Precalculus Concepts Through Functions A Right Triangle Approach To Trigonometry 3rd Edition Sullivan Solutions Manual

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Chapter 6
Analytic Trigonometry
Section 6.1 15. sin −1 ( −1)
1. Domain: { x x is any real number} ; π π

We are finding the angle θ , − ≤θ ≤ ,
2 2
Range: { y − 1 ≤ y ≤ 1} whose sine equals −1 .
π π
2. { x | x ≥ 1} or { x | x ≤ 1} sin θ = −1, − ≤ θ ≤
2 2
π
3. [3, ∞ ) θ =−
2
π
4. True sin −1 ( −1) = −
2
3
5. 1;
2 16. cos −1 ( −1)
We are finding the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose
1 cosine equals −1 .
6. − ; −1
2 cos θ = −1, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π
7. x = sin y θ =π
cos −1 ( −1) = π
8. 0 ≤ x ≤ π
9. −∞ ≤ x ≤ ∞ 17. tan −1 0
π π
10. False. The domain of y = sin −1 x is −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 . We are finding the angle θ , − < θ < , whose
2 2
tangent equals 0.
11. True π π
tan θ = 0, − <θ <
12. True 2 2
θ =0
13. sin −1 0 −1
tan 0 = 0
π π
We are finding the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose
2 2 18. tan −1 ( −1)
sine equals 0.
π π π π
sin θ = 0, − ≤ θ ≤ We are finding the angle θ , − < θ < , whose
2 2 2 2
tangent equals −1 .
θ =0
π π
sin −1 0 = 0 tan θ = −1, − <θ <
2 2
π
14. cos −1 1 θ =−
We are finding the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose 4
cosine equals 1. π
tan −1 (−1) = −
cos θ = 1, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π 4
θ =0
cos −1 1 = 0
708
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 6.1: The Inverse Sine, Cosine, and Tangent Functions
2  3
19. sin −1 22. sin −1  − 
2  2 
π π π π
We are finding the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose We are finding the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose
2 2 2 2
2 3
sine equals . sine equals − .
2 2
2 π π 3 π π
sin θ = , − ≤θ ≤ sin θ = − , − ≤θ ≤
2 2 2 2 2 2
π π
θ= θ =−
4 3
2 π  3  π
sin −1 = sin −1  −
2 4 2  = − 3
 
3
20. tan −1  3
3 23. cos −1  − 
π π  2 
We are finding the angle θ , − < θ < , whose
2 2 We are finding the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose
3 3
tangent equals . cosine equals − .
3 2
3 π π 3
tan θ = , − <θ < cos θ = − , 0 ≤θ ≤ π
3 2 2 2
π 5π
θ= θ=
6 6
3 π  3  5 π
tan −1 = cos −1  −  =
3 6  2  6
21. tan −1 3  2
π π 24. sin −1  − 
We are finding the angle θ , − < θ < , whose  2 
2 2
π π
tangent equals 3 . We are finding the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose
2 2
π π
tan θ = 3, − < θ < 2
2 2 sine equals − .
π 2
θ= 2 π π
3 sin θ = − , − ≤θ ≤
−1 π 2 2 2
tan 3= π
3 θ =−
4
 2 π
sin −1  −  = −
 2  4
709
Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry
25. sin −1 0.1 ≈ 0.10   3π 

39. tan −1  tan  −   follows the form of the
  8 
26. cos −1 0.6 ≈ 0.93
−1
( ) ( )
equation f −1 f ( x ) = tan −1 tan ( x ) = x . Since
27. tan 5 ≈ 1.37 3π  π π
− is in the interval  − ,  , we can apply
28. tan −1 0.2 ≈ 0.20
8  2 2
the equation directly and get
7   3π   3π
29. cos −1 ≈ 0.51 tan −1  tan  −   = − .
8   8  8
1
30. sin −1 ≈ 0.13   3π
8 
40. sin −1  sin  −   follows the form of the
31. tan −1 (− 0.4) ≈ − 0.38   7 
−1
( ) ( )
equation f −1 f ( x ) = sin −1 sin ( x ) = x . Since
32. tan (− 3) ≈ −1.25 3π  π π
7  2 2
33. sin −1 (− 0.12) ≈ − 0.12
the equation directly and get
  3π   3π
34. cos −1 (− 0.44) ≈ 2.03 sin −1  sin  −   = − .
  7  7
2
35. cos −1 ≈ 1.08
3   9π 
41. sin −1  sin    follows the form of the
3   8 
36. sin −1 ≈ 0.35
5 ( ) ( )
equation f −1 f ( x ) = sin −1 sin ( x ) = x , but we
 4π  9π
37. cos −1  cos  follows the form of the equation cannot use the formula directly since is not
 5  8
4π  π π
( ) ( )
f −1 f ( x ) = cos −1 cos ( x ) = x . Since
5
is in the interval  − ,  . We need to find an
 2 2
in the interval 0, π  , we can apply the equation  π π
angle θ in the interval  − ,  for which
 4π  4π  2 2
directly and get cos −1  cos = .
 5  5 9π 9π
sin = sin θ . The angle is in quadrant III
8 8
  π  9π
38. sin −1  sin  −   follows the form of the so sine is negative. The reference angle of is
  10   8
π
( ) ( )
equation f −1 f ( x ) = sin −1 sin ( x ) = x . Since
8
and we want θ to be in quadrant IV so sine
π  π π will still be negative. Thus, we have

10  2 2 9π  π π
sin = sin  −  . Since − is in the interval
the equation directly and get 8  8 8
  π  π  π π
sin −1  sin  −   = − .  − 2 , 2  , we can apply the equation above and
  10  10  
 9π  −1   π  π
get sin −1  sin  = sin  sin  −   = − .
 8    8  8
710
  5π    2π 
42. cos −1  cos  −   follows the form of the 44. tan −1  tan  −   follows the form of the
  3    3 
( ) ( )
equation f −1 f ( x ) = cos −1 cos ( x ) = x , but ( ) ( )
equation f −1 f ( x ) = tan −1 tan ( x ) = x . but we
5π 2π
we cannot use the formula directly since − is cannot use the formula directly since − is not
3 3
not in the interval 0, π  . We need to find an  π π
in the interval  − ,  . We need to find an angle
angle θ in the interval 0, π  for which  2 2
 π π
 5π  5π θ in the interval  − ,  for which
cos  −  = cos θ . The angle − is in  2 2
 3  3
 2π  2π
5π π tan  −  = tan θ . The angle − is in
quadrant I so the reference angle of − is .  3  3
3 3
quadrant III so tangent is positive. The reference
 5π  π π
Thus, we have cos  −  = cos . Since is 2π π
 3  3 3 angle of − is and we want θ to be in
3 3
in the interval  0, π  , we can apply the equation quadrant I so tangent will still be positive. Thus,
above and get  2π  π  π
we have tan  −  = tan   . Since is in the
  5π   −1  π π  3  3
  3
cos −1  cos  −   = cos  cos  = .
  3   3 3  π π
interval  − ,  , we can apply the equation
 2 2
  4π   
43. tan −1  tan    follows the form of the above and get tan −1  tan  − 2π   = tan −1  tan π  = π .
  3 
  5     3 3
( ) ( )
equation f −1 f ( x ) = tan −1 tan ( x ) = x , but
 1
4π 45. sin  sin −1  follows the form of the equation
we cannot use the formula directly since is  4
5
 π π
not in the interval  − ,  . We need to find an
( ) ( )
f f −1 ( x ) = sin sin −1 ( x ) = x . Since
1
4
is in
 2 2 the interval  −1,1 , we can apply the equation
 π π
angle θ in the interval  − ,  for which  1 1
 2 2 directly and get sin  sin −1  = .
 4 4
 4π  4π
tan   = tan θ . The angle is in quadrant
 5  5   2 
II so tangent is negative. The reference angle of 46. cos  cos −1  −   follows the form of the
  3 
4π π
5
is
5
and we want θ to be in quadrant IV
( ) (
equation f f −1 ( x ) = cos cos −1 ( x ) = x . )
so tangent will still be negative. Thus, we have 2
 4π   π π Since − is in the interval  −1,1 , we can
tan   = tan  −  . Since − is in the 3
 5   5  5 apply the equation directly and get
 π π   2  2
interval  − ,  , we can apply the equation cos  cos −1  −   = − .
 2 2   3  3
above and get
  4π   −1   π  π
tan −1  tan    = tan  tan  −   = − .
  5    5  5
711
( )
47. tan tan −1 4 follows the form of the equation we note that the argument of the inverse sine
x−2
function is and that it must lie in the
( ) (
f f −1 ( x ) = tan tan −1 ( x ) = x . Since 4 is a ) 5
real number, we can apply the equation directly interval  −1,1 . That is,
(
and get tan tan −1 4 = 4 . ) −1 ≤
x−2
≤1
5
( )
48. tan tan −1 ( −2 ) follows the form of the equation −5 ≤ x − 2 ≤ 5
−3 ≤ x ≤ 7
( ) (
f f −1 ( x ) = tan tan −1 ( x ) = x . Since −2 is a ) The domain of f −1 ( x ) is { x | −3 ≤ x ≤ 7} , or
real number, we can apply the equation directly  −3, 7  in interval notation. Recall that the
(
and get tan tan −1 ( −2 ) = −2 . ) domain of a function equals the range of its
inverse and the range of a function equals the
49. Since there is no angle θ such that cos θ = 1.2 , domain of its inverse. Thus, the range of f is
the quantity cos −1 1.2 is not defined. Thus, also  −3, 7  .
( )
cos cos −1 1.2 is not defined.
54. f ( x ) = 2 tan x − 3
50. Since there is no angle θ such that sin θ = −2 , y = 2 tan x − 3
the quantity sin −1 ( −2 ) is not defined. Thus, x = 2 tan y − 3
2 tan y = x + 3
( )
sin sin −1 ( −2 ) is not defined.
tan y =
x+3
2
( )
51. tan tan −1 π follows the form of the equation
y = tan −1
x+3
= f −1 ( x )
( ) (
f f −1 ( x ) = tan tan −1 ( x ) = x . Since π is a ) 2
The domain of f ( x ) equals the range of f −1 ( x)
real number, we can apply the equation directly
π π  π π
(
and get tan tan −1 π = π . ) and is −
2
<x<
2
or  − ,  in interval
 2 2
52. Since there is no angle θ such that sin θ = −1.5 , notation. To find the domain of f −1 ( x ) we note
the quantity sin −1 ( −1.5) is not defined. Thus, that the argument of the inverse tangent function
can be any real number. Thus, the domain of
( )
sin sin −1 ( −1.5 ) is not defined.
f −1 ( x ) is all real numbers, or ( −∞, ∞ ) in
interval notation. Recall that the domain of a
53. f ( x ) = 5sin x + 2
function equals the range of its inverse and the
y = 5sin x + 2 range of a function equals the domain of its
x = 5sin y + 2 inverse. Thus, the range of f is ( −∞, ∞ ) .
5sin y = x − 2
55. f ( x ) = −2 cos ( 3 x )
x−2
sin y = y = −2 cos ( 3 x )
5
x−2
y = sin −1= f −1 ( x )
5
The domain of f ( x ) equals the range of
π π  π π
f −1 ( x ) and is − ≤x≤ or  − ,  in
2 2  2 2
interval notation. To find the domain of f −1 ( x )
712
x = −2 cos ( 3 y )  −1,1 . That is,

x x
cos ( 3 y ) = − −1 ≤ ≤ 1
2 3
 x −3 ≤ x ≤ 3
3 y = cos −1  − 
 2 The domain of f −1 ( x ) is { x | −3 ≤ x ≤ 3} , or
1  x
y = cos −1  −  = f −1 ( x )  −3,3 in interval notation. Recall that the
3  2 domain of a function equals the range of its
The domain of f ( x ) equals the range of inverse and the range of a function equals the
domain of its inverse. Thus, the range of f is
π  π  −3,3 .
f −1 ( x ) and is 0 ≤ x ≤ , or 0, 3  in interval
3  
notation. To find the domain of f −1 ( x ) we note 57. f ( x ) = − tan ( x + 1) − 3
that the argument of the inverse cosine function y = − tan ( x + 1) − 3
is
−x
and that it must lie in the interval  −1,1 . x = − tan ( y + 1) − 3
2
That is, tan ( y + 1) = − x − 3
x
−1 ≤ − ≤ 1 y + 1 = tan −1 ( − x − 3)
2
y = −1 + tan −1 ( − x − 3)
2 ≥ x ≥ −2
−2 ≤ x ≤ 2 = −1 − tan −1 ( x + 3) = f −1 ( x )
The domain of f −1 ( x ) is { x | −2 ≤ x ≤ 2} , or (note here we used the fact that y = tan −1 x is an
 −2, 2  in interval notation. Recall that the odd function).
domain of a function equals the range of its
inverse and the range of a function equals the π π
domain of its inverse. Thus, the range of f is f −1 ( x) and is −1 − ≤x≤ − 1 , or
2 2
 −2, 2  .  π π 
 −1 − 2 , 2 − 1 in interval notation. To find the
56. f ( x ) = 3sin ( 2 x )  
domain of f −1 ( x ) we note that the argument of
y = 3sin ( 2 x )
the inverse tangent function can be any real
x = 3sin ( 2 y ) number. Thus, the domain of f −1 ( x ) is all real
x
sin ( 2 y ) = numbers, or ( −∞, ∞ ) in interval notation. Recall
3
x that the domain of a function equals the range of
2 y = sin −1 its inverse and the range of a function equals the
3
1 x
y = sin −1 = f −1 ( x ) ( −∞, ∞ ) .
2 3
The domain of f ( x ) equals the range of 58. f ( x ) = cos ( x + 2 ) + 1
π π  π π y = cos ( x + 2 ) + 1
f −1 ( x) and is − ≤x≤ , or  − ,  in
4 4  4 4 x = cos ( y + 2 ) + 1
cos ( y + 2 ) = x − 1
we note that the argument of the inverse sine
x y + 2 = cos −1 ( x − 1)
function is and that it must lie in the interval
3 y = cos −1 ( x − 1) − 2
713
The domain of f ( x ) equals the range of domain of its inverse. Thus, the range of f is
 −3,3 .
f −1 ( x) and is −2 ≤ x ≤ π − 2 , or  −2, π − 2  in
interval notation. To find the domain of f −1 ( x ) 60. f ( x ) = 2 cos ( 3 x + 2 )
we note that the argument of the inverse cosine y = 2 cos ( 3x + 2 )

function is x − 1 and that it must lie in the
x = 2 cos ( 3 y + 2 )
interval  −1,1 . That is, −1 ≤ x − 1 ≤ 1
x
0≤ x≤2 cos ( 3 y + 2 ) =
2
The domain of f ( x ) is { x | 0 ≤ x ≤ 2} , or
−1
x
3 y + 2 = cos −1  
0, 2  in interval notation. Recall that the 2
domain of a function equals the range of its x
inverse and the range of a function equals the 3 y = cos −1   − 2
2
1 x 2
0, 2  . y = cos −1   − = f −1 ( x )
3 2 3
59. f ( x ) = 3sin ( 2 x + 1)
y = 3sin ( 2 x + 1) 2 2 π
f −1 ( x ) and is − ≤ x ≤ − + , or
x = 3sin ( 2 y + 1) 3 3 3
x  2 2 π
sin ( 2 y + 1) =  − 3 , − 3 + 3  in interval notation. To find the
3  
x domain of f −1 ( x ) we note that the argument of
2 y + 1 = sin −1
3 x
x the inverse cosine function is and that it must
2 y = sin −1   − 1 2
3 lie in the interval  −1,1 . That is,
1  x 1
y = sin −1   − = f −1 ( x ) x
2 3 2 −1 ≤ ≤1
2
The domain of f ( x ) equals the range of −2 ≤ x ≤ 2
1 π 1 π The domain of f −1 ( x ) is { x | −2 ≤ x ≤ 2} , or
f −1 ( x) and is − − ≤ x ≤ − + , or
2 4 2 4  −2, 2  in interval notation. Recall that the
 1 π 1 π domain of a function equals the range of its
 − 2 − 4 , − 2 + 4  in interval notation. To find
  inverse and the range of a function equals the
the domain of f −1 ( x ) we note that the argument domain of its inverse. Thus, the range of f is
x  −2, 2  .
of the inverse sine function is and that it must
3
lie in the interval  −1,1 . That is,
61. 4sin −1 x = π
x π
−1 ≤ ≤ 1 sin −1 x =
3 4
−3 ≤ x ≤ 3 π 2
The domain of f −1 ( x ) is { x | −3 ≤ x ≤ 3} , or x = sin
4 2
=
 −3,3 in interval notation. Recall that the  2 

The solution set is   .
domain of a function equals the range of its  2 
inverse and the range of a function equals the
714
62. 2 cos −1 x = π 67. 4 cos −1 x − 2π = 2 cos −1 x

