3
5 3 3
Let α = sin −1 and β = tan −1 . α is in cos α =
13 4 5
753
sin α = 1 − cos 2 α  3 π
tan  sin −1  + tan
 −1 3 π   5 6
2 tan  sin + =
3 9 16 4  5 6  −1 3  π
= 1−   = 1− = = 1 − tan  sin  ⋅ tan
5 25 25 5  5  6
3 3
sin β = 1 − cos 2 β +
= 4 3
 12 
2
144 25 5 3 3
= 1−   = 1− = = 1− ⋅
4 3
 13  169 169 13
9+ 3
 4 12 
= 12
cos  tan −1 + cos −1 
 3 13  12 − 3 3
= cos (α + β ) 12
9 + 3 12 + 3 3
= cos α cos β − sin α sin β = ⋅
12 − 3 3 12 + 3 3
 3   12   4   5 
=  ⋅  −  ⋅  108 + 75 3 + 36
 5   13   5   13  =
144 − 27
36 20
= − 144 + 75 3
65 65 =
117
16
= 48 + 25 3
65 =
39
 3 π
81. tan  sin −1 + 
 5 6 π 3
82. tan  − cos −1 
3  4 5 
Let α = sin −1 . α is in quadrant I. Then
5 3
Let α = cos −1 . α is in quadrant I. Then
3 π 5
sin α = , 0 ≤ α ≤ .
5 2 3 π
cos α = , 0 ≤ α ≤ .
5 2
2
3 9 16 4
= 1−   = 1− = = 2
5 25 25 5 3 9 16 4
= 1−   = 1− = =
5
  25 25 5
3
sin α 5 3 5 3 4
tan α = = = ⋅ = sin α 5 4 5 4
cos α 4 5 4 4 tan α = = = ⋅ =
5 cos α 3 5 3 3
5
π  3
tan − tan  cos −1 
π 3  4  5 
tan  − cos −1  =
4 5 π  −1 3 
1 + tan ⋅ tan  cos 
4  5
4 1
1− −
3 1 3 1
= = 3 =− ⋅ =−
4 7 3 7 7
1 + 1⋅
3 3
754
 4   4 
83. tan  sin −1 + cos −1 1 sin  cos −1 + sin −1 1
 5   −1 4   5 
tan  cos + sin −1 1 =
−1 4  5  tan  cos −1 4 + sin −1 1
Let α = sin and β = cos −11 ; α is in  
5  5 
4 π sin (α + β )
quadrant I. Then sin α = , 0 ≤ α ≤ , and =
5 2 cos (α + β )
cos β = 1 , 0 ≤ β ≤ π . So, β = cos −1 1 = 0 . sin α cos β + cos α sin β
=
cos α cos β − sin α sin β
3 4
4
2
16 9 3   (0) +   (1)
=  5
= 1−   = 1− = = 5
5 25 25 5 4 3
  (0) −   (1)
4 5 5
sin α 5 4 5 4 4
tan α = = = ⋅ = 4
cos α 3 5 3 3 = 5 =−
5 3 3
−
 −1 4  5
tan  sin − cos −1 1
 5 
(
85. cos cos −1 u + sin −1 v )
 4 
 5
(
tan  sin −1  + tan cos −1 1 ) Let α = cos −1 u and β = sin −1 v .
= Then cos α = u, 0 ≤ α ≤ π , and
 4
 5
(
1 − tan  sin −1  ⋅ tan cos −1 1 ) π π
sin β = v, − ≤ β ≤
4 4 2 2
+0 −1 ≤ u ≤ 1 , −1 ≤ v ≤ 1
4
= 3 = 3=
4 sin α = 1 − cos 2 α = 1 − u 2
1− ⋅ 0 1 3
3 cos β = 1 − sin 2 β = 1 − v 2
 4 
84. tan  cos −1 + sin −1 1
( )
cos cos −1 u + sin −1 v = cos(α + β )
 5  = cos α cos β − sin α sin β
−1 4
Let α = cos and β = sin -1 1 ; α is in = u 1 − v2 − v 1 − u 2
5
4
quadrant I. Then cos α = , 0 ≤ α ≤ , and
π (
86. sin sin −1 u − cos −1 v )
5 2 −1
Let α = sin u and β = cos −1 v . Then
π π −1 π
sin β = 1 , − ≤β ≤ . So, β = sin 1 = . π π
2 2 2 sin α = u , − ≤ α ≤ , and
2 2
sin α = 1 − cos 2 α cos β = v, 0 ≤ β ≤ π .
2 −1 ≤ u ≤ 1 , −1 ≤ v ≤ 1
4 16 9 3
= 1−   = 1− = = cos α = 1 − sin 2 α = 1 − u 2
5
  25 25 5
3 sin β = 1 − cos 2 β = 1 − v 2
tan α =
sin α 5 3 5 3
= = ⋅ = , but tan is
π ( )
sin sin −1 u − cos −1 v = sin(α − β )
cos α 4 5 4 4 2 = sin α cos β − cos α sin β
5
undefined. Therefore, we cannot use the sum = uv − 1 − u 2 1 − v 2
formula for tangent. Rewriting using sine and
cosine, we obtain:
755
(
87. sin tan −1 u − sin −1 v ) sin α = 1 − cos 2 α
Let α = tan −1 u and β = sin −1 v . Then 1
= 1−
π π u2 +1
tan α = u, − < α < , and
2 2 u2 +1−1
π π =
sin β = v, − ≤ β ≤ . u2 +1
2 2
−∞ < u < ∞ , −1 ≤ v ≤ 1 u2
= 2
u +1
sec α = tan 2 α + 1 = u 2 + 1 u
=
1 u2 +1
cos α =
u2 + 1
sec β = tan 2 β + 1 = v 2 + 1
cos β = 1 − sin 2 β = 1 − v 2 1
cos β =
2
sin α = 1 − cos 2 α v +1
1 sin β = 1 − cos 2 β
= 1− 2
u +1 1
= 1−
u2 +1−1 2
v +1
=
u2 +1 v2 + 1 − 1
2 =
u v2 + 1
= 2
u +1 v2
u = 2
= v +1
u2 +1 v
=
(
sin tan −1 u − sin −1 v ) v2 + 1
= sin(α − β ) (
cos tan −1 u + tan −1 v )
= sin α cos β − cos α sin β = cos(α + β )
u 1 = cos α cos β − sin α sin β
= ⋅ 1 − v2 − ⋅v
2
u +1 u2 +1 1 1 u v
2
= ⋅ − ⋅
u 1− v − v 2
u +1 v +1 2 2
u +1 2
v +1
=
u +12 1 − uv
=
u 2 + 1 ⋅ v2 + 1
(
88. cos tan −1 u + tan −1 v )
−1
Let α = tan u and β = tan −1 v . Then
(
89. tan sin −1 u − cos −1 v )
−1
Let α = sin u and β = cos −1 v . Then
π π
tan α = u, − < α < , and π π
2 2 sin α = u , − ≤ α ≤ , and
π π 2 2
tan β = v, − < β < . cos β = v, 0 ≤ β ≤ π .
2 2
−∞ < u < ∞ , −∞ < v < ∞ −1 ≤ u ≤ 1 , −1 ≤ v ≤ 1
sec α = tan 2 α + 1 = u 2 + 1 cos α = 1 − sin 2 α = 1 − u 2
1 sin α u
cos α = tan α = =
2 cos α 1− u2
u +1
756
sin β = 1 − cos 2 β = 1 − v 2 (
sec tan −1 u + cos −1 v )
= sec(α + β )
sin β 1 − v2
tan β = = 1
cos β v =
cos(α + β )
( )
tan sin −1 u − cos −1 v = tan(α − β )
=
1
tan α − tan β cos α cos β − sin α sin β
= 1
1 + tan α tan β =
1 u
u 1 − v2 ⋅v − ⋅ 1 − v2
− 2
u +1 2
u +1
1− u2 v
= 1
u 1 − v2 =
1+ ⋅ v u 1 − v2
1− u2 v −
u2 +1 u2 +1
uv − 1 − u 2 1 − v 2 1
=
= v 1− u2 v − u 1 − v2
v 1 − u 2 + u 1 − v2 u2 +1
2
v 1− u
u2 +1
2 2 =
uv − 1 − u 1− v
= v − u 1 − v2
2 2
v 1− u + u 1− v
91. sin θ − 3 cos θ = 1
(
90. sec tan −1 u + cos −1 v ) Divide each side by 2:
Let α = tan −1 u and β = cos −1 v . Then 1 3 1
sin θ − cos θ =
2 2 2
π π
tan α = u, − < α < , and Rewrite in the difference of two angles form
2 2
cos β = v, 0 ≤ β ≤ π . 1 3 π
using cos φ = , sin φ = , and φ = :
−∞ < u < ∞ , −1 ≤ v ≤ 1 2 2 3
1
sin θ cos φ − cos θ sin φ =
sec α = tan 2 α + 1 = u 2 + 1 2
1
1 sin(θ − φ ) =
cos α = 2
u2 + 1 π 5π
θ −φ = or θ − φ =
sin α = 1 − cos 2 α 6 6
π π π 5π
1 θ− = θ− =
= 1− 3 6 3 6
2
u +1 π 7π
θ= θ=
u2 +1−1 2 6
=
u2 +1  π 7π 
u2
2 6 
=
u2 +1
u
=
u2 +1
sin β = 1 − cos 2 β = 1 − v 2
757
92. 3 sin θ + cos θ = 1 94. sin θ − cos θ = − 2

Divide each side by 2: Divide each side by 2 :
3 1 1 1 1
sin θ + cos θ = sin θ − cos θ = −1
2 2 2 2 2
Rewrite in the sum of two angles form using
Rewrite in the sum of two angles form using
3 1 π 1 1 π
cos φ = , sin φ = , and φ = : cos φ = , sin φ = , and φ = :
2 2 6 2 2 4
1 sin θ cos φ − sin φ cos θ = −1
sin θ cos φ + cos θ sin φ =
2
sin(θ − φ ) = −1
1
sin(θ + φ ) = 3π
2 θ −φ =
π 5π 2
θ +φ = or θ + φ = π 3π
6 6 θ− =
π π π 5π 4 2
θ+ = or θ + = 7π
6 6 6 6 θ=
4
2π
θ = 0 or θ=
3 { }
The solution set is 74π .
 2π 
The solution set is 0, . 95. tan θ + 3 = sec θ
 3 
sin θ 1
+ 3=
93. sin θ + cos θ = 2 cos θ cos θ
Divide each side by 2 : sin θ + 3 cos θ = 1
1 1 sin θ + 3 cos θ = 1
sin θ + cos θ = 1 Divide each side by 2:
2 2
Rewrite in the sum of two angles form using 1 3 1
sin θ + cos θ =
1 1 π 2 2 2
cos φ = , sin φ = , and φ = : Rewrite in the difference of two angles form
2 2 4
sin θ cos φ + cos θ sin φ = 1 1 3 π
using cos φ = , sin φ = , and φ = :
sin(θ + φ ) = 1 2 2 3
π 1
θ +φ = sin θ cos φ + cos θ sin φ =
2 2
π π 1
θ+ = sin(θ + φ ) =
4 2 2
π π 5π
θ= θ +φ = or θ + φ =
4 6 6
π π π 5π
π  θ+ = θ+ =
The solution set is   . 3 6 3 6
4 π
π 11π θ=
θ =− = 2
6 6
π
But since is not in the domain of the tangent
2
11π 
function then the solution set is  .
 6 
758
96. cot θ + csc θ = − 3 98. Let α = tan −1 v and β = cot −1 v . Then

cos θ 1 tan α = v = cot β , and since
+ =− 3
sin θ sin θ π  π 
tan α = cot  − α  , cot  − α  = cot β . If
cos θ + 1 = − 3 sin θ 2  2 
π π 
3 sin θ + cos θ = −1 v ≥ 0 , then 0 ≤ α < , so that  − α  and β
Divide each side by 2: 2  2 
3 1 1  π
both lie in the interval  0,  . If v < 0 , then
sin θ + cos θ = −  2
2 2 2
Rewrite in the sum of two angles form using π π 
− < α < 0 , so that  − α  and β both lie in
3 1 π 2 2 
cos φ = , sin φ = , and φ = :
2 2 6  π 
the interval  , π  . Either way,
1 2 
sin θ cos φ + cos θ sin φ = −
2 π  π
cot  − α  = cot β implies − α = β , or
1  2  2
sin(θ + φ ) = −
2 π π
7π 11π α + β = . Thus, tan −1 v + cot −1 v = . Note
θ +φ = or θ + φ = 2 2
6 6 that v ≠ 0 since cot −1 0 is undefined.
π 7π π 11π
θ+ = or θ + =
6 6 6 6 1 1
99. Let α = tan −1   and β = tan −1 v . Because
5π v v
θ = π or θ=
3 must be defined, v ≠ 0 and so α , β ≠ 0 . Then
But since π is not in the domain of the
1 1
cotangent function then the solution set is tan α = = = cot β , and since
v tan β
 5π 
 . π  π 
 3  tan α = cot  − α  , cot  − α  = cot β .
 2   2 
97. Let α = sin −1 v and β = cos −1 v . Then
π π 
sin α = v = cos β , and since Because v > 0 , 0 < α < and so  − α  and
2  2 
π  π 
sin α = cos  − α  , cos  − α  = cos β . If  π
 2   2  β both lie in the interval  0,  . Then
 2
π π 
v ≥ 0 , then 0 ≤ α ≤ , so that  − α  and β π  π
2 2  cot  − α  = cot β implies − α = β or
2  2
 π 
both lie in the interval 0,  . If v < 0 , then π
 2 α = − β . Thus,
2
π π 
− ≤ α < 0 , so that  − α  and β both lie in 1 π
2 2  tan −1   = − tan −1 v, if v > 0 .
v 2
π 
the interval  , π  . Either way,
2  100. Let θ = tan −1 e− v . Then tan θ = e− v , so
π  π 1 π
cos  − α  = cos β implies − α = β , or cot θ = − v = ev . Because 0 < θ < , we know
2  2
e 2
π π −v
α + β = . Thus, sin −1 v + cos −1 v = . that e > 0 , which means
2 2
cot −1 ev = cot −1 ( cot θ ) = θ = tan −1 e− v .
759
(
101. sin sin −1 v + cos −1 v ) 104.
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
h
( ) (
= sin sin −1 v cos cos −1 v ) cos( x + h) − cos x
+ cos ( sin v ) sin ( cos v )
−1 −1 h
cos x cos h − sin x sin h − cos x
=
= v ⋅ v + 1 − v2 1 − v2 h
= v2 + 1 − v2 − sin x sin h + cos x cos h − cos x
=
h
=1
− sin x sin h − cos x (1 − cos h )
=
(
102. cos sin −1 v + cos −1 v ) sin h
h
1 − cos h
( ) (
= cos sin −1 v cos cos −1 v ) = − sin x ⋅
h
− cos x ⋅
h
− sin ( sin v ) sin ( cos v )

−1 −1
= 1 − v2 ⋅ v − v ⋅ 1 − v2
=0
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
103.
h
sin( x + h) − sin x
=
h
sin x cos h + cos x sin h − sin x
=
h
cos x sin h − sin x + sin x cos h
=
h
cos x sin h − sin x (1 − cos h )
=
h
sin h 1 − cos h
= cos x ⋅ − sin x ⋅
h h
( )
tan tan −1 1 + tan −1 2 + tan tan −1 3( )
105. a. ( ) (( )
tan tan −1 1 + tan −1 2 + tan −1 3 = tan tan −1 1 + tan −1 2 + tan −1 3 = ) (
1 − tan tan −1 1 + tan −1 2 ) tan ( tan 3)
−1
( ) (
tan tan −1 1 + tan tan −1 2 ) +3
1+ 2 3
1 − tan ( tan 1) tan ( tan 2 )
−1 −1 +3 +3
−3 + 3 0
= = 1 − 1⋅ 2 = −1 = = =0
tan ( tan 1) + tan ( tan 2 )
−1 −1
1−
1 + 2 3
⋅ 3 1 − ⋅ 3 1 + 9 10
1− ⋅3 1 − 1⋅ 2 −1
1 − tan ( tan 1) tan ( tan 2 )
−1 −1
π π
b. From the definition of the inverse tangent function we know 0 < tan −1 1 < , 0 < tan −1 2 < , and
2 2
π 3π  3π 
0 < tan −1 3 < . Thus, 0 < tan −1 1 + tan −1 2 + tan −1 3 < . On the interval  0,  , tan θ = 0 if and only if
2 2  2 
θ = π . Therefore, from part (a), tan −1 1 + tan −1 2 + tan −1 3 = π .
760
(
106. cos φ sin 2 (ωt ) − sin φ sin (ωt ) cos (ωt ) = sin (ω t ) cos φ sin (ω t ) − sin φ cos (ω t ) )
= sin (ωt ) ( sin (ωt ) cos φ − cos (ω t ) sin φ )
= sin (ωt ) sin (ωt − φ )
107. Note that θ = θ 2 − θ1 .

tan θ 2 − tan θ1 m − m1
Then tan θ = tan (θ 2 − θ1 ) = = 2
1 + tan θ 2 tan θ1 1 + m2 m1
108. sin(α − θ )sin( β − θ )sin(γ − θ )

= ( sin α cosθ − cos α sin θ )( sin β cosθ − cos β sin θ )( sin γ cosθ − cos γ sin θ )
  cosθ     cosθ     cosθ  
= sin θ  sin α   − cos α  sin θ  sin β   − cos β  sin θ  sin γ   − cos γ 
  sin θ     sin θ     sin θ  
  cosθ cos α     cosθ cos β    cosθ cos γ 
= sin 3 θ  sin α  −    sin β  −   sin γ  − 
  sin θ sin α     sin θ sin β    sin θ sin γ 
= sin 3 θ ( sin α ( cot θ − cot α ) ) ( sin β ( cot θ − cot β ) ) ( sin γ ( cot θ − cot γ ) )
= sin 3 θ sin α sin β sin γ ( cot β + cot γ )( cot α + cot γ )( cot α + cot β )
 cos β cos γ  cos α cos γ  cos α cos β 
= sin 3 θ sin α sin β sin γ  +  +  + 
 sin β sin γ  sin α sin γ  sin α sin β 
 sin(γ + β )  sin(γ + α )  sin( β + α ) 
= sin 3 θ sin α sin β sin γ    
 sin(180º − α )  sin(180º − β )  sin(180º − γ ) 
 sin α  sin β  sin γ 
= sin 3 θ
109. If tan α = x + 1 and tan β = x − 1 , then 110. The first step in the derivation,
1 π
2cot (α − β ) = 2 ⋅  π  tan θ + tan 2
tan (α − β ) tan  θ +  = , is impossible
 2  1 − tan θ ⋅ tan π
2 2
=
tan α − tan β
π
1 + tan α tan β because tan is undefined.
2
2 (1 + tan α tan β )
=
tan α − tan β 111. If formula (7) is used, we obtain
2 (1 + ( x + 1)( x − 1) ) π
tan − tan θ
= π  2
x + 1 − ( x − 1) tan  − θ  = . However, this is
 2  1 + tan π ⋅ tan θ
=
( (
2 1 + x2 − 1 )) 2
x +1− x +1 π
impossible because tan is undefined. Using
2x2 2
=
2
2
=x
761
formulas (3a) and (3b), we obtain 1 1 5 5

π cos θ = = ⋅ =
sin −θ sec θ 5 5 5
π 2
tan −θ = . sin θ
2 π tan θ = , so
cos −θ cos θ
2
 5 2 5
cos θ sin θ = ( tan θ )( cos θ ) = −2   = − .
= = cot θ  5  5
sin θ
1 1 5 5
csc θ = = =− =−
112. x 2 + 5 x + 1 = −2 x 2 − 11x − 4 sin θ 2 5 2 5 2
−
3x 2 + 16 x + 5 = 0 5
(3x + 1)( x + 5) = 0 1 1 1
cot θ = = =−
3x + 1 = 0 or x + 5 = 0 tan θ −2 2
1
x=− x = −5
3
For x = −
1 Section 6.6
3
1 1
2 1. sin 2 θ , 2 cos 2 θ , 2sin 2 θ
y= − + 5 − +1
3 3 2. 1 − cos θ
1 5 5
= − +1 = −
9 3 9 3. sin θ
For x = −5
4. True
y = ( −5) + 5 ( −5) + 1
2
= 25 − 25 + 1 = 1 5. False, only the first one is equivalent.

The intersection points are:
6. False, you cannot add the arguments or tan.
1 5
− , − , ( −5,1)
3 9 3 π θ π
7. sin θ = , 0 < θ < . Thus, 0 < < , which
5 2 2 4
17π 180 θ
113. ⋅ = 510° means lies in quadrant I.
6 π 2
y = 3, r = 5
π
114. 45° = radians x 2 + 32 = 52 , x > 0
4
1 2 1 π x 2 = 25 − 9 = 16, x > 0
A= r θ = (6)2
2 2 4 x=4
36π 9π 4 3
= = ≈ 14.14 cm 2 So, cos θ = and tan θ = .
8 2 5 4
3 4 24
115. tan θ = − 2 and 270° < θ < 360° (quadrant IV) a. sin(2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ = 2 ⋅ ⋅ =
5 5 25
Using the Pythagorean Identities:
sec 2 θ = tan 2 θ + 1 b. cos(2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
2 2
sec 2 θ = ( −2 ) + 1 = 4 + 1 = 5
2  4 3 16 9 7
=   −  = − =
   
5 5 25 25 25
sec θ = ± 5
Note that sec θ must be positive since θ lies in
quadrant IV. Thus, sec θ = 5 .
762
Section 6.6: Double-angle and Half-angle Formulas
θ 1 − cosθ θ 1 − cos θ
c. sin = c. sin =
2 2 2 2
4 1 3 2
1− 1−
= 5 = 5 = 1 = 1 10 = 10 5 = 5 = 1= 1 5= 5
2 2 10 10 10 10 =
2 2 5 5 5 5
θ 1 + cosθ
d. cos = θ 1 + cos θ
2 2 d. cos =
2 2
4 9
1+ 3 8
= 5 = 5 = 9 = 3 10 = 3 10 1+
2 2 10 10 10 10 = 5 = 5 = 4= 2 5=2 5
2 2 5 5 5 5
2 tan θ
e. tan ( 2θ ) = 2 tan θ
1 − tan 2 θ e. tan ( 2θ ) =
1 − tan 2 θ
3 3 3
2  4 8 8
 4 2 24 2 
= = = 2 =  3 24
9 7 = 3 = 3 =−
2
3 1− 7 =
1−   16 16 4
2
16 7 7
4 1−   1− −
 
3 9 9
f. The angle is in QI so
f. The angle is in QI so
θ  1 − cos θ 1 − 45
tan   = + = θ  1 − cos θ 1 − 53
2 1 + cos θ 1 + 54 tan   = + =
2 1 + cos θ 1 + 53
1
1 1
= 5
= = 2
1 1
9
5
9 3 = 5
= =
8
5
4 2
3 π θ π
8. cos θ = , 0 < θ < . Thus, 0 < < , which 4 3π π θ 3π
5 2 2 4 9. tan θ = , π <θ < . Thus, < < ,
θ 3 2 2 2 4
means lies in quadrant I. θ
2 which means lies in quadrant II.
x = 3, r = 5 2
x = −3, y = − 4
32 + y 2 = 52 , y > 0
y 2 = 25 − 9 = 16, y > 0 r 2 = (−3) 2 + (− 4) 2 = 9 + 16 = 25
y=4 r =5
4 4 4 3 4
So, sin θ = and tan θ = . sin θ = − , cos θ = − , tan θ =
5 3 5 5 3
4 3 24 a. sin(2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ
a. sin(2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ = 2 ⋅ ⋅ =
5 5 25
 4   3  24
= 2⋅ − ⋅ −  =
b. cos(2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ  5   5  25
2 2
3  4 9 16 7 b. cos(2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
=   −  = − =−
   
5 5 25 25 25 2 2
 3  4 9 16 7
= −  −−  = − =−
 5  5  25 25 25
763
θ 1 − cos θ a. sin(2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ

c. sin =
2 2  5  2 5 4
= 2 ⋅  −  ⋅  − =
 3  5   5  5
1−  − 
=  5 b. cos(2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
2 2 2
 2 5  5
8 =  −  −− 
 5   5 
= 5 = 4= 2 5=2 5
2 5 5 5 5 20 5 15 3
= − = =
θ 1 + cos θ 25 25 25 5
d. cos =−
2 2  −2 5 
1 −  
 3 θ
sin =
1 − cos θ
=  5 
1+  −  c.
 5 2 2 2
=−
2 5+ 2 5
2 5
=
5 1 1 5 5 2
=− =− =− =−
2 5 5 5 5
5+ 2 5
=
2 tan θ 10
e. tan ( 2θ ) =
1 − tan 2 θ  −2 5 
1 +  
4 8 8
2 
d.
θ
cos = −
1 + cos θ
=−  5 
 3 24
= = 3 = 3 =− 2 2 2
4
2
16 7 7
1−   1− − 5−2 5
3
  9 9
=− 5
f. The angle is in QII so 2
θ  1 − cos θ 1 − ( − 53 ) =−
5−2 5
tan   = − =− 10
2 1 + cos θ 1 + ( − 53 )
8
2 tan θ
=− 5
= − 4 = −2 e. tan ( 2θ ) =
2
5
1 − tan 2 θ
1
2 
1 3π π θ 3π 1 1 4
=  2 =
2
10. tan θ = , π <θ < . Thus, < < , = =
2 2 2 2 4 1 1 3 3
1−   1−
θ 2 4 4
which means lie in quadrant II.
2
x = − 2, y = −1
r 2 = (− 2) 2 + (−1) 2 = 4 + 1 = 5
r= 5
1 5 2 2 5
sin θ = − =− , cos θ = − =−
5 5 5 5
1
tan θ =
2
764
f. The angle is in QII so  6

θ 
tan   = −
1 − cos θ
=−
1− − ( )
2
5
c.
θ
sin =
1 − cos θ
=
1 −  −
 3 

2 1 + cos θ 1+ − ( )
2
5
2 2 2
5 +2
3+ 6
5 5+2 5 3
=− 5 −2
=− =
5
5−2 5 2
=−
(5 + 2 5 ) ⋅ (5 + 2 5 ) =
3+ 6
6
(5 − 2 5 ) (5 + 2 5 )
 6
25 + 20 5 + 20 45 + 20 5 1 +  − 
=− =− d.
θ
cos =
1 + cos θ
=  3 
25 − 20 5 2 2 2
= − 9+4 5 3− 6
= 3
2
6 π π θ π
11. cos θ = − , < θ < π . Thus, < < , 3− 6
3 2 4 2 2 =
6
θ
which means lies in quadrant I.
2 2 tan θ
e. tan ( 2θ ) =
x = − 6, r = 3 1 − tan 2 θ
(− 6 )
2
+ y 2 = 32  2
2  − 
2  − 2 2
y2 = 9 − 6 = 3 =  = =− = −2 2
 2
2
1 1
y= 3 1−
1 −   2 2
 2 
3 2
sin θ = and tan θ = −
3 2 f. The angle is in QI so
a. sin(2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ
θ 
tan   =
1 − cos θ
=
1− − ( )
3
6
 3  6
= 2 ⋅   ⋅  −  2 1 + cos θ 1+ − ( )
3
6
 3   3 
3+ 6
2 18 6 2 2 2 3+ 6
=− =− =− = 3
3− 6
=
9 9 3 3
3− 6
b. cos(2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ

=
(3 + 6 ) ⋅ (3 + 6 ) = 9+6 6 +6

=  −
6  3
 − 
2

2
(3 − 6 ) (3 + 6 ) 9−6
 3   3  15 + 6 6
6 3 3 1 = = 5+ 2 6
= − = = 3
9 9 9 3
3 3π 3π θ
12. sin θ = − , < θ < 2π . Thus, < <π,
3 2 4 2
θ
which means lies in quadrant II.
2
765
y = − 3, r = 3 f. The angle is in QII so
(
x2 + − 3 )
2
=3 θ 
tan   = −
1 − cos θ
=−
1− ( )
3
6
x2 = 9 − 3 = 6
2 1 + cos θ 1+ ( )
3
6
x= 6 3− 6
3− 6
=− 3
=−
6 2 3+ 6
3+ 6
cos θ = and tan θ = − 3
3 2
=−
(3 − 6 ) ⋅ (3 − 6 )
a. sin(2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ
(3 + 6 ) (3 − 6 )
 3  6
= 2 ⋅  −  ⋅   9−6 6 +6 15 − 6 6
 3   3  =− =−
9−6 3
2 18 6 2 2 2
=− =− =− = − 5−2 6
9 9 3
b. cos(2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ π
13. sec θ = 3, sin θ > 0 , so 0 < θ < . Thus,
 6  3
2 2
2
=   −  −  θ π θ
 3   3  0< <, which means lies in quadrant I.
2 4 2
6 3 3 1 1
= − = = cos θ = , x = 1 , r = 3 .
9 9 9 3 3
6 12 + y 2 = 32
1−
θ 1 − cos θ 3 y2 = 9 −1 = 8
c. sin = =
2 2 2
y= 8=2 2
3− 6 2 2
3 sin θ = and tan θ = 2 2
= 3
2
2 2 1 4 2
3− 6 a. sin(2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ = 2 ⋅ ⋅ =
= 3 3 9
6
6
1+ 2
1 2 2 
2
θ 1 + cos θ 3 1 8 7
d. cos = − =− =   −   = − = −
2 2 2 3  3  9 9 9
3+ 6
θ 1 − cos θ
3 c. sin =
=− 2 2
2
1 2
3+ 6 1−
=− = 3 = 3 = 1= 1 3= 3
6 2 2 3 3 3 3
2 tan θ θ 1 + cos θ
e. tan ( 2θ ) = d. cos =
1 − tan 2 θ 2 2
 2 1 4
2  −  1+
 2  − 2 2 = 3 = 3 = 2
=
2 3
=
6
= = =− = −2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3
 2
2
1 1
1−
1 −   2 2
 2 
766
2 tan θ  2 5
e. tan ( 2θ ) = 1 +  −
1 − tan 2 θ 
θ 1 + cos θ  5 
=
( )
2 2 2
=
4 2
=−
4 2
d. cos = −
2 2
=−
2
1− (2 2 )
2
1− 8 7 5−2 5
=− 5
f. The angle is in QI so 2
θ  1 − cos θ 1 − ( 13 ) 5−2 5
tan   = = =−
2 1 + cos θ 1 + ( 13 ) 10
2
1 2 2 tan θ
= = = tan ( 2θ ) =
3
e.
4
3
2 2 1 − tan 2 θ
1
2 
3π 1 1 4
=  2 =
14. csc θ = − 5, cos θ < 0 , so π < θ < . Thus, 2
= =
2  
1 1 3 3
1−   1−
π θ 3π θ 4 4
< < , which means lies in quadrant II. 2
2 2 4 2
−1 5 f. The angle is in QII so
sin θ = =− , r = 5, y = −1
5 5
θ 
tan   = −
1 − cos θ
=−
1− − ( ) 2
5
( 5)
2
x 2 + (−1) 2 = 2 1 + cos θ 1+ − ( ) 2
5
x2 = 5 − 1 = 4 5 +2
5 5+2 5
x = −2 =− =− = − 9+4 5
5 −2
5
5−2 5
−2 2 5 1
cos θ = =− and tan θ =
5 5 2
π
15. cot θ = −2, sec θ < 0 , so < θ < π . Thus,
a. sin(2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ 2
 5  2 5 4 π θ π θ
= 2 ⋅  −  ⋅  − = < < , which means lies in quadrant I.
 5   5  5 4 2 2 2
x = − 2, y = 1
b. cos(2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ r 2 = (− 2) 2 + 12 = 4 + 1 = 5
2 2
 2 5  5 r= 5
=  −  −− 
 5   5  1 5
sin θ = = ,
20 5 15 3 5 5
= − = =
25 25 25 5 −2 2 5 1
cos θ = =− , tan θ = −
 2 5 5 5 2
1 −  − 
θ 1 − cos θ  5  a. sin(2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ
c. sin = =
2 2 2  5  2 5 20 4
= 2 ⋅   ⋅  −  = − =−
5+2 5  5   5  25 5
= 5
2
5+2 5
=
10
767
b. cos(2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ f. The angle is in QI so

2
 2 5  5
2
θ 
tan   =
1 − cos θ
=
1− − ( ) 2
5
=  −  − 
 5   5  2 1 + cos θ 1+ − ( ) 2
5
20 5 15 3
= − = = 5 +2
5+2 5
25 25 25 5 = 5
=
5 −2
5
5−2 5
 2 5
1 −  −
c.
θ
sin =
1 − cos θ
= 

5 
=
(5 + 2 5 ) ⋅ (5 + 2 5 )
2 2 2 (5 − 2 5 ) (5 + 2 5 )
5+2 5
25 + 40 5 + 20 45 + 40 5
= 5 = =
2 25 − 20 5
5+2 5 = 9+4 5
=
10
 2 5
1 +  − 
θ 1 + cos θ  5 
d. cos = =
2 2 2
5−2 5
= 5
2
5−2 5
=
10
2 tan θ
e. tan ( 2θ ) =
1 − tan 2 θ
 1
2 − 
−1 1 4
= 
2
= =− =−
 1 
2
1 3 3
1−  −  1−
 2 4 4
768
3π 3π
16. sec θ = 2, csc θ < 0 , so < θ < 2π . Thus, 17. tan θ = − 3, sin θ < 0 , so < θ < 2π . Thus,
2 2
3π θ θ 3π θ θ
< < π , which means lies in quadrant < < π , which means lies in quadrant II.
4 2 2 4 2 2
II. x = 1, y = −3
1 r 2 = 12 + (−3) 2 = 1 + 9 = 10
cos θ = , x = 1, r = 2
2
r = 10
12 + y 2 = 22
−3 3 10 1 10
y2 = 4 −1 = 3 sin θ = =− , cos θ = = ,
10 10 10 10
y= 3 tan θ = −3
3 a. sin ( 2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ
sin θ = − and tan θ = − 3
2
 3 10   10 
= 2 ⋅  −  ⋅  
a. sin(2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ  10   10 
 3 1 3 6 3
= 2 ⋅  −  ⋅   = − =− =−
 2   2 2 10 5
b. cos(2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ b. cos(2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
2 2 2
1 
2
3 1 3 1  10   3 10 
=   −  −  = − = − =   −  − 
2  2  4 4 2  10   10 
θ 1 − cos θ 10 90 80 4
c. sin = = − =− =−
2 2 100 100 100 5
1 1 10
1− 1−
= 2 = 2 = 1 =1 θ
1 − cos θ 10
2 2 4 2 c. sin = =
2 2 2
θ 1 + cos θ 10 − 10
d. cos =−
2 2 10
=
1 3 2
1+
=− 2 =− 2 =− 3 =− 3 10 − 10
2 2 4 2 =
20
2 tan θ 1 10 − 10
e. tan ( 2θ ) = =
1 − tan 2 θ 2 5
=
( )
2 − 3
=
−2 3
= 3
1− (− 3)
2
1− 3
f. The angle is in QII so

θ  1 − cos θ 1 − ( 12 )
tan   = − =−
2 1 + cos θ 1 + ( 12 )
1
1 3
=− 2
=− =−
3
2
3 3
769
10 a. sin ( 2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ

1+
θ 1 + cos θ 10  10   3 10  6 3
d. cos =− =− = 2 ⋅  −  ⋅  −  = =
2 2 2
 10   10  10 5
10 + 10
=− 10
2 2
2  3 10   10 
=  −  −  − 
=−
10 + 10  10   10 
20 90 10 80 4
= − = =
1 10 + 10 100 100 100 5
=−
2 5  3 10 
1 −  − 
2 tan θ θ 1 − cos θ  10 
e. tan ( 2θ ) = c. sin = =
1 − tan 2 θ 2 2 2
2 ( −3) −6 6 3 10 + 3 10
= = =− =
1 − ( −3 )
2
1− 9 −8 4 = 10
2
f. The angle is in QII so 10 + 3 10
=
θ 
tan   = −
1 − cos θ
=−
1− ( ) 1
10
20
 
2 1 + cos θ 1+ ( ) 1 1 10 + 3 10
10 =
2 5
10 − 1 10 − 10
=− =−
10 + 1 10 + 10  3 10 
1 +  − 
θ 1 + cos θ  10 
=−
(10 − 10 ) ⋅ (10 − 10 ) d. cos = −
2 2
=−
2
(10 + 10 ) (10 − 10 )
10 − 3 10
100 − 20 10 + 10 110 − 20 10 =− 10
=− =− 2
100 − 10 90
10 − 3 10
11 − 2 10 =−
=− 20
3
1 10 − 3 10
=−
2 5
3π
18. cot θ = 3, cos θ < 0 , so π < θ < . Thus,
2 2 tan θ
π θ 3π θ e. tan ( 2θ ) =
< < which means is in quadrant II. 1 − tan 2 θ
2 2 4 2 1 2
x = −3, y = −1 2 
=  2 =
3 3=3
r 2 = (−3) 2 + (−1) 2 = 9 + 1 = 10 1 8 4
1−   9
r = 10 3
1 10
sin θ = − =− ,
10 10
3 3 10 1
cos θ = − =− and tan θ =
10 10 3
770
f. The angle is in QII so  7π  7π

1 − cos
θ 
tan   = −
1 − cos θ
=−
1− − ( 3
10 ) 21. tan
7π  4 
= tan   =−
4
7π
8  2 
2 1 + cos θ 1+ − ( 3
10 ) 1 + cos
4
10 + 3 10 + 3 10 2
=− =− 1−
10 − 3 10 − 3 10 =− 2 ⋅2
2 2
=−
(10 + 3 10 ) ⋅ (10 + 3 10 ) 1+
2
(10 − 3 10 ) (10 + 3 10 )  2− 2  2− 2 
= −   ⋅  
100 + 60 10 + 90 190 + 60 10 2+ 2  2− 2 
=− =−
100 − 90
(2 − 2 )
2
10
= − 19 + 6 10 =−
2
 2− 2 
= −  
 45°   2 
19. sin 22.5° = sin  
 2  =− ( 2 −1 )
1 − cos 45°
= = 1− 2
2
1−
2  9π  9π
2− 2 2− 2  4  1 − cos
2 = 9π 4
= = 22. tan = tan  =
2 4 2 8  2  9π
1 + cos
4
 45° 
20. cos 22.5° = cos   2
 2  1−
2 2
= ⋅
1 + cos 45° 2 2
= 1+
2 2
2  2− 2   2− 2 
1+ = 
= 2 = 2+ 2
=
2+ 2  ⋅  
 2+ 2   2− 2 
2 4 2
(2 − 2 )
2
=
2
2− 2
=
2
= 2 −1
= −1 + 2
 330° 
23. cos165° = cos  
 2 
1 + cos 330°
=−
2
3
1+
=− 2 = − 2+ 3 = − 2+ 3
2 4 2
771
 390°  1 − cos 390° 7π 1 1

24. sin195° = sin  26. csc = =
 =− 8 sin 7 π  7π 
 2  2
 
8 sin  4 
3  2 
1−
2 1
=− =
2 7π
1 − cos
2− 3 4
=− 2
4
1
=
2− 3 2
=− 1−
2 2
2
15π 1 1 1
25. sec = = =
8 15π  15π 
cos 2− 2
8  
cos  4  4
 2  2
1 =
= 2− 2
15π
1 + cos  2   2− 2
4 = ⋅ 
2  2− 2   2− 2 
  
1 2 2− 2  2+ 2
= = ⋅ 
2  2 − 2   2 + 2 
1+  
2
2 =
(
2 2+ 2 ) 2− 2
1 2
=
2+ 2 (
= 2+ 2 ) 2− 2
4
2  π
=  π − 
2+ 2 27. sin  −  = sin  4 
 8  2 
 2   2+ 2 
= ⋅   π
 2+ 2   2+ 2  1 − cos  − 
    =−  4
 2 2+ 2   2− 2  2
= ⋅ 
 2 + 2   2 − 2  1−
2
  2 = − 2− 2 = − 2− 2
=−
=
(
2 2− 2 ) 2+ 2 2 4 2
2
 3π 
(
= 2− 2 ) 2+ 2  3π  − 
28. cos  −  = cos  4 
 8   2 
 3π 
1 + cos  − 
=  4 
2
 2
1 +  − 
 2  2− 2 2− 2
= = =
2 4 2
772
29. θ lies in quadrant II. Since x 2 + y 2 = 5 , r = 5 . θ

32. Note: Since θ lies in quadrant II, must lie in
Now, the point (a, 2) is on the circle, so 2
θ
a 2 + 22 = 5 quadrant I. Therefore, sin is positive. From the
2 2 2
a = 5−2
5
a = − 5 − 2 2 = − 1 = −1 solution to Problem 29, we have cos θ = − .
5
(a is negative because θ lies in quadrant II.)
θ  θ 1 − cos θ
b 2 2 5 Thus, f   = sin =
Thus, sin θ = = = and 2 2 2
r 5 5
− 5
a −1 5 1 −  
cos θ = = =− . Thus,  5 
r 5 5 =
2
f ( 2θ ) = sin ( 2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ
5+ 5
2 5  5 20 4
= 2 ⋅   ⋅  −  = − =− = 5
 5   5  25 5 2
30. From the solution to Problem 29, we have 5+ 5

=
2 5 5 10
sin θ = and cos θ = − .
5 5
=
(
10 5 + 5 )
Thus, g ( 2θ ) = cos ( 2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ 10
2 2
 5 2 5
=  −  −   33. θ lies in quadrant II. Since x 2 + y 2 = 5 , r = 5 .
 5   5  Now, the point (a, 2) is on the circle, so
5 20 15 3
= − =− =− a 2 + 22 = 5
25 25 25 5
a 2 = 5 − 22
θ a = − 5 − 2 2 = − 1 = −1
31. Note: Since θ lies in quadrant II, must lie in
2 (a is negative because θ lies in quadrant II.)
θ b 2
quadrant I. Therefore, cos is positive. From the Thus, tan θ = = = −2 .
2 a −1
5 h ( 2θ ) = tan ( 2θ )
solution to Problem 29, we have cos θ = − .
5 2 tan θ
=
θ  θ 1 + cos θ 1 − tan 2 θ
Thus, g   = cos =
2 2 2 2 ( −2 ) −4 −4 4
= = = =
− 5 1 − ( −2 )
2
1 − 4 −3 3
1 +  
=  5 
2
5− 5
= 5
2
5− 5
=
10
=
(
10 5 − 5 )
10
773
34. From the solution to Problem 29, we have 36. From the solution to Problem 35, we have
2 5 5 15 1
sin θ = and cos θ = − . Thus, sin α = − and cos α = − . Thus,
5 5 4 4
− 5 f ( 2α ) = sin ( 2α )
1 −  
θ  θ 1 − cos θ  5  = 2sin α cos α
h   = tan = =
2 2 sin θ 2 5  15   1  15
= 2 ⋅  −  ⋅  −  =
5  4   4 8
5+ 5
= 5 α
37. Note: Since α lies in quadrant III, must lie in
2 5 2
5 α
quadrant II. Therefore, sin is positive. From
5+ 5 2
=
2 5 1
the solution to Problem 35, we have cos α = − .
5+ 5 5 4
= ⋅ α  α
2 5 5 Thus, f   = sin
2 2
5 5 +5
= 1 − cos α
10 =
2
5 +1 1+ 5
= =  1
2 2 1−  − 
=  4
35. α lies in quadrant III. Since x 2 + y 2 = 1 , 2
 1  5
r = 1 = 1 . Now, the point  − , b  is on the
 4  = 4 = 5 = 5 ⋅ 2 = 10 = 10
circle, so 2 8 8 2 16 4
2
 1
−  +b =1
2
α
 4 38. Note: Since α lies in quadrant III, must lie in
2
2
 1 α
b2 = 1 −  −  quadrant II. Therefore, cos is negative. From
 4 2
2 1
 1 15 15 the solution to Problem 35, we have cos α = − .
b = − 1−  −  = − =− 4
 4 16 4
Thus,
(b is negative because α lies in quadrant III.)
α  α
1 g   = cos
− 2
  2
a 1
Thus, cos α = = 4 = − and
r 1 4 1 + cos α
=−
15 2
−
b 4 = − 15 . Thus,  1
sin α = = 1+  − 
r 1 4  4
=−
g ( 2α ) = cos ( 2α ) = cos α − sin 2 α
2
2
2
 1   15 
2 3
=  −  −   3 3 2 6 6
 4   4  =− 4 =− =− ⋅ =− =−
2 8 8 2 16 4
1 15 14 7
= − =− =−
16 16 16 8
774