π 2 cos −1 x − 2π = 0
cos −1 x =
2 2 cos −1 x = 2π
π
x = cos=0 cos −1 x = π
2
The solution set is {0} . x = cos π = −1
The solution set is {−1} .
63. 3cos −1 ( 2 x ) = 2π
68. 5sin −1 x − 2π = 2sin −1 x − 3π
2π
cos ( 2 x ) =
−1
3sin −1 x = −π
3
2π π
2 x = cos sin −1 x = −
3 3
1  π 3
2x = − x = sin  −  = −
2  3 2
x=−
1  3 
The solution set is − .
4
 2 
 1
The solution set is −  .
 4 69. Note that θ = 29°45′ = 29.75° .
 cos −1 ( tan ( 23.5 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 29.75 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
64. −6sin −1 ( 3x ) = π a. D = 24 ⋅ 1 − 
 π 
π
sin −1 ( 3x ) = − ≈ 13.92 hours or 13 hours, 55 minutes
6
 π  cos −1 ( tan ( 0 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 29.75 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
3 x = sin  −  b. D = 24 ⋅ 1 − 
 6  π 
1 ≈ 12 hours
3x = −
2
 cos −1 ( tan ( 22.8 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 29.75 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
1 c. D = 24 ⋅ 1 − 
x=− π
6  
 1 ≈ 13.85 hours or 13 hours, 51 minutes
The solution set is −  .
 6
70. Note that θ = 40°45′ = 40.75° .
−1
65. 3 tan x = π  cos −1 ( tan ( 23.5 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 40.75 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
a. D = 24 ⋅ 1 −
π  π 
tan −1 x =  
3 ≈ 14.93 hours or 14 hours, 56 minutes
π
x = tan = 3  cos −1 ( tan ( 0 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 40.75 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
3 b. D = 24 ⋅  1 −
 
The solution set is { 3} . 
π

≈ 12 hours
66. −4 tan −1 x = π  cos −1 ( tan ( 22.8 ⋅ 180

π
) tan ( 40.75 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
c. D = 24 ⋅ 1 −
π  π 
tan −1 x = −  
4 ≈ 14.83 hours or 14 hours, 50 minutes
 π
x = tan  −  = −1
 4
The solution set is {−1} .
715
71. Note that θ = 21°18′ = 21.3° .  cos −1 ( tan ( 0 ⋅ 180

π
) tan ( 66.5 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
 cos ( tan ( 23.5 ⋅ 180 b. D = 24 ⋅  1 −
−1 π
) tan ( 21.3 ⋅ 180π ) )  

π 

a. D = 24 ⋅ 1 −
 π 
  ≈ 12 hours
≈ 13.30 hours or 13 hours, 18 minutes
 cos −1 ( tan ( 22.8 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 66.5 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
 cos −1 ( tan ( 0 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 21.3 ⋅ 180π ) )  c. D = 24 ⋅ 1 −
b. D = 24 ⋅  1 −  π 
 π   
 
≈ 22.02 hours or 22 hours, 1 minute
≈ 12 hours
 cos −1 ( tan ( 22.8 ⋅ 180

π
) tan ( 21.3 ⋅ 180π ) )  d. The amount of daylight at this location on the
c. D = 24 ⋅ 1 − winter solstice is 24 − 24 = 0 hours. That is,
 π 
  on the winter solstice, there is no daylight. In
≈ 13.26 hours or 13 hours, 15 minutes general, for a location at 66°30 ' north latitude,
it ranges from around-the-clock daylight to no
72. Note that θ = 61°10′ ≈ 61.167° . daylight at all.
 cos −1 ( tan ( 23.5 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 61.167 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
a. D = 24 ⋅ 1 − 75. Let point C represent the point on the Earth’s
 π 
  axis at the same latitude as Cadillac Mountain,
≈ 18.96 hours or 18 hours, 57 minutes and arrange the figure so that segment CQ lies
along the x-axis (see figure).
 cos −1 ( tan ( 0 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 61.167 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
b. D = 24 ⋅  1 − y
 π 
 
≈ 12 hours
P D (x,y )
 cos −1 ( tan ( 22.8 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 61.167 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
c. D = 24 ⋅ 1 − s
 π  θ
  22710 x
C 71 0 mi
≈ 18.64 hours or 18 hours, 38 minutes 2710
Q (2 71 0,0)
 cos −1 ( tan ( 23.5 ⋅ 180

π
) tan ( 0 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
73. a. D = 24 ⋅ 1 −
 π 
 
≈ 12 hours At the latitude of Cadillac Mountain, the effective
radius of the earth is 2710 miles. If point D(x, y)
b.
 cos
D = 24 ⋅ 1 −
−1
( tan ( 0 ⋅ ) tan ( 0 ⋅ ) ) 
π
180
π
180 represents the peak of Cadillac Mountain, then the
 π  length of segment PD is
 
≈ 12 hours 1 mile
1530 ft ⋅ ≈ 0.29 mile . Therefore, the
5280 feet
 cos −1 ( tan ( 22.8 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 0 ⋅ 180π ) )  point D( x, y ) = (2710, y ) lies on a circle with
c. D = 24 ⋅ 1 −
 π  radius r = 2710.29 miles. We now have
 
≈ 12 hours x 2710
cos θ = =
d. There are approximately 12 hours of r 2710.29
daylight every day at the equator.  2710 
θ = cos −1   ≈ 0.01463 radians
 2710.29 
74. Note that θ = 66°30′ = 66.5° . Finally, s = rθ = 2710(0.01463) ≈ 39.64 miles ,
 cos −1 ( tan ( 23.5 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 66.5 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
a. D = 24 ⋅  1 − 2π (2710) 39.64
 π  and = , so
  24 t
≈ 24 hours 24(39.64)
t= ≈ 0.05587 hours ≈ 3.35 minutes
2π (2710)
716
Therefore, a person atop Cadillac Mountain will 90°

see the first rays of sunlight about 3.35 minutes
sooner than a person standing below at sea level.
 34  6
76. θ ( x ) = tan −1   − tan −1   .
 x x 0 50
 34   6 0°
a. θ (10 ) = tan −1   − tan −1   ≈ 42.6°
 10   10  The maximum viewing angle will occur
If you sit 10 feet from the screen, then the when x ≈ 14.3 feet.
viewing angle is about 42.6° .
 34   6 77. a. a = 0 ; b = 3 ; The area is:
θ (15 ) = tan −1   − tan −1   ≈ 44.4° tan −1 b − tan −1 a = tan −1 3 − tan −1 0
 15   15 
If you sit 15 feet from the screen, then the π
= −0
viewing angle is about 44.4° . 3
 34   6  π
θ ( 20 ) = tan −1   − tan −1   ≈ 42.8° = square units
 20   20  3
If you sit 20 feet from the screen, then the
viewing angle is about 42.8° . 3
b. a=− ; b = 1 ; The area is:
3
b. Let r = the row that result in the largest
viewing angle. Looking ahead to part (c),  3
tan −1 b − tan −1 a = tan −1 1 − tan −1  − 
we see that the maximum viewing angle  3 
occurs when the distance from the screen is
π  π
about 14.3 feet. Thus, = −− 
5 + 3(r − 1) = 14.3 4  6
5 + 3r − 3 = 14.3 5π
= square units
3r = 12.3 12
r = 4.1 3
Sitting in the 4th row should provide the 78. a. a = 0; b = ; The area is:
2
largest viewing angle.
 3
c. Set the graphing calculator in degree mode sin −1 b − sin −1 a = sin −1  −1
 − sin 0
 2 
 34  6
and let Y1 = tan −1   − tan −1   : π
 x  x = −0
90° 3
π
= square units
3
0 50
0°
Use MAXIMUM:
717
1 1 point.
b. a = − ; b = ; The area is:
2 2
1  1
sin −1 b − sin −1 a = sin −1   − sin −1  − 
2  2
π  π
= −− 
6  6
π
=
square units
3
79. Here we have α1 = 41°50 ' , β1 = −87°37 ' ,
α 2 = 21°18' , and β 2 = −157°50 ' .
Converting minutes to degrees gives
( ) (
α1 = 41 56 ° , β1 = −87 37
60 )
° , α 2 = 21.3° , and 83. f ( x) = 1 + 2 x
β2 = ( −157 ) ° . Substituting these values, and
5
6
y = 1 + 2x
x = 1+ 2y
r = 3960 , into our equation gives d ≈ 4250
miles. The distance from Chicago to Honolulu is x −1 = 2y
about 4250 miles. log 2 ( x − 1) = log 2 2 y
(remember that S and W angles are negative)
log 2 ( x − 1) = y log 2 2
80. Here we have α1 = 21°18' , β1 = −157°50 ' , log 2 ( x − 1) = y
α 2 = −37°47 ' , and β 2 = 144°58' . f −1 ( x) = log 2 ( x − 1)
Converting minutes to degrees gives α1 = 21.3° ,
( ) ( )
− 12 − 12 − 32 1
β1 = −157 56 ° , α 2 = −37 47 ° , and 84. (2 x + 1) ( x 2 + 3) − ( x 2 + 3) ⋅ x(2 x + 1) 2
60
− 12 −3
= (144 ) ° . Substituting these values, and = (2 x + 1) ( x 2 + 3) ( x 2 + 3) − x(2 x + 1)
2
β2 29
30
− 12 − 32
r = 3960 , into our equation gives d ≈ 5518 = (2 x + 1) ( x 2 + 3) ( − x 2 − x + 3)
miles. The distance from Honolulu to
Melbourne is about 5518 miles.
(remember that S and W angles are negative)
Section 6.2
81. 3x − 2 + 5 ≤ 9
 π
3x − 2 ≤ 4 1. Domain:  x x ≠ odd integer multiples of  ,
 2
2
− ≤ 3x ≤ 2 Range: { y y ≤ −1 or y ≥ 1}
3
2
So the solution is: − , 2 2. True
3
1 5
82. The function f is one-to-one because every 3. =
5 5
horizontal line intersects the graph at exactly one
4. x = sec y , ≥ 1 , 0 , π
5. cosine
6. False
7. True
8. True
718
Section 6.2: The Inverse Trigonometric Functions (Continued)
 2   1 
9. cos  sin −1  12. tan sin −1  −  
 2    2 
π π π π
Find the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose sine Find the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose sine
2 2 2 2
2 1
equals . equals − .
2 2
1 π π
2 π π sin θ = − , − ≤θ ≤
sin θ = , − ≤θ ≤ 2 2 2
2 2 2
π
π θ =−
θ= 6
4
  1   π 3
 2  π 2 tan sin −1  −   = tan  −  = −
cos  sin −1  = cos =   2   6  3
 2  4 2
 1
 1 13. sec  cos −1 
10. sin  cos −1   2
 2 Find the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, whose cosine
Find the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, whose cosine
1
1 equals .
equals . 2
2 1
1 cos θ = , 0 ≤θ ≤ π
cos θ = , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π 2
2 π
θ=
π 3
θ=
3 π
 1
 −1 1  π 3 sec  cos −1  = sec = 2
sin  cos  = sin =  2  3
 2 3 2
  1 
 14. cot sin −1  −  
 3    2 
11. tan cos −1  −  
  2   π π
Find the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose sine
Find the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, whose cosine 2 2
3 1
equals − . equals − .
2 2
1 π π
3 sin θ = − , − ≤ θ ≤
cos θ = − , 0 ≤θ ≤ π 2 2 2
2
π
5π θ =−
θ= 6
6
 −1  1    π
 −1  3   5π 3 cot sin  −   = cot  −  = − 3
tan cos  −   = tan =−   2   6
  2   6 3
719
(
15. csc tan −1 1 )   1 
19. sec sin −1  −  
π π   2 
Find the angle θ , − < θ < , whose tangent
2 2 π π
equals 1. 2 2
π π 1
tan θ = 1, − <θ < equals − .
2 2 2
π 1 π π
θ= sin θ = − , − ≤θ ≤
4 2 2 2
π π
( )
csc tan −1 1 = csc
4
= 2 θ =−
6
  1   π 2 3
(
16. sec tan −1 3 ) sec sin −1  −   = sec  −  =
  2   6 3
π π
2 2   3 
20. csc  cos −1  −  
equals 3.
  2  
π π
tan θ = 3, − <θ < Find the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, whose cosine
2 2
π 3
θ= equals − .
3 2
π 3
(
sec tan −1 3 = sec) 3
=2 cos θ = −
2
0 ≤θ ≤ π
5π
17. sin  tan −1 (−1) 
θ=
6
π π   3  5π
Find the angle θ , − < θ < , whose tangent csc  cos −1  −   = csc =2
2 2   2   6
equals −1 .
π π
tan θ = −1, − <θ <  5π   2
2 2 21. cos −1  sin  = cos −1  − 
π  4   2 
θ =− Find the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, whose cosine
4
 π 2 2
sin  tan −1 (−1)  = sin  −  = − equals − .
 4 2 2
2
  3  cos θ = − , 0 ≤θ ≤ π
18. cos sin −1  −   2
  2   3π
θ=
π π 4
Find the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose sine 5π  3π
2 2 −1 
cos  sin  =
3  4  4
equals − .
2
3 π π
sin θ = − , − ≤θ ≤
2 2 2
π
θ =−
3
  3   π 1
cos sin −1  −   = cos  −  =
  2    3 2
720
 2π   1   1
22. tan −1  cot  = tan −1  −  25. tan  sin −1 
 3   3   3
π π 1 1
Find the angle θ , − < θ < , whose tangent Let θ = sin −1 . Since sin θ = and
2 2 3 3
1 π π
equals − . − ≤ θ ≤ , θ is in quadrant I, and we let
3 2 2
y = 1 and r = 3 .
1 π π
tan θ = − , − <θ < Solve for x:
3 2 2
x2 + 1 = 9
π
θ =− x2 = 8
6
 2π  π x = ± 8 = ±2 2
tan −1  cot =−
 3  6 Since θ is in quadrant I, x = 2 2 .
 1 y 1 2 2
tan  sin −1  = tan θ = = ⋅ =
  7π    3  3 x 2 2 2 4
23. sin −1 cos  −   = sin −1  − 
  6   2 
 1
π π 26. tan  cos −1 
Find the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose sine  3
2 2
1 1
3 Let θ = cos −1 . Since cos θ = and 0 ≤ θ ≤ π ,
equals − . 3 3
2
θ is in quadrant I, and we let x = 1 and r = 3 .
3 π π Solve for y:
sin θ = − , − ≤θ ≤
2 2 2 1 + y2 = 9
π
θ =− y2 = 8
3
  7π   π y = ± 8 = ±2 2
sin −1 cos  −  = −
  6  3 Since θ is in quadrant I, y = 2 2 .
 1 y 2 2
  π  tan  cos −1  = tan θ = = =2 2
24. cos  tan  −   = cos −1 ( −1)
−1  3  x 1
  3 
Find the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, whose cosine  1
27. sec  tan −1 
equals −1 .  2
cos θ = −1, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π 1 1
Let θ = tan −1 . Since tan θ = and
π 2 2
θ=
3 π π
− < θ < , θ is in quadrant I, and we let
  π   2 2
cos −1  tan  −   = π x = 2 and y = 1 .
  3 
Solve for r:
22 + 1 = r 2
r2 = 5
r= 5
θ is in quadrant I.
 1 r 5
sec  tan −1  = sec θ = =
 2 x 2
721
 2 31. sin  tan −1 (−3) 

28. cos  sin −1 
 3  Let θ = tan −1 (−3) . Since tan θ = −3 and
2 2 π π
Let θ = sin −1 . Since sin θ = and − < θ < , θ is in quadrant IV, and we let
3 3 2 2
π π x = 1 and y = −3 .
− ≤ θ ≤ , θ is in quadrant I, and we let
2 2 Solve for r:
y = 2 and r = 3 . 1+ 9 = r2
Solve for x: r 2 = 10
x2 + 2 = 9 r = ± 10
2
x =7 Since θ is in quadrant IV, r = 10 .
x=± 7 y
sin  tan −1 (−3)  = sin θ =
Since θ is in quadrant I, x = 7 . r
 2 x 7 −3 10 3 10
cos  sin −1  = cos θ = = = ⋅ =−
3 r 3 10 10 10
 