( )
2
41. sin 4 θ = sin 2 θ
15 1
sin α = − and cos α = − . Thus, 2
4 4  1 − cos ( 2θ ) 
= 
α  α 1 − cos α  2 
h   = tan =
2 2 sin α 1
= 1 − 2 cos ( 2θ ) + cos 2 ( 2θ ) 
 1 4
1−  − 
= 
4 1 1 1
= − cos ( 2θ ) + cos 2 ( 2θ )
15 4 2 4
−
4 1 1 1  1 + cos ( 4θ ) 
5 = − cos ( 2θ ) +  
4 2 4 2 
= 4 1 1 1 1
15 = − cos ( 2θ ) + + cos ( 4θ )
− 4 2 8 8
4
3 1 1
5 = − cos ( 2θ ) + cos ( 4θ )
=− 8 2 8
15
5 15 42. sin ( 4θ ) = sin ( 2 ⋅ 2θ )
=− ⋅
15 15 = 2sin ( 2θ ) cos ( 2θ )
=−
5 15
15
= 2(2sin θ cos θ ) 1 − 2sin 2 θ( )
15 (
= 4sin θ cos θ 1 − 2sin 2 θ )
=−
3
 (
= ( cos θ )  4sin θ 1 − 2sin 2 θ 
 )
40. α lies in quadrant III. Since x + y = 1 , 2 2
(
= ( cos θ ) 4sin θ − 8sin θ 3
)
 1 
r = 1 = 1 . Now, the point  − , b  is on the 43. cos(3θ ) = cos(2θ + θ )
 4 
circle, so = cos ( 2θ ) cos θ − sin ( 2θ ) sin θ
( )
2
 1 2 = 2 cos 2 θ − 1 cos θ − 2sin θ cos θ sin θ
−  +b =1
 4
2
= 2 cos θ − cos θ − 2sin 2 θ cos θ
3
 1
b2 = 1 −  − 
 4
(
= 2 cos3 θ − cos θ − 2 1 − cos 2 θ cos θ )
2 = 2 cos3 θ − cos θ − 2 cos θ + 2 cos3 θ
 1 15 15
b = − 1−  −  = − =− = 4 cos3 θ − 3cos θ
 4 16 4
(b is negative because α lies in quadrant III.) 44. cos ( 4θ ) = cos ( 2 ⋅ 2θ )
15
− = 2 cos 2 (2θ ) − 1
b 4 = 15 .
Thus, tan θ = =
( )
2
a 1 = 2 2 cos 2 θ − 1 − 1
−
4
= 2 ( 4 cos 4
θ − 4 cos 2 θ + 1) − 1
h ( 2α ) = tan ( 2α )
2 tan α = 8cos 4 θ − 8cos 2 θ + 2 − 1
=
1 − tan 2 α = 8cos 4 θ − 8cos 2 θ + 1
=
2 ( 15 ) =
2 15 2 15
= =−
15
1 − ( 15 )
2
1 − 15 −14 7
775
45. We use the result of problem 42 to help solve cos θ sin θ

−
this problem: cot θ − tan θ sin θ cos θ
sin ( 5θ ) = sin(4θ + θ )
48. =
cot θ + tan θ cos θ + sin θ
= sin ( 4θ ) cosθ + cos ( 4θ ) sin θ sin θ cos θ
( )
= cosθ 4sin θ − 8sin 3 θ cosθ + cos ( 2(2θ ) ) sin θ
= sin θ cos θ
( ) (
= cos θ 4sin θ − 8sin θ + 1 − 2sin 2 ( 2θ ) sin θ
2 3
) cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ
( )(
= 1 − sin θ 4sin θ − 8sin θ
2 3
) sin θ cos θ
cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ sin θ cos θ
(
+ sin θ 1 − 2 ( 2sin θ cosθ )
2
) =
sin θ cos θ
⋅
cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ
= 4sin θ − 12sin θ + 8sin θ 3 5
cos θ − sin θ
2 2
=
(
+ sin θ 1 − 8sin 2 θ cos 2 θ ) 1
= 4sin θ − 12sin θ + 8sin θ 3 5 = cos ( 2θ )
(
+ sin θ − 8sin 3 θ 1 − sin 2 θ ) 1 1
49. cot(2θ ) = =
= 5sin θ − 12sin θ + 8sin θ − 8sin θ + 8sin θ
3 5 3 5
tan(2θ ) 2 tan θ
= 16sin 5 θ − 20sin 3 θ + 5sin θ 1 − tan 2 θ
1 − tan 2 θ
46. We use the results from problems 42 and 44 to =
2 tan θ
help solve this problem:
1
cos(5θ ) = cos(4θ + θ ) 1−
= cot 2
θ
= cos ( 4θ ) cos θ − sin ( 4θ ) sin θ 2
(
= 8cos 4 θ − 8cos 2 θ + 1 cos θ ) cot θ
cot 2 θ − 1
( (
− cos θ 4sin θ − 8sin 3 θ sin θ ))
= cot θ
2
= 8cos θ − 8cos θ + cos θ

5 3 2
cot θ
− 4 cos θ sin 2 θ + 8cos θ sin 4 θ
cot 2 θ − 1 cot θ
= 8cos5 θ − 8cos3 θ + cos θ = ⋅
cot 2 θ 2
− 4 cos θ (1 − cos 2 θ ) + 8cos θ (1 − cos 2 θ ) 2 cot θ − 1
2
=
= 8cos5 θ − 8cos3 θ + cos θ − 4 cos θ 2 cot θ
+ 4 cos3 θ + 8cos θ (1 − 2 cos 2 θ + cos 4 θ )
1 1
= 8cos5 θ − 4 cos3 θ − 3cos θ 50. cot(2θ ) = =
tan(2θ ) 2 tan θ
+ 8cos θ − 16 cos3 θ + 8cos5 θ 1 − tan 2 θ
= 16 cos5 θ − 20 cos3 θ + 5cos θ 1 − tan 2 θ
=
2 tan θ
(
47. cos 4 θ − sin 4 θ = cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ )( cos 2
θ − sin 2 θ ) 1 1 tan 2 θ 
=  − 
= 1 ⋅ cos ( 2θ ) 2  tan θ tan θ 
= cos ( 2θ ) 1
= ( cot θ − tan θ )
2
776
1 1 1
51. sec(2θ ) = =
cos(2θ ) 2 cos 2 θ − 1
56. sin 2 θ cos 2 θ =
4
(
4sin 2 θ cos 2 θ )
1 1
= ( 2sin θ cos θ )
2
=
2 4
−1
sec 2 θ 1 2
= sin ( 2θ ) 
1 4
=
2 − sec 2 θ 1 1 − cos ( 4θ ) 
= ⋅ 
sec 2 θ 4  2 
sec 2 θ 1
= = 1 − cos ( 4θ ) 
2 − sec 2 θ 8
1 1 θ  1 1 2
52. csc ( 2θ ) = = 57. sec 2   = = =
sin ( 2θ ) 2sin θ cos θ  2  cos 2  θ  1 + cos θ 1 + cos θ
1 1 1   2
= ⋅ ⋅ 2
2 cos θ sin θ
1 θ  1 1 2
= sec θ csc θ 58. csc 2   = = =
2  2  sin 2  θ  1 − cos θ 1 − cos θ
  2
2
53. cos 2 (2u ) − sin 2 (2u ) = cos [ 2(2u ) ] = cos(4u )
v 1 1
59. cot 2   = =
54. (4sin u cos u )(1 − 2sin 2 u )   tan 2  
2 v 1 − cos v
  1 + cos v
= 2(2sin u cos u )(1 − 2sin 2 u ) 2
= 2sin 2u cos 2u 1 + cos v
=
= sin ( 2 ⋅ 2u ) 1 − cos v
1
= sin ( 4u ) 1+
= sec v
1
1−
cos(2θ ) cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ sec v
55. =
1 + sin(2θ ) 1 + 2sin θ cos θ sec v + 1
(cos θ − sin θ )(cos θ + sin θ ) = sec v
= sec v − 1
cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ + 2sin θ cos θ
(cos θ − sin θ )(cos θ + sin θ ) sec v
= sec v + 1 sec v
(cos θ + sin θ )(cos θ + sin θ ) = ⋅
cos θ − sin θ sec v sec v − 1
= sec v + 1
cos θ + sin θ =
cos θ − sin θ sec v − 1
= sin θ
cos θ + sin θ
sin θ
cos θ sin θ
−
= sin θ sin θ
cos θ sin θ
+
sin θ sin θ
cot θ − 1
=
cot θ + 1
777
v 1 − cos v 1 cos v sin(3θ ) cos(3θ ) sin ( 3θ ) cos θ − cos ( 3θ ) sin θ

60. tan = = − = csc v − cot v 63. − =
2 sin v sin v sin v sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ
sin(3θ − θ )
θ 1 − cos θ =
1 − tan 2 1− sin θ cos θ
61. 2 =1 + cos θ sin 2θ
θ 1 − cos θ =
1 + tan 2 1+ sin θ cos θ
2 1 + cos θ
2sin θ cos θ
1 + cos θ − (1 − cos θ ) =
sin θ cos θ
= 1 + cos θ
1 + cos θ + 1 − cos θ =2
1 + cos θ
2 cos θ
= + cos θ
1
2
1 + cos θ
2 cos θ 1 + cos θ
= ⋅
1 + cos θ 2
= cos θ
sin 3 θ + cos3 θ
62.
sin θ + cos θ
( sin θ + cos θ ) ( sin 2 θ − sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ )
=
sin θ + cos θ
= sin θ − sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ
2
1
( )
= sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ − ( 2sin θ cos θ )
2
1
= 1 − sin ( 2θ )
2
cos θ + sin θ cos θ − sin θ ( cos θ + sin θ ) − ( cos θ − sin θ )

2 2
64. − =
cos θ − sin θ cos θ + sin θ ( cos θ − sin θ )( cos θ + sin θ )
=
(
cos 2 θ + 2 cos θ sin θ + sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ − 2 cos θ sin θ + sin 2 θ )
cos θ − sin θ
2 2
cos 2 θ + 2 cos θ sin θ + sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ + 2 cos θ sin θ − sin 2 θ

=
4 cos θ sin θ
=
cos ( 2θ )
2(2sin θ cos θ )
=
cos ( 2θ )
2sin ( 2θ )
=
cos ( 2θ )
= 2 tan ( 2θ )
778
65. tan ( 3θ ) = tan(2θ + θ )

2 tan θ 2 tan θ + tan θ − tan 3 θ
tan ( 2θ ) + tan θ + tan θ
3 tan θ − tan 3 θ 1 − tan 2 θ 3 tan θ − tan 3 θ
= 1 − tan θ 1 − tan 2 θ
2
= = = ⋅ =
1 − tan ( 2θ ) tan θ 1 − 2 tan θ ⋅ tan θ 1 − tan 2 θ − 2 tan 2 θ 1 − tan 2 θ 1 − 3 tan 2 θ 1 − 3 tan 2 θ
1 − tan θ
2
1 − tan θ
2
66. tan θ + tan(θ + 120º ) + tan(θ + 240º )

tan θ + tan120º tan θ + tan 240º
= tan θ + +
1 − tan θ tan120º 1 − tan θ tan 240º
tan θ − 3 tan θ + 3
= tan θ + +
(
1 − tan θ − 3 1 − tan θ 3 ) ( )
tan θ − 3 tan θ + 3
= tan θ + +
1 + 3 tan θ 1 − 3 tan θ
( ) ( )(
tan θ 1 − 3 tan θ + tan θ − 3 1 − 3 tan θ + tan θ + 3 1 + 3 tan θ
2
) ( )( )
=
1 − 3 tan θ 2
tan θ − 3 tan θ + tan θ − 3 tan θ − 3 + 3 tan θ + tan θ + 3 tan 2 θ + 3 + 3 tan θ

3 2
=
1 − 3 tan 2 θ
−3 tan 3 θ + 9 tan θ
=
1 − 3 tan 2 θ
=
(
3 3 tan θ − tan 3 θ )
1 − 3 tan θ 2
= 3 tan ( 3θ ) (from Problem 65)
1 1
67.
2
(
⋅ ln 1 − cos ( 2θ ) − ln 2 ) 68.
2
(
⋅ ln 1 + cos ( 2θ ) − ln 2 )
1 1 − cos 2θ 1 1 + cos 2θ
= ⋅ ln = ⋅ ln
2 2 2 2
 1 − cos ( 2θ ) 1/ 2
  1 + cos ( 2θ ) 1/ 2

= ln   = ln  
 2   2 
   
(
= ln sin 2 θ
1/ 2
) (
= ln cos 2 θ
1/ 2
)
= ln sin θ = ln cos θ
779
69. cos ( 2θ ) + 6sin 2 θ = 4 73. sin(2θ ) + sin(4θ ) = 0

sin(2θ ) + 2sin(2θ ) cos(2θ ) = 0
1 − 2sin θ + 6sin θ = 4
2 2
sin(2θ ) (1 + 2 cos(2θ ) ) = 0
4sin 2 θ = 3
sin(2θ ) = 0 1 + 2 cos(2θ ) = 0
or
3 1
sin 2 θ = cos(2θ ) = −
4 2
3 2θ = 0 + 2k π or 2θ = π + 2k π or
sin θ = ±
2 θ = kπ π
θ = + kπ
π 2π 4π 5π 2
θ= , , ,
3 3 3 3 2π 4π
2θ = + 2k π or 2θ = + 2k π
 π 2π 4π 5π  3 3
3 3 3 3  π 2π
θ = + kπ θ= + kπ
3 3
70. cos ( 2θ ) = 2 − 2sin 2 θ On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
 π π 2π 4π 3π 5π 
1 − 2sin 2 θ = 2 − 2sin 2 θ 0, , , , π, , , .
 3 2 3 3 2 3 
1 = 2 (not possible)
The equation has no real solution.
71. cos(2θ ) = cos θ

2 cos 2 θ − 1 = cos θ 74.
cos(2θ ) + cos(4θ ) = 0
2 cos θ − cos θ − 1 = 0
2
(2 cos θ + 1)(cos θ − 1) = 0 ( 2 cos 2

θ − 1) + ( 2 cos 2 (2θ ) − 1) = 0
2 cos θ + 1 = 0 or cos θ − 1 = 0 2 cos 2 θ − 1 + 2 [ cos(2θ ) cos(2θ ) ] − 1 = 0
cos θ = −
1 cos θ = 1 ( )(
2 cos 2 θ + 2 2 cos 2 (θ ) − 1 2 cos 2 (θ ) − 1 − 2 = 0 )
2 θ =0
2π 4π ( 2 cos 2
θ − 1) + 2  4 cos θ − 4 cos θ + 1 − 1 = 0
4 2
θ= ,
3 3 2 cos 2 θ − 1 + 8cos 4 θ − 8cos 2 θ + 2 − 1 = 0
 2π 4π  8cos 4 θ − 6 cos 2 θ = 0
The solution set is 0, , .
 3 3 
4 cos 4 θ − 3cos 2 θ = 0
(
cos 2 θ 4 cos 2 θ − 3 = 0 )
cos (θ ) = 0 or 4 cos θ − 3 = 0
2 2
3
72. sin(2θ ) = cos θ cos θ = 0 or cos 2θ =
4
2sin θ cos θ = cos θ
3
2sin θ cos θ − cos θ = 0 cos θ = ±
2
(cos θ )(2sin θ − 1) = 0
π 3π π 5π 7 π 11π
cos θ = 0 or 2sin θ = 1 θ= , or θ = , , ,
2 2 6 6 6 6
cos θ = 0 1
sin θ =
π 3π 2 On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
θ= ,
2 2 π 5π  π π 5π 7π 3π 11π 
θ= ,  , , , , , .
6 6 6 2 6 6 2 6 
 π π 5π 3π 
6 2 6 2 
780
75. 3 − sin θ = cos(2θ ) 78. tan(2θ ) + 2 cos θ = 0

3 − sin θ = 1 − 2sin θ 2
sin(2θ )
+ 2 cos θ = 0
2sin 2 θ − sin θ + 2 = 0 cos(2θ )
This equation is quadratic in sin θ . sin ( 2θ ) + 2 cos θ cos 2θ
=0
The discriminant is b 2` − 4ac = 1 − 16 = −15 < 0 . cos ( 2θ )
The equation has no real solutions. 2sin θ cos θ + 2 cos θ (1 − 2sin 2 θ ) = 0
76. cos(2θ ) + 5cos θ + 3 = 0 (
2 cos θ sin θ + 1 − 2sin 2 θ = 0 )
2 cos 2 θ − 1 + 5cos θ + 3 = 0 − 2 cos θ ( 2sin 2
θ − sin θ − 1) = 0
2 cos 2 θ + 5cos θ + 2 = 0 − 2 cos θ (2sin θ + 1)(sin θ − 1) = 0
(2 cos θ + 1)(cos θ + 2) = 0 −2 cos θ = 0 or 2sin θ + 1 = 0 or
2 cos θ = −1 or cos θ = − 2 cos θ = 0 1
1 (not possible) sin θ = −
cos θ = − π 3π 2
2 θ= ,
2 2 7π 11π
2π 4π θ= ,
θ= , 6 6
3 3 sin θ − 1 = 0
 2π 4π  sin θ = 1
 3 3  π
θ=
2
 π 7π 3π 11π 
77. tan(2θ ) + 2sin θ = 0 2 6 2 6 
sin(2θ )
+ 2sin θ = 0
cos(2θ )  1  π π 3
79. sin  2sin −1  = sin  2 ⋅  = sin =
sin 2θ + 2sin θ cos 2θ  2  6 3 2
=0
cos 2θ
 3  π 2π 3
2sin θ cos θ + 2sin θ (2 cos 2 θ − 1) = 0 80. sin  2sin −1  = sin  2 ⋅  = sin =
 2   3  3 2
(
2sin θ cos θ + 2 cos 2 θ − 1 = 0 )
2sin θ ( 2 cos 2
θ + cos θ − 1) = 0  3  3
81. cos  2sin −1  = 1 − 2sin 2  sin −1 
2sin θ (2 cos θ − 1)(cos θ + 1) = 0  5   5 
2
2 cos θ − 1 = 0 or 2sin θ = 0 or 3
= 1− 2 
1 sin θ = 0 5
cos θ =
2 θ = 0, π 18
= 1−
π 5π 25
θ= ,
3 3 7
=
25
cos θ + 1 = 0
cos θ = −1
θ =π
 π 5π 
The solution set is 0, , π , .
 3 3 
781
 4  4  3
82. cos  2 cos −1  = 2 cos 2  cos −1  − 1 2 tan  tan −1 
 5   5   3   4
84. tan  2 tan −1  =
2
4  4  3
= 2   −1 1 − tan 2  tan −1 
5  4
32 3
= −1 2⋅ 
25 = 4
2
7 3
= 1−  
25 4
3
  3  16
83. tan  2 cos −1  −   = 2 ⋅
  5  9 16
1−
 3 16
Let α = cos −1  −  . α lies in quadrant II. 24
 5 =
16 − 9
3 π
Then cos α = − , ≤α ≤ π. 24
5 2 =
7
5
sec α = −
3  4
85. sin  2 cos −1 
tan α = − sec α − 1
2
 5
2 4
 5 25 16 4 Let α = cos −1 . α is in quadrant I.
= −  −  −1 = − −1 = − =− 5
 3  9 9 3
4 π
  3  2 tan α Then cos α = , 0 ≤ α ≤ .
tan  2 cos −1  −   = tan 2α = 5 2
  5   1 − tan 2 α
 4
2 −  2
= 
3 4 16 9 3
2 = 1−   = 1− = =
 4 5 25 25 5
1−  − 
 3  4
sin  2 cos −1  = sin 2α
8  5 
−
= 3 ⋅9 3 4 24
16 9 = 2sin α cos α = 2 ⋅ ⋅ =
1− 5 5 25
9
−24   4 
= 86. cos  2 tan −1  −  
9 − 16   3 
−24
=  4
−7 Let α = tan −1  −  . α is in quadrant IV.
 3
24
= 4 π
7 Then tan α = − , − < α < 0 .
3 2
sec α = tan 2 α + 1
2
 4 16 25 5
=  −  +1 = +1 = =
 3 9 9 3
782
3 4
cos α = cos α =
5 5
  4   3 1
cos  2 tan −1  −   = cos 2α = 2 cos 2 α − 1 sec  2 tan −1  = sec ( 2α ) =
  3  2
 4  cos ( 2α )
3 1
= 2   −1
5 =
2 cos 2 α − 1
18 1
= −1 =
25 2
4
7 2   −1
=− 5
25
1
=
32
 3 −1
1 − cos  cos −1  1 − 3 25
1 3  5 5
87. sin  cos −1  =
2
= 1
 2 5  2 2 =
7
2
25
= 5
2 25
=
1 7
=
5
  3 
90. csc  2sin −1  −  
1 3   5 
88. cos 2  sin −1 
2 5  3
Let α = sin −1  −  . α is in quadrant IV.
3  5
Let α = sin −1 . α is in quadrant I. Then
5 3 π
Then sin α = − , − ≤ α ≤ 0 .
3 π 5 2
sin α = , 0 < α < .
5 2 2
 3
cos α = 1 − sin 2 α = 1 −  − 
cos α = 1 − sin 2 α  5
2
3 9 16 4 9
= 1−   = 1− = = = 1−
5
  25 25 5 25
1 3 1  16
cos 2  sin −1  = cos 2  ⋅ α  =
2 5 2  25
4 9 4
1+ =
1 + cos α 5 =5= 9 5
= =
2 2 2 10   3  1
csc  2sin −1  −   = csc ( 2α ) =
  5  sin ( 2α )
 3
89. sec  2 tan −1  1
 4 =
2sin α cos α
3
Let α = tan −1   . α is in quadrant I. 1
4 =
 3  4 
3 π 2  −  
Then tan α = , 0 < α < .  5  5 
4 2 1
sec α = tan 2 α + 1 =
24
−
2 25
3 9 25 5
=   +1 = +1 = = 25
4 16 16 4 =−
24
783
91. f ( x) = 0 b. A(60º ) = 16sin ( 60º ) cos ( 60º ) + 1

sin ( 2 x ) − sin x = 0
31 
2sin x cos x − sin x = 0 = 16 ⋅  + 1
2 2 
sin x ( 2 cos x − 1) = 0
= 12 3 in 2 ≈ 20.78 in 2
sin x = 0 or 2 cos x − 1 = 0
x = 0, π 1 c. Graph Y1 = 16sin x ( cos x + 1) and use the
cos x =
2 MAXIMUM feature:
π 5π
x= , 25
3 3
π 5π
The zeros on 0 ≤ x < 2π are 0, ,π , .
3 3
92. f ( x) = 0 0 90
0
cos ( 2 x ) + cos x = 0
The maximum area is approximately
2 cos 2 x − 1 + cos x = 0
20.78 in.2 when the angle is 60˚.
2 cos 2 x + cos x − 1 = 0
( 2 cos x − 1)( cos x + 1) = 0
2 cos x − 1 = 0 or cos x + 1 = 0 1W
1 cos x = −1 95. a. D= 2
cos x = csc θ − cot θ
2 x =π
π 5π W = 2 D ( csc θ − cot θ )
x= ,
3 3 1 cos θ 1 − cos θ
csc θ − cot θ = − =
5π π sin θ sin θ sin θ
The zeros on 0 ≤ x < 2π are , π , .
3 3 θ
= tan
2
93. f ( x) = 0 θ
Therefore, W = 2 D tan .
cos ( 2 x ) + sin 2 x = 0 2
cos 2 x − sin 2 x + sin 2 x = 0
b. Here we have D = 15 and W = 6.5 .
cos 2 x = 0
θ
cos x = 0 6.5 = 2 (15 ) tan
π 3π 2
x= , θ
13
2 2 tan =
π 3π 2 60
The zeros on 0 ≤ x < 2π are , . θ 13
2 2 = tan −1
2 60
94. a. cos(2θ ) + cos θ = 0 , 0º < θ < 90º 13
θ = 2 tan −1 ≈ 24.45°
2 cos 2 θ − 1 + cos θ = 0 60
2 cos 2 θ + cos θ − 1 = 0 96. (
I x sin θ cos θ − I y sin θ cos θ + I xy cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ )
(2 cos θ − 1)(cos θ + 1) = 0
2 cos θ − 1 = 0 or cos θ + 1 = 0 (
= Ix − I y ) ( sin θ cosθ ) + I xy ( cos2 θ − sin 2 θ )
cos θ =
1 cos θ = −1
(
= Ix − I y ) 12 sin 2θ + I xy cos 2θ
2 θ = 180º
θ = 60º , 300º Ix − I y
= sin 2θ + I xy cos 2θ
On the interval 0º < θ < 90º , the solution is 2
60˚.
784
20
v02 2
97. a. R (θ ) = cos θ (sin θ − cos θ )
16
v2 2
= 0 (cos θ sin θ − cos 2 θ )
16
45 90
v2 2 1 0
= 0 ⋅ (2 cos θ sin θ − 2 cos 2 θ )
16 2
The angle that maximizes the distance is
v2 2   1 + cos 2θ   67.5˚, and the maximum distance is 18.75
= 0  sin 2θ − 2  
32   2  feet.
v02 2
= sin ( 2θ ) − 1 − cos ( 2θ )  1 1
32  98. y = sin(2π x) + sin(4π x)
2 4
v2 2
= 0 sin ( 2θ ) − cos ( 2θ ) − 1 1 1
32  = sin(2π x) + sin(2 ⋅ 2π x)
2 4
1 1
b. sin(2θ ) + cos(2θ ) = 0 = sin(2π x) + [ 2sin(2π x) cos(2π x) ]
2 4
Divide each side by 2 : 1 1
1 1 = sin(2π x) + [sin(2π x) cos(2π x) ]
sin(2θ ) + cos(2θ ) = 0 2 2
2 2 1 1
Rewrite in the sum of two angles form using 2 2
(
= sin(2π x) + sin(2π x) ⋅ 2 cos 2 (π x) − 1  )
1 1 π 1 1
cos φ = and sin φ = and φ = : = sin(2π x) + sin(2π x) cos 2 (π x) − sin(2π x)
2 2 4 2 2
sin(2θ ) cos φ + cos(2θ ) sin φ = 0 = sin(2π x) cos (π x)
2
sin(2θ + φ ) = 0
2θ + φ = 0 + k π 99. Let b represent the base of the triangle.
π θ h θ b/2
2θ + = 0 + k π cos = sin =
4 2 s 2 s
π θ θ
2θ = − + k π h = s cos b = 2 s sin
4 2 2
π kπ 1
θ =− + A= b⋅h
8 2 2
3π 1  θ  θ
θ= = 67.5º = ⋅  2s sin  s cos 
8 2  2  2
θ θ
= s 2 sin cos
322 2 2 2
c. R = ( sin(2 ⋅ 67.5º ) − cos(2 ⋅ 67.5º ) − 1)
32 1 2
= s sin θ
= 32 2 ( sin (135º ) − cos (135º ) − 1) 2
 2  2  y x
= 32 2  − − − 1
 2  2   100. sin θ =
1
= y; cos θ = = x
1
   
= 32 2 ( 2 −1 ) a. A = 2 xy = 2 cos θ sin θ = 2sin θ cos θ
2sin θ cos θ = sin(2θ )
( )
= 32 2 − 2 feet ≈ 18.75 feet
b.
322 2
d. Graph Y1 = ( sin(2 x) − cos(2 x) − 1) and
32
use the MAXIMUM feature:
785
c. The largest value of the sine function is 1. 1 1

Solve: 103. ⋅ sin 2 x + C = − ⋅ cos ( 2 x )
2 4
sin 2θ = 1 1 1
π C = − ⋅ cos ( 2 x ) − ⋅ sin 2 x
2θ = 4 2
2 1
π (
= − ⋅ cos ( 2 x ) + 2sin 2 x
4
)
θ= = 45°
4 1
(
= − ⋅ 1 − 2sin 2 x + 2sin 2 x
4
)
π 2 π 2
d. x = cos = y = sin = 1
4 2 4 2 = − ⋅ (1)
The dimensions of the largest rectangle are 4
2 1
2 by . =−
2 4
2sin θ cos 2 θ 1 1
101. sin ( 2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ = ⋅ 104. ⋅ cos 2 x + C = ⋅ cos ( 2 x )
cos θ 1 2 4
sin θ 1 1
2⋅ C = ⋅ cos ( 2 x ) − ⋅ cos 2 x
= cos θ
4 2
1 1 1
cos 2 θ 4
( 2
)
= ⋅ 2 cos x − 1 − cos 2 x
2
2 tan θ 1 1 1
= = cos 2 x − − cos 2 x
sec 2 θ 2 4 2
2 tan θ 4 1
= ⋅ =−
1 + tan 2 θ 4 4
4(2 tan θ )
= α 
4 + (2 tan θ ) 2 105. If z = tan   , then
4x 2
= α 
4 + x2 2 tan  
2z 2
=
cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ 1+ z 2
α 
102. cos ( 2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ = 1 + tan 2  
cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ 2
cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ α 
2 tan  
= cos 2 θ 2
=
cos θ + sin 2 θ
2
α 
sec2  
cos 2 θ 2
1 − tan 2 θ 4 α  α 
= ⋅ = 2 tan   cos 2  
1 + tan 2 θ 4 2 2
4 − 4 tan 2 θ α 
= 2sin  
4 + 4 tan 2 θ  2  ⋅ cos 2  α 
=  
4 − ( 2 tan θ )
2
α  2
= cos  
4 + ( 2 tan θ )
2
2
4 − x2 α  α 
= = 2sin   cos  
4 + x2  2 2
  α 
= sin  2   
  2 
= sin α
786
α   π  π
106. If z = tan   , then  12  1 − cos
2 π 12
109. sin = sin   =
α  24  2  2
1 − tan 2  
1− z2 2 1 
1+ z2
=
2 α 
1−  ( 6+ 2 
 = 1−1
)
1 + tan  
2
=  4
2 2 8
( 6+ 2 )
1−
1 − cos α
=
8−2 ( 6+ 2 )= 8−2 ( 6+ 2 )
= 1 + cos α
16 4
1 − cos α
1+
1 + cos α
=
( (
2 4− 6+ 2 ))
=
2
4− 6 − 2
1 + cos α − (1 − cos α ) 4 4
= 1 + cos α
1 + cos α + 1 − cos α  π  π
 12  1 + cos
1 + cos α π 12
cos = cos   =
1 + cos α − (1 − cos α ) 24  2  2
=
1 
1 + cos α + 1 − cos α
2 cos α
1+  ( 6+ 2  )
 = 1+1
=
2
= 4
2 2 8
( 6+ 2 )
= cos α
=
8+2 ( 6+ 2 )= 8+2 ( 6+ 2 )
1 − cos ( 2 x ) 16 4
107. f ( x) = sin 2 x =
2
=
(
2 4+ 6 + 2 )= 2
4+ 6 + 2
Starting with the graph of y = cos x , compress 4 4
horizontally by a factor of 2, reflect across the x- π π
axis, shift 1 unit up, and shrink vertically by a 4 1 + cos
π 4
factor of 2. 110. cos = cos   =
8 2 2
2
1+
2 = 2+ 2
=
2 4
2+ 2
=
1 + cos ( 2 x ) 2
108. g ( x) = cos 2 x =
2 π
Starting with the graph of y = cos x , compress π
sin = sin 8
horizontally by a factor of 2, reflect across the x- 16 2
axis, shift 1 unit up, and shrink vertically by a π
factor of 2. 1 − cos
= 8
2
2+ 2
1−
= 2
2
2− 2+ 2
=
4
2− 2+ 2
=
2
787
π π
1 + cos
π
cos = cos 8 = 8
16 2 2
2+ 2
1+
= 2
2
2+ 2+ 2
=
4
2+ 2+ 2
=
2
111. sin 3 θ + sin 3 (θ + 120º ) + sin 3 (θ + 240º )

= sin 3 θ + ( sin θ cos (120º ) + cos θ sin (120º ) ) + ( sin θ cos ( 240º ) + cos θ sin ( 240º ) )
3 3
3 3
 1 3   1 3 
= sin 3 θ +  − ⋅ sin θ + ⋅ cos θ  +  − ⋅ sin θ − ⋅ cos θ 
 2 2   2 2 
1
(
= sin 3 θ + ⋅ − sin 3 θ + 3 3 sin 2 θ cos θ − 9sin θ cos 2 θ + 3 3 cos3 θ
8
)
1
(
− sin 3 θ + 3 3 sin 2 θ cos θ + 9sin θ cos 2 θ + 3 3 cos3 θ
8
)
1 3 3 9 3 3
= sin 3 θ − ⋅ sin 3 θ + ⋅ sin 2 θ cos θ − ⋅ sin θ cos 2 θ + ⋅ cos3 θ
8 8 8 8
1 3 3 9 3 3
− ⋅ sin 3 θ − ⋅ sin 2 θ cos θ − ⋅ sin θ cos 2 θ − ⋅ cos3 θ
8 8 8 8
3 9 3 3
( ) (
= ⋅ sin 3 θ − ⋅ sin θ cos 2 θ = ⋅ sin 3 θ − 3sin θ 1 − sin 2 θ  = ⋅ sin 3 θ − 3sin θ + 3sin 3 θ
4 4 4 4
)
3 3
4
( 3
)
= ⋅ 4sin θ − 3sin θ = − ⋅ sin ( 3θ )
4
(from Example 2)
788
 θ 1
y − y1 = ( x − x1 )
112. tan θ = tan  3 ⋅ 
 3 2
θ θ 1
3 tan − tan 3 y − ( −3) = ( x − 2)
3 3 2
= (from problem 65)
2 θ 1
1 − 3 tan y + 3 = x −1
3 2
θ θ 1
tan  3 − tan 2  y = x−4
3 θ 3 2
a tan =
3 2 θ b 6
1 − 3 tan 116. Vertex: x = − =− =3
3 2a 2( −1)
θ θ θ θ f (3) = −(3) 2 + 6(3) + 7 = 16 ; (3,16)
3 tan − tan 3 = a tan  1 − 3 tan 2 
3 3 3 3 x-intercepts: 0 = − x 2 + 6 x + 7
θ  θ
3 − tan 2 = a  1 − 3 tan 2  0 = x2 − 6 x − 7
3  3
0 = ( x − 7)( x + 1)
θ θ
3 − tan 2 = a − 3a tan 2 x = 7 or x = −1
3 3
y-intercepts: y = −(0) 2 + 6(0) + 7
2 θ 2 θ
3a tan − tan = a−3 y=7
3 3
θ
( 3a − 1) tan 2 = a−3
3
θ a −3
tan 2 =
3 3a − 1
θ a −3
tan =±
3 3a − 1
113. cos(2 x) + (2m − 1) sin x + m − 1 = 0

(1 − 2sin 2 x) + (2m − 1) sin x + m − 1 = 0
2π 4π 3 1
−2sin 2 x + (2m − 1) sin x + m = 0 117. sin − cos = − −
3 3 2 2
2sin 2 x − (2m − 1) sin x − m = 0
3 1 3 +1
We can solve this as a quadratic equation. In = + =
order for the equation to have exactly one real 2 2 2
solution, then b 2 − 4ac = 0 .
2π
[ −(2m − 1)]2 − 4(2)( − m) = 0 118. Amplitude: 2; Period: =4
π
2
4m 2 − 4m + 1 + 8m = 0
4m 2 + 4m + 1 = 0
(2m + 1) 2 = 0
1
So m = − .
2
115. Since the line is perpendicular the slope would
1
be m = .
2
789
Section 6.7
1. sin(195°) cos(75°) = sin(150° + 45°) cos(30° + 45°)
sin(150° + 45°) cos(30° + 45°) =

= ( sin150° cos 45° + cos150° sin 45° )( cos 30° cos 45° − sin 30° sin 45° )
 1   2  3   2    3   2   1   2  
=     +  −       −   
 2   2   2   2    2   2   2   2  
 2 6  6 2 12 4 36 12
=  −  −  = − − +
 4 4  4 4  16 16 16 16
2 3 2 6 2 3 3 1 3 3 2 3 4 3 1 1 3 
= − − + = − − + = − = − =  − 1
16 16 16 16 8 8 8 8 8 8 4 2 2  2 
2. cos(285°) cos(195°) = cos(240° + 45°) cos(240° − 45°)
cos(240° + 45°) cos(240° − 45°) =

= ( cos 240° cos 45° − sin 240° sin 45° )( cos 240° cos 45° + sin 240° sin 45° )
= ( cos 240° ) ( cos 45° ) − ( sin 240° ) ( sin 45° )
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
 2 
 1
2
3   2   1  2   3  2 
= − 
  −  −    =     −    
 2 2   2   2   4  4   4  4 
1 3 1
= − =−
8 8 4
3. sin(285°) sin(75°) = sin(240° + 45°) sin(30° + 45°)
sin(240° + 45°) sin(30° + 45°) =

= ( sin 240° cos 45° + cos 240° sin 45° )( sin 30° cos 45° + cos 30° sin 45° )
 3   2   1   2    1   2   3  2  
=  −    +  −         +  
  
 2   2   2   2    2   2   2  2  
 6 2  2 6 12 36 4 12
=  − −   +  = − − − −
 4 4  4 4  16 16 16 16
2 3 6 2 2 3 3 3 1 3 2 3 4 3 1 1 3 
=− − − − =− − − − =− − =− − = −  + 1
16 16 16 16 8 8 8 8 8 8 4 2 2 2 
4. sin(75°) + sin(15°) = sin(45° + 30°) + sin(45° − 30°)

= [sin(45°) cos(30°) + cos(45°) sin(30°) ] + [sin(45°) cos(30°) − cos(45°) sin(30°) ]
= 2sin(45°) cos(30°)
 2  3  6
= 2   2  = 2

 2  
790
Section 6.7: Product-to-Sum and Sum-to-Product Formulas
5. cos(255°) − cos(195°) = cos(225° + 30°) − cos(225° − 30°)

= [ cos(225°) cos(30°) − sin(225°) sin(30°)] − [ cos(225°) cos(30°) + sin(225°) sin(30°)]
= −2sin(225°) sin(30°)
 2  1  2
= −2  −    =
 2  2  2
6. sin(255°) − sin(15°) = sin(135° + 120°) − sin(135° − 120°)

= [sin(135°) cos(120°) + cos(135°) sin(120°) ] − [sin(135°) cos(120°) − cos(135°) sin(120°) ]
= sin(135°) cos(120°) + cos(135°) sin(120°) − sin(135°) cos(120°) + cos(135°) sin(120°)
= 2 cos(135°) sin(120°)
 2  3  6
= 2  − 
  = −
 2  2  2
1 1
7. sin(4θ ) sin(2θ ) = [cos(4θ − 2θ ) − cos(4θ + 2θ )] 12. sin(4θ ) cos(6θ ) = [sin(4θ + 6θ ) + sin(4θ − 6θ )]
2 2
1 1
= cos ( 2θ ) − cos ( 6θ )  = sin (10θ ) + sin(− 2θ ) 
2 2
1
1 = sin (10θ ) − sin ( 2θ ) 
8. cos(4θ ) cos(2θ ) = [cos(4θ − 2θ ) + cos(4θ + 2θ )] 2
2
1 1
= cos(2θ ) + cos ( 6θ )  13. sin θ sin(2θ ) = [cos(θ − 2θ ) − cos(θ + 2θ )]
2 2
1
1 = cos(−θ ) − cos ( 3θ ) 
9. sin(4θ ) cos(2θ ) = [sin(4θ + 2θ ) + sin(4θ − 2θ )] 2
2 1
1 = cos θ − cos ( 3θ ) 
= sin ( 6θ ) + sin ( 2θ )  2
2
1
1 14. cos(3θ ) cos(4θ ) = [cos(3θ − 4θ ) + cos(3θ + 4θ )]
10. sin(3θ ) sin(5θ ) = [ cos(3θ − 5θ ) − cos(3θ + 5θ ) ] 2
2 1
1 = cos(− θ ) + cos ( 7θ ) 
= cos(− 2θ ) − cos ( 8θ )  2
2 1
1 = cos θ + cos ( 7θ ) 
= cos ( 2θ ) − cos ( 8θ )  2
2
3θ θ 1   3θ θ   3θ θ  
1 15. sin cos = sin  +  + sin  −  
11. cos(3θ ) cos(5θ ) = [ cos(3θ − 5θ ) + cos(3θ + 5θ ) ] 2 2 2  2 2  2 2 
2
1
1 = sin ( 2θ ) + sin θ 
= cos(− 2θ ) + cos ( 8θ )  2
2
1
= cos ( 2θ ) + cos ( 8θ ) 
2
791
θ 5θ 1   θ 5θ   θ 5θ    θ 3θ   θ 3θ 
16. sin cos
2
= sin  +  + sin  −  
2 2   2 2  θ 3θ 2− 2  2+ 2 
 2 2  24. sin − sin = 2sin   cos  
1 2 2  2   2 
= sin ( 3θ ) + sin(− 2θ )   θ
2 = 2sin  −  cos θ
1  2
= sin ( 3θ ) − sin ( 2θ ) 
2 θ
= − 2sin cos θ
2
 4θ − 2θ   4θ + 2θ 
17. sin(4θ ) − sin(2θ ) = 2sin   cos  
 2   2   θ + 3θ   θ − 3θ 
2sin   cos  
= 2sin θ cos ( 3θ ) sin θ + sin(3θ )  2   2 
25. =
2sin(2θ ) 2sin(2θ )
 4θ + 2θ   4θ − 2θ  2sin(2θ ) cos(−θ )
18. sin(4θ ) + sin(2θ ) = 2sin   cos   =
 2   2  2sin(2θ )
= 2sin ( 3θ ) cos θ = cos(−θ )
= cos θ
 2θ + 4θ   2θ − 4θ 
19. cos(2θ ) + cos(4θ ) = 2 cos   cos    θ + 3θ   θ − 3θ 
 2   2  2 cos   cos  
cos θ + cos(3θ )  2   2 
= 2 cos ( 3θ ) cos(−θ ) 26. =
2 cos(2θ ) 2 cos(2θ )
= 2 cos ( 3θ ) cos θ
2 cos(2θ ) cos(−θ )
=
2 cos(2θ )
 5θ + 3θ   5θ − 3θ 
20. cos(5θ ) − cos(3θ ) = − 2sin   sin   = cos(−θ )
 2   2 
= cos θ
= − 2sin ( 4θ ) sin θ
 4θ + 2θ   4θ − 2θ 
 θ + 3θ   θ − 3θ  2sin   cos  
21. sin θ + sin(3θ ) = 2sin   cos   sin(4θ ) + sin(2θ )  2   2 
 2   2  27. =
cos(4θ ) + cos(2θ ) cos(4θ ) + cos(2θ )
= 2sin ( 2θ ) cos(−θ ) 2sin(3θ ) cos θ
=
= 2sin ( 2θ ) cos θ 2 cos(3θ ) cos θ
sin(3θ )
 θ + 3θ   θ − 3θ  =
22. cos θ + cos(3θ ) = 2 cos   cos   cos(3θ )
 2   2  = tan(3θ )
= 2 cos ( 2θ ) cos(−θ )
= 2 cos ( 2θ ) cos θ  θ + 3θ   θ − 3θ 
−2sin   sin  
cos θ − cos(3θ )  2   2 
28. =
 θ 3θ   θ 3θ  sin(3θ ) − sin θ  3θ − θ   3θ + θ 
 +   −  2sin   cos  
θ 3θ  2   2 
23. cos − cos = − 2sin  2 2  sin  2 2 
2 2  2   2  − 2sin(2θ ) sin(−θ )
=
 θ 2sin θ cos(2θ )
= − 2sin θ sin  − 
 2 −(− sin θ ) sin(2θ )
=
 θ sin θ cos(2θ )
= − 2sin θ  − sin 
 2 = tan(2θ )
θ
= 2sin θ sin
2
792
 θ + 3θ   θ − 3θ  sin(4θ ) + sin(8θ )
−2sin   sin   33.
cos θ − cos(3θ )  2   2  cos(4θ ) + cos(8θ )
29. =
sin θ + sin(3θ )  θ + 3θ   θ − 3θ   4θ + 8θ   4θ − 8θ 
2sin   cos   2sin 
 2   2   cos  
=  2   2 
− 2sin(2θ ) sin(−θ )  4θ + 8θ   4θ − 8θ 
= 2 cos   cos  
2sin(2θ ) cos(−θ )  2   2 
−(− sin θ ) 2sin(6θ ) cos(− 2θ )
= =
cos θ 2 cos(6θ ) cos(− 2θ )
= tan θ sin(6θ )
=
cos(6θ )
 θ + 5θ   θ − 5θ 
−2sin   sin   = tan(6θ )
cos θ − cos(5θ )  2   2 
30. =
sin θ + sin(5θ )  θ + 5θ   θ − 5θ 
2sin   cos   sin(4θ ) − sin(8θ )
 2   2  34.
cos(4θ ) − cos(8θ )
− 2sin(3θ ) sin(− 2θ )
=  4θ − 8θ   4θ + 8θ 
2sin(3θ ) cos(− 2θ ) 2sin   cos  
=  2   2 
−(− sin 2θ )
=  4θ + 8θ   4θ − 8θ 
cos ( 2θ ) −2sin   sin  
 2   2 
= tan ( 2θ ) 2sin(− 2θ ) cos(6θ )
=
− 2sin(6θ ) sin(− 2θ )
31. sin θ [sin θ + sin(3θ )]
cos(6θ )
=
  θ + 3θ   θ − 3θ   − sin(6θ )
= sin θ  2sin   cos  
  2   2  = − cot(6θ )
= sin θ [ 2sin(2θ ) cos(−θ )]
sin(4θ ) + sin(8θ )
= cos θ [ 2sin(2θ ) sin θ ] 35.
sin(4θ ) − sin(8θ )
 1 
= cos θ  2 ⋅ [ cos θ − cos(3θ ) ]  4θ + 8θ   4θ − 8θ 
 2  2sin   cos  
 2   2 
= cos θ [ cos θ − cos(3θ ) ] =
 4θ − 8θ   4θ + 8θ 
−2sin   cos  
 2   2 
32. sin θ sin ( 3θ ) + sin(5θ ) 
2sin(6θ ) cos(− 2θ )
=
  3θ + 5θ   3θ − 5θ   2sin(− 2θ ) cos(6θ )
= sin θ  2sin   cos  
  2   2  sin(6θ ) cos(2θ )
=
= sin θ [ 2sin(4θ ) cos(−θ ) ] − sin(2θ ) cos(6θ )
= cos θ [ 2sin(4θ ) sin θ ] = − tan(6θ ) cot(2θ )
 1  tan(6θ )
= cos θ  2 ⋅  cos ( 3θ ) − cos(5θ )   =−
 2  tan(2θ )
= cos θ  cos ( 3θ ) − cos(5θ ) 
793
cos(4θ ) − cos(8θ ) α + β  α − β 
36. 2sin   cos  
cos(4θ ) + cos(8θ ) sin α + sin β  2   2 
39. =
 4θ + 8θ   4θ − 8θ  cos α + cos β α + β  α − β 
−2sin   sin   2 cos   cos  
 2   2   2   2 
=
 4θ + 8θ   4θ − 8θ  α + β 
2 cos   cos   sin  
 2   2  =  2 
−2sin(6θ )sin(−2θ ) α + β 
= cos  
2 cos(6θ ) cos(−2θ )  2 
sin(6θ ) sin( −2θ ) α + β 
=− ⋅ = tan  
cos(6θ ) cos(−2θ )  2 
= − tan(6θ ) tan(−2θ )
= tan(2θ ) tan(6θ ) α − β  α + β 
2sin   cos  
sin α − sin β  2   2 
40. =
α + β  α − β  cos α − cos β α + β  α − β 
2sin  −2sin   sin  
sin α + sin β  cos    2   2 
37. =  2   2 
sin α − sin β α − β  α + β  α + β 
2sin   cos   cos  
 2   2  =−  2 
α + β  α − β  α + β 
sin  sin  
 cos    2 
=  2 ⋅  2 
α + β  α − β  α + β 
cos   sin   = − cot  
 2   2   2 
α + β  α − β 
= tan   cot  
 2   2 
α + β  α − β 
2 cos   cos  
cos α + cos β  2   2 
38. =
cos α − cos β α + β  α − β 
− 2sin   sin  
 2   2 
α + β  α − β 
cos   cos  
=−  2 ⋅  2 
α + β  α − β 
sin   sin  
 2   2 
α + β  α − β 
= − cot   cot  
 2   2 
794
41. 1 + cos(2θ ) + cos(4θ ) + cos(6θ ) = cos 0 + cos(6θ ) + cos(2θ ) + cos(4θ )