  2    3 
29. cot sin −1  −   32. cot  cos −1  −
  3    
  3  
 2 2  3 3
Let θ = sin −1  −  . Since sin θ = − and Let θ = cos −1  −  . Since cos θ = − and
 3  3  3  3
π π 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , θ is in quadrant II, and we let
− ≤ θ ≤ , θ is in quadrant IV, and we let
2 2 x = − 3 and r = 3 .
y = − 2 and r = 3 . Solve for y:
Solve for x: 3 + y2 = 9
x2 + 2 = 9 y2 = 6
x2 = 7 y=± 6
x=± 7 Since θ is in quadrant II, y = 6 .
Since θ is in quadrant IV, x = 7 .   3  x
 cot cos −1  −   = cot θ =
 2  x 7 2 14
cot sin −1  −   = cot θ = = ⋅ =−   3   y
  3   y − 2 2 2
− 3 −1 2 2
= = ⋅ =−
30. csc  tan −1 (− 2)  6 2 2 2
Let θ = tan −1 ( − 2) . Since tan θ = − 2 and
 2 5
π π 33. sec  sin −1 
− < θ < , θ is in quadrant IV, and we let  5 
2 2
x = 1 and y = − 2 . 2 5 2 5
Let θ = sin −1 . Since sin θ = and
Solve for r: 5 5
1+ 4 = r2 π π
− ≤ θ ≤ , θ is in quadrant I, and we let
2
r =5 2 2
y = 2 5 and r = 5 .
r=± 5
Solve for x:
Since θ is in quadrant IV, r = 5 .
r 5 5
csc  tan −1 (− 2)  = csc θ = = =−
y −2 2
722
x 2 + 20 = 25 39. csc −1 (−1)

x2 = 5 π π
We are finding the angle θ , − ≤θ ≤ ,
x=± 5 2 2
θ ≠ 0 , whose cosecant equals −1 .
Since θ is in quadrant I, x = 5 .
π π
 2 5 r 5 csc θ = −1, − ≤ θ ≤ , θ ≠ 0
sec  sin −1  = sec θ = = = 5 2 2
 5  x 5 π
θ =−
2
 1 π
34. csc  tan −1  −1
csc (−1) = −
 2 2
1 1
2 2 40. csc −1 2
π π π π
− < θ < , θ is in quadrant I, and we let We are finding the angle θ , − ≤θ ≤ ,
2 2 2 2
x = 2 and y = 1 . θ ≠ 0 , whose cosecant equals 2 .
Solve for r: π π
csc θ = 2, − ≤ θ ≤ , θ ≠ 0
22 + 1 = r 2 2 2
r2 = 5 π
θ=
r= 5 4
π
θ is in quadrant I. csc −1
2=
4
 1 r 5
csc  tan −1  = csc θ = = = 5
 2  y 1 2 3
41. sec −1
3
 3π   2 π
35. sin −1  cos  = sin −1  −  = − π
 4  We are finding the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , θ ≠ ,
 2  4
2
 7π   1  2π 2 3
36. cos −1  sin  = cos −1  −  = whose secant equals .
 6   2 3 3
2 3 π
sec θ = , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, θ ≠
37. cot −1 3 3 2
We are finding the angle θ , 0 < θ < π, whose π
θ=
cotangent equals 3. 6
cot θ = 3, 0 <θ < π 2 3 π
sec −1 =
π 3 6
θ=
6
π 42. sec −1 ( − 2 )
−1
cot 3=
6 π
We are finding the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , θ ≠ ,
2
38. cot −1 1 whose secant equals −2 .
We are finding the angle θ , 0 < θ < π, whose π
sec θ = − 2, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, θ ≠
cotangent equals 1. 2
cot θ = 1, 0 < θ < π 2π
θ=
π 3
θ= 2 π
4 sec −1 ( − 2 ) =
−1 π 3
cot 1 =
4
723
 3 1
43. cot −1  −  46. csc −1 5 = sin −1
5
 3 
We are finding the angle θ , 0 < θ < π, whose π π
We seek the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose sine
2 2
3
cotangent equals − . 1 1
3 equals . Now sin θ = , so θ lies in
5 5
3 1
cot θ = − , 0 <θ < π quadrant I. The calculator yields sin −1 ≈ 0.20 ,
3 5
2π which is an angle in quadrant I, so
θ=
3 csc−1 5 ≈ 0.20 .
 3  2π
cot −1  −  =
 3  3
 2 3
44. csc −1  − 
 3  1
47. cot −1 2 = tan −1
π π 2
We are finding the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ ,
2 2 We seek the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose tangent
2 3 1 1
θ ≠ 0 , whose cosecant equals − . equals . Now tan θ = , so θ lies in
3 2 2
2 3 π π 1
csc θ = − , − ≤θ ≤ , θ ≠ 0 quadrant I. The calculator yields an −1 ≈ 0.46 ,
3 2 2 2
π which is an angle in quadrant I, so
θ =− cot −1 ( 2 ) ≈ 0.46 .
3
 2 3 π
csc −1  −  = −
 3  3
1
45. sec −1 4 = cos −1
4  1
We seek the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose cosine 48. sec −1 (−3) = cos −1  − 
 3
1 1 We seek the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose cosine
equals . Now cos θ = , so θ lies in quadrant
4 4 1 1
1 equals − . Now cos θ = − , θ lies in
I. The calculator yields cos −1 ≈ 1.32 , which is 3 3
4 quadrant II. The calculator yields
an angle in quadrant I, so sec−1 ( 4 ) ≈ 1.32 .  1
cos −1  −  ≈ 1.91 , which is an angle in
 3
quadrant II, so sec−1 ( − 3) ≈ 1.91 .
724
 1  1 
49. csc −1 ( −3) = sin −1  −  52. cot −1 ( −8.1) = tan −1  − 
 3  8.1 
π π We seek the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose tangent
We seek the angle θ , − ≤θ ≤ , whose sine
2 2 1 1
equals − . Now tan θ = − , so θ lies in
1 1 8.1 8.1
equals − . Now sin θ = − , so θ lies in
3 3 quadrant II. The calculator yields
quadrant IV. The calculator yields  1 
tan −1  −  ≈ −0.12 , which is an angle in
 1  8.1 
sin −1  −  ≈ −0.34 , which is an angle in
 3 quadrant IV. Since θ is in quadrant II,
quadrant IV, so csc−1 ( −3) ≈ −0.34 . θ ≈ −0.12 + π ≈ 3.02 . Thus, cot −1 ( −8.1) ≈ 3.02 .
 1  3  2
50. cot −1  −  = tan −1 (− 2) 53. csc −1  −  = sin −1  − 
 2  2  3
We seek the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose tangent π π
We seek the angle θ , − ≤θ ≤ , θ ≠0,
equals −2 . Now tan θ = −2 , so θ lies in 2 2
quadrant II. The calculator yields 2 2
whose sine equals − . Now sin θ = − , so θ
tan −1 ( − 2 ) ≈ −1.11 , which is an angle in 3 3
quadrant IV. Since θ lies in quadrant II, lies in quadrant IV. The calculator yields
θ ≈ −1.11 + π ≈ 2.03 . Therefore,  2
sin −1  −  ≈ −0.73 , which is an angle in
 1  3
cot −1  −  ≈ 2.03 .
 2  3
quadrant IV, so csc−1  −  ≈ −0.73 .
 2
 1 
( )
51. cot −1 − 5 = tan −1  −
 5

 4  3
54. sec −1  −  = cos −1  − 
We seek the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose tangent  3  4
1 1 π
equals − . Now tan θ = − , so θ lies in We are finding the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , θ ≠ ,
5 5 2
quadrant II. The calculator yields 3 3
whose cosine equals − . Now cos θ = − , so
 1  4 4
tan −1  −  ≈ −0.42 , which is an angle in θ lies in quadrant II. The calculator yields
 5
 3
quadrant IV. Since θ is in quadrant II, cos −1  −  ≈ 2.42 , which is an angle in
θ ≈ −0.42 + π ≈ 2.72 . Therefore,  4
( )
cot −1 − 5 ≈ 2.72 .  4
quadrant II, so sec −1  −  ≈ 2.42 .
 3
725
 3  2 π π
55. cot −1  −  = tan −1  −  59. Let θ = sin −1 u so that sin θ = u , − ≤θ ≤ ,
 2   3 2 2
We are finding the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose −1 ≤ u ≤ 1 . Then,
sin θ
tangent equals −
2 2
. Now tan θ = − , so θ ( )
tan sin −1 u = tan θ =
cos θ
3 3
lies in quadrant II. The calculator yields sin θ sin θ
= =
2
 2 cos θ 1 − sin 2 θ
 3 u
=
quadrant IV. Since θ is in quadrant II, 1− u2
 3
θ ≈ −0.59 + π ≈ 2.55 . Thus, cot −1  −  ≈ 2.55 .
 2 60. Let θ = cos −1 u so that cos θ = u , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π ,
−1 ≤ u ≤ 1 . Then,
sin θ
( )
tan cos −1 u = tan θ =
cos θ
sin 2 θ 1 − cos 2 θ
= =
 1  cos θ cos θ
( )
56. cot −1 − 10 = tan −1  −
 10 

1− u2
=
We are finding the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose u
1 1
tangent equals − . Now tan θ = − , so θ 61. Let θ = sec −1 u so that sec θ = u , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π and
10 10
lies in quadrant II. The calculator yields π
θ≠ , u ≥ 1 . Then,
 1  2
tan −1  −
 10 
 ≈ −0.306 , which is an angle in
( )
sin sec −1 u = sin θ = sin 2 θ = 1 − cos 2 θ
quadrant IV. Since θ is in quadrant II,
1 sec 2 θ − 1
(
θ ≈ −0.306 + π ≈ 2.84 . So, cot −1 − 10 ≈ 2.84 . ) = 1−
sec θ2
=
sec 2 θ
u2 −1
=
u
62. Let θ = cot −1 u so that cot θ = u , 0 < θ < π ,

−1 π π −∞ < u < ∞ . Then,
57. Let θ = tan u so that tan θ = u , − <θ < ,
2 2
−∞ < u < ∞ . Then, ( )
sin cot −1 u = sin θ = sin 2 θ =
1
csc2 θ
1 1
( −1
)
cos tan u = cos θ =
sec θ
= 1 1
sec 2 θ = =
2
1 1 1 + cot θ 1+ u2
= =
2
1 + tan θ 1+ u2
58. Let θ = cos −1 u so that cos θ = u , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π ,

−1 ≤ u ≤ 1 . Then,
( )
sin cos −1 u = sin θ = sin 2 θ
= 1 − cos 2 θ = 1 − u 2
726
π π Since θ is in quadrant I, x = 5 .
63. Let θ = csc−1 u so that csc θ = u , − ≤θ ≤ ,
2 2   12    12  x 5
g  f −1    = cos  sin −1  = cos θ = =
u ≥ 1 . Then,   13    13  r 13
sin θ
( )
cos csc−1 u = cos θ = cos θ ⋅
sin θ
= cot θ sin θ
68.
  5   5
f  g −1    = sin  cos −1 
  13    13 
cot θ cot 2 θ csc 2 θ − 1
= = = 5 5
csc θ csc θ csc θ Let θ = cos −1 . Since cos θ = and
13 13
u2 −1 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , θ is in quadrant I, and we let x = 5
=
u and r = 13 . Solve for y:
52 + y 2 = 132
64. Let θ = sec−1 u so that sec θ = u , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π and
25 + y 2 = 169
π
θ≠ , u ≥ 1 . Then, y 2 = 144
2
( )
cos sec −1 u = cos θ =
1
=
sec θ u
1 y = ± 144 = ±12
Since θ is in quadrant I, y = 12 .
  5   5 y 12
65. Let θ = cot −1 u so that cot θ = u , 0 < θ < π , f  g −1    = sin  cos −1  = sin θ = =
−∞ < u < ∞ . Then,   13    13  r 13
(
tan cot −1 u = tan θ =) 1
=
cot θ u
1

69. g −1 
 7π   −1  7π 
f   = cos  sin 
  4   4 
66. Let θ = sec−1 u so that sec θ = u , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π and  2  3π
π = cos −1  −  =
θ≠ , u ≥ 1 . Note that sin θ ≥ 0 . Then,  2  4
2
( )
tan sec −1 u = tan θ = sin θ sec θ   5π
f −1  g 
 −1  5π 
70.   = sin  cos 
= sec θ 1 − cos 2 θ   6   6 
 3 π
1 u2 −1 = sin −1  −  = − 3
= u 1− =u  2 
u2 u2
The u cannot be cancelled since it can be either   3    3 

71. h  f −1  −   = tan  sin −1  −  
positive or negative.   5    5 
  12    12   3 3
67. g  f −1    = cos  sin −1  Let θ = sin −1  −  . Since sin θ = − and
13 13   5  5
   
12 12 π π
− , θ is in quadrant IV, and we let
≤θ ≤
Let θ = sin −1 . Since sin θ = and 2 2
13 13
y = −3 and r = 5 . Solve for x:
π π
− , θ is in quadrant I, and we let
≤θ ≤ x 2 + (−3) 2 = 52
2 2
y = 12 and r = 13 . Solve for x: x 2 + 9 = 25
x 2 + 122 = 132 x 2 = 16
x 2 + 144 = 169 x = ± 16 = ±4
x = 25  x = ± 25 = ±5
2
727
Since θ is in quadrant IV, x = 4 . r 2 = 122 + 52

  3    3  r 2 = 144 + 25 = 169
h  f −1  −   = tan  sin −1  −  
  5    5 
r = ± 169 = ±13
y −3 3 Now, r must be positive, so r = 13 .
= tan θ = = =−
x 4 4
  5   5 y 5
f  h −1    = sin  tan −1  = sin θ = =
  4    4    12    12  r 13
72. h  g −1  −   = tan  cos −1  −  
  5    5 
  4π  −1   4π 
 4  4 75. g −1  f −   = cos  sin  − 
Let θ = cos −1  −  . Since cos θ = − and   3    3 
 5 5
0 ≤ θ ≤ π , θ is in quadrant II, and we let 3 π
= cos −1 =
x = −4 and r = 5 . Solve for y: 2 6
(−4) 2 + y 2 = 52
  5π   −1   5π  
16 + y 2 = 25 76. g −1  f  −   = cos  sin  − 
  6    6 
y2 = 9
 1  2π
= cos −1  −  =
y = ± 9 = ±3  2 3
Since θ is in quadrant II, y = 3 .
  4    4    1    1 
h  g −1  −   = tan  cos −1  −   77. h  g −1  −   = tan  cos −1  −  
  5    5    4    4 
y −3 3  1 1
= tan θ = = =− Let θ = cos −1  −  . Since cos θ = − and
x 4 4  4 4
0 ≤ θ ≤ π , θ is in quadrant II, and we let
  12    12  x = −1 and r = 4 . Solve for y:
73. g  h −1    = cos  tan −1 
  5   5 (−1) 2 + y 2 = 42
12 12 1 + y 2 = 16
5 5 y 2 = 15
π π
− ≤θ ≤, θ is in quadrant I, and we let y = ± 15
2 2
x = 5 and y = 12 . Solve for r: Since θ is in quadrant II, y = 15 .
r 2 = 52 + 122   1    1 
h  g −1  −   = tan  cos −1  −  
  4    4 
r 2 = 25 + 144 = 169
y 15
r = ± 169 = ±13 = tan θ = = = − 15
Now, r must be positive, so r = 13 . x −1
  12    12  x 5
g  h −1    = cos  tan −1  = cos θ = =   2    2 
   5  5  r 13 78. h  f −1  −   = tan  sin −1  −  
  5    5 
  5   2 2
 5 Let θ = sin −1  −  . Since sin θ = − and
74. f  h −1    = sin  tan −1   5  5
  12    12 
π π
5 5 − , θ is in quadrant IV, and we let
≤θ ≤
Let θ = tan −1 . Since tan θ = and 2 2
12 12
y = −2 and r = 5 . Solve for x:
π π
− ≤θ ≤, θ is in quadrant I, and we let
2 2
x = 12 and y = 5 . Solve for r:
728
x 2 + (−2)2 = 52 4
Thus, h = = 4.79 feet. The
2
x + 4 = 25 cot ( 50.14° )
x 2 = 21 bunker will be 4.79 feet high.
x = ± 21  4.22 
c. θTG = cot −1   = 54.88°
Since θ is in quadrant IV, x = 21 .  6 
  2    2  From part (a) we have θUSGA = 50.14° . For
h  f −1  −   = tan  sin −1  −   steep bunkers, a larger angle of repose is
  5    5 
required. Therefore, the Tour Grade 50/50
y −2 2 21 sand is better suited since it has a larger
= tan θ = = =−
x 21 21 angle of repose.
2x
79. a. Since the diameter of the base is 45 feet, we 81. a. cot θ =
45 2 y + gt 2
have r = = 22.5 feet. Thus,
2  2x 
θ = cot −1 
 22.5   2 y + gt 2 
θ = cot −1   
 = 31.89° .
 14  The artillery shell begins at the origin and
r lands at the coordinates ( 6175, 2450 ) . Thus,
b. θ = cot −1
h  
2 ⋅ 6175
r θ = cot −1  
cot θ = → r = h cot θ  2 ⋅ 2450 + 32.2 2.27 2 
h  ( ) 
Here we have θ = 31.89° and h = 17 feet. ≈ cot −1 ( 2.437858 ) ≈ 22.3°
Thus, r = 17 cot ( 31.89° ) = 27.32 feet and The artilleryman used an angle of elevation
the diameter is 2 ( 27.32 ) = 54.64 feet. of 22.3° .
v0 t
r b. sec θ =
c. From part (b), we get h = . x
cot θ
122 x sec θ ( 6175 ) sec ( 22.3° )
The radius is = 61 feet. v0 = =
2 t 2.27
r 61 = 2940.23 ft/sec
h= = ≈ 37.96 feet.
cot θ 22.5 /14
x
Thus, the height is 37.96 feet. 82. Let. y = cot −1 x = cos −1
2
x +1
80. a. Since the diameter of the base is 6.68 feet, 3π
6.68 2
we have r = = 3.34 feet. Thus,
2
 3.34 
θ = cot −1   = 50.14°
 4  −10 10
r π
b. θ = cot −1 −
2
h
r r Note that the range of y = cot −1 x is ( 0, π ) , so
cot θ = → h=
h cot θ 1
tan −1 will not work.
Here we have θ = 50.14° and r = 4 feet. x
729
83. y = sec −1 x = cos −1

1 Section 6.3
x
π 1. 3x − 5 = − x + 1
4x = 6
6 3
x= =
4 2
−5 5 3
0 The solution set is   .
2
1
84. y = csc −1 x = sin −1 2 1
x 2. , −
_π 2 2
2
3. 4 x2 − x − 5 = 0
−10 10
( 4 x − 5)( x + 1) = 0
4 x − 5 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
5
_π x= or x = −1
−
2
4
 5
The solution set is −1,  .
85 – 86. Answers will vary.  4
87. f ( x) = 4 x 4 + 21x 2 − 100
4. x 2 − x − 1 = 0
4 x 4 + 21x 2 − 100 = 0
− ( −1) ± ( −1) − 4 (1)( −1)
2
( x 2 − 4)( x 2 + 25) = 0 x=
2 2
2 (1)
x − 4 = 0 or x + 25 = 0
1± 1+ 4
x = ±2 or x = ±5i =
So the solution set is: {−2, 2, −5i,5i} 2
1± 5
=
88. f ( − x ) = ( − x )3 + ( − x ) 2 − ( − x ) 2
= − x3 + x 2 + x ≠ f ( x) 1 − 5 1 + 5 
The solution set is  , .
So the function is not even.  2 2 
f ( − x ) = ( − x )3 + ( − x ) 2 − ( − x )
= −( x3 − x 2 − x) ≠ − f ( x) 5. (2 x − 1) 2 − 3(2 x − 1) − 4 = 0
So the function is not odd. [(2 x − 1) + 1][(2 x − 1) − 4] = 0
π 7π 2 x(2 x − 5) = 0
89. 315 = radians 2 x = 0 or 2 x − 5 = 0
180 4
5
5π x = 0 or x=
90. 75° = 2
12  5
s = rθ The solution set is 0,  .
 2
5π
=6
12 6. 5 x3 − 2 = x − x 2
5π Let y1 = 5 x3 − 2 and y2 = x − x 2 . Use
= ≈ 7.85 in.
2 INTERSECT to find the solution(s):
730
Section 6.3: Trigonometric Equations
6
13. 4 cos 2 θ = 1
1
cos 2 θ =
−6 6 4
1
cos θ = ±
2
−6
π 2π
In this case, the graphs only intersect in one θ= + k π or θ = + k π , k is any integer
location, so the equation has only one solution. 3 3
Rounding as directed, the solutions set is {0.76} . On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
 π 2π 4π 5π 
 , , , .
π 5π 3 3 3 3 
7. ,
6 6
1
14. tan 2 θ =
 π 5π  3
8. θ θ = + 2π k , θ = + 2π k , k is any integer 
 6 6  1 3
tan θ = ± =±
3 3
9. False because of the circular nature of the π 5π
functions. θ = + k π or θ = + k π, k is any integer
6 6
10. False, 2 is outside the range of the sin function. On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
 π 5π 7π 11π 
11. 2sin θ + 3 = 2  , , , .
6 6 6 6 
2sin θ = −1
1 15. 2sin 2 θ − 1 = 0
sin θ = −
2 2sin 2 θ = 1
7π 11π 1
θ= + 2k π or θ = + 2k π , k is any integer sin 2 θ =
6 6 2
 7 π 11π  1 2
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  , . sin θ = ± =±
6 6  2 2
π 3π
1 θ = + kπ or θ = + kπ , k is any integer
12. 1 − cos θ = 4 4
2 On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
1  π 3π 5π 7 π 
1 − cos θ =
2  , , , .
4 4 4 4 
1
= cos θ
2 16. 4 cos 2 θ − 3 = 0
π 5π
θ = + 2k π or θ = + 2k π , k is any integer 4 cos 2 θ = 3
3 3
3
 π 5π  cos 2 θ =
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  ,  . 4
3 3 
3
cos θ = ±
2
π 5π
θ= + k π or θ = + k π , k is any integer
6 6
On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
 π 5π 7π 11π 
 , , , .
6 6 6 6 
731
17. sin ( 3θ ) = −1 On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is

3π  4π 8π 16π 
3θ = + 2k π  , , .
2 9 9 9 
π 2k π
θ= + , k is any integer 2θ
2 3 22. cot =− 3
3
2θ 5π
 π 7 π 11π  = + kπ , k is any integer
 , , . 3 6
2 6 6  5π 3kπ
θ= + , k is any integer
4 2
θ 
18. tan   = 3  5π 
2 On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is   .
4
θ π
=+ kπ , k is any integer
2 3 23. 2sin θ + 1 = 0
2π 2sin θ = −1
θ= + 2π k , k is any integer
3 1
 2π  sin θ = −
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is   . 2
3  7π 11π
θ= + 2k π or θ = + 2k π , k is any integer
6 6
1
19. cos ( 2θ ) = −  7 π 11π 
2 On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  , .
2π 4π 6 6 
2θ = + 2kπ or 2θ = + 2kπ
3 3 24. cos θ + 1 = 0
π 2π
θ = + kπ or θ = + kπ , k is any integer cos θ = −1
3 3
θ = π + 2k π , k is any integer
On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is {π } .
 π 2π 4π 5π 
 , , , .
3 3 3 3  25. tan θ + 1 = 0
20. tan ( 2θ ) = −1 tan θ = −1
3π
3π θ = + k π , k is any integer
2θ = + k π, k is any integer 4
4
3π k π  3π 7π 
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  ,  .
θ = + , k is any integer 4 4 
8 2
26. 3 cot θ + 1 = 0
 3π 7π 11π 15π 
 , , , . 3 cot θ = −1
8 8 8 8 
1 3
3θ cot θ = − =−
21. sec = −2 3 3
2 2π
3θ 2π 3θ 4π θ= + k π , k is any integer
= + 2kπ or = + 2kπ 3
2 3 2 3
 2π 5π 
4π 4kπ 8π 4kπ On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  ,  .
θ= + or θ = + , 3 3
9 3 9 3
k is any integer
732
27. 4sec θ + 6 = − 2  π
32. sin  3θ +  = 1
4sec θ = − 8  18 
sec θ = − 2 π π
3θ + = + 2k π
2π 4π 18 2
θ= + 2k π or θ = + 2k π , k is any integer
4π
3 3 3θ = + 2k π
 2π 4 π  9
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  ,  . 4π 2k π
3 3 θ= + , k is any integer
27 3
28. 5csc θ − 3 = 2 On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
5csc θ = 5  4π 22π 40π 
 , , .
csc θ = 1  27 27 27 
π
θ = + 2k π , k is any integer θ π 
2 33. tan  +  = 1
π 2 3
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is   .
2 θ π π
+ = + kπ
2 3 4
29. 3 2 cos θ + 2 = −1 θ π
= − + kπ
3 2 cos θ = − 3 2 12
π
1 2 θ = − + 2k π , k is any integer
cos θ = − =− 6
2 2
11π 
3π 5π On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  .
θ= + 2k π or θ = + 2k π , k is any integer  6 
4 4
 3π 5π  θ π  1
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  ,  . 34. cos  −  =
4 4 3 4 2
θ π π θ π 5π
30. 4sin θ + 3 3 = 3 − = + 2k π or − = + 2k π
3 4 3 3 4 3
4sin θ = − 2 3 θ 7π θ 23π
= + 2k π or = + 2k π
2 3 3 3 12 3 12
sin θ = − =−
4 2 7π 23π
θ= + 6k π or θ= + 6k π ,
4π 5π 4 4
θ= + 2k π or θ = + 2k π , k is any integer k is any integer.
3 3
 4 π 5π   7π 
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  ,  . On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is   .
3 3 4 
π 1
 35. sin θ =
31. cos  2θ −  = −1 2
 2
 π 5π 
π
2θ − = π + 2k π θ θ = + 2kπ or θ = + 2kπ  , k is any
 6 6 
2
3π integer. Six solutions are
2θ = + 2k π π 5π 13π 17 π 25π 29π
2 θ= , , , , , .
3π 6 6 6 6 6 6
θ = + k π , k is any integer
4
 3π 7π 
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  ,  .
4 4
733
36. tan θ = 1 42. sin ( 2θ ) = −1

 π  3π
θ θ = + k π  , k is any integer 2θ = + 2k π, k is any integer
 4  2
π 5π 9π 13π 17 π 21π  3π 
Six solutions are θ = , , , , , . θ θ = + k π  , k is any integer
4 4 4 4 4 4  4 
Six solutions are
3 3π 7π 11π 15π 19π 23π
37. tan θ = − θ= , , , , , .
3 4 4 4 4 4 4
 5π 
θ θ = + k π  , k is any integer θ 3
 6  43. sin =−
2 2
Six solutions are
θ 4π θ 5π
5π 11π 17 π 23π 29π 35π = + 2k π or = + 2k π, k is any integer
θ= , , , , , . 2 3 2 3
6 6 6 6 6 6
 8π 10π 
θ θ = + 4k π or θ = + 4k π  , k is any
3  3 3 
38. cos θ = −
2 integer. Six solutions are
 5π 7π  8π 10π 20π 22π 32π 34π
θ θ = + 2k π or θ = + 2k π  , k is any θ= , , , , , .
 6 6  3 3 3 3 3 3
integer. Six solutions are θ
5π 7 π 17 π 19π 29π 31π 44. tan = −1
θ= , , , , , . 2
6 6 6 6 6 6 θ 3π
= + kπ , k is any integer
2 4
39. cos θ = 0
 3π 
 π 3π  θ θ = + 2kπ  , k is any integer
θ θ = + 2k π or θ = + 2k π  , k is any  2 
 2 2  Six solutions are
integer
3π 7π 11π 15π 19π 23π
π 3π 5π 7 π 9π 11π θ= , , , , , .
Six solutions are θ = , , , , , . 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
45. sin θ = 0.4
40. sin θ =
2 θ = sin −1 ( 0.4 ) ≈ 0.41
2 θ ≈ 0.41 or θ ≈ π − 0.41 ≈ 2.73 .
 π 3π  The solution set is {0.41, 2.73} .
θ θ = + 2k π or θ = + 2kπ  , k is any
 4 4 
integer 46. cos θ = 0.6
π 3π 9π 11π 17π 19π θ = cos−1 ( 0.6 ) ≈ 0.93
Six solutions are θ = , , , , , .
4 4 4 4 4 4 θ ≈ 0.93 or θ ≈ 2π − 0.93 ≈ 5.36 .
1 The solution set is {0.93, 5.36} .
41. cos ( 2θ ) = −
2
2π 4π 47. tan θ = 5
2θ = + 2k π or 2θ = + 2k π, k is any integer
3 3 θ = tan −1 ( 5 ) ≈ 1.37
 π 2π  θ ≈ 1.37 or θ ≈ π + 1.37 ≈ 4.51 .
θ θ = + k π or θ = + k π  , k is any integer
The solution set is {1.37, 4.51} .
 3 3 
π 2π 4π 5π 7π 8π
Six solutions are θ = , , , , , .
3 3 3 3 3 3
734
48. cot θ = 2 54. 4 cot θ = −5

1 5
tan θ = cot θ = −
2 4
1 4
θ = tan −1   ≈ 0.46 tan θ = −
 2 5
θ ≈ 0.46 or θ ≈ π + 0.46 ≈ 3.61 .  4
θ = tan −1  −  ≈ −0.675
The solution set is {0.46, 3.61} .   5
θ ≈ −0.675 + π or θ ≈ −0.675 + 2π .
49. cos θ = −0.9 ≈ 2.47 ≈ 5.61
θ = cos −1 ( −0.9 ) ≈ 2.69 The solution set is {2.47, 5.61} .
θ ≈ 2.69 or θ ≈ 2π − 2.69 ≈ 3.59 .
The solution set is {2.69, 3.59} . 55. 3sin θ − 2 = 0
3sin θ = 2
50. sin θ = −0.2
2
θ = sin −1 ( −0.2 ) ≈ −0.20 sin θ =
3
θ ≈ −0.20 + 2π or θ ≈ π − ( −0.20 ) . 2
θ = sin −1   ≈ 0.73
≈ 6.08 ≈ 3.34  3
The solution set is {3.34, 6.08} . θ ≈ 0.73 or θ ≈ π − 0.73 ≈ 2.41 .
51. sec θ = −4
1 56. 4 cos θ + 3 = 0
cos θ = −
4 4 cos θ = −3
 1 3
θ = cos −1  −  ≈ 1.82 cos θ = −
 4 4
θ ≈ 1.82 or θ ≈ 2π − 1.82 ≈ 4.46 .  3
θ = cos −1  −  ≈ 2.42
The solution set is {1.82, 4.46} .  4
θ ≈ 2.42 or θ ≈ 2π − 2.42 ≈ 3.86 .
52. csc θ = −3
1
sin θ = −
3
57. 2 cos 2 θ + cos θ = 0
 1
−1
θ = sin  −  ≈ −0.34 cos θ (2 cos θ + 1) = 0
 3
cos θ = 0 or 2 cos θ + 1 = 0
θ ≈ −0.34 + 2π or θ ≈ π − ( −0.34 ) .
π 3π 2 cos θ = −1
≈ 5.94 ≈ 3.48 θ= ,
2 2 1
The solution set is {3.48, 5.94} . cos θ = −
2
2π 4π
53. 5 tan θ + 9 = 0 θ= ,
3 3
5 tan θ = −9
 π 2π 4π 3π 
9 The solution set is  , , , .
tan θ = − 2 3 3 2 
5
 9
θ = tan −1  −  ≈ −1.064
  5
θ ≈ −1.064 + π or θ ≈ −1.064 + 2π
≈ 2.08 ≈ 5.22
735
58. sin 2 θ − 1 = 0  1
62. (cot θ + 1)  csc θ −  = 0
(sin θ + 1)(sin θ − 1) = 0  2
sin θ + 1 = 0 or sin θ − 1 = 0 1
cot θ + 1 = 0 or csc θ − =0
sin θ = −1 sin θ = 1 2
cot θ = −1
1
3π π 3π 7 π csc θ =
θ= θ= θ= , 2
2 2 4 4 (not possible)
 π 3π 
The solution set is  , .  3π 7π 
2 2  The solution set is  , .
 4 4 
59. 2sin 2 θ − sin θ − 1 = 0
63. sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ = 1 + cos θ
(2sin θ + 1)(sin θ − 1) = 0
2sin θ + 1 = 0 or sin θ − 1 = 0 (1 − cos θ ) − cos
2 2
θ = 1 + cos θ
2sin θ = −1 sin θ = 1 1 − 2 cos θ = 1 + cos θ
2
1 π 2 cos 2 θ + cos θ = 0
sin θ = − θ=
2 2 ( cos θ )( 2 cos θ + 1) = 0
7 π 11π
θ= , cos θ = 0 or 2 cos θ + 1 = 0
6 6
π 3π 1
 π 7π 11π  θ= , cos θ = −
The solution set is  , , . 2 2 2
2 6 6 
2π 4π
, θ=
3 3
60. 2 cos 2 θ + cos θ − 1 = 0
 π 2π 4π 3π 
(cos θ + 1)(2 cos θ − 1) = 0 The solution set is  , , , .
2 3 3 2 
cos θ + 1 = 0 or 2 cos θ − 1 = 0
cos θ = −1 2 cos θ = 1 64. cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ + sin θ = 0
θ =π 1
cos θ =
2
(1 − sin θ ) − sin
2 2
θ + sin θ = 0
π 5π 1 − 2sin 2 θ + sin θ = 0
θ= ,
3 3 2sin 2 θ − sin θ − 1 = 0
 π 5π  ( 2sin θ + 1)( sin θ − 1) = 0
The solution set is  , π , .
3 3  2sin θ + 1 = 0 or sin θ − 1 = 0
1 sin θ = 1
61. (tan θ − 1)(sec θ − 1) = 0 sin θ = −
2 π
tan θ − 1 = 0 or sec θ − 1 = 0 θ=
7π 11π 2
tan θ = 1 sec θ = 1 θ= ,
6 6
π 5π  π 7π 11π 
θ= , θ =0 The solution set is  ,
4 4 , .
2 6 6 
 π 5π 
The solution set is 0, , .
 4 4 
736
65. sin 2 θ = 6 ( cos ( −θ ) + 1) 68. cos θ − sin ( −θ ) = 0

sin θ = 6 ( cos (θ ) + 1)
2 cos θ − ( − sin (θ ) ) = 0
1 − cos 2 θ = 6 cos θ + 6 cos θ + sin θ = 0

cos 2 θ + 6 cos θ + 5 = 0 sin θ = − cos θ
sin θ
( cos θ + 5)( cos θ + 1) = 0 = −1
cos θ
cos θ + 5 = 0 or cos θ + 1 = 0
tan θ = −1
cos θ = −5 cos θ = −1
3π 7π
(not possible) θ =π θ= ,
4 4
The solution set is {π } .  3π 7π 
 4 4 
66. 2sin 2 θ = 3 (1 − cos ( −θ ) )
69. tan θ = 2sin θ
2sin 2 θ = 3 (1 − cos θ )
sin θ
( )
2 1 − cos 2 θ = 3 (1 − cos θ ) cos θ
= 2sin θ
2 − 2 cos 2 θ = 3 − 3cos θ sin θ = 2sin θ cos θ