 0 + 6θ   0 − 6θ   2θ + 4θ   2θ − 4θ 
= 2 cos   cos   + 2 cos   cos  
 2   2   2   2 
= 2 cos(3θ ) cos(−3θ ) + 2 cos(3θ ) cos(−θ )
= 2 cos 2 (3θ ) + 2 cos(3θ ) cos θ
= 2 cos(3θ ) [ cos(3θ ) + cos θ ]
  3θ + θ   3θ − θ 
= 2 cos(3θ )  2 cos   cos  
  2   2 
= 2 cos(3θ ) [ 2 cos(2θ ) cos θ ]
= 4 cos θ cos(2θ ) cos(3θ )
42. 1 − cos(2θ ) + cos(4θ ) − cos(6θ ) = [ cos 0 − cos(6θ ) ] + [ cos(4θ ) − cos(2θ ) ]

 0 + 6θ   0 − 6θ   2θ + 4θ   2θ − 4θ 
= −2sin   sin   − 2sin   sin  
 2   2   2   2 
= −2sin(3θ ) sin(−3θ ) − 2sin(3θ ) sin(θ )
= 2sin 2 (3θ ) − 2sin(3θ ) sin θ
= 2sin(3θ ) [sin(3θ ) − sin θ ]
  3θ − θ   3θ + θ 
= 2sin(3θ )  2sin   cos  
  2   2 
= 2sin(3θ ) [ 2sin θ cos(2θ ) ]
= 4sin θ cos(2θ ) sin(3θ )
43. sin(2θ ) + sin(4θ ) = 0 44. cos(2θ ) + cos(4θ ) = 0

sin(2θ ) + 2sin(2θ ) cos(2θ ) = 0  2θ + 4θ   2θ − 4θ 
sin(2θ ) (1 + 2 cos(2θ ) ) = 0 2 cos   cos  =0
 2   2 
sin(2θ ) = 0 or 1 + 2 cos(2θ ) = 0 2 cos(3θ ) cos(− θ ) = 0
1
cos(2θ ) = − 2 cos ( 3θ ) cos θ = 0
2
2θ = 0 + 2k π or 2θ = π + 2k π or cos(3θ ) = 0 or cos θ = 0
θ = kπ π π 3π
θ = + kπ 3θ = + 2k π or 3θ = + 2k π or
2 2 2
2π 4π π 2k π π 2k π
2θ = + 2k π or 2θ = + 2k π θ= + θ= +
3 3 6 3 2 3
π 2π π 3π
θ = + kπ θ= + kπ θ = + 2k π or θ = + 2k π
3 3 2 2
On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
 π π 2π 4π 3π 5π   π π 5π 7π 3π 11π 
0, , , , π, , , .  , , , , , .
 3 2 3 3 2 3  6 2 6 6 2 6 
795
45. cos(4θ ) − cos(6θ ) = 0

46. sin(4θ ) − sin(6θ ) = 0
−2sin  4θ + 6θ sin  4θ − 6θ  = 0
  
2sin   cos  4θ + 6θ  = 0
 2   2  4θ − 6θ
  
− 2sin(5θ ) sin(− θ ) = 0  2   2 
2sin ( 5θ ) sin θ = 0 2sin(− θ ) cos(5θ ) = 0
sin(5θ ) = 0 or sin θ = 0 − 2sin θ cos(5θ ) = 0
5θ = 0 + 2k π or 5θ = π + 2k π or cos(5θ ) = 0 or sin θ = 0
2 k π π 2 k π θ = 0 + 2k π or θ = π + 2k π or
θ= θ= + π 3π
5 5 5 5θ = + 2k π or 5θ = + 2k π
θ = 0 + 2k π or θ = π + 2k π 2 2
On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is π 2k π 3π 2k π
θ= + θ= +
 π 2π 3π 4π 6π 7π 8π 9π  10 5 10 5
0, , , , , π , , , ,  . On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 
 π 3π π 7π 9π 11π 13π 3π 17π 19π 
0, , , , , , π , , , , , .
 10 10 2 10 10 10 10 2 10 10 
47. a. y = sin [ 2π (697)t ] + sin [ 2π (1209)t ]
= 2sin 
2π (697)t + 2π (1209)t   2π (697)t − 2π (1209)t 
 cos  
 2   2 
= 2sin(1906π t ) cos(−512π t )
= 2sin(1906π t ) cos(512π t )
b. Because sin θ ≤ 1 and cos θ ≤ 1 for all θ , it follows that sin(1906π t ) ≤ 1 and cos(512π t ) ≤ 1 for all
values of t. Thus, y = 2sin(1906π t ) cos(512π t ) ≤ 2 ⋅1 ⋅1 = 2 . That is, the maximum value of y is 2.
c. Let Y1 = 2sin(1906π x ) cos(512π x) . Window: x [0,0.01], y [-2, 2]
48. a. y = sin [ 2π (941)t ] + sin [ 2π (1477)t ]
= 2sin 
2π (941)t + 2π (1477)t   2π (941)t − 2π (1477)t 
 cos  
 2   2 
= 2sin(2418π t ) cos(−536π t )
= 2sin(2418π t ) cos(536π t )
b. Because sin θ ≤ 1 and cos θ ≤ 1 for all θ , it follows that sin(2418π t ) ≤ 1 and cos(2418π t ) ≤ 1 for all
values of t. Thus, y = 2sin(2418π t ) cos(536π t ) ≤ 2 ⋅1 ⋅1 = 2 . That is, the maximum value of y is 2.
796
c. Let Y1 = 2sin(2418π x) cos(536π x) .
2 2
49. I u = I x cos θ + I y sin θ − 2 I xy sin θ cos θ
 cos 2θ + 1   1 − cos 2θ 
= Ix   + Iy   − I xy 2sin θ cos θ
 2   2 
I cos 2θ I x I y I y cos 2θ
= x + + − − I xy sin 2θ
2 2 2 2
Ix + I y Ix − I y
= + cos 2θ − I xy sin 2θ
2 2
I v = I x sin 2 θ + I y cos 2 θ + 2 I xy sin θ cos θ

 1 − cos 2θ   cos 2θ + 1 
= Ix   + Iy   + I xy 2sin θ cos θ
 2   2 
I x I x cos 2θ I y cos 2θ I y
= − + + + I xy sin 2θ
2 2 2 2
Ix + I y Ix − I y
= − cos 2θ + I xy sin 2θ
2 2
50. a. Since φ and v0 are fixed, we need to maximize sin θ cos (θ − φ ) .

1
sin θ cos (θ − φ ) =
2 
( ) (
sin θ + (θ − φ ) + sin θ − (θ − φ ) 
 )
1
= sin ( 2θ − φ ) + sin φ 
2
This quantity will be maximized when sin ( 2θ − φ ) = 1 . So,
1
2v02 ⋅ ⋅ (1 + sin φ ) v 2 (1 + sin φ ) v02 (1 + sin φ )
2 0 v02
Rmax = = = =
g cos 2 φ (
g 1 − sin 2 φ ) g (1 − sin φ )(1 + sin φ ) g (1 − sin φ )
( 50 )
2
b. Rmax = ≈ 598.24
9.8 (1 − sin 35° )
The maximum range is about 598 meters.
797
51. sin ( 2α ) + sin ( 2 β ) + sin ( 2γ )

 2α + 2 β   2α − 2β 
= 2sin   cos   + sin ( 2γ )
 2   2 
= 2sin(α + β ) cos(α − β ) + 2sin γ cos γ
= 2sin(π − γ ) cos(α − β ) + 2sin γ cos γ
= 2sin γ cos(α − β ) + 2sin γ cos γ
= 2sin γ [ cos(α − β ) + cos γ ]
 α − β +γ   α − β − γ 
= 2sin γ  2 cos   cos  
  2   2 
 π − 2β   2α − π 
= 4sin γ cos   cos  
 2   2 
π   π
= 4sin γ cos  − β  cos  α − 
2   2
= 4sin γ sin β sin α
= 4sin α sin β sin γ
sin α sin β sin γ

52. tan α + tan β + tan γ = + +
cos α cos β cos γ
sin α cos β cos γ + sin β cos α cos γ + sin γ cos α cos β
=
cos γ (sin α cos β + cos α sin β ) + sin γ cos α cos β
=
cos γ sin(α + β ) + sin γ cos α cos β cos γ sin(π − γ ) + sin γ cos α cos β
= =
cos α cos β cos γ cos α cos β cos γ
cos γ sin γ + sin γ cos α cos β sin γ (cos γ + cos α cos β )
= =
sin γ cos ( π − (α + β ) ) + cos α cos β  sin γ [ − cos(α + β ) + cos α cos β ]
= =
sin γ ( − cos α cos β + sin α sin β + cos α cos β )
=
sin γ (sin α sin β )
= = tan α tan β tan γ
53. Add the sum formulas for sin(α + β ) and sin(α − β ) and solve for sin α cosβ :
sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β
sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β
sin(α + β ) + sin(α − β ) = 2sin α cos β
1
sin α cos β = [sin(α + β ) + sin(α − β )]
2
798
Chapter 6 Review Exercises
α −β  α + β  59. cos csc −1

7
54. 2sin   cos  
 2   2  5
1 α + β  7 π π
= 2 ⋅ sin 
α −β α +β  α −β Since cscθ = , − ≤ θ ≤ , let r = 7 and y = 5 .
+  + sin  −  5 2 2
2  2 2   2 2 
Solve for x: x 2 + 25 = 49
 2α   −2 β 
= sin   + sin   x 2 = 24
 2   2 
x = ±2 6
= sin α + sin ( − β )
Since θ is in quadrant I, x = 2 6 .
= sin α − sin β
7 x 2 6
α − β  α + β  Thus, cos csc −1 = cos θ = = .
Thus, sin α − sin β = 2sin   cos  . 5 r 7
 2   2 
60. We find the inverse function by switching the x
α + β  α − β  and y variables and solving for y.
55. 2 cos   cos  
 2   2  f ( x ) = 3sin x − 5
1 α − β  y = 3sin x − 5
= 2 ⋅ cos 
α +β α −β  α + β
−  + cos  +  x = 3sin y − 5
2  2 2   2 2 
x + 5 = 3sin y
 2β   2α 
= cos   + cos   x+5
 2   2  = sin y
3
= cos β + cos α x+5
sin −1 =y
α + β  α − β  3
Thus, cos α + cos β = 2 cos   cos  .
 2   2  x+5
f −1 ( x ) = sin −1
3
α + β  α − β 
56. −2sin   sin   The domain of sin −1 (u ) is [ −1,1] so
 2   2 
x+5
1 α − β  −1 ≤ ≤1
= −2 ⋅ cos 
α +β α −β  α + β
−  − cos  +  3
2  2 2   2 2 
−8 ≤ x ≤ −2
  2β   2α 
= − cos   − cos   Range of f = Domain of f −1 = [ −8, −2]
  2   2 
π π
= cos α − cos β Range of f −1 = − ,
2 2
α + β  α − β 
Thus, cos α − cos β = − 2sin   sin  .
 2   2 
57. 27 x +1 = 9 x + 5
33( x +1) = 32( x + 5) Chapter 6 Review Exercises
3( x + 1) = 2( x + 5)
3 x + 3 = 2 x + 10 1. sin −1 1
x=7 π π
The solution set is {7} . 2 2
equals 1.
58. Amplitude: 5 π π
2π π sin θ = 1, − ≤θ ≤
Period: = 2 2
4 2 π
−π π
θ=
Phase Shift: − = 2
4 4 π
Thus, sin −1 (1) = .
2
799
2. cos −1 0 (
6. tan −1 − 3 )
Find the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, whose cosine
π π
equals 0. Find the angle θ , − < θ < , whose tangent
cos θ = 0, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π 2 2
π equals − 3 .
θ=
2 π π
tan θ = − 3, − <θ <
π 2 2
Thus, cos −1 ( 0 ) = . π
2 θ =−
3
π
3. tan −1 1
π π
(
Thus, tan −1 − 3 = − ) 3
.
2 2
equals 1. 7. sec −1 2
π π Find the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, whose secant
tan θ = 1, − <θ <
2 2 equals 2 .
π
θ= sec θ = 2, 0 ≤θ ≤ π
4 π
π θ=
Thus, tan −1 (1) = . 4
4 π
Thus, sec −1 2 = .
4
 1
4. sin −1  − 
 2 8. cot −1 ( −1)
π π
Find the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose sine Find the angle θ , 0 < θ < π , whose cotangent
2 2
equals −1 .
1 cot θ = −1, 0 < θ < π
equals − .
2 3π
1 π π θ=
sin θ = − , − ≤ θ ≤ 4
2 2 2 3π
π Thus, cot −1 ( −1) = .
θ =− 4
6
 1 π
Thus, sin −1  −  = − .   3π 
 2  6 9. sin −1  sin    follows the form of the
  8 

5. cos −1  −
3

( ) (
equation f −1 f ( x ) = sin −1 sin ( x ) = x . Since )
 2  3π  π π
Find the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, whose cosine is in the interval  − ,  , we can apply
8  2 2
3 the equation directly and get
equals − .
2   3π   3π
sin −1  sin    = .
3
cos θ = − , 0 ≤θ ≤ π   8  8
2
5π
θ=  3π 
6 10. cos −1  cos  follows the form of the equation
 4 
 3  5π
Thus, cos −1  −  = . 3π
 2  6 ( ) (
f −1 f ( x ) = cos −1 cos ( x ) = x . Since
4
)is
800
in the interval 0, π  , we can apply the equation in the interval  0, π  , we can apply the equation
 3π  3π above and get
directly and get cos −1  cos = .
 4  4   15π   −1  π π
cos −1  cos    = cos  cos  = .
  7   7 7
  2π 
11. tan −1  tan    follows the form of the
  3    8π 
13. sin −1  sin  −   follows the form of the
( ) ( )
equation f −1 f ( x ) = tan −1 tan ( x ) = x but we   9 
cannot use the formula directly since

2π
is not
( ) ( )
equation f −1 f ( x ) = sin −1 sin ( x ) = x , but we
3 8π
cannot use the formula directly since − is not
 π π 9
in the interval  − ,  . We need to find an
 2 2  π π
in the interval  − ,  . We need to find an
 π π  2 2
 2 2  π π
 2π  2π  2 2
tan   = tan θ . The angle is in quadrant
 3  3  8π  8π
sin  −  = sin θ . The angle − is in
II so tangent is negative. The reference angle of  9  9
2π π quadrant III so sine is negative. The reference
is and we want θ to be in quadrant IV
3 3 8π π
so tangent will still be negative. Thus, we have angle of − is and we want θ to be in
9 9
 2π   π π quadrant IV so sine will still be negative. Thus,
tan   = tan  −  . Since − is in the
 3   3  3  8π   π π
we have sin  −  = sin  −  . Since − is
 π π  9   9  9
interval  − ,  , we can apply the equation
 2 2  π π
in the interval  − ,  , we can apply the
above and get  2 2
  2π   −1   π  π equation above and get
tan −1  tan    = tan  tan  −   = − .
  3    3  3   8π     π  π
sin −1  sin  −   = sin −1  sin  −   = − .
  9    9  9
  15π 
12. cos −1  cos    follows the form of the
  7  ( )
14. sin sin −1 0.9 follows the form of the equation
equation f −1
( f ( x )) = cos ( cos ( x )) = x , but
−1
( ) ( )
f f −1 ( x ) = sin sin −1 ( x ) = x . Since 0.9 is in
15π
we cannot use the formula directly since is the interval  −1,1 , we can apply the equation
7
not in the interval  0, π  . We need to find an ( )
directly and get sin sin −1 0.9 = 0.9 .
angle θ in the interval 0, π  for which

 15π  15π ( )
15. cos cos −1 0.6 follows the form of the equation
cos   = cos θ . The angle is in
 7  7 ( ) ( )
f f −1 ( x ) = cos cos −1 ( x ) = x . Since 0.6 is
15π π
quadrant I so the reference angle of is . in the interval  −1,1 , we can apply the equation
7 7
Thus, we have cos 

 15π  π
 = cos . Since
π
is (
directly and get cos cos −1 0.6 = 0.6 . )
 7  7 7
801
( )
16. tan tan −1 5 follows the form of the equation
So, tan −1
3 π
= .
3 6
( ) ( )
f f −1 ( x ) = tan tan −1 ( x ) = x . Since 5 is a  −1 3  π 2 3
real number, we can apply the equation directly
Thus, sec  tan
3  = sec  6  = 3 .
 
( )
and get tan tan −1 5 = 5 .
22. sin  cot −1 
3
17. Since there is no angle θ such that cos θ = −1.6 ,  4 
3
the quantity cos −1 ( −1.6 ) is not defined. Thus, Since cot θ = , 0 < θ < π , θ is in quadrant I.
4
( )
cos cos −1 ( −1.6 ) is not defined. Let x = 3 and y = 4 . Solve for r: 9 + 16 = r 2
r 2 = 25
−1  2π  −1  1  π r =5
18. sin  cos  = sin  −  = −
Thus, sin  tan −1  = sin θ = = .
 3   2 6 3 y 4
 4  r 5
−1  3π 
19. cos  tan  = cos ( −1) = π
−1
 4 
 4  23. tan sin −1  −  
  5
  3  4 π π
20. tan sin −1  − Since sin θ = − , − ≤ θ ≤ , let y = − 4 and
  5 2 2
  2   r = 5 . Solve for x: x 2 + 16 = 25
π π x2 = 9
2 2 x = ±3
3 Since θ is in quadrant IV, x = 3 .
equals − .
2  4  −4
Thus, tan sin −1  −   = tan θ = =
y 4
=−
3 π π   5  x 3 3
sin θ = − , − ≤θ ≤
2 2 2
θ =−
π 24. f ( x ) = 2sin ( 3 x )
3 y = 2sin ( 3x )
 3 π
So, sin −1  −  = − . x = 2sin ( 3 y )
 2  3
x
 = sin ( 3 y )
 3   π 2
Thus, tan sin −1  −   = tan  −  = − 3 .
  2    3  x
3 y = sin −1  
2
 3 1 x
21. sec  tan −1  y = sin −1   = f −1 ( x )
 3  3 2
Find the angle θ , −

π π
< θ < , whose tangent is The domain of f ( x ) equals the range of
2 2
π π  π π
3 f −1 ( x ) and is − ≤x≤ , or  − ,  in
6 6  6 6
3
3 π π
tan θ = , − <θ < we note that the argument of the inverse sine
3 2 2
π x
θ= function is and that it must lie in the interval
6 2
 −1,1 . That is,
802
x π π
−1 ≤ ≤1 27. Let θ = csc −1 u so that csc θ = u , − ≤θ ≤
2 2 2
−2 ≤ x ≤ 2 and θ ≠ 0 , u ≥ 1 . Then,
The domain of f −1 ( x ) is { x | −2 ≤ x ≤ 2} , or
 −2, 2  in interval notation. Recall that the
( )
tan csc −1 u = tan θ =
1
cos θ csc θ
domain of a function is the range of its inverse 1
=
and the domain of the inverse is the range of the csc θ 1 − sin 2 θ
function. Therefore, the range of f ( x ) is 1 1
= =
[ −2, 2] . 1 2
u 1− 2 u u −1
25. f ( x ) = − cos x + 3 u u2
y = − cos x + 3 1 u
= =
x = − cos y + 3 2
u −1 u u2 −1
u
x − 3 = − cos y u
3 − x = cos y
y = cos −1 ( 3 − x ) = f −1 ( x ) 28. tan θ cot θ − sin 2 θ = tan θ ⋅
1
− sin 2 θ
tan θ
= 1 − sin 2 θ
f −1
( x) and is 0 ≤ x ≤ π , or 0, π  in interval = cos 2 θ
notation. To find the domain of f −1 ( x ) we note
29. sin 2 θ (1 + cot 2 θ ) = sin 2 θ ⋅ csc2 θ
that the argument of the inverse cosine function 1
is 3 − x and that it must lie in the interval = sin 2 θ ⋅ 2 = 1
sin θ
 −1,1 . That is,
−1 ≤ 3 − x ≤ 1 30. 5cos 2 θ + 3sin 2 θ = 2 cos 2 θ + 3cos 2 θ + 3sin 2 θ
−4 ≤ − x ≤ −2 (
= 2 cos 2 θ + 3 cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ )
4≥ x≥2 = 2 cos θ + 3 ⋅1
2
2≤ x≤4 = 3 + 2 cos 2 θ
The domain of f −1 ( x ) is { x | 2 ≤ x ≤ 4} , or
1 − cosθ sin θ (1 − cosθ ) 2 + sin 2 θ
31. + =
 2, 4  in interval notation. Recall that the sin θ 1 − cosθ sin θ (1 − cosθ )
domain of a function is the range of its inverse 1 − 2cosθ + cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ
=
and the domain of the inverse is the range of the sin θ (1 − cosθ )
function. Therefore, the range of f ( x ) is 1 − 2cos θ + 1
=
 2, 4  . sin θ (1 − cos θ )
2 − 2cos θ
π π =
26. Let θ = sin −1 u so that sin θ = u , − ≤θ ≤ , sin θ (1 − cos θ )
2 2 2(1 − cos θ )
−1 ≤ u ≤ 1 . Then, =
sin θ (1 − cos θ )
( )
cos sin −1 u = cos θ = cos 2 θ =
2
= 2cscθ
sin θ
= 1 − sin 2 θ = 1 − u 2
803
1 cos θ sin θ
cosθ cosθ cos θ 36. cot θ − tan θ = −
32. = ⋅ sin θ cos θ
cosθ − sin θ cosθ − sin θ 1
cosθ =
1 sin θ cos θ
= 1 − sin 2 θ − sin 2 θ
sin θ =
1−
cosθ sin θ cos θ
1 1 − 2sin 2 θ
= =
1 − tan θ sin θ cos θ
1
cos(α + β ) cos α cos β − sin α sin β
csc θ sin θ 37. =
33. = sin θ ⋅ cos α sin β cos α sin β
1 + csc θ 1 + 1 sin θ
cos α cos β sin α sin β
sin θ = −
1 cos α sin β cos α sin β
= cos β sin α
sin θ + 1 = −
1 1 − sin θ sin β cos α
= ⋅
1 + sin θ 1 − sin θ = cot β − tan α
1 − sin θ
=
1 − sin 2 θ cos(α − β ) cos α cos β + sin α sin β
38. =
1 − sin θ cos α cos β cos α cos β
=
cos 2 θ cos α cos β sin α sin β
= +
1 = 1 + tan α tan β
34. csc θ − sin θ = − sin θ
sin θ
1 − sin 2 θ θ sin θ
= 39. (1 + cos θ ) tan = (1 + cos θ ) ⋅ = sin θ
sin θ 2 1 + cos θ
cos 2 θ
=
sin θ cos θ cos ( 2θ )
cos θ 40. 2 cot θ cot ( 2θ ) = 2 ⋅ ⋅
= cos θ ⋅ sin θ sin ( 2θ )
sin θ
= cos θ cot θ =
(
2 cos θ cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ )
sin θ ( 2sin θ cos θ )
1 − sin θ cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
35. = cos θ (1 − sin θ ) =
sec θ sin 2 θ
1 + sin θ
= cos θ (1 − sin θ ) ⋅ cos θ sin 2 θ
2
1 + sin θ = −
sin 2 θ sin 2 θ
=
(
cos θ 1 − sin 2 θ ) = cot θ − 1
2
1 + sin θ
=
(
cos θ cos 2 θ ) 41. 1 − 8sin 2 θ cos 2 θ = 1 − 2 ( 2sin θ cos θ )
2
1 + sin θ = 1 − 2sin 2 ( 2θ )
cos3 θ = cos ( 2 ⋅ 2θ )
=
1 + sin θ = cos ( 4θ )
sin ( 3θ ) cos θ − sin θ cos ( 3θ ) sin ( 3θ − θ )