2 cos 2 θ − 3cos θ + 1 = 0 0 = 2sin θ cos θ − sin θ
( 2 cos θ − 1)( cos θ − 1) = 0 0 = sin θ (2 cos θ − 1)
2 cos θ − 1 = 0 or sin θ = 0
2 cos θ − 1 = 0 or cos θ − 1 = 0
1 θ = 0, π
1 cos θ = 1 cos θ =
cos θ = 2
2 θ =0
π 5π
π 5π θ= ,
θ= , 3 3
3 3
 π 5π   π 5π 
The solution set is 0, , π , .
The solution set is 0, , .  3 3 
 3 3 
70. tan θ = cot θ
67. cos θ = − sin ( −θ )
1
cos θ = − ( − sin θ ) tan θ =
tan θ
cos θ = sin θ tan 2 θ = 1
sin θ tan θ = ±1
=1
cos θ π 3π 5π 7 π
tan θ = 1 θ= , , ,
4 4 4 4
π 5π  π 3π 5π 7π 
θ= , The solution set is  , , , .
4 4 4 4 4 4 
 π 5π 
4 4 
737
71. 1 + sin θ = 2 cos 2 θ 75. 3(1 − cos θ ) = sin 2 θ

1 + sin θ = 2(1 − sin 2 θ ) 3 − 3cos θ = 1 − cos 2 θ
1 + sin θ = 2 − 2sin 2 θ cos 2 θ − 3cos θ + 2 = 0
2sin 2 θ + sin θ − 1 = 0 ( cos θ − 1)( cos θ − 2 ) = 0
(2sin θ − 1)(sin θ + 1) = 0 cos θ − 1 = 0 or cos θ − 2 = 0
2sin θ − 1 = 0 or sin θ + 1 = 0 cos θ = 1 cos θ = 2
1 sin θ = −1 θ =0 (not possible)
sin θ =
2 3π The solution set is {0} .
θ=
π 5π 2
θ= ,
6 6 76. 4(1 + sin θ ) = cos 2 θ
 π 5π 3π  4 + 4sin θ = 1 − sin 2 θ
The solution set is  , , .
6 6 2 
sin 2 θ + 4sin θ + 3 = 0
72. sin 2 θ = 2 cos θ + 2 ( sin θ + 1)( sin θ + 3) = 0
1 − cos θ = 2 cos θ + 2
2 sin θ + 1 = 0 or sin θ + 3 = 0
cos 2 θ + 2 cos θ + 1 = 0 sin θ = −1 sin θ = −3
3π (not possible)
( cos θ + 1)
2
=0 θ=
2
cos θ + 1 = 0
 3π 
cos θ = −1 The solution set is   .
 2 
θ =π
The solution set is {π } . 77. tan 2 θ =
3
sec θ
2
73. 2sin 2 θ − 5sin θ + 3 = 0 3
sec 2 θ − 1 = sec θ
( 2sin θ − 3)( sin θ + 1) = 0 2
2sin θ − 3 = 0 or sin θ − 1 = 0 2sec 2 θ − 2 = 3sec θ
3 π 2sec 2 θ − 3sec θ − 2 = 0
sin θ = (not possible) θ=
2 2 (2sec θ + 1)(sec θ − 2) = 0
π  2sec θ + 1 = 0 or sec θ − 2 = 0
The solution set is   .
2 1 sec θ = 2
sec θ = −
74. 2 cos θ − 7 cos θ − 4 = 0
2
2 π 5π
θ= ,
( 2 cos θ + 1)( cos θ − 4 ) = 0 (not possible) 3 3
2 cos θ + 1 = 0 or cos θ − 4 = 0  π 5π 
1 cos θ = 4 3 3 
sin θ = −
2 (not possible) 78. csc2 θ = cot θ + 1
2π 4 π
θ= , 1 + cot 2 θ = cot θ + 1
3 3
 2π 4π  cot 2 θ − cot θ = 0
 3 3  cot θ (cot θ − 1) = 0
cot θ = 0 or cot θ = 1
π 3π π 5π
θ= , θ= ,
2 2 4 4
 π π 5π 3π 
The solution set is  , , , .
4 2 4 2 
738
10 10
79. sec 2 θ + tan θ = 0
tan 2 θ + 1 + tan θ = 0
This equation is quadratic in tan θ . −3π 3π −3π 3π
2`
The discriminant is b − 4ac = 1 − 4 = −3 < 0 .
The equation has no real solutions.
−10 −10
10
80. sec θ = tan θ + cot θ
1 sin θ cos θ
= + −3π 3π
cos θ cos θ sin θ
1 sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ
=
cos θ sin θ cos θ −10
1 1 x ≈ − 2.47, 0, 2.47
=
cos θ sin θ cos θ
83. 22 x − 17 sin x = 3
sin θ cos θ
=1 Find the intersection of Y1 = 22 x − 17 sin x and
cos θ
Y2 = 3 :
sin θ =1
π 5
θ=
2
π π −π π
Since sec   and tan   do not exist, the
2
  2
equation has no real solutions.
−5
81. x + 5cos x = 0 x ≈ 0.52
Find the zeros (x-intercepts) of Y1 = x + 5cos x :
10 10 84. 19 x + 8cos x = 2
Find the intersection of Y1 = 19 x + 8cos x and
Y2 = 2 :
−3π 3π −3π 3π
5
−10 −10
10 −π π
−3π 3π −5
x ≈ − 0.30
−10
x ≈ −1.31, 1.98, 3.84 85. sin x + cos x = x
Find the intersection of Y1 = sin x + cos x and
82. x − 4sin x = 0 Y2 = x :
Find the zeros (x-intercepts) of Y1 = x − 4sin x :
3
−π π
−3
x ≈ 1.26
739
86. sin x − cos x = x 90. x 2 = x + 3cos(2 x)

Find the intersection of Y1 = sin x − cos x and
Find the intersection of Y1 = x 2 and
Y2 = x :
Y2 = x + 3cos(2 x) :
3
10 10
−π π
−2π 2π −2π 2π
−3
−5 −5
x ≈ −1.26
x ≈ − 0.62, 0.81
2
87. x − 2 cos x = 0
91. 6sin x − e x = 2, x > 0
Find the zeros (x-intercepts) of Y1 = x 2 − 2 cos x :
Find the intersection of Y1 = 6sin x − e x and
3 3
Y2 = 2 :
6 6
−π π −π π
0 2π 0 2π
−3 −3
x ≈ −1.02, 1.02
−6 −6
2
88. x + 3sin x = 0 x ≈ 0.76, 1.35
Find the zeros (x-intercepts) of Y1 = x 2 + 3sin x :
92. 4 cos(3 x) − e x = 1, x > 0
3 3
Find the intersection of Y1 = 4 cos(3 x) − e x and
Y2 = 1 :
−π π −π π
6
−3 −3
0 π
x ≈ −1.72, 0
89. x 2 − 2sin ( 2 x ) = 3 x −6
Find the intersection of Y1 = x − 2sin ( 2 x ) and
2 x ≈ 0.31
Y2 = 3 x :
93. f ( x) = 0
12 12 4sin 2 x − 3 = 0
4sin 2 x = 3
3
sin 2 x =
−π __
3π −π __
3π 4
2 2
−3 −3
3 3
sin x = ±
=±
4 2
x ≈ 0, 2.15 π 2π
x = + kπ or x = + kπ , k is any integer
3 3
740
On the interval [ 0, 2π] , the zeros of f are On the interval [ −2π , 4π] , the solution set is
π 2π 4π 5π  11π 7π π 5π 13π 17 π 
, , , . − ,− , , , , .
3 3 3 3  6 6 6 6 6 6 
d. From the graph in part (b) and the results of
94. f ( x) = 0
3
2 cos ( 3 x ) + 1 = 0 part (c), the solutions of f ( x ) > on the
2
2 cos ( 3 x ) = −1  11π 7π
interval [ −2π , 4π] is  x − <x<−
1  6 6
cos ( 3 x ) = −
2 π 5π 13π 17π 
or <x< or <x< .
2π 4π 6 6 6 6 
3x = + 2kπ or 3x = + 2kπ
3 3
2π 2kπ 4π 2kπ 96. a. f ( x) = 0
x= + or x = + ,
9 3 9 3 2 cos x = 0
k is any integer
cos x = 0
On the interval [ 0, π] , the zeros of f are
π 3π
2π 4π 8π x= + 2kπ or x = + 2kπ , k is any
, , . 2 2
9 9 9 integer
On the interval [ −2π , 4π] , the zeros of f are
95. a. f ( x) = 0
3π π π 3π 5π 7π
3sin x = 0 − ,− , , , , .
2 2 2 2 2 2
sin x = 0
b. f ( x ) = 2 cos x
x = 0 + 2kπ or x = π + 2kπ , k is any integer
On the interval [ −2π , 4π] , the zeros of f are
−2π, −π, 0, π, 2π, 3π, 4π .
b. f ( x ) = 3sin x
c. f ( x) = − 3
2 cos x = − 3
3
cos x = −
2
3 5π 7π
c. f ( x) = x= + 2kπ or x = + 2kπ , k is any
2 6 6
3 integer
3sin x = On the interval [ −2π , 4π] , the solution set is
2
1  7π 5π 5π 7π 17π 19π 
sin x = − , − , , , , .
2  6 6 6 6 6 6 
π 5π
x= + 2kπ or x = + 2kπ , k is any integer d. From the graph in part (b) and the results of
6 6
part (c), the solutions of f ( x ) < − 3 on the
741
 7π 5π 6
interval [ −2π , 4π] is  x − <x<−
 6 6
5π 7π 17 π 19π  0 π
or <x< or <x< .
6 6 6 6 
−6
97. f ( x ) = 4 tan x
a. f ( x ) = −4 7
99. a, d. f ( x ) = 3sin ( 2 x ) + 2 ; g ( x ) =
4 tan x = −4 2
tan x = −1
 π 
 x x = − + kπ  , k is any integer
 4 
b. f ( x ) < −4
4 tan x < −4
tan x < −1
Graphing y1 = tan x and y2 = −1 on the
 π π
interval  − ,  , we see that y1 < y2 for b. f ( x) = g ( x)
 2 2
π π  π π 7
− < x < − or  − , −  . 3sin ( 2 x ) + 2 =
2
2 4  2 4
6 3
3sin ( 2 x ) =
2
_ 1
−_
π π sin ( 2 x ) =
2 2 2
π 5π
2x = + 2kπ or 2 x = + 2kπ
−6 6 6
π 5π
98. f ( x ) = cot x x= + kπ or x= + kπ ,
12 12
a. f ( x) = − 3 k is any integer
 π 5π 
cot x = − 3 On [ 0, π] , the solution set is  ,  .
12 12 
 5π 
x x = + kπ  , k is any integer c. From the graph in part (a) and the results of
 6 
part (b), the solution of f ( x ) > g ( x ) on
b. f ( x) > − 3  π 5π   π 5π 
[0, π] is  x < x <  or  , .
cot x > − 3  12 12   12 12 
1
Graphing y1 = and y2 = − 3 on the x
tan x 100. a, d. f ( x ) = 2 cos + 3 ; g ( x ) = 4
interval ( 0, π ) , we see that y1 > y2 for 2
5π  5π 
0< x< or  0, .
6  6 
742
b. f ( x) = g ( x) c. From the graph in part (a) and the results of

x part (b), the solution of f ( x ) > g ( x ) on
2 cos + 3 = 4
2  2π 4π   2π 4π 
x
[0, 2π ] is x <x<  or  , .
2 cos = 1  3 3   3 3 
2
x 1 102. a, d. f ( x ) = 2sin x ; g ( x ) = −2sin x + 2
cos =
2 2
x π x 5π
= + 2kπ or = + 2kπ
2 3 2 3
2π 10π
x= + 4kπ or x = + 4kπ ,
3 3
k is any integer
 2π 10π 
On [ 0, 4π ] , the solution set is  , .
3 3 
c. From the graph in part (a) and the results of
b. f ( x) = g ( x)
part (b), the solution of f ( x ) < g ( x ) on
2sin x = −2sin x + 2
 2π 10π   2π 10π 
[0, 4π] is  x <x<  or  , . 4sin x = 2
 3 3   3 3 
2 1
sin x = =
101. a, d. f ( x ) = −4 cos x ; g ( x ) = 2 cos x + 3 4 2
π 5π
x= + 2kπ or x = + 2kπ ,
6 6
k is any integer
 π 5π 
On [ 0, 2π ] , the solution set is  ,  .
6 6 
c. From the graph in part (a) and the results of
part (b), the solution of f ( x ) > g ( x ) on
 π 5π   π 5π 
[0, 2π] is  x < x <  or  , .
 6 6 6 6 
 7π 
103. P ( t ) = 100 + 20sin  t
 3 
b. f ( x) = g ( x)
a. Solve P ( t ) = 100 on the interval [ 0,1] .
−4 cos x = 2 cos x + 3
 7π 
−6 cos x = 3 100 + 20sin  t  = 100
 3 
3 1
cos x = =−  7π 
−6 2 20sin  t = 0
 3 
2π 4π
x= + 2kπ or x = + 2kπ ,  7π 
3 3 sin  t = 0
k is any integer  3 
 2π 4π  7π
On [ 0, 2π ] , the solution set is  , . t = kπ , k is any integer
 3 3  3
3
t = k , k is any integer
7
We need 0 ≤ 73 k ≤ 1 , or 0 ≤ k ≤ 7 .
3
743
For k = 0 , t = 0 sec. the results from part (a), the blood pressure
3 will be between 100 mmHg and 105 mmHg
For k = 1 , t = ≈ 0.43 sec. for values of t (in seconds) in the interval
7
6
[0, 0.03] ∪ [0.39, 0.43] ∪ [0.86, 0.89] .
For k = 2 , t = ≈ 0.86 sec.
7  π
The blood pressure will be 100 mmHg after 104. h ( t ) = 125sin  0.157t −  + 125
 2
0 seconds, 0.43 seconds, and 0.86 seconds.
 π
a. Solve h ( t ) = 125sin  0.157t −  + 125 = 125
b. Solve P ( t ) = 120 on the interval [ 0,1] .  2
 7π  on the interval [ 0, 40] .
100 + 20sin  t  = 120
 3   π
125sin  0.157t −  + 125 = 125
 7π   2
20sin  t  = 20
 3   π
125sin  0.157t −  = 0
 7π   2
sin  t =1
 3   π
sin  0.157t −  = 0
7π π  2
t = 2π k + , k is any integer
3 2 π
0.157t − = kπ , k is any integer
3 ( 2k + 12 ) 2
t= , k is any integer π
7 0.157t = kπ + , k is any integer
We need 2
3 ( 2k + 12 ) π
kπ +
0≤ ≤1 2 , k is any integer
7 t=
0.157
0 ≤ 2k + 12 ≤ 73 π
0+
− 12 ≤ 2k ≤ 11
6 For k = 0, t = 2 ≈ 10 seconds .
0.157
1 11
− 4 ≤ k ≤ 12 π
π+
3 For k = 1, t = 2 ≈ 30 seconds .
For k = 0 , t = ≈ 0.21 sec 0.157
14
The blood pressure will be 120mmHg after π
2π +
0.21 sec . 2 ≈ 50 seconds .
For k = 2, t =
0.157
c. Solve P ( t ) = 105 on the interval [ 0,1] .
So during the first 40 seconds, an individual
 7π  on the Ferris Wheel is exactly 125 feet above
100 + 20sin  t  = 105
 3  the ground when t ≈ 10 seconds and again
 7π  when t ≈ 30 seconds .
20sin  t = 5
 3   π
b. Solve h ( t ) = 125sin  0.157t −  + 125 = 250
 7π  3  2
sin  t =
 3  4 on the interval [ 0,80] .
7π 3  π
t = sin −1   125sin  0.157t −  + 125 = 250
3 4  2
3 3  π
t= sin −1   125sin  0.157t −  = 125
7π 4  2
On the interval [ 0,1] , we get t ≈ 0.03  π
sin  0.157t −  = 1
seconds, t ≈ 0.39 seconds, and t ≈ 0.89  2
seconds. Using this information, along with
744
π π 105. d ( x ) = 70sin ( 0.65 x ) + 150

0.157t − = + 2kπ , k is any integer
2 2 a. d ( 0 ) = 70sin ( 0.65 ( 0 ) ) + 150
0.157t = π + 2kπ , k is any integer
= 70sin ( 0 ) + 150
π + 2kπ
t= , k is any integer = 150 miles
0.157
For k = 0, t =
π
≈ 20 seconds . b. Solve d ( x ) = 70sin ( 0.65 x ) + 150 = 100 on
0.157 the interval [ 0, 20] .
π + 2π
For k = 1, t = ≈ 60 seconds . 70sin ( 0.65 x ) + 150 = 100
0.157
π + 4π 70sin ( 0.65 x ) = −50
For k = 2, t = ≈ 100 seconds .
0.157 5
sin ( 0.65 x ) = −
So during the first 80 seconds, an individual 7
on the Ferris Wheel is exactly 250 feet above  5
the ground when t ≈ 20 seconds and again 0.65 x = sin −1  −  + 2π k
 7
when t ≈ 60 seconds .
 5
sin −1  −  + 2π k
 π  7
c. Solve h ( t ) = 125sin  0.157t −  + 125 > 125 x=
 2 0.65
on the interval [ 0, 40] . 3.94 + 2π k 5.94 + 2π k
x≈ or x ≈ ,
 π 0.65 0.65
125sin  0.157t −  + 125 > 125 k is any integer
 2
π 3.94 + 0 5.94 + 0
 For k = 0 , x ≈ or x ≈
125sin  0.157t −  > 0 0.65 0.65
 2
≈ 6.06 min ≈ 8.44 min
 π 
sin  0.157t −  > 0 3.94 + 2π 5.94 + 2π
 2 For k = 1 , x ≈ or x ≈
π 0.65 0.65

Graphing y1 = sin  0.157 x −  and y2 = 0 ≈ 15.72 min ≈ 18.11 min
 2
on the interval [ 0, 40] , we see that y1 > y2 for For k = 2 ,
3.94 + 4π 5.94 + 4π
10 < x < 30 . x≈ or x ≈
1.5 0.65 0.65
≈ 25.39 min ≈ 27.78 min
So during the first 20 minutes in the holding
pattern, the plane is exactly 100 miles from
0 40
the airport when x ≈ 6.06 minutes ,
x ≈ 8.44 minutes , x ≈ 15.72 minutes , and
x ≈ 18.11 minutes .
−1.5
So during the first 40 seconds, an individual c. Solve d ( x ) = 70sin ( 0.65 x ) + 150 > 100 on
on the Ferris Wheel is more than 125 feet the interval [ 0, 20] .
above the ground for times between about 10
and 30 seconds. That is, on the interval 70sin ( 0.65 x ) + 150 > 100
10 < x < 30 , or (10, 30 ) . 70sin ( 0.65 x ) > −50
5
sin ( 0.65 x ) > −
7
5
Graphing y1 = sin ( 0.65 x ) and y2 = − on
7
745
the interval [ 0, 20] , we see that y1 > y2 for b. Solve R (θ ) = 672sin ( 2θ ) = 540 on the
0 < x < 6.06 , 8.44 < x < 15.72 , and  π
18.11 < x < 20 . interval  0,  .
 2
1.5
672sin ( 2θ ) = 540
540 135
0 20 sin ( 2θ ) = =
672 168
 135 
2θ = sin −1   + 2kπ
−1.5  168 
So during the first 20 minutes in the holding  135 
pattern, the plane is more than 100 miles sin −1   + 2kπ
from the airport before 6.06 minutes, θ=  168 
between 8.44 and 15.72 minutes, and after 2
18.11 minutes. 0.9333 + 2kπ 2.2083 + 2kπ
θ≈ or θ ≈ ,
d. No, the plane is never within 70 miles of the 2 2
airport while in the holding pattern. The k is any integer
minimum value of sin ( 0.65 x ) is −1 . Thus, 0.9330 + 0 2.2083 + 0
For k = 0 , θ = or θ =
the least distance that the plane is from the 2 2
airport is 70 ( −1) + 150 = 80 miles. ≈ 0.46665 ≈ 1.10415
≈ 26.74° ≈ 63.26°
106. R (θ ) = 672sin ( 2θ )
0.9330 + 2π 2.2083 + 2π
a. Solve R (θ ) = 672sin ( 2θ ) = 450 on the For k = 1 , θ = or θ =
2 2
 π ≈ 3.608 ≈ 4.246
interval 0,  .
 2 ≈ 206.72° ≈ 243.28°
672sin ( 2θ ) = 450 So the golfer should hit the ball at an angle
of either 26.74° or 63.26° .
450 225
sin ( 2θ ) = = c. Solve R (θ ) = 672sin ( 2θ ) ≥ 480 on the
672 336
 225   π
2θ = sin −1   + 2kπ interval  0,  .
 336   2
 225  672sin ( 2θ ) ≥ 480
sin −1   + 2kπ
θ=  336  480
sin ( 2θ ) ≥
2 672
0.7337 + 2kπ 2.408 + 2kπ 5
θ≈ or θ ≈ , sin ( 2θ ) ≥
2 2 7
k is any integer 5
Graphing y1 = sin ( 2 x ) and y2 = on the
0.7337 + 0 2.408 + 0 7
For k = 0 , θ = or θ =
2 2  π
interval  0,  and using INTERSECT, we
≈ 0.36685 ≈ 1.204  2
≈ 21.02° ≈ 68.98° see that y1 ≥ y2 when 0.3978 ≤ x ≤ 1.1730
radians, or 22.79° ≤ x ≤ 67.21° .
0.7337 + 2π 2.408 + 2π
For k = 1 , θ = or θ = 1.5
2 2
≈ 3.508 ≈ 4.3456
≈ 200.99° ≈ 248.98° 0 _
π
2
So the golfer should hit the ball at an angle
of either 21.02° or 68.98° .
−1.5
746
1.5 3 4
c. Graph Y1 = + and use the
cos x sin x
0 _
π MINIMUM feature:
2
20
−1.5
So, the golf ball will travel at least 480 feet
if the angle is between about 22.79° and
67.21° . 0 90
0
d. No; since the maximum value of the sine
function is 1, the farthest the golfer can hit An angle of θ ≈ 47.74° minimizes the
the ball is 672 (1) = 672 feet. length at L ≈ 9.87 feet .
107. Find the first two positive intersection points of d. For this problem, only one minimum length
Y1 = − x and Y2 = tan x . exists. This minimum length is 9.87 feet,
and it occurs when θ ≈ 47.74° . No matter
2 2 if we find the minimum algebraically (using
0 2π 0 2π calculus) or graphically, the minimum will
be the same.
(34.8) 2 sin ( 2θ )
109. a. 107 =
−12 −12 9.8
The first two positive solutions are x ≈ 2.03 and 107(9.8)
sin ( 2θ ) = ≈ 0.8659
x ≈ 4.91 . (34.8) 2
2θ ≈ sin −1 ( 0.8659 )
108. a. Let L be the length of the ladder with x and
y being the lengths of the two parts in each 2θ ≈ 60º or 120º
hallway. θ ≈ 30º or 60º
L = x+ y
b. Notice that the answers to part (a) add up to
3 4 90° . The maximum distance will occur
cos θ = sin θ =
x y when the angle of elevation is 90° ÷ 2 = 45° :
x=
3 4 (34.8) 2 sin  2 ( 45° ) 
y= R ( 45° ) = ≈ 123.6
cos θ sin θ 9.8
3 4 The maximum distance is 123.6 meters.
L(θ ) = + = 3sec θ + 4 csc θ
cos θ sin θ
(34.8) 2 sin(2 x)
c. Let Y1 =
3sec θ tan θ − 4 csc θ cot θ = 0 9.8
125
3sec θ tan θ = 4 csc θ cot θ
sec θ tan θ 4
=
csc θ cot θ 3
4
tan 3 θ = 0 90
3 0
4 d.
tan θ = 3 ≈ 1.10064
3
θ ≈ 47.74º
3 4
b. L ( 47.74º ) = +
cos ( 47.74º ) sin ( 47.74º )
≈ 9.87 feet
747
sin 50°
112. = 1.66
sin θ 2
1.66sin θ 2 = sin 50°
sin 50°
sin θ 2 = ≈ 0.4615
(40) sin(2θ )
2
1.66
110. a. 110 =
9.8 θ 2 = sin −1 ( 0.4615 ) ≈ 27.48°
110 ⋅ 9.8
sin(2θ ) = ≈ 0.67375 113. Calculate the index of refraction for each:
402
v1 sin θ1
2θ ≈ sin −1 ( 0.67375 ) θ1 θ2 =
v2 sin θ 2
2θ ≈ 42.4º or 137.6º sin10º
10º 8º ≈ 1.2477
θ ≈ 21.2º or 68.8º sin 8º
sin 20º
b. The maximum distance will occur when the 20º 15º 30 ' = 15.5º ≈ 1.2798
angle of elevation is 45° : sin15.5º
sin 30º
(40) 2 sin [ 2(45°) ] 30º 22º 30 ' = 22.5º ≈ 1.3066
R ( 45° ) = ≈ 163.3 sin 22.5º
9.8 sin 40º
The maximum distance is approximately 40º 29º 0 ' = 29º ≈ 1.3259
sin 29º
163.3 meter sin 50º
50º 35º 0 ' = 35º ≈ 1.3356
(40) 2 sin(2 x) sin 35º
c. Let Y1 = : sin 60º
9.8 60º 40º 30 ' = 40.5º ≈ 1.3335
170 sin 40.5º
sin 70º
70º 45º 30 ' = 45.5º ≈ 1.3175
sin 45.5º
sin 80º
80º 50º 0 ' = 50º ≈ 1.2856
sin 50º
0 90 Yes, these data values agree with Snell’s Law.
0
The results vary from about 1.25 to 1.34.
d.
v1 2.998 × 108
114. = ≈ 1.56
v2 1.92 × 108
The index of refraction for this liquid is about
1.56.
115. Calculate the index of refraction:
sin θ1 sin 40º
θ1 = 40º , θ 2 = 26º ; = ≈ 1.47
sin θ 2 sin 26º
116. The index of refraction of crown glass is 1.52.

sin 40° sin 30º
111. = 1.33 ≈ 1.52
sin θ 2 sin θ 2
1.33sin θ 2 = sin 40° 1.52sin θ 2 = sin 30°
sin 40° sin 30°
sin θ 2 = ≈ 0.4833 sin θ 2 = ≈ 0.3289
1.33 1.52
θ 2 = sin −1 ( 0.4833) ≈ 28.90° θ 2 ≈ sin −1 ( 0.3352 ) ≈ 19.20°
The angle of refraction is about 19.20° .
748
Section 6.4: Trigonometric Identities
117. If θ is the original angle of incidence and φ is 10 3 10

123. sin θ = − , cos θ =
sin θ 10 10
the angle of refraction, then = n2 . The
sin φ 10
angle of incidence of the emerging beam is also −
sin θ 10 10 10 1
1 tan θ = = =− ⋅ =−
φ , and the index of refraction is . Thus, θ is cos θ 3 10 10 3 10 3
n2
10
the angle of refraction of the emerging beam.
The two beams are parallel since the original 1 1 10 10
angle of incidence and the angle of refraction of csc θ = = =1 − = − 10
sin θ 10 10 10
the emerging beam are equal. −
10
1 1 10 10 10
sec θ = = = ⋅ =
cos θ 3 10 3 10 10 3
10
1
cot θ = = −3
tan θ
124. y = 2sin ( 2 x − π )
118. Here we have n1 = 1.33 and n2 = 1.52 .
Amplitude: A = 2 =2
n1 sin θ B = n2 cos B
2π 2π
sin θ B n2 Period: T= = =π
= ω 2
cos θ B n1
φ π π
n2 Phase Shift: = =
tan θ B = ω 2 2
n1
n2  1.52 
θ B = tan −1 = tan −1   ≈ 48.8°
n1  1.33 
119. Answers will vary.
120. Since the range of y = sin x is −1 ≤ y ≤ 1 , then
y = 5sin x + x cannot be equal to 3 when
x > 4π or x < −π since you are multiplying the
result by 5 and adding x.
121. 6 x = y ↔ x = log 6 y
− ( −9) ± ( −9) 2 − 4(2)(8) Section 6.4
122. x =
2(2)
1. True
9 ± 81 − 64
=
4 2. True
9 ± 17
= 3. identity; conditional
4
9 − 17 9 + 17 4. −1
So the solution set is: , .
4 4 5. 0
6. True
749
7. False, you need to work with one side only. ( sin θ + cos θ )( sin θ + cos θ ) − 1
15.
8. True sin θ cos θ
sin θ + 2sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ − 1
2
=
sin θ 1 1 sin θ cos θ
9. tan θ ⋅ csc θ = ⋅ =
cos θ sin θ cos θ sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ + 2sin θ cos θ − 1
=
sin θ cos θ
cos θ 1 1
10. cot θ ⋅ sec θ = ⋅ = 1 + 2sin θ cos θ − 1
sin θ cos θ sin θ =
sin θ cos θ
cos θ 1 + sin θ cos θ (1 + sin θ ) 2sin θ cos θ
11. ⋅ = =
1 − sin θ 1 + sin θ 1 − sin 2 θ sin θ cos θ
cos θ (1 + sin θ ) =2
=
cos 2 θ ( tan θ + 1)( tan θ + 1) − sec2 θ
1 + sin θ 16.
= tan θ
cos θ
tan θ + 2 tan θ + 1 − sec 2 θ
2
=
sin θ 1 − cos θ sin θ (1 − cos θ ) tan θ
12. ⋅ = tan θ + 1 + 2 tan θ − sec2 θ
2
1 + cos θ 1 − cos θ 1 − cos 2 θ =
sin θ (1 − cos θ ) tan θ
= sec θ + 2 tan θ − sec 2 θ
2
sin 2 θ =
1 − cos θ tan θ
= 2 tan θ
sin θ =
tan θ
sin θ + cos θ cos θ − sin θ =2
13. +
cos θ sin θ
sin θ + sin θ cos θ + cos θ ( cos θ − sin θ )
2 3sin 2 θ + 4sin θ + 1 ( 3sin θ + 1)( sin θ + 1)
= 17. =
sin θ cos θ sin 2 θ + 2sin θ + 1 ( sin θ + 1)( sin θ + 1)
sin θ + sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ − cos θ sin θ
2 3sin θ + 1
= =
sin θ cos θ sin θ + 1
sin θ + cos θ + sin θ cos θ − cos θ sin θ
2 2
= cos 2 θ − 1 ( cos θ + 1)( cos θ − 1)
sin θ cos θ 18. =
cos 2 θ − cos θ cos θ ( cos θ − 1)
1
= cos θ + 1
sin θ cos θ =
cos θ
1 1 1 + cos v + 1 − cos v
14. + = 1 cos θ
1 − cos v 1 + cos v (1 − cos v )(1 + cos v ) 19. csc θ ⋅ cos θ = ⋅ cos θ = = cot θ
sin θ sin θ
2
=
1 − cos 2 v 1 sin θ
2 20. sec θ ⋅ sin θ = ⋅ sin θ = = tan θ
= cos θ cos θ
sin 2 v
21. 1 + tan 2 (−θ ) = 1 + (− tan θ ) 2 = 1 + tan 2 θ = sec2 θ
22. 1 + cot 2 (−θ ) = 1 + (− cot θ ) 2 = 1 + cot 2 θ = csc2 θ
750
 sin θ cos θ  32. (1 − cos 2 θ )(1 + cot 2 θ ) = sin 2 θ ⋅ csc 2 θ