42. =
sin ( 2θ ) sin ( 2θ )
sin ( 2θ )
=
sin ( 2θ )
=1
804
2θ + 4θ   2θ − 4θ  5π  3π 2π 
2sin   cos   47. cos = cos  + 
sin ( 2θ ) + sin ( 4θ )  2   2  12
43. =  12 12 
cos ( 2θ ) + cos ( 4θ ) 2cos  2θ + 4θ  cos  2θ + 4θ  π π π π
    = cos ⋅ cos − sin ⋅ sin
 2   2  4 6 4 6
2sin ( 3θ ) cos ( −θ ) 2 3 2 1
= = ⋅ − ⋅
2cos ( 3θ ) cos ( −θ ) 2 2 2 2
sin ( 3θ ) 6 2
= = −
cos ( 3θ ) 4 4
= tan ( 3θ ) 1
=
4
( 6− 2 )
cos(2θ ) − cos(4θ )
44. − tan θ tan(3θ )
cos(2θ ) + cos(4θ )  π  2π 3π 
48. sin  −  = sin  − 
− 2sin(3θ ) sin(− θ )  12   12 12 
= − tan θ tan(3θ ) π π π π
2 cos(3θ ) cos(− θ ) = sin ⋅ cos − cos ⋅ sin
2sin(3θ )sin θ 6 4 6 4
= − tan θ tan(3θ ) 1 2 3 2
2 cos(3θ ) cos θ = ⋅ − ⋅
= tan(3θ ) tan θ − tan θ tan(3θ ) 2 2 2 2
=0 2 6
= −
4 4
1
45. sin165º = sin (120º + 45º )
= sin120º ⋅ cos 45º + cos120º ⋅ sin 45º
=
4
( 2− 6 )
 3  2   1  2 
=   ⋅   +  −  ⋅   49. cos80º ⋅ cos 20º + sin 80º ⋅ sin 20º = cos ( 80º − 20º )
 2   2   2  2  = cos 60º
6 2 1
= − =
4 4 2
1
=
4
(
6− 2 ) 50. sin 70º ⋅ cos 40º − cos 70º ⋅ sin 40º = sin ( 70º − 40º )
= sin 30º
46. tan105º = tan ( 60º + 45º ) 1
=
tan 60º + tan 45º 2
=
1 − tan 60º tan 45º
3 +1
=
1 − 3 ⋅1
3 +1 1+ 3
= ⋅
1− 3 1+ 3
1+ 2 3 + 3
=
1− 3
4+2 3
=
−2
= −2− 3
805
π π 2 c. sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β

4 1 − cos 1−  4   12   3   5 
π 4 = 2 =  ⋅ −  −  ⋅ 
51. tan = tan   =
8 2 π 2  5   13   5   13 
1 + cos 1+ − 48 − 15 63
4 2 = =−
65 65
2− 2
= tan α + tan β
2+ 2 d. tan(α + β ) =
1 − tan α tan β
2− 2 2− 2
= ⋅ 4  5
2+ 2 2− 2 +− 
3  12 
=
(2 − 2 )
2
4  5 
= 1−   ⋅ − 
4  3   12 
2− 2 2 11
= ⋅ 11 9 33
2 2 = 12 = ⋅ =
14 12 14 56
2 2 −2
= 9
2
= 2 −1 4 3 24
e. sin(2α ) = 2sin α cos α = 2 ⋅ ⋅ =
5 5 25
 2
 5π  5π 1 −  −  f. cos(2 β ) = cos 2 β − sin 2 β
  1 − cos 2
5π  
= sin  4  = 4 = 2 2
52. sin  12   5  144 25 119
8  2  2 2 = −  −  = − =
 13   13  169 169 169
2+ 2
=
4 β 1 − cos β
g. sin =
2+ 2 2 2
=  12 
2 1−  − 
=  13 
4 π 5 π 2
53. sin α = , 0 < α < ; sin β = , < β < π 25
5 2 13 2
13 25 5 5 26
3 4 12 5 = = = =
cos α = , tan α = , cos β = − , tan β = − , 2 26 26 26
5 3 13 12
α π π β π α 1 + cos α
0< < , < < h. cos =
2 4 4 2 2 2 2
a. sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β 3 8
1+
 4   12   3   5  5 4 2 2 5
=  ⋅ −  +  ⋅  = = 5 = = =
 5   13   5   13  2 2 5 5 5
− 48 + 15 33
= =−
65 65 3 3π 12 3π
54. sin α = − , π < α < ; cos β = , < β < 2π
5 2 13 2
4 3 5 5
 3   12   4   5  cos α = − , tan α = , sin β = − , tan β = − ,
=  ⋅ −  −  ⋅  5 4 13 12
 5   13   5   13  π α 3π 3π β
−36 − 20 56 < < , < <π
= =− 2 2 4 4 2
65 65
806
a. sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β α 1 + cos α

h. cos =−
 3   12   4   5  2 2
=  − ⋅  +  − ⋅ − 
 5   13   5   13   4
−36 + 20 1+  − 
= =−  5
65 2
16
=− 1
65 1 1 10
=− 5 =− =− =−
b. cos(α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β 2 10 10 10
 4   12   3   5 
=  − ⋅  −  − ⋅ − 
 5   13   5   13  3 3π 12 π
55. tan α = , π < α < ; tan β = , 0 < β <
− 48 − 15 4 2 5 2
=
65 3 4 12 5
63 sin α = − , cos α = − , sin β = , cos β = ,
=− 5 5 13 13
65 π α 3π β π
< < , 0< <
c. sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β 2 2 4 2 4
a. sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β
 3   12   4   5 
=  − ⋅  −  − ⋅ −   3   5   4   12 
 5   13   5   13  =  − ⋅  +  − ⋅ 
−36 − 20  5   13   5   13 
= 15 48
65 =− −
56 65 65
=− 63
65 =−
65
tan α + tan β
d. tan(α + β ) = b. cos(α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β
1 − tan α tan β
 4   5   3   12 
3  5 1 =  − ⋅  −  − ⋅ 
+−   5   13   5   13 
4  12  1 16 16
= = 3 = ⋅ = =− +
20 36
3  5  21 3 21 63
1−  −  65 65
4  12  16 16
=
e. sin(2α ) = 2sin α cos α 65
 3   4  24 c. sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β
= 2⋅ − ⋅ −  =
 5   5  25  3   5   4   12 
=  − ⋅  −  − ⋅ 
 5   13   5   13 
f. cos(2 β ) = cos 2 β − sin 2 β 15 48
2 2 =− +
 12   5  65 65
=   −− 
 13   13  33
=
144 25 119 65
= − =
169 169 169
tan α + tan β
d. tan(α + β ) =
β 1 − cos β 1 − tan α tan β
g. sin =
2 2 3 12
+
12 1 = 4 5
1−  3   12 
13 = 13 = 1 1 26 1−   
= = =
2 2 26 26 26  4  5 
63
63  5  63
= 20 =  −  = −
4 20  4  16
−
5
807
 3   4  24 tan α + tan β
e. sin(2α ) = 2sin α cos α = 2  −   −  = d. tan(α + β ) =
 5   5  25 1 − tan α tan β
f. cos(2 β ) = cos 2 β − sin 2 β =

(
− 3 + −2 2 )
2 2
 5   12  25 144 119 1 − ( − 3 )( − 2 2 )
=   −  = − =−
 13   13  169 169 169  − 3 − 2 2   1+ 2 6 
=   ⋅  
β 1 − cos β  1− 2 6   1+ 2 6 
g. sin =
2 2 −9 3 − 8 2
=
5 8 − 23
1−
= 13 = 13 = 4 = 2 = 2 13 8 2 +9 3
2 2 13 13 13 =
23
α 1 + cos α  3  1  3
h. cos =− sin(2α ) = 2sin α cos α = 2  −
2 2 e.    = −
 2  2  2
 4
1+  − 
 5 f. cos(2 β ) = cos 2 β − sin 2 β
=− 2
2 1  2 2 
2
1 8 7
1 =   −  −  = − = −
3  3  9 9 9
1 1 10
=− 5 =− =− =−
2 10 10 10 β 1 − cos β
g. sin =
2 2
π 3π
56. sec α = 2, − < α < 0; sec β = 3, < β < 2π 1 2
2 2 1−
= 3 = 3 = 1= 1 = 3
3 1 2 2 3 3 3
sin α = − , cos α = , tan α = − 3,
2 2
2 2 1 α 1 + cos α
sin β = − , cos β = , tan β = − 2 2, h. cos =
3 3 2 2
π α 3π β 1 3
− < < 0, < <π 1+
4 2 4 2 2 = 2 = 3 3
= =
a. sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β 2 2 4 2
3 1 1 2 2 
=−  + −  2 3π 2 3π
2  3  2  3  57. sin α = − , π < α < ; cos β = − , π < β <
3 2 3 2
− 3−2 2
= 5 2 5 5
6 cos α = − , tan α = , sin β = − ,
3 5 3
b. cos(α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β 5 π α 3π π β 3π
tan β = , < < , < <
1 1  3  2 2  2 2 2 4 2 2 4
= ⋅ −  −  − 
2 3  2   3  a. sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β
1− 2 6  2  2   5  5
= =  −   −  +  −  − 
6  3   3   3  3 
4 5
c. sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β = +
9 9
3 1 1  2 2 =1
=− ⋅ − ⋅ − 
2 3 2  3 
− 3+2 2
=
6
808
b. cos(α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β  5

 1 +  − 
5  2   2  5 α 1 + cos α 3 
=  −   −  −  −   −  h. cos = − =− 
 3  3   3  3  2 2 2
2 5 2 5 3− 5
= −
9 9 3
=0 =−
2
c. sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β 3− 5
=−
 2  2   5  5 6
=  −   −  −  −   − 
 3   3   3   3 
=−
(
6 3− 5 )
4 5 6
= −
9 9 6 3− 5
1 =−
=− 6
9
tan α + tan β  3 1
d. tan(α + β ) = 58. cos  sin −1 − cos −1 
1 − tan α tan β  5 2
2 5 5 3 1
+ Let α = sin −1 and β = cos −1 . α is in
5 2
= 5 2
2 5 5 3
1− ⋅ quadrant I; β is in quadrant I. Then sin α = ,
5 2 5
4 5 +5 5 π 1 π
0≤α ≤ , and cos β = , 0 ≤ β ≤ .
10 2 2 2
=
1−1 cos α = 1 − sin 2 α
9 5 3
2
9 16 4
= 1−   = 1− = =
= 10 ; Undefined 5 25 25 5
0
sin β = 1 − cos 2 β
e. sin(2α ) = 2sin α cos α
2
 2  5 4 5 1 1 3 3
= 2  −   − = 1−   = 1− = =
= 2 4 4 2
 3   3  9
 3 1 
cos  sin −1 − cos −1  = cos (α − β )
 5 2
f. cos(2 β ) = cos 2 β − sin 2 β = cos α cos β + sin α sin β
2 4 1 3 3
 2  5
2
4 5 1 = ⋅ + ⋅
=  −  −  −  = − = − 5 2 5 2
 3  3  9 9 9
4 3 3 4+3 3
= + =
β 1 − cos β 10 10 10
g. sin =
2 2
 5 4
 2 5 59. sin  cos −1 − cos −1 
1−  −   13 5 
=  3 = 3 = 5 = 30
−1 5 4
2 2 6 6 Let α = cos and β = cos −1 . α is in
13 5
5
quadrant I; β is in quadrant I. Then cos α = ,
13
π 4 π
0≤α ≤ , and cos β = , 0 ≤ β ≤ .
2 5 2
809
sin α = 1 − cos 2 α   1  3 
tan sin −1  −  − tan −1    = tan (α − β )
2   2   4 
5 25 144 12
= 1−   = 1− = = tan α − tan β
13
  169 169 13 =
1 + tan α tan β
3 3
4
2
16 9 3 − −
= 1−   = 1− = = = 3 4
5
  25 25 5  3  3 
1 +  −   
 −1 5 4  3  4 
sin  cos − cos −1  = sin (α − β )
 13 5
−4 3 −9
= sin α cos β − cos α sin β
12 4 5 3 = 12
= ⋅ − ⋅ 3 3
13 5 13 5 1−
48 15 33 12
= − =
65 65 65 −9 − 4 3 12 + 3 3
= ⋅
12 − 3 3 12 + 3 3
  1 3
60. tan sin −1  −  − tan −1  −144 − 75 3
  2  4  =
117
 1  3 − 48 − 25 3
Let α = sin −1  −  and β = tan −1 . α is in =
 2 4 39
quadrant IV; β is in quadrant I. Then,
48 + 25 3
1 π 3 =−
sin α = −
, 0 ≤ α ≤ , and tan β = , 39
2 2 4
π   4 
0<β < . 61. cos  tan −1 (−1) + cos −1  −  
2   5 
cos α = 1 − sin 2 α  4
2
Let α = tan −1 (−1) and β = cos −1  −  . α is in
 1 1 3 3  5
= 1−  −  = 1− = =
 2  4 4 2 quadrant IV; β is in quadrant II. Then
1 3 π 4
tan α = −1, − < α < 0 , and cos β = − ,
tan α = − =− 2 5
3 3
π
≤β ≤π.
2
sec α = 1 + tan 2 α = 1 + (−1) 2 = 2
1 2
cos α = =
2 2
sin α = − 1 − cos 2 α
2
 2 1 1 2
= − 1 −   = − 1 − = − =−
 2  2 2 2
2
 4 16 9 3
= 1−  −  = 1− = =
 5 25 25 5
810
  4  1
cos  tan −1 (−1) + cos −1  −   = cos (α + β ) 64. cos θ =
  5  2
= cos α cos β − sin α sin β π 5π
θ= + 2kπ or θ = + 2kπ , k is any integer
 2  4   2  3  3 3
=    −  −  −   
 2  5   2  5   π 5π 
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  , .
−4 2 3 2 3 3 
= +
10 10
2 65. tan θ + 3 = 0
=−
10 tan θ = − 3
2π
  3  θ= + k π , k is any integer
62. sin  2 cos −1  −   3
  5  On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
 3  2π 5π 
Let α = cos −1  −  . α is in quadrant II. Then  , .
 5  3 3 
3 π
cos α = − , ≤ α ≤ π .
5 2 66. sin(2θ ) + 1 = 0
sin α = 1 − cos 2 α sin(2θ ) = −1
2 3π
 3 9 16 4 2θ = + 2kπ
= 1−  −  = 1− = = 2
 5  25 25 5
3π
  3  θ= + kπ , k is any integer
sin  2cos −1  −   = sin 2α 4
  5  On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
= 2sin α cos α  3π 7π 
 4  3  24  , 
= 2   −  = − 4 4 
 5  5  25
67. tan ( 2θ ) = 0
 4
63. cos  2 tan −1  2θ = 0 + k π
 3
kπ
4 θ= , where k is any integer
Let α = tan −1 . α is in quadrant I. Then 2
3
4 π
tan α = , 0 < α < .  π 3π 
3 2 0, , π , .
 2 2 
sec α = tan 2 α + 1
4
2
16 25 5 68. sec 2 θ = 4
=   +1 = +1 = = sec θ = ±2
 
3 9 9 3
1
3 cos θ = ±
cos α = 2
5
π 2π
 4 θ= +k π or θ= +kπ ,
cos  2 tan −1  = cos ( 2α ) 3 3
 3 where k is any integer
= 2 cos 2 α − 1 On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
2
3  9  7  π 2π 4π 5π 
= 2   −1 = 2   −1 = −  , , , .
5  25  25 3 3 3 3 
811
69. 0.2sin θ = 0.05 73. 4sin 2 θ = 1 + 4 cos θ

Find the intersection of Y1 = 0.2sin θ and
Y2 = 0.05 :
( )
4 1 − cos 2 θ = 1 + 4 cos θ
4 − 4 cos θ = 1 + 4 cos θ
2
4 cos θ + 4 cos θ − 3 = 0
2
( 2 cos θ − 1)( 2 cos θ + 3) = 0

2 cos θ − 1 = 0 or 2 cos θ + 3 = 0
1 3
cos θ = cos θ = −
On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , x ≈ 0.25 or 2 2
x ≈ 2.89 π 5π (not possible)
θ= ,
The solution set is {0.25, 2.89} . 3 3
 π 5π 
70. sin θ + sin(2θ ) = 0 On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  , .
3 3 
sin θ + 2sin θ cos θ = 0
sin θ (1 + 2 cos θ ) = 0 74. sin ( 2θ ) = 2 cos θ
1 + 2 cos θ = 0 or sin θ = 0 2sin θ cos θ = 2 cos θ
1 θ = 0, π 2sin θ cos θ − 2 cos θ = 0
cos θ = −
2
2π 4 π
(
cos θ 2sin θ − 2 = 0 )
θ= ,
3 3 cos θ = 0 or 2sin θ − 2 = 0
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is π 3π 2
θ= , sin θ =
 2π 4π  2 2 2
0, ,π ,  .
 3 3  π 3π
θ= ,
4 4
71. sin(2θ ) − cos θ − 2sin θ + 1 = 0
 π π 3π 3π 
2sin θ cos θ − cos θ − 2sin θ + 1 = 0 On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  , , , .
4 2 4 2 
cos θ (2sin θ − 1) − 1(2sin θ − 1) = 0
(2sin θ − 1)(cos θ − 1) = 0 75. sin θ − cos θ = 1
1 Divide each side by 2 :
sin θ = or cos θ = 1 1 1 1
2 sin θ − cos θ =
θ =0
π 5π 2 2 2
θ= ,
Rewrite in the difference of two angles form
6 6
 π 5π  1 1 π
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is 0, ,  . where cos φ = , sin φ = , and φ = :
 6 6  2 2 4
1
sin θ cos φ − cos θ sin φ =
72. 2sin 2 θ − 3sin θ + 1 = 0 2
(2sin θ − 1)(sin θ − 1) = 0 2
sin(θ − φ ) =
2sin θ − 1 = 0 or sin θ − 1 = 0 2
1 sin θ = 1
sin θ =
2 π
θ=
π 5π 2
θ= ,
6 6
 π π 5π 
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  , , .
6 2 6 
812
π 3π quadrant II. The calculator yields

θ −φ = or θ − φ =
4 4  1
π π π 3π  4
θ − = or θ − =
4 4 4 4 quadrant IV. Since θ lies in quadrant II,
π θ ≈ −0.24 + π ≈ 2.90 . Therefore,
θ= or θ = π
2 cot −1 ( −4 ) ≈ 2.90 .
π 
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  , π  .
2 
76. sin −1 ( 0.7 ) ≈ 0.78
81. 2 x = 5cos x
Find the intersection of Y1 = 2 x and
Y2 = 5cos x :
6
77. tan −1 ( −2 ) ≈ −1.11
−2π 2π
−6
x ≈ 1.11
78. cos −1 ( −0.2 ) ≈ 1.77
The solution set is {1.11} .
82. 2sin x + 3cos x = 4 x

Find the intersection of Y1 = 2sin x + 3cos x and
Y2 = 4 x :
1 6
79. sec−1 ( 3) = cos −1  
3
We seek the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose cosine −2π 2π
1 1
equals . Now cos θ = , so θ lies in
3 3
−6
1 x ≈ 0.87 .
quadrant I. The calculator yields cos −1 ≈ 1.23 ,
3 The solution set is {0.87} .
which is an angle in quadrant I, so
sec−1 ( 3) ≈ 1.23 . 83. sin x = ln x
Find the intersection of Y1 = sin x and Y2 = ln x :
2
−2π 2π
 1
80. cot −1 ( −4 ) = tan −1  − 
 4 −2
We seek the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose tangent
x ≈ 2.22
1 1
equals − . Now tan θ = − , so θ lies in The solution set is {2.22} .
4 4
813
84. −3sin −1 x = π Verifying equality:

1 6− 2
sin −1 x = −
3
π
4
( 6− 2 = ) 4
 π 2⋅ 3− 2
x = sin  −  =
 3 4
=−
3
=
2 ( 3 −1 )
2 4
 3 
( ) 
2
The solution set is − .  2 3 −1
 2  = 
 4 
 
85. 2 cos −1 x + π = 4 cos −1 x
−2 cos −1 x + π = 0 =
(
2 3 − 2 3 +1 )
−2 cos −1 x = −π 16
cos −1 x =
π
=
(
2 4−2 3 )
2 16
π
x = cos
2
=0
=
(
2⋅2 2 − 3 )
The solution set is {0}. 16
86. Using a half-angle formula: 2− 3

=
 30°  4
sin15° = sin  
 2  2− 3
=
1 − cos 30° 2
=
2
87. Given the value of cos θ , the most efficient
3 Double-angle Formula to use is
1−
= 2 = 2− 3 = 2− 3 cos ( 2θ ) = 2 cos 2 θ − 1 .
2 4 2
Note: since 15º lies in quadrant I, we have
sin15° > 0 .
Chapter 6 Test
Using a difference formula:
sin15° = sin(45° − 30°)  2 
1. Let θ = sec−1   . We seek the angle θ , such
= sin(45°) cos(30°) − cos(45°) sin(30°)  3
π
2 3 2 1 that 0 ≤ θ ≤ π and θ ≠ , whose secant equals
= ⋅ − ⋅ 2
2 2 2 2
2
6 2 6− 2 1 . The only value in the restricted range with
=
4
−
4
=
4
=
4
( 6− 2 ) 3
2 π  2  π
a secant of is . Thus, sec −1  = .
3 6  3 6
 2
2. Let θ = sin −1  −  . We seek the angle θ , such
 2 
π π 2
that − ≤θ ≤ , whose sine equals − . The
2 2 2
814
Chapter 6 Chapter Test
only value in the restricted range with a sine of  3

6. Let θ = cos −1  −  .
2 π  2 π  4
− is − . Thus, sin −1  − =− .
 
2 4  2  4   3 
sec cos −1  −   = sec θ
  4 
 11π  1
3. sin −1  sin  follows the form of the equation =
 5  cos θ
1
( ) ( )
f −1 f ( x ) = sin −1 sin ( x ) = x , but because
=
 3 
cos  cos −1  −  
11π  π π   4 
is not in the interval  − ,  , we cannot 1
5  2 2 = 3
−4
directly use the equation.
We need to find an angle θ in the interval 4
=−
3
 π π 11π
 − 2 , 2  for which sin 5 = sin θ . The angle
  7. sin −1 ( 0.382 ) ≈ 0.39 radian
11π
is in quadrant I. The reference angle of
5
11π π 11π π π
is and sin = sin . Since is in
5 5 5 5 5
 π π
the interval  − ,  , we can apply the equation  1 
 2 2 8. sec−1 1.4 = cos −1   ≈ 0.78 radian
 1.4 
 11π  π
above and get sin −1  sin = .
 5  5
 7
4. tan  tan −1  follows the form
 3
( ) (
f f −1 ( x ) = tan tan −1 x = x . Since the)
domain of the inverse tangent is all real numbers,
we can directly apply this equation to get 9. tan −1 3 ≈ 1.25 radians
 7 7
tan  tan −1  = .
 3 3
(
5. cot csc−1 10 )
r π π 1
Since csc−1 θ = = 10 , − ≤ θ ≤ , let 10. cot −1 5 = tan −1   ≈ 0.20 radian
y 2 2 5
r = 10 and y = 1 . Solve for x:
( 10 )
2
x 2 + 12 =
x 2 + 1 = 10
x2 = 9
x=3
θ is in quadrant I.
(
Thus, cot csc−1 10 = cot θ = ) x 3
= = 3.
y 1
815
csc θ + cot θ sin (α + β )

11. 14.
sec θ + tan θ tan α + tan β
csc θ + cot θ csc θ − cot θ sin α cos β + cos α sin β
= ⋅ =
sec θ + tan θ csc θ − cot θ sin α sin β
+
csc2 θ − cot 2 θ cos α cos β
=
( sec θ + tan θ )( cscθ − cot θ ) =
1 sin α cos β cos α sin β
= +
( sec θ + tan θ )( cscθ − cot θ ) cos α cos β cos α cos β
1 sec θ − tan θ sin α cos β + cos α sin β
= ⋅ =
( sec θ + tan θ )( cscθ − cot θ ) sec θ − tan θ
cos α cos β
sec θ − tan θ
= sin α cos β + cos α sin β cos α cos β
(sec 2
)
θ − tan 2 θ ( csc θ − cot θ ) =
1
⋅
sec θ − tan θ = cos α cos β
=
csc θ − cot θ
15. sin ( 3θ )
sin θ = sin (θ + 2θ )
12. sin θ tan θ + cos θ = sin θ ⋅ + cos θ
cos θ = sin θ cos ( 2θ ) + cos θ sin ( 2θ )
sin θ cos 2 θ
2
=
cos θ
+
cos θ
( )
= sin θ cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ + cos θ ⋅ 2sin θ cos θ
sin θ + cos 2 θ
2 = sin θ cos θ − sin θ + 2sin θ cos 2 θ
2 3
=
cos θ = 3sin θ cos 2 θ − sin 3 θ
=
1
cos θ
(
= 3sin θ 1 − sin 2 θ − sin 3 θ )
= sec θ = 3sin θ − 3sin θ − sin 3 θ
3
= 3sin θ − 4sin 3 θ
sin θ cos θ
13. tan θ + cot θ = +
cos θ sin θ sin θ cos θ
2 2 tan θ − cot θ cos θ − sin θ
sin θ cos θ 16. =
= + tan θ + cot θ sin θ cos θ
sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ +
cos θ sin θ
sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ
sin θ cos θ
= sin θ cos θ
1
= sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ
sin θ cos θ
sin θ cos θ
2
2sin θ cos θ =
sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ
2 − cos ( 2θ )
=
sin ( 2θ ) =
1
= 2 csc ( 2θ ) (
= − 2 cos 2 θ − 1 )
2
= 1 − 2 cos θ
816
Chapter 6 Chapter Test
17. cos15° = cos ( 45° − 30° ) y 6 6 85

tan θ = = =
= cos 45° cos 30° + sin 45° sin 30° x 85 85
2 3 2 1  6 85 
= ⋅ + ⋅ 2
2 2 2 2 
tan ( 2θ ) =
2 tan θ  85 
=
4
2
(3 +1 ) 1 − tan 2 θ
=
 6 85 
2
1−  
6+ 2
=
4
or
1
4
(
6+ 2 )  85 
12 85
12 85 85
18. tan 75° = tan ( 45° + 30° ) = 85 = ⋅
36 85 49
tan 45° + tan 30° 1−
= 85
1 − tan 45° tan 30° 12 85
3 =
1+ 49
= 3
3  2 3
1 − 1⋅ 21. cos  sin −1 + tan −1 
3  3 2
3+ 3 2 3
= Let α = sin −1 and β = tan −1 . Then
3− 3 3 2
3+ 3 3+ 3 2 3
= ⋅ sin α = and tan β = , and both α and β
3− 3 3+ 3 3 2
9+6 3 +3 y 2
= lie in quadrant I. Since sin α = 1 = , let
32 − 3 r1 3
12 + 6 3 y1 = 2 and r1 = 3 . Solve for x1 : x12 + 22 = 32
=
6 x12 + 4 = 9
= 2+ 3
x12 = 5
1 3 x1 = 5
19. sin  cos −1 
2 5 x1 5
Thus, cos α = = .
3 π r1 3
Let θ = cos −1 . Since 0 < θ < (from the
5 2 y2 3
−1
Since tan β = = , let x2 = 2 and y2 = 3 .
range of cos x ), x2 2
1  1 − cos θ Solve for x2 : 22 + 32 = r2 2
sin  θ  =
2  2 4 + 9 = r2 2
1 − cos  cos −1 
3 r2 2 = 13
 5 1 − 53
= = r2 = 13
2 2
y2 3
1 5 Thus, sin β = = .
= = r2 13
5 5
Therefore, cos (α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β
 6
20. tan  2sin −1  5 2 2 3
 11  = ⋅ − ⋅
3 13 3 13
6 6
Let θ = sin −1 . Then sin θ = and θ lies in 2 5 −6
11 11 =
y 6 3 13
quadrant I. Since sin θ = = , let y = 6 and
r 11
r = 11 , and solve for x: x 2 + 62 = 112 =
2 13 ( 5 −3 )
39
x 2 = 85
x = 85
817
22. Let α = 75° , β = 15° . On the interval [ 0, 2π ) , the sine function takes on
1 a value of 0 when θ = 0 or θ = π . The cosine
Since sin α cos β = sin (α + β ) + sin (α − β )  ,
2
1 1
sin 75° cos15° = sin ( 90° ) + sin ( 60° )  function takes on a value of − in the second and
2 3
1 3 1 2+ 3
= 1 +
2
= 2+ 3 =
2  4
( ) 4
third quadrants when θ = π − cos −1 and
1
3
1
θ = π + cos −1 . That is θ ≈ 1.911 and θ ≈ 4.373 .
23. sin 75° + sin15° 3
 75° + 15°   75° − 15°  The solution set is {0,1.911, π , 4.373} .
= 2sin   cos  
 2   2 
 2  3  6 27. cos 2 θ + 2sin θ cos θ − sin 2 θ = 0
= 2sin ( 45° ) cos ( 30° ) = 2   =
 2  2  2 ( cos 2
θ − sin 2 θ ) + 2sin θ cos θ = 0
cos ( 2θ ) + sin ( 2θ ) = 0
24. cos 65° cos 20° + sin 65° sin 20°
sin ( 2θ ) = − cos ( 2θ )
2
= cos ( 65° − 20° ) = cos ( 45° ) = tan ( 2θ ) = −1
2
The tangent function takes on the value −1
25. 4sin 2 θ − 3 = 0 3π
when its argument is + kπ . Thus, we need
4
4sin 2 θ = 3
3π
3 2θ = + kπ
sin 2 θ = 4
4 3π π
3 θ= +k
sin θ = ± 8 2
2 π
On the interval [ 0, 2π ) , the sine function takes θ=
8
( 3 + 4k )
3 π 2π On the interval [ 0, 2π ) , the solution set is
on a value of when θ = or θ = . The
2
sine takes on a value of −

3
3
when θ =
3
4π
and
{π
3 7π 11π 15π
, ,
8 8 8
,
8
. }
2 3
θ=
5π
3
. The solution set is ,{
π 2π 4π 5π
,
3 3 3 3
, . }
π 
26. −3cos  − θ  = tan θ
 2 
−3sin θ = tan θ
sin θ
0= + 3sin θ
cos θ
 1 
0 = sin θ  + 3
 cos θ 
1
sin θ = 0 or +3 = 0
cos θ
1
cos θ = −
3
818
Chapter 6 Cumulative Review
28. sin (θ + 1) = cos θ Chapter 6 Cumulative Review

sin θ cos1 + cos θ sin1 = cos θ
sin θ cos1 + cos θ sin1 cos θ 1. 3x 2 + x − 1 = 0
=
cos θ cos θ −b ± b 2 − 4ac
x=
tan θ cos1 + sin1 = 1 2a
tan θ cos1 = 1 − sin1 −1 ± 12 − 4 ( 3)( −1)
=
tan θ =
1 − sin1 2 ( 3)
cos1
−1 ± 1 + 12
 1 − sin1  =
Therefore, θ = tan −1   ≈ 0.285 or 6
 cos1 
−1 ± 13
1 − sin1  =
θ = π + tan −1   ≈ 3.427 6
 cos1   −1 − 13 −1 + 13 
The solution set is {0.285,3.427} . The solution set is  , .
 6 6 
29. 4sin 2 θ + 7 sin θ = 2
2. Line containing points (−2,5) and (4, −1) :
4sin 2 θ + 7 sin θ − 2 = 0
y2 − y1 −1 − 5 −6
Let u = sin θ . Then, m= = = = −1
x2 − x1 4 − ( −2 ) 6
4u 2 + 7u − 2 = 0
Using y − y1 = m( x − x1 ) with point (4, −1) ,
( 4u − 1)( u + 2 ) = 0
y − (−1) = −1( x − 4 )
4u − 1 = 0 or u + 2 = 0
y + 1 = −1( x − 4 )
4u = 1 u = −2
1 y +1 = −x + 4
u= y = − x + 3 or x + y = 3
4
Substituting back in terms of θ , we have
Distance between points (−2,5) and (4, −1) :
1
sin θ = or sin θ = −2
( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 )
2 2
4 d=
The second equation has no solution since
( 4 − ( −2 ) ) + ( −1 − 5)2
2
−1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1 for all values of θ . =
Therefore, we only need to find values of θ
= 62 + ( −6 ) = 72 = 36 ⋅ 2 = 6 2
2
1
between 0 and 2π such that sin θ = . These
4 Midpoint of segment with endpoints (−2,5) and
will occur in the first and second quadrants.
1 (4, −1) :
Thus, θ = sin −1 ≈ 0.253 and
4  x1 + x2 y1 + y2   −2 + 4 5 + ( −1) 
−1 1
 2 , 2  =  2 , 2  = (1, 2 )
θ = π − sin ≈ 2.889 .    
4
3. 3x + y 2 = 9
x-intercept: 3x + 02 = 9 ; ( 3, 0 )
3x = 9
x=3
y-intercepts: 3 ( 0 ) + y 2 = 9 ; ( 0, −3) , ( 0,3)
y2 = 9
y = ±3
819
Tests for symmetry:  π

6. y = cos  x −  − 1
x-axis: Replace y with − y : 3x + ( − y ) = 9
2
 2
3x + y 2 = 9 Using the graph of y = cos x , horizontally shift
Since we obtain the original equation, the graph π
to the right units, and vertically shift down 1
is symmetric with respect to the x-axis. 2
unit.
y-axis: Replace x with − x : 3 ( − x ) + y 2 = 9
−3x + y 2 = 9
Since we do not obtain the original equation, the
graph is not symmetric with respect to the y-axis.
Origin: Replace x with − x and y with − y :
3( −x ) + ( − y ) = 9
2
−3x + y 2 = 9
Since we do not obtain the original equation, the
graph is not symmetric with respect to the origin.
7. a. y = x3
y
4. y = x − 3 + 2 5
Using the graph of y = x , shift horizontally to

(1, 1)
the right 3 units and vertically up 2 units. x
−5(−1,−1) (0, 0) 5
−5
Inverse function: y = 3 x
y
5
(1, 1)
−5 (0, 0) 5 x
x (−1,−1)
5. y = 3e − 2
Using the graph of y = e x , stretch vertically by a −5
factor of 3, and shift down 2 units.
820
b. y = ex Inverse function: y = sin −1 x

y y
5
2  _ π
 1, 2 
 1 _ (1, e)  
 −1, e 
  (0, 1)
−5 5 x −2 (0, 0) 2 x
 π_
 −1, − 2 
  −2
−5
Inverse function: y = ln x
y
5
(e, 1)
−5 (1, 0) 5 x
_1 
 e , −1
 
−5
d. y = cos x , 0 ≤ x ≤ π
y
(0, 1) π_ 
 2 , 0
 
−1 3 x
−1 (π,−1)
Inverse function: y = cos −1 x

y
π π (−1, π)
c. y = sin x , − ≤x≤ 3
2 2
y
 π _
 0, 2 
 
2
_π  x
 2 , 1
 
−1 (1, 0) 3
−1
−2 (0, 0) 2 x
 π_ 
 − 2 , −1
 
−2
821
1
8. sin θ = − , π < θ <
3π
, so θ lies in Quadrant III. (
9. cos tan −1 2 )
3 2
y 2
a. In Quadrant III, cos θ < 0 Let θ = tan −1 2 . Then tan θ = = ,
x 1
2
 1 π π
cos θ = − 1 − sin 2 θ = − 1 −  −  − ≤ θ ≤ . Let x = 1 and y = 2 .
 3 2 2
1 8 Solve for r: r 2 = x 2 + y 2
= − 1− =−
9 9 r 2 = 12 + 22
2 2 r2 = 5
=−
3
r= 5
1 θ is in quadrant I.
sin θ −
b. tan θ = = 3
x 1 1 5 5
cos θ
−
2 2 ( )
cos tan −1 2 = cos θ =
r
=
5
= ⋅
5 5
=
5
3
1 3  1 2
= − − = =
3  2 2  2 2 4
1 π 1 3π
 1  2 2  10. sin α = , < α < π ; cos β = − , π < β <
c. sin(2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ = 2  −   −  3 2 3 2
 3  3  π
a. Since < α < π , we know that α lies in
4 2 2
= Quadrant II and cos α < 0 .
9
d. cos(2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ cos α = − 1 − sin 2 α
2
2
 2 2   1 2 8 1 7 1 1 8
= − = − 1−   = − 1− = −
 − = − =
 3   3  9 9 9 3 9 9
2 2
3π π θ 3π =−
e. Since π < θ < , we have that < < . 3
2 2 2 4
1 1  3π
Thus, θ lies in Quadrant II and sin  θ  > 0 . b. π <β < , we know that β lies in
2 2  2
Quadrant III and sin β < 0 .
 2 2
1−  −
1  1 − cos θ  3  sin β = − 1 − cos 2 β
sin  θ  = = 2
2  2 2  1
= − 1−  − 
3+ 2 2  3
3 3+ 2 2 1 8 2 2
= = = − 1− =− =−
2 6 9 9 3
θ lies in Quadrant II, cos  θ  < 0 .

1 1 c. cos(2α ) = cos 2 α − sin 2 α
f. Since
2 2  2
 2 2   1 2 8 1 7
= −  − = − =
 2 2
1+  −  3   3  9 9 9
1  1 + cos θ  3 
cos  θ  = − =− d. cos(α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β
2  2 2
3−2 2 2 2  1 1 2 2 
=− − − − 
3 3− 2 2 3  3  3  3 
=− =−
2 6 2 2 2 2 4 2
= + =
9 9 9
822
3π π β 3π Factoring:
e. Since π < β < , we have that < < .
2 2 2 4 2 x3 − x 2 − 2 x + 1 = x 2 ( 2 x − 1) − 1( 2 x − 1)
β β
Thus,
2
lies in Quadrant II and sin
2
>0. (
= ( 2 x − 1) x 2 − 1 )
1 −  − 
1 = ( 2 x − 1)( x − 1)( x + 1)
β1 − cos β  3 Therefore,
sin = =
2 2 2
f ( x ) = ( 2 x − 1)( x − 1) ( x + 1)
2 2
4
3 = 4= 2 =2 6= 6  1
= 2  x −  ( x − 1) ( x + 1)
2 2
=
2 6 6 6 3  2 
The real zeros are −1 and 1 (both with
11. f ( x) = 2 x5 − x 4 − 4 x3 + 2 x 2 + 2 x − 1 1
multiplicity 2) and (multiplicity 1).
2
a. f ( x ) has at most 5 real zeros.
1
Possible rational zeros: b. x-intercepts: 1, , −1
2
p 1 y-intercept: −1
p = ±1; q = ±1, ± 2; = ±1, ±
q 2
1 
Using the Bounds on Zeros Theorem: The intercepts are (0, −1) , (1, 0) ,  , 0  ,
2 
(
f ( x) = 2 x 5 − 0.5 x 4 − 2 x3 + x 2 + x − 0.5 ) and (−1, 0)
a4 = − 0.5, a3 = −2, a2 = 1, a1 = 1, a0 = −0.5
c. f resembles the graph of y = 2 x5 for large
Max {1, −0.5 + 1 + 1 + −2 + −0.5 } x .
= Max {1, 5} = 5
d. Let Y1 = 2 x 5 − x 4 − 4 x3 + 2 x 2 + 2 x − 1
1 + Max { − 0.5 , 1 , 1 , −2 , −0.5 }
= 1+ 2 = 3
The smaller of the two numbers is 3. Thus,
every zero of f must lie between −3 and 3.
Use synthetic division with –1:

−1 2 − 1 − 4 2 2 −1
−2 3 1 −3 1 e. Four turning points exist. Use the
2 − 3 −1 3 −1 0 MAXIMUM and MINIMUM features to
locate local maxima at ( −1, 0 ) , ( 0.69, 0.10 )
Since the remainder is 0, x − ( −1) = x + 1 is
and local minima at (1, 0 ) , ( −0.29, −1.33) .
a factor. The other factor is the quotient:
2 x 4 − 3 x3 − x 2 + 3x − 1 .
f. To graph by hand, we determine some additional
Use synthetic division with 1 on the information about the intervals between the x-
quotient: intercepts:
1 2 − 3 −1 3 −1 Interval ( −∞, −1) ( −1, 0.5) ( 0.5,1) (1, ∞ )
2 −1 − 2 1 Test
−2 0 0.7 2
number
2 −1 − 2 1 0
Value
−45 −1 ≈ 0.1 27
Since the remainder is 0, x − 1 is a factor. of f
The other factor is the quotient: Below Below Above Above
Location
2 x3 − x 2 − 2 x + 1 . x-axis x-axis x-axis x-axis
Point ( −2, −45) ( 0, −1) ( 0.7, 0.1) ( 2, 27 )
823
f is above the x-axis for ( 0.5,1) and  1  1 

Interval ( −∞, −1)
 −1, − 2  − 2 ,∞
(1,∞ ) , and below the x-axis for ( −∞, −1)    
and ( −1,0.5 ) . Test number −2 −0.75 0
Value of f 3 −0.125 1
Conclusion Positive Negative Positive
 1 
The solution set is ( −∞, −1) ∪  − , ∞  .
 2 
d. f ( x) ≥ g ( x)
2 x + 3x + 1 ≥ x2 + 3x + 2
2
x2 − 1 ≥ 0
( x + 1)( x − 1) ≥ 0
g. f is increasing on ( −∞, −1) , ( −0.29, 0.69 ) , p ( x ) = ( x − 1)( x + 1)
and (1,∞ ) . f is decreasing on ( −1, −0.29 ) The zeros of p are x = −1 and x = 1 .
and ( 0.69,1) . Interval ( −∞, −1) ( −1,1) (1, ∞ )
Test number −2 0 2
12. f ( x) = 2 x 2 + 3 x + 1 ; g ( x) = x 2 + 3x + 2 Value of p 3 −1 3
a. f ( x) = 0 Conclusion Positive Negative Positive
2 x 2 + 3x + 1 = 0
The solution set is ( −∞, −1] ∪ [1,∞ ) .
(2 x + 1)( x + 1) = 0
1
x = − or x = −1
2 Chapter 6 Projects
The solution set is −1, − { } 1
2
.
Project I – Internet Based Project
b. f ( x) = g ( x) Project II
2 x + 3x + 1 = x 2 + 3x + 2
2
a. Amplitude = 0.00421 m
x2 − 1 = 0
( x + 1)( x − 1) = 0 b. ω = 2.68 radians/sec
x = −1 or x = 1
ω 2.68
The solution set is {−1, 1} . c. f = = ≈ 0.4265 vibrations/sec
2π 2π
c. f ( x) > 0 2π 2π
2 d. λ = = ≈ 0.09199 m
2 x + 3x + 1 > 0 k 68.3
(2 x + 1)( x + 1) > 0
e. If x = 1 , the resulting equation is
f ( x) = ( 2 x + 1)( x + 1)
y = 0.00421sin(68.3 − 2.68t ) . To graph, let
1 Y1 = 0.00421sin(68.3 − 2.68 x) .
The zeros of f are x = − and x = −1
2 0.005
−4 4
−0.005
824
Chapter 6 Projects
f. Note: (kx − ωt ) + (kx − ωt + φ ) = 2kx − 2ωt + φ and 2π ω