23. cos θ (tan θ + cot θ ) = cos θ  + 
 cos θ sin θ  1
= sin 2 θ ⋅ 2
 sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ  sin θ
= cos θ  
 cos θ sin θ  =1
 1 
= cos θ   33. (sin θ + cos θ ) 2 + (sin θ − cos θ ) 2
 cos θ sin θ 
= sin 2 θ + 2sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ
1
= + sin 2 θ − 2sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ
sin θ
= csc θ = 2sin 2 θ + 2 cos 2 θ
= 2(sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ )
 cos θ sin θ 
24. sin θ (cot θ + tan θ ) = sin θ  +  = 2 ⋅1
 sin θ cos θ 
=2
 cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ 
= sin θ  
 sin θ cos θ  34. tan 2 θ cos 2 θ + cot 2 θ sin 2 θ
 1  sin 2 θ cos 2 θ
= sin θ   = ⋅ cos 2 θ + ⋅ sin 2 θ
 sin θ cos θ  cos θ2
sin 2 θ
1 = sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ
=
cos θ =1
= sec θ
35. sec 4 θ − sec 2 θ = sec 2 θ (sec 2 θ − 1)
1
25. tan u cot u − cos 2 u = tan u ⋅ − cos 2 u = (tan 2 θ + 1) tan 2 θ
tan u
= 1 − cos 2 u = tan 4 θ + tan 2 θ
= sin 2 u 36. csc 4 θ − csc 2 θ = csc 2 θ (csc 2 θ − 1)
2 1 = (cot 2 θ + 1) cot 2 θ
26. sin u csc u − cos u = sin u ⋅ − cos 2 u
sin u = cot 4 θ + cot 2 θ
= 1 − cos 2 u
37. csc3 x = cos x cos 2 x
= sin 2 u
= cos x(1 − sin 2 x)
27. (sec θ − 1)(sec θ + 1) = sec θ − 1 = tan θ
2 2
= cos x − sin 2 x cos x
28. (csc θ − 1)(csc θ + 1) = csc 2 θ − 1 = cot 2 θ 38. tan 3 x + tan x = (tan 2 x + 1) tan x
= sec2 x tan x
29. (sec θ + tan θ )(sec θ − tan θ ) = sec θ − tan θ = 1
2 2
30. (csc θ + cot θ )(csc θ − cot θ ) = csc2 θ − cot 2 θ = 1
31. cos 2 θ (1 + tan 2 θ ) = cos 2 θ ⋅ sec 2 θ

1
= cos 2 θ ⋅
cos 2 θ
=1
751
1 sin u sin 2 θ 1 − cos 2 θ

39. sec u − tan u = − 44. 1 − = 1−
cos u cos u 1 − cos θ 1 − cos θ
 1 − sin u   1 + sin u  (1 − cos θ )(1 + cos θ )
= ⋅  = 1−
 cos u   1 + sin u  1 − cos θ
1 − sin 2 u = 1 − (1 + cos θ )
=
cos u (1 + sin u ) = 1 − 1 − cos θ
cos 2 u = − cos θ
=
cos u (1 + sin u ) 1
1+
cos u 1 + tan v cot v
= 45. =
1 + sin u 1 − tan v 1 − 1
cot v
1 cos u  1 
40. csc u − cot u = − 1 +  cot v
sin u sin u =  cot v 
 1 − cos u   1 + cos u   1 
= ⋅  1 −  cot v
 sin u   1 + cos u   cot v 
1 − cos 2 u cot v + 1
= =
sin u (1 + cos u ) cot v − 1
sin 2 u 1
= −1
sin u (1 + cos u ) csc v − 1 sin v
46. =
sin u csc v + 1 1
= +1
1 + cos u sin v
 1 
41. 3sin 2 θ + 4 cos 2 θ = 3sin 2 θ + 3cos 2 θ + cos 2 θ  − 1 sin v
=  sin v 
= 3(sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ ) + cos 2 θ  1 
 + 1 sin v
= 3 ⋅1 + cos 2 θ  sin v 
= 3 + cos 2 θ 1 − sin v
=
1 + sin v
42. 9sec 2 θ − 5 tan 2 θ = 4sec 2 θ + 5sec2 θ − 5 tan 2 θ
= 4sec 2 θ + 5(sec 2 θ − tan 2 θ ) 1
sec θ sin θ cos θ sin θ
= 4sec 2 θ + 5 ⋅1 47. + = +
csc θ cos θ 1 cos θ
= 5 + 4sec 2 θ sin θ
cos 2 θ 1 − sin 2 θ sin θ sin θ
43. 1 − = 1− = +
1 + sin θ 1 + sin θ cos θ cos θ
(1 − sin θ )(1 + sin θ ) = tan θ + tan θ
= 1− = 2 tan θ
1 + sin θ
= 1 − (1 − sin θ )
csc θ − 1 csc θ − 1 csc θ + 1
= 1 − 1 + sin θ 48. = ⋅
cot θ cot θ csc θ + 1
= sin θ csc 2 θ − 1
=
cot θ (csc θ + 1)
cot 2 θ
=
cot θ (csc θ + 1)
cot θ
=
csc θ + 1
752
1 cos v 1 + sin v cos 2 v + (1 + sin v) 2

1+ 52. + =
1 + sin θ csc θ 1 + sin v cos v cos v(1 + sin v)
49. =
1 − sin θ 1 − 1
cos 2 v + 1 + 2sin v + sin 2 v
csc θ =
csc θ + 1 cos v(1 + sin v)
2 + 2sin v
= csc θ =
csc θ − 1 cos v(1 + sin v)
csc θ 2(1 + sin v)
=
csc θ + 1 csc θ cos v(1 + sin v)
= ⋅
csc θ csc θ − 1 2
csc θ + 1 =
= cos v
csc θ − 1 = 2sec v
1 1
+1
cos θ + 1 sec θ sin θ sin θ
50. = 53. = ⋅ sin θ
cos θ − 1 1 1
−1 sin θ − cos θ sin θ − cos θ
sec θ sin θ
1 + sec θ 1
=
= sec θ cos θ
1 − sec θ 1−
sin θ
sec θ
1
1 + sec θ =
= 1 − cot θ
1 − sec θ
sin 2 θ 1 − cos 2 θ
1 − sin v cos v (1 − sin v) 2 + cos 2 v 54. 1 − = 1−
51. + = 1 + cos θ 1 + cos θ
cos v 1 − sin v cos v(1 − sin v)
(1 − cos θ )(1 + cos θ )
1 − 2sin v + sin 2 v + cos 2 v = 1−
= 1 + cos θ
cos v(1 − sin v) = 1 − (1 − cos θ )
1 − 2sin v + 1 = cos θ
=
cos v(1 − sin v)
2 − 2sin v 55. (sec θ − tan θ ) 2
=
cos v(1 − sin v) = sec2 θ − 2sec θ tan θ + tan 2 θ
2(1 − sin v) 1 1 sin θ sin 2 θ
= = − 2⋅ ⋅ +
cos v(1 − sin v) cos θ
2
cos θ cos θ cos 2 θ
2 1 − 2sin θ + sin 2 θ
= =
cos v cos 2 θ
= 2sec v (1 − sin θ )(1 − sin θ )
=
1 − sin 2 θ
(1 − sin θ )(1 − sin θ )
=
(1 − sin θ )(1 + sin θ )
1 − sin θ
=
1 + sin θ
753
56. (csc θ − cot θ ) 2 cot θ tan θ

58. +
= csc θ − 2 csc θ cot θ + cot θ
2 2 1 − tan θ 1 − cot θ
cos θ sin θ
1 1 cos θ cos 2 θ
=
sin 2 θ
− 2 ⋅ ⋅ +
sin θ sin θ sin 2 θ = sin θ + cos θ
sin θ cos θ
1− 1−
1 − 2 cos θ + cos 2 θ cos θ sin θ
=
sin 2 θ cos θ sin θ
(1 − cos θ )(1 − cos θ ) sin θ cos θ
= = +
1 − cos 2 θ cos θ − sin θ sin θ − cos θ
(1 − cos θ )(1 − cos θ ) cos θ sin θ
=
(1 − cos θ )(1 + cos θ ) cos 2 θ sin 2 θ
= +
1 − cos θ sin θ (cos θ − sin θ ) cos θ (sin θ − cos θ )
=
1 + cos θ − cos 2 θ ⋅ cos θ + sin 2 θ ⋅ sin θ
=
sin θ cos θ (sin θ − cos θ )
cos θ sin θ
57. + sin 3 θ − cos3 θ
1 − tan θ 1 − cot θ =
sin θ cos θ (sin θ − cos θ )
cos θ sin θ
= + (sin θ − cos θ )(sin 2 θ + sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ )
sin θ cos θ =
1− 1−
cos θ sin θ sin θ cos θ (sin θ − cos θ )
cos θ sin θ sin 2 θ + sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ
= + =
cos θ − sin θ sin θ − cos θ sin θ cos θ
cos θ sin θ sin θ
2
sin θ cos θ cos 2 θ
= + +
cos θ2
sin 2 θ sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ
= +
cos θ − sin θ sin θ − cos θ sin θ cos θ
= +1+
cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ cos θ sin θ
=
cos θ − sin θ = 1 + tan θ + cot θ
(cos θ − sin θ )(cos θ + sin θ )
= cos θ sin θ cos θ
cos θ − sin θ 59. tan θ + = +
= sin θ + cos θ 1 + sin θ cos θ 1 + sin θ
sin θ (1 + sin θ ) + cos 2 θ
=
cos θ (1 + sin θ )
sin θ + sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ
=
sin θ + 1
=
1
=
cos θ
= sec θ
754
1 sin θ cos θ
(sin θ cos θ ) ⋅ −
sin θ cos θ cos 2 θ tan θ − cot θ cos θ sin θ
60. = 63. =
cos θ − sin θ (cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ ) ⋅ 1
2 2
tan θ + cot θ sin θ + cos θ
cos 2 θ cos θ sin θ
sin θ sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ
= cos θ2 = cos θ sin θ
sin θ sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ
1−
cos 2 θ cos θ sin θ
tan θ sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ
= =
1 − tan 2 θ 1
= sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ
tan θ + sec θ − 1
61.
tan θ − sec θ + 1 1 cos 2 θ
tan θ + (sec θ − 1) tan θ + (sec θ − 1) −
= ⋅ sec θ − cos θ cos θ cos θ
64. =
tan θ − (sec θ − 1) tan θ + (sec θ − 1) sec θ + cos θ 1 cos 2 θ
+
tan 2 θ + 2 tan θ (sec θ − 1) + sec2 θ − 2sec θ + 1 cos θ cos θ
=
tan 2 θ − (sec2 θ − 2sec θ + 1) 1 − cos 2 θ
=
sec 2 θ − 1 + 2 tan θ (sec θ − 1) + sec2 θ − 2sec θ + 1 = cos θ2
sec2 θ − 1 − sec 2 θ + 2sec θ − 1 1 + cos θ
2sec θ − 2sec θ + 2 tan θ (sec θ − 1)
2 cos θ
= 1 − cos 2 θ
2sec θ − 2 =
2sec θ (sec θ − 1) + 2 tan θ (sec θ − 1) 1 + cos 2 θ
=
2sec θ − 2 sin 2 θ
=
2(sec θ − 1)(sec θ + tan θ ) 1 + cos 2 θ
=
2(sec θ − 1)
sin u cos u
= tan θ + sec θ −
tan u − cot u
65. + 1 = cos u sin u + 1
tan u + cot u sin u cos u
sin θ − cos θ + 1 +
62. cos u sin u
sin θ + cos θ − 1
(sin θ − cos θ ) + 1 (sin θ + cos θ ) + 1 sin 2 u − cos 2 u
= ⋅
(sin θ + cos θ ) − 1 (sin θ + cos θ ) + 1 = cos u sin u + 1
sin 2 u + cos 2 u
sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ + sin θ + cos θ + sin θ − cos θ + 1 cos u sin u
=
(sin θ + cos θ ) 2 − 1 sin 2 u − cos 2 u
= +1
sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ + 2sin θ + 1 1
=
sin 2 θ + 2sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ − 1 = sin 2 u − cos 2 u + 1
sin 2 θ − (1 − sin 2 θ ) + 2sin θ + 1 = sin 2 u + (1 − cos 2 u )
=
2sin θ cos θ + 1 − 1
= sin 2 u + sin 2 u
2sin 2 θ + 2sin θ
= = 2sin 2 u
2sin θ cos θ
2sin θ (sin θ + 1)
=
2sin θ cos θ
sin θ + 1
=
cos θ
755
sin u cos u 1 − tan 2 θ 1 − tan 2 θ 1 + tan 2 θ

− 69. +1 = +
tan u − cot u
+ 2 cos 2 u = cos u sin u + 2 cos 2 u 1 + tan θ 1 + tan 2 θ 1 + tan 2 θ
2
66.
tan u + cot u sin u cos u
+ 1 − tan 2 θ + 1 + tan 2 θ
cos u sin u =
1 + tan 2 θ
sin 2 u − cos 2 u 2 2
= =
= cos u sin u + 2 cos 2 u
1 + tan θ sec 2 θ
2
sin 2 u + cos 2 u
1
cos u sin u = 2⋅ 2
sec θ
sin 2 u − cos 2 u
= + 2 cos 2 u = 2 cos 2 θ
1
= sin 2 u + cos 2 u 1 − cot 2 θ 1 − cot 2 θ
70. + 2 cos 2 θ = + 2 cos 2 θ
=1 1 + cot θ
2
csc θ
2
1 cot 2 θ
1 sin θ = − + 2 cos 2 θ
+ csc 2 θ csc 2 θ
sec θ + tan θ cos θ cos θ
67. = cos 2 θ
cot θ + cos θ cos θ + cos θ
= sin 2 θ − sin θ + 2 cos 2 θ
2
sin θ
1 + sin θ 1
cos θ sin 2 θ
=
cos θ + cos θ sin θ = sin θ − cos 2 θ + 2 cos 2 θ
2
sin θ = sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ

1 + sin θ sin θ =1
= ⋅
cos θ cos θ (1 + sin θ )
sin θ 1 sec θ − csc θ sec θ csc θ
= ⋅ 71. = −
cos θ cos θ sec θ csc θ sec θ csc θ sec θ csc θ
= tan θ sec θ 1 1
= −
csc θ sec θ
1 = sin θ − cos θ
sec θ cos θ
68. =
1 + sec θ 1 + 1 sin 2 θ − tan θ
cos θ 72.
cos 2 θ − cot θ
1 sin θ
sin 2 θ −
= cos θ = cos θ
cos θ + 1 cos θ
cos θ cos θ −
2
sin θ
 1   1 − cos θ  sin θ cos θ − sin θ
2
= ⋅ 
 1 + cos θ   1 − cos θ  cos θ
=
1 − cos θ cos 2 θ sin θ − cos θ
=
1 − cos 2 θ sin θ
1 − cos θ sin 2 θ cos θ − sin θ sin θ
= = ⋅
sin 2 θ cos θ cos θ sin θ − cos θ
2
sin θ (sin θ cos θ − 1) sin θ

= ⋅
cos θ cos θ (cos θ sin θ − 1)
sin 2 θ
=
cos 2 θ
= tan 2 θ
756
1 sec θ  sec θ   1 + sin θ 

73. sec θ − cos θ = − cos θ 77. = ⋅ 
cos θ 1 − sin θ  1 − sin θ   1 + sin θ 
1 − cos 2 θ sec θ (1 + sin θ )
= =
cos θ 1 − sin 2 θ
sin 2 θ sec θ (1 + sin θ )
= =
cos θ cos 2 θ
sin θ 1 1 + sin θ
= sin θ ⋅ = ⋅
cos θ cos θ cos 2 θ
= sin θ tan θ 1 + sin θ
=
cos3 θ
sin θ cos θ
74. tan θ + cot θ = +
cos θ sin θ 1 + sin θ (1 + sin θ )(1 + sin θ )
78. =
sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ 1 − sin θ (1 − sin θ )(1 + sin θ )
=
sin θ cos θ (1 + sin θ ) 2
1 =
= 1 − sin 2 θ
sin θ cos θ (1 + sin θ ) 2
1 1 =
= ⋅ cos 2 θ
cos θ sin θ 2
= sec θ csc θ  1 + sin θ 
= 
 cos θ 
1 1 1 + sin θ + 1 − sin θ  1 sin θ 
2
75. + = = +
1 − sin θ 1 + sin θ (1 − sin θ )(1 + sin θ ) 
 cos θ cos θ 
2 = (sec θ + tan θ ) 2
=
1 − sin 2 θ
2 (sec v − tan v) 2 + 1
= 79.
cos 2 θ csc v(sec v − tan v)
= 2sec 2 θ sec2 v − 2sec v tan v + tan 2 v + 1
=
1 + sin θ 1 − sin θ csc v(sec v − tan v)
76. −
1 − sin θ 1 + sin θ sec 2 v − 2sec v tan v + sec2 v
=
(1 + sin θ ) 2 − (1 − sin θ ) 2 csc v(sec v − tan v)
=
(1 − sin θ )(1 + sin θ ) 2sec 2 v − 2sec v tan v
=
1 + 2sin θ + sin 2 θ − (1 − 2sin θ + sin 2 θ ) csc v(sec v − tan v)
=
1 − sin 2 θ 2sec v(sec v − tan v)
=
4sin θ csc v(sec v − tan v)
=
cos 2 θ 2sec v
=
sin θ 1 csc v
= 4⋅ ⋅
cos θ cos θ 1
2⋅
= 4 tan θ sec θ
= cos v
1
sin v
1 sin v
= 2⋅ ⋅
cos v 1
sin v
= 2⋅
cos v
= 2 tan v
757
sec2 v − tan 2 v + tan v 1 + tan v sin 3 θ + cos3 θ