λ = 0.09 = f = 2.3 =
(kx − ωt ) − (kx − ωt + φ ) = −φ . k 2π
200π ω = 4.6π = 14.45
y1 + y2 = ym sin(kx − ωt ) + ym sin( kx − ωt + φ ) k= = 69.8
9
= ym [sin(kx − ωt ) + sin(kx − ωt + φ )] y1 = 0.0045sin(69.8 − 14.45t )
  2kx − 2 wt + φ   −φ   y2 = ym sin(kx − ωt + φ )
= ym  2sin   cos  
  2   2  = 0.0045sin(69.8 ⋅1 − 14.45t + 0.4)
 2kx − 2 wt + φ  φ  = 0.0045sin(70.2 − 14.45t )
= 2 ym sin   cos  2 
 2   
 2kx − 2ωt + φ  φ 
y1 + y2 = 2 ym sin   cos  2 
g. ym = 0.0045 , φ = 2.5 , λ = 0.09 , f = 2.3  2   
Let x = 1 :  2 ⋅ 69.8 ⋅ 1 − 2 ⋅ 14.45t + 0.4   0.4 
= 2 ⋅ 0.0045sin   cos  2 
2π ω  2   
λ = 0.09 = f = 2.3 =
k 2π  140 − 28.9t 
200π ω = 4.6π ≈ 14.45 = 0.009sin   cos(0.2)
k= ≈ 69.8  2 
9
= 0.009sin ( 70 − 14.45t ) cos(0.2)
y1 = ym sin(kx − ωt )
Let Y1 = 0.0045sin(69.8 − 14.45 x) ,
= 0.0045sin(69.8 ⋅1 − 14.45t )
Y2 = 0.0045sin(70.2 − 14.45 x) , and
= 0.0045sin(69.8 − 14.45t )
Y3 = 0.009sin ( 70 − 14.45 x ) cos(0.2) .
y2 = ym sin(kx − ωt + φ )
= 0.0045sin(69.8 ⋅1 − 14.45t + 2.5) 0.01 y1 + y2
y1
= 0.0045sin(72.3 − 14.45t ) y2
−0.4 0.4
 2kx − 2ωt + φ  φ 
y1 + y2 = 2 ym sin   cos  2 
 2   
 2 ⋅ 69.8 ⋅ 1 − 2 ⋅ 14.45t + 2.5   2.5  −0.01
= 2 ⋅ 0.0045sin   cos  2 
 2   
j. The phase shift causes the amplitude of y1 + y2
 142.1 − 28.9 t 
= 0.009sin   cos(1.25) to increase from 0.009 cos(1.25) ≈ 0.003 to
 2 
0.009 cos(0.2) ≈ 0.009 .
= 0.009sin ( 71.05 − 14.45t ) cos(1.25)
Project III
h. Let Y1 = 0.0045sin(69.8 − 14.45 x) ,
Y2 = 0.0045sin(72.3 − 14.45 x) , and y
a.
Y3 = 0.009sin ( 71.05 − 14.45 x ) cos(1.25) . h
0.01
y1 π 2π 3π 4π 5π x
y1 + y2 −h
−0.4 0.4
4  sin x sin(3 x) sin(5 x) sin(7 x) 
y2 b. Let Y1 = 1 + + + +
π  1 3 5 7 
−0.01 3
i. ym = 0.0045 , φ = 0.4 , λ = 0.09 , f = 2.3

Let x = 1 : 0 5π
−3
825
4  sin x sin(3 x) sin(17 x)  a. f ( x) = sin x (see table column 2)

c. Let Y1 = 1 + + + ... +
π  1 3 17  x f ( x) g ( x) h( x ) k ( x) m( x )
3
0 0 0.954 −0.311 −0.749 6.085
π 1
0.791 −0.703 2.437 4.011
0 5π 6 2
π 2
0.607 −1.341 1.387 −3.052
4 2
−3
π 3
0.256 −0.978 0.588 −1.243
4  sin x sin(3x) sin(37 x)  3 2
d. Let Y1 = 1 +  + + ... +
π 1 3 37  π
1 −0.256 −0.670 −0.063 0.413
3 2
2π 3
−0.607 −0.703 0.153 8.507
5π
3 2
0
3π 2
−0.791 −0.623 2.380 −6.822
4 2
−3 5π 1
−0.954 0 0.594 −2.695
e. The best one is the one with the most terms. 6 2
π −0.954
0 0.311 −0.817 1.536
Project IV 7π 1
−−0.791 −0.117 −0.013 −5.248
6 2
5π 2
− −0.607 1.341 −1.387 3.052
4 2
4π 3
− −0.256 0.978 −0.588 1.243
3 2
3π
−1 0.256 0.670 0.063 −0.705
2
5π 3
− 0.607 0.703 −0.306
3 2
7π 2
− 0.791 0.623
4 2
11π 1
− 0.954
6 2
2π 1
f ( xi +1 ) − f ( xi )
b. g ( x) = (see table column 3)
xi +1 − xi
c. 1.2
−0.5 6.5
−1.2
The shape looks like a sinusoidal graph.
826
Chapter 6 Projects
Rounding a, b, c, and d to the nearest tenth, we 12

have that y = sin( x + 1.8) .
Barring error due to rounding and
−0.5 5.5
approximation, this looks like y = cos x
g ( xi +1 ) − g ( xi ) −10
d. h( x) = (see table column 4)
xi +1 − xi
The sinusoidal features are gone.
1.8
−0.5 6.5
Rounding a, b, c, and d to the nearest tenth, we

−1.8
have that y = 2.1sin(5.1x − 1.5) + 0.6 .
The shape is sinusoidal. It looks like an upside-
down sine wave. g. It would seem that the curves would be less
“involved”, but the rounding error has become
incredibly great that the points are nowhere near
accurate at this point in calculating the differences.

have that y = 0.5sin(6.4 x ) .
h ( xi +1 ) − h ( xi )
e. k ( x) = (see table column 5)
xi +1 − xi
3
−0.5 6
−2
This curve is losing its sinusoidal features,
although it still looks like one. It takes on the
features of an upside-down cosine curve
.
have that y = 0.8sin(1.1x) + 0.3 .
Note: The rounding error is getting greater and
greater.
k ( xi +1 ) − k ( xi )
f. m( x) = (see table column 6)
xi +1 − xi
827
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Majd visszafelé mentem, keresztül a fenyőerdőn, itt-ott nyakig a
vörösfűben, és megtudtam, hogy a «Tarka kutya» kocsmárosa már
el volt hantolva. Végre elhaladva a kollégium mellett, hazaértem.
Egy férfi, aki az egyik kunyhó nyitott ajtajában állt, nevemen szólítva,
üdvözölt, mikor elhaladtam mellette.
Házamra pillantottam s a remény egy sugara villant fel bennem;
de csakhamar elhalványodott. A kaput feltörték; nem volt
elreteszelve s mikor oda értem, lassan kinyílt.
Újra becsukódott. Dolgozó-szobám függönyei félrelebbentek a
nyitott ablakról, ahol a tüzér meg én együtt virrasztottunk azon a
reggelen. Azóta senki sem csukta be az ablakot. A letaposott bokrok
éppen úgy voltak, mint négy hét előtt, mikor utoljára jártam itt.
Betámolyogtam az előcsarnokba. A házban nem volt nyoma
senkinek. A lépcső-szőnyeg gyűrött volt és megfakult azon a helyen,
ahol a katasztrófa éjjelén a viharban bőrig ázva kuporogtam. Sáros
lábunk nyomait még mindig ott láttam a lépcsőkön.
Követtem a nyomokat dolgozó-szobámba s íróasztalomon a
papírnyomó alatt rátaláltam kéziratomra, úgy ahogy a henger
megnyílásának délutánján ott hagytam. Egy darabig ott álltam,
olvasgatva abbahagyott munkámat, mely az erkölcsi felfogás
valószínű fejlődésével foglalkozott, a civilizáció haladásával
kapcsolatban.
Az utolsó mondat egy jövendölés kezdete volt: «Körülbelül
kétszáz év mulva várhatjuk…» itt a mondat félbemaradt.
Emlékszem, hogy azon a reggelen, alig egy hónapja, nem voltam
képes gondolataimat értekezésem tárgyára irányítani. Emlékszem,
hogy abbahagytam az írást és lementem, hogy átvegyem az
újságkihordótól a Daily Chronicle-met; elébe szaladtam a kertajtóig
és izgatottan hallgattam különös meséjét a «Marsbeli emberek»-ről.
Lementem az ebédlőbe. Ott volt még, erősen feloszlásnak
indulva, az ürühús és a kenyér s egy felfordult söröspalack, úgy
ahogy a tüzérrel otthagytuk. Otthonom teljesen vigasztalan volt.
Beláttam, mily esztelen reményt kergettem oly hosszú ideig. És
ekkor különös dolog történt.
– Nincs itt senki, – szólt egy hang. – A ház üres. Nem járt itt egy
lélek sem tíz nap óta. Ne időzzön itt tovább s ne gyötörje magát
hasztalanul. Nem menekült meg senki magán kívül.
Megdöbbentem. Fenhangon gondolkoztam talán? Megfordultam
s láttam, hogy mögöttem nyitva van a földig érő szárnyas ablak.
Odaléptem s kitekintettem.
És íme, a bámulattól szinte megdermedve, rémülten, éppen úgy,
mint én magam, unokatestvérem és feleségem állt előttem…
feleségem sápadtan és könnytelenül. Halkan felsikoltott.
– Eljöttem, – rebegte. – Tudtam… tudtam…
Kezével fejéhez kapott és megtántorodott. Hozzá rohantam s
felfogtam karjaimba.
X.
Befejezés.
Sajnálom most, mikor elbeszélésem vége felé közeledem, hogy

nem sokkal járulhatok hozzá annyi vitás és még mindig eldöntetlen
kérdés tisztázásához. Bizonyos, hogy egy dologban ki fogom hívni a
bírálatot. Tulajdonképpeni szaktudományom a spekulativ filozófia.
Összehasonlító fiziológiai ismereteimet összesen egy vagy két
könyvből merítettem ugyan, de azért azt hiszem, hogy Carver
magyarázata a Marsbeliek gyors halálának okáról csaknem
bebizonyított igazságnak tekinthető. Elbeszélésem folyamán ezt a
magyarázatot fogadtam el.
A Marsbeliek holttesteiben, amelyeket a háború után
megvizsgáltak, egy esetben sem találtak a már rég ismert földi
fajokon kívül más baktériumokat. Az a körülmény, hogy egyetlenegy
halottukat sem ásták el s hogy a legnagyobb gondatlansággal
öldökölték az embereket, szintén azt bizonyítja, hogy fogalmuk sem
volt a rothadás folyamatáról. De bármennyire valószínűnek látszik is
ez a magyarázat, nincs teljesen bebizonyítva.
Nem ismerjük a fekete füst összetételét sem, amelyet a
Marsbeliek halált okozó hatással használtak, s a hősugár eredete is
talány marad. Az a rettenetes szerencsétlenség, amely az ealingi és
a dél-kensingtoni laboratóriumokban történt, elvette a tudósoknak
minden kedvét attól, hogy a hősugár eredetét tovább elemezzék. A
színképbontás félreérthetetlenül kimutatta, hogy a fekete porban
valami ismeretlen elem van jelen, amely három vonalból álló,
ragyogó csoportra bomlik a zöld színben. Lehetséges, hogy ez az
elem, az argonnal vegyülve, egy szempillantás alatt halálos
eredménnyel hat a vér valamely alkatrészére. De efféle be nem
bizonyított találgatások aligha fogják érdekelni az olvasók nagy
tömegét, akiknek számára könyvemet írtam.
A barna tajtékcsomók közül, amelyek Shepperton pusztulása
után lefelé sodródtak a Themzén, egyet sem vizsgáltak meg
akkoriban s azóta újabbat nem találtak.
A Marsbeliek anatómiai tanulmányozásának eredményeit,
amennyiben a kóbor kutyák ily tanulmányozást teljesen lehetetlenné
nem tettek, már előbb összefoglaltam, de úgyis ismeri mindenki azt
a nagyszerű és csaknem teljes példányt, amelyet a természetrajzi
múzeumban őriznek spirituszban, vagy ismeri legalább is az erről
készített számtalan rajzot. Minden egyéb fiziológiai és morfológiai
részlet különben is tisztán tudományos érdekű.
Sokkal fontosabb az a kérdés és bizonyára általános
érdeklődésre is tarthat számot, lehetséges-e, hogy a Marsbeliek
újabb támadást intézzenek a Föld ellen? Azt hiszem, hogy eddig
nem méltatták távolról sem kellő figyelemre ezt a kérdést. Jelenleg a
Mars-bolygó konjunkcióban van: de valahányszor visszatér az
oppozicióba, ami engem illet, én mindig készen állok egy újabb
kirándulásukra. Annyi bizonyos, hogy nem szabad elmulasztanunk a
kellő előkészületeket. Azt hiszem, meg lehet majd állapítani annak
az ágyúnak a helyzetét, amelyből felénk tüzelnek. A bolygónak azt a
részét szüntelenül figyelemmel kell kísérnünk, hogy idejekorán
értesüljünk a következő támadás kezdetéről.
Újabb támadás esetén a hengert könnyen elpusztíthatjuk
dinamittal vagy tüzérséggel, mielőtt annyira lehűlne, hogy a
Marsbeliek előbújhatnának; vagy amint a henger teteje lecsavarodik,
őket is agyonágyúzhatjuk. Azt hiszem, nagy kárukra vált első
vállalkozásuk sikertelensége. Lehet, hogy ők maguk is így fogják fel.
Lessing kitünő érvekkel támogatta azt a föltevését, hogy a
Marsbeliek betörtek a Venus bolygóra is, még pedig sikeresen. Most
hét hónapja a Venus és a Mars egy vonalba esett a Nappal; azaz a
Venus bolygón figyelőre nézve a Mars oppozicióban volt. Később
különös ragyogó, hullámszerű jel látszott a belső bolygó meg nem
világított felén és ezzel csaknem egyidejűleg a Mars korongjának
egyik fényképén hasonló hullámszerű halványfekete jelet fedeztek
föl. Látni kell mind a két tünemény ábrázolását, hogy teljes
jelentőségében felfoghassuk jellegük rendkívüli hasonlatosságát.
De akár várunk újabb támadást, akár nem, az, ami történt,
mindenesetre nagyban módosította az emberiség jövőjéről alkotott
képzeteinket. Megtudtuk, hogy a Föld nem zárt terület s éppen nem
biztos tartózkodási helye az embernek. Sejtelmünk sem lehet róla
soha, micsoda láthatatlan jó vagy rossz ront reánk a térből
váratlanul. Lehet, hogy a mindenség szempontjából a Marsbelieknek
ez a támadása végeredményében javára válik az embereknek;
megfosztotta az embert attól a jövőbe vetett derült bizalomtól, amely
legtermékenyebb forrása a hanyatlásnak. Az emberi tudást rengeteg
új ismerettel gyarapította; s nagyban hozzájárult ahhoz, hogy az
emberiség közös érdekeinek felfogása minél hamarább tisztázódjék.
Lehet, hogy a Marsbeliek a tér végtelenségén keresztül figyelemmel
kísérték előfutáraiknak sorsát s tanultak a saját kárukon; az is lehet,
hogy a Venus bolygón biztosabb letelepedési helyre akadtak.
Bármint legyen is, az az egy bizonyos, hogy a Mars korongját
számos esztendeig a legnagyobb gonddal fogják megfigyelni s hogy
azok a tüzes égi nyilak, a hulló csillagok, valahányszor lezuhannak,
elkerülhetetlenül meg fogják remegtetni az emberek minden fiát.
Az emberi tudás mélyülése, amelyet a Marsbeliek támadásának
köszönhetünk, alig túlozható. Mielőtt a henger lezuhant, az volt az
általános meggyőződés, hogy a tér végtelenségében parányi
földgömbünk vékony kérgén kívül sehol sincs élet. Most tovább
látunk. Ha a Marsbeliek elérhetik a Venust, nincs okunk föltenni,
hogy az emberek ugyanazt meg nem tehetik. És ha a nap lassú
lehűlése lakhatatlanná teszi ezt a földet, ami végül meg is fog
történni, lehet, hogy az élet fonala, amely itt megkezdődött, tovább
terjed a Földről s bevonja hálójába testvérbolygónkat is. Vajjon
győzni fogunk-e?
Homályos, csodálatos az a kép, mely lelkemben arról támadt,
hogy fog terjedni az élet a Naprendszer kis melegágyából
lassacskán keresztül a csillagos tér lelketlen végtelenségén. De ez
csak távoli álom. Viszont az is lehet, hogy a Marsbeliek elpusztulása
csak szünetet jelent. Talán az övék lesz a jövő s nem a mienk.
Nem tagadhatom, hogy azóta a szorongattatással és veszéllyel
telt idő óta állandóan van lelkemben valami kétely és
bizonytalanság. Dolgozószobámban ülök, lámpafénynél írva és
egyszerre csak magam előtt látom újra a szép völgyet alul, amint
kígyózó lángok lepik el és úgy érzem, hogy a ház mögöttem és
körülöttem üres és elhagyott. Kimegyek a byfleeti országútra, ahol
járművek haladnak el mellettem, egyik kocsin egy mészároslegény,
egy kocsi telve vendégekkel, egy kerékpáros munkás, iskolába siető
gyerekek. És egyszerre csak mindnyájan elmosódnak előttem, s újra
ott sietek a tüzérrel együtt a néma forróságban. Egy éjjel láttam,
hogy a fekete por festi sötétre a hallgatag uccákat s borítja el az
eltorzított holttesteket, amelyek reám támadnak rongyosan,
szétmarcangoltan. Értelmetlen hangokat hadarva, egyre
dühösebbek, sápadtabbak, undokabbak lettek, végre teljesen
kivetkőztek minden emberi formájukból, mire fázva és nyomorultan
felébredtem az éjszaka sötétségében.
Londonba megyek s nézem a Fleet Streeten és a Strandon a
nyüzsgő sokaságot s egyszerre az jut eszembe, hogy ezek az
emberek csak a mult szellemei, akik kísértve járnak fel-alá a néma
és romokba dőlt uccákon, álomképek egy holt városban, az élet
gúnyképei galvanizált testben. S oly különös az is, ha a Primrose-
dombon állok, mint álltam egy nappal ez utolsó fejezet megírása
előtt. Oly különös elnézni a füstös ködön homályosan keresztül kéklő
házak rengetegét, mely végül beleolvad a ráhajló égboltozatba;
elnézni a domb virágágyai között ide-oda járkáló embereket; elnézni
a bámészkodókat, akik mindig seregestül állnak a még mindig ott
álló Marsbeli gépezet körül; elhallgatni a játszó gyermekek zajgását
s azután visszagondolni arra az időre, mikor az utolsó nagy nap
hajnalán ugyanitt állva, mindent komornak, hallgatagnak láttam a
kelő nap ragyogásában…
De a legkülönösebb mégis csak az, hogy újra kezemben tartom
feleségem kis kezét s arra gondolok, hogy én őt, ő pedig engem
egyszer már a halottak közé számított…
Lábjegyzetek.
1) Mérföld az egész könyvben angol mérföldet jelent: 1609·33
métert.
TARTALOM.
Első rész. A Mars-lakók megérkezése.
I. A harc küszöbén 5
II. A hulló csillag 12
III. A horselli réten 17
IV. A henger megnyílik 20
V. A hősugár 24
VI. A hősugár a chobhami országúton 28
VII. Hogyan értem haza? 31
VIII. Péntek éjjel 36
IX. Kezdődik a harc 39
X. A viharban 45
XI. Az ablakban 52
XII. Mit láttam Weybridge és Shepperton
pusztulásából? 59
XIII. Hogy találkoztam a tiszteletessel? 71
XIV. Londonban 77
XV. Mi történt Surreyben? 89
XVI. A londoni kivándorlás 98
XVII. A «Villám» 112
Második rész. A Föld a Mars-lakók uralma alatt.
I. A romok alatt 123

II. Mit láttunk a rombadőlt házból? 131
III. A fogság napjai 142
IV. A tiszteletes halála 148
V. A csend 154
VI. Két hét műve 157
VII. A Putney-dombi férfi 161
VIII. A halott London 180
IX. Romok 189
X. Befejezés 195
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Instant Download PDF Precalculus Concepts Through Functions A Unit Circle Approach To Trigonometry 3rd Edition Sullivan Solutions Manual Full Chapter

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Precalculus Concepts Through

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1. Domain: { x x is any real number} ; π π

25. sin −1 0.1 ≈ 0.10   3π 

π  π π will still be negative. Thus, we have

x = −2 cos ( 3 y )  −1,1 . That is,

that the argument of the inverse cosine function y = − tan ( x + 1) − 3

we note that the argument of the inverse cosine y = 2 cos ( 3x + 2 )

 −3,3 in interval notation. Recall that the  2 

62. 2 cos −1 x = π 67. 4 cos −1 x − 2π = 2 cos −1 x

66. −4 tan −1 x = π  cos −1 ( tan ( 22.8 ⋅ 180

71. Note that θ = 21°18′ = 21.3° .  cos −1 ( tan ( 0 ⋅ 180

 cos −1 ( tan ( 22.8 ⋅ 180

 cos −1 ( tan ( 23.5 ⋅ 180

Therefore, a person atop Cadillac Mountain will 90°

 2 31. sin  tan −1 (−3) 

x 2 + 20 = 25 39. csc −1 (−1)

62. Let θ = cot −1 u so that cot θ = u , 0 < θ < π ,

58. Let θ = cos −1 u so that cos θ = u , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π ,

The u cannot be cancelled since it can be either   3    3 

Since θ is in quadrant IV, x = 4 . r 2 = 122 + 52

83. y = sec −1 x = cos −1

17. sin ( 3θ ) = −1 On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is

36. tan θ = 1 42. sin ( 2θ ) = −1

48. cot θ = 2 54. 4 cot θ = −5

65. sin 2 θ = 6 ( cos ( −θ ) + 1) 68. cos θ − sin ( −θ ) = 0

1 − cos 2 θ = 6 cos θ + 6 cos θ + sin θ = 0

2 − 2 cos 2 θ = 3 − 3cos θ sin θ = 2sin θ cos θ

71. 1 + sin θ = 2 cos 2 θ 75. 3(1 − cos θ ) = sin 2 θ

86. sin x − cos x = x 90. x 2 = x + 3cos(2 x)

b. f ( x) = g ( x) c. From the graph in part (a) and the results of

π π 105. d ( x ) = 70sin ( 0.65 x ) + 150

116. The index of refraction of crown glass is 1.52.

117. If θ is the original angle of incidence and φ is 10 3 10

22. 1 + cot 2 (−θ ) = 1 + (− cot θ ) 2 = 1 + cot 2 θ = csc2 θ

 sin θ cos θ  32. (1 − cos 2 θ )(1 + cot 2 θ ) = sin 2 θ ⋅ csc 2 θ

= sin 2 u 36. csc 4 θ − csc 2 θ = csc 2 θ (csc 2 θ − 1)

30. (csc θ + cot θ )(csc θ − cot θ ) = csc2 θ − cot 2 θ = 1

31. cos 2 θ (1 + tan 2 θ ) = cos 2 θ ⋅ sec 2 θ

1 sin u sin 2 θ 1 − cos 2 θ

1 cos v 1 + sin v cos 2 v + (1 + sin v) 2

56. (csc θ − cot θ ) 2 cot θ tan θ

sin u cos u 1 − tan 2 θ 1 − tan 2 θ 1 + tan 2 θ

sin θ = sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ

sin θ (sin θ cos θ − 1) sin θ

1 sec θ  sec θ   1 + sin θ 

sec2 v − tan 2 v + tan v 1 + tan v sin 3 θ + cos3 θ

= sin θ + cos θ − sin θ cos θ

1 − 2 cos 2 θ 1 − cos 2 θ − cos 2 θ 91. (a sin θ + b cos θ ) 2 + (a cos θ − b sin θ ) 2

(1 + sin θ ) − cos θ (1 + sin θ ) + cos θ