80. = 84.
sec v sec v 1 − 2 cos 2 θ
sin v (sin θ + cos θ )(sin 2 θ − sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ )
1+ =
= cos v 1 − cos 2 θ − cos 2 θ
1
(sin θ + cos θ )(sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ − sin θ cos θ )
cos v =
sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ
cos v + sin v
(sin θ + cos θ )(1 − sin θ cos θ )
cos v =
= (sin θ + cos θ )(sin θ − cos θ )
1
cos v 1
= cos v + sin v 1 − sin θ cos θ cos θ
= ⋅
sin θ − cos θ 1
sin θ + cos θ sin θ − cos θ cos θ
81. −
cos θ sin θ 1
− sin θ
=
sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ
+ − + = cos θ
cos θ cos θ sin θ sin θ sin θ
−1
sin θ cos θ cos θ
= +1−1+ sec θ − sin θ
cos θ sin θ =
tan θ − 1
sin θ + cos θ
2 2
=
cos θ sin θ cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
85. =
1 1 − tan 2 θ sin 2 θ
= 1−
cos θ sin θ cos 2 θ
= sec θ csc θ cos θ − sin 2 θ
2
=
sin θ + cos θ cos θ − sin θ cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
82. − cos 2 θ
sin θ cos θ
sin θ cos θ cos θ sin θ cos 2 θ
= + − + = ( cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ ) ⋅
sin θ sin θ cos θ cos θ cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
cos θ sin θ = cos 2 θ
= 1+ −1+
sin θ cos θ
cos θ + sin θ − sin 3 θ cos θ sin θ sin 3 θ
cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ 86. = + −
= sin θ sin θ sin θ sin θ
cos θ sin θ
1 = cot θ + 1 − sin 2 θ
=
cos θ sin θ = cot θ + cos 2 θ
= sec θ csc θ 2
(2 cos 2 θ − 1)2  2 cos 2 θ − (sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ ) 
sin θ + cos θ
3 3
87. =
83. cos 4 θ − sin 4 θ (cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ )(cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ )
sin θ + cos θ
(sin θ + cos θ )(sin 2 θ − sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ ) (cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ ) 2
= =
sin θ + cos θ (cos θ − sin 2 θ )(cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ )
2
= sin θ + cos θ − sin θ cos θ

2 2
cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
=
= 1 − sin θ cos θ cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ
= cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
= 1 − sin 2 θ − sin 2 θ
= 1 − 2sin 2 θ
758
1 − 2 cos 2 θ 1 − cos 2 θ − cos 2 θ 91. (a sin θ + b cos θ ) 2 + (a cos θ − b sin θ ) 2

88. =
sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ = a 2 sin 2 θ + 2ab sin θ cos θ + b 2 cos 2 θ
sin θ − cos 2 θ
2
+ a 2 cos 2 θ − 2ab sin θ cos θ + b 2 sin 2 θ
=
sin θ cos θ
= a 2 (sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ ) + b 2 (sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ )
sin 2 θ cos 2 θ
= − = a 2 + b2
sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ
sin θ cos θ
= − 92. (2a sin θ cosθ ) 2 + a 2 (cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ ) 2
cos θ sin θ
= 4a 2 sin 2 θ cos 2 θ
= tan θ − cot θ
(
+ a 2 cos 4 θ − 2cos 2 θ sin 2 θ + sin 4 θ )
1 + sin θ + cos θ
89.
1 + sin θ − cos θ
(
= a 4sin θ cos θ + cos θ − 2cos θ sin θ + sin θ
2 2 2 4 2 2 4
)
=
(1 + sin θ ) + cos θ (1 + sin θ ) + cos θ
⋅
= a2 ( cos θ + 2cos θ sin θ + sin θ )
4 2 2 4
(1 + sin θ ) − cos θ (1 + sin θ ) + cos θ

( cos θ + sin θ )
2
= a2 2 2
1 + 2sin θ + sin θ + 2cosθ (1 + sin θ ) + cos θ

2 2
= = a 2 (1)
2
1 + 2sin θ + sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ
1 + 2sin θ + sin 2 θ + 2cosθ (1 + sin θ ) + (1 − sin 2 θ ) = a2
=
1 + 2sin θ + sin 2 θ − (1 − sin 2 θ )
tan α + tan β tan α + tan β
2 + 2sin θ + 2cosθ (1 + sin θ ) 93. =
= cot α + cot β 1 1
2sin θ + 2sin 2 θ +
2(1 + sin θ ) + 2cosθ (1 + sin θ )
tan α tan β
= tan α + tan β
2sin θ (1 + sin θ ) =
2(1 + sin θ )(1 + cosθ )
tan β + tan α
= tan α tan β
2sin θ (1 + sin θ )
1 + cosθ  tan α tan β 
= = (tan α + tan β ) ⋅  
sin θ  tan α + tan β 
= tan α tan β
1 + cos θ + sin θ
90.
1 + cos θ − sin θ 94. (tan α + tan β )(1 − cot α cot β )
(1 + cos θ ) + sin θ (1 + cos θ ) + sin θ
= ⋅ + (cot α + cot β )(1 − tan α tan β )
(1 + cos θ ) − sin θ (1 + cos θ ) + sin θ
= tan α + tan β − tan α cot α cot β
1 + 2cosθ + cos 2 θ + 2sin θ (1 + cosθ ) + sin 2 θ
= − tan β cot α cot β + cot α + cot β
1 + 2cosθ + cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
− cot α tan α tan β − cot β tan α tan β
1 + 2cosθ + cos 2 θ + 2sin θ (1 + cosθ ) + 1 − cos 2 θ
= = tan α + tan β − cot β − cot α + cot α
1 + 2cosθ + cos 2 θ − (1 − cos 2 θ )
+ cot β − tan β − tan α
2 + 2 cos θ + 2sin θ (1 + cos θ )
= =0
2 cos θ + 2 cos 2 θ
2(1 + cos θ ) + 2sin θ (1 + cos θ )
= 95. (sin α + cos β ) 2 + (cos β + sin α )(cos β − sin α )
2 cos θ (1 + cos θ )
= sin 2 α + 2sin α cos β + cos 2 β + cos 2 β − sin 2 α
2(1 + cos θ )(1 + sin θ )
= = 2sin α cos β + 2 cos 2 β
2 cos θ (1 + cos θ )
1 + sin θ = 2 cos β (sin α + cos β )
=
cos θ
1 sin θ
= +
cos θ cos θ
= sec θ + tan θ
759
96. (sin α − cos β ) 2 + (cos β + sin α )(cos β − sin α ) 102. f ( x ) = cos x ⋅ cot x
= sin α − 2sin α cos β + cos β + cos β − sin α
2 2 2 2
cos x
= cos x ⋅
= − 2sin α cos β + 2cos β = − 2cos β (sin α − cos β )
2
sin x
cos 2 x
=
1 −1 sin x
97. ln sec θ = ln = ln cos θ = − ln cos θ
cos θ 1 − sin 2 x
=
sin x
sin θ
98. ln tan θ = ln = ln sin θ − ln cos θ 1 sin 2 x
cos θ = −
sin x sin x
= csc x − sin x
99. ln 1 + cos θ + ln 1 − cos θ
= g ( x)
= ln ( 1 + cos θ ⋅ 1 − cos θ )
= ln 1 − cos 2 θ 1 − sin θ cos θ
103. f (θ ) = −
cos θ 1 + sin θ
= ln sin 2 θ
(1 − sin θ )(1 + sin θ ) cos θ ⋅ cos θ
= 2 ln sin θ = −
cos θ (1 + sin θ ) (1 + sin θ ) ⋅ cos θ
1 − sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ
100. ln sec θ + tan θ + ln sec θ − tan θ =
= ln ( sec θ + tan θ ⋅ sec θ − tan θ )
1 − ( sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ )
= ln sec θ − tan θ
2 2
=
= ln tan 2 θ + 1 − tan 2 θ 1−1
=
= ln 1 cos θ (1 + sin θ )
=0 0
=
101. f ( x ) = sin x ⋅ tan x
=0
sin x
= sin x ⋅ = g (θ )
cos x
sin 2 x 104. f (θ ) = tan θ + sec θ
=
cos x
sin θ 1
1 − cos 2 x = +
= cos θ cos θ
cos x 1 + sin θ
1 cos 2 x =
= − cos θ
cos x cos x 1 + sin θ 1 − sin θ
= sec x − cos x = ⋅
cos θ 1 − sin θ
= g ( x) 1 − sin 2 θ
=
cos θ (1 − sin θ )
cos 2 θ
=
cos θ (1 − sin θ )
cos θ
=
1 − sin θ
= g (θ )
760
105. 16 + 16 tan 2 θ = 16(1 + tan 2 θ ) = 4 1 + tan 2 θ . b −120

x=− =− = 20
2a 2( −3)
Since sec θ > 0 for − π2 < θ < π2 , then
f (20) = −3(20) 2 + 120(20) + 50 = 1250
4 1 + tan 2 θ = 4 sec 2 θ = 4sec θ
The vertex is (20,1250) so the maximum value
106. 9sec2 θ − 9 = 9(sec 2 θ − 1) = 3 sec 2 θ − 1 . of the function is 1250.
Since tan θ > 0 for π < θ < 3π
2
, then
x +1
3 sec 2 θ − 1 = 3 tan 2 θ = 3 tan θ 114. f ( x) = ; g ( x) = 3x − 4
x−2
(3x − 4) + 1
1  2  f g =
(
107. 1200sec θ 2sec2 θ − 1 = 1200 ) 
cos θ  cos θ
2
− 1

(3 x − 4) − 2
3x − 3
1  2 cos 2 θ  =
= 1200  −  3x − 6
cos θ 2
 cos θ cos θ
2
 3( x − 1)
=
 2 − cos 2 θ  3( x − 2)
1
= 1200   x −1
cos θ 2
 cos θ  =
x−2
=
(
1200 1 + 1 − cos 2 θ )
3 115. For the point ( −12,5) , x = −12 , y = 5 ,
cos θ
=
(
1200 1 + sin 2 θ ) r= x 2 + y 2 = 144 + 25 = 169 = 13
5 13
cos3 θ sin θ = csc θ =
13 5
108. I t = 4 A2
( cscθ − 1)( secθ + tan θ ) cos θ = −
12
sec θ = −
13
13 12
csc θ sec θ
5 12
csc θ − 1 sec θ + tan θ tan θ = − cot θ = −
= 4 A2 ⋅ 12 5
csc θ sec θ
 1   tan θ  f (π / 2 ) − f ( 0 ) cos (π / 2 ) − cos ( 0 )
= 4 A2  1 − 1+
 csc θ   sec θ  116.
π /2−0
=
π /2
= 4 A (1 − sin θ )(1 + sin θ )
2
=
0 −1
=−
2
π /2 π
(
= 4 A2 1 − sin 2 θ ) 2
The average rate of change is − .
= 4 A cos θ = ( 2 A cos θ ) π
2 2 2
110. sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1

tan 2 θ + 1 = sec2 θ
1 + cot 2 θ = csc 2 θ
111 – 112. Answers will vary.
113. Since a is negative then the graph opens up so

the function has a maximum value. To find the
maximum value we can find the vertex.
761
Section 6.5 13. cos

7π  4π 3π 
= cos  + 
12  12 12 
+ (1 − ( −3) )
2
(5 − 2)
2
1. π π π π
= cos ⋅ cos − sin ⋅ sin
3 4 3 4
= 32 + 42 = 9 + 16 = 25 = 5
1 2 3 2
= ⋅ − ⋅
3 2 2 2 2
2. −
1
5
=
4
( 2− 6 )
2 1 2
3. a. ⋅ =
2 2 4 7π  3π 4π 
14. tan = tan  + 
12  12 12 
1 1
b. 1− = π π
2 2 tan + tan
= 4 3
4. y = 4, r = 5, x = −3 (Quadrant 2) π π
1 − tan ⋅ tan
x 3 4 3
cos α = = −
r 5 1+ 3
=
1 − 1⋅ 3
5. −
 1+ 3   1+ 3 
6. − =   ⋅  
 1− 3   1+ 3 
7. False
1+ 2 3 + 3
8. False =
1− 3
9. False 4+2 3
=
10. True −2
= −2− 3
5π  3π 2π 
11. sin = sin  + 
12  12 12  15. cos165º = cos (120º + 45º )
π π π π = cos120º ⋅ cos 45º − sin120º ⋅ sin 45º
= sin ⋅ cos + cos ⋅ sin
4 6 4 6
1 2 3 2
2 3 2 1 =− ⋅ − ⋅
= ⋅ + ⋅ 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1
=
1
(6+ 2 )
=−
4
2+ 6 ( )
4
π 16. sin105º = sin ( 60º + 45º )
 3π 2π 
12. sin = sin  − 
12  12 12  = sin 60º ⋅ cos 45º + cos 60º ⋅ sin 45º
π π π π 3 2 1 2
= sin ⋅ cos − cos ⋅ sin = ⋅ + ⋅
4 6 4 6 2 2 2 2
1
=
2 3
2 2
⋅ −
2 1
⋅
2 2
=
4
(6+ 2 )
1
=
4
( 6− 2 )
762
Section 6.5: Sum and Difference Formulas
17. tan15º = tan(45º − 30º ) 19π  15π 4π 

20. tan = tan  + 
tan 45º − tan 30º 12  12 12 
=
1 + tan 45º ⋅ tan 30º 5π π
tan + tan
3 = 4 3
1− 5π π
3 3 1 − tan ⋅ tan
= ⋅
3 3 4 3
1 + 1⋅
3 1+ 3
=
3− 3 3− 3 1 − 1⋅ 3
= ⋅
3+ 3 3− 3 1+ 3 1+ 3
= ⋅
9−6 3 +3 1− 3 1+ 3
=
9−3 1+ 2 3 + 3
=
12 − 6 3 1− 3
=
6 4+2 3
=
= 2− 3 −2
= −2− 3
18. tan195º = tan(135º +60º )
tan135º + tan 60º  π 1 1
= 21. sec  −
1 − tan135º ⋅ tan 60º = =
 12  cos  −  cos  − 4π 
π 3 π
   
−1 + 3  12   12 12 
=
1 − (−1) ⋅ 3 1
=
π π π π
−1 + 3 1 − 3 cos ⋅ cos + sin ⋅ sin
= ⋅ 4 3 4 3
1+ 3 1− 3 1
=
−1 + 2 3 − 3 2 1 2 3
= ⋅ + ⋅
1− 3 2 2 2 2
−4+ 2 3 1
= =
−2 2+ 6
4
= 2− 3
4 2− 6
= ⋅
17π  15π 2π  2+ 6 2− 6
19. sin = sin  + 
12  12 12  4 2 −4 6
=
5π π 5π π 2−6
= sin ⋅ cos + cos ⋅ sin
4 6 4 6 4 2 −4 6
=
2 3  2 1 −4
=− ⋅ +  − ⋅
2 2  2  2 = 6− 2
1
=−
4
( 6+ 2 )
763
 5π  5π −1 tan 20º + tan 25º

22. cot  −  = − cot = 27. = tan ( 20º +25º )
 12  12 tan 5π 1 − tan 20º tan 25º
12 = tan 45º
−1 =1
=
 3π 2π 
tan  + 
 12 12  tan 40º − tan10º
28. = tan ( 40º −10º )
−1 1 + tan 40º tan10º
=
π π = tan 30º
tan + tan
4 6
π π 3
1 − tan ⋅ tan =
4 6 3
 π π
 1 − tan 4 ⋅ tan 6  π 7π π 7π  π 7π 
= −  29. sin ⋅ cos − cos ⋅ sin = sin  − 
12 12 12 12  12 12 
 tan π + tan π 
 4 6   6π 
= sin  − 
1  12 
1 − 1⋅
3⋅ 3
=−  π
1 3 = sin  − 
1+  2
3
= −1
3 −1 3 −1
=− ⋅
3 +1 3 −1 5π 7π 5π 7π  5π 7 π 
30. cos ⋅ cos − sin ⋅ sin = cos  + 
12 12 12 12  12 12 
3 − 3 − 3 +1
=− 12π
3 −1 = cos
12
4−2 3
=− = cos π
2
= −1
= −2 + 3
π 5π 5π π  π 5π 
23. sin 20º ⋅ cos10º + cos 20º ⋅ sin10º = sin(20º + 10º ) 31. cos ⋅ cos + sin ⋅ sin = cos  − 
12 12 12 12  12 12 
= sin 30º  4π 
= cos  − 
1  12 
=
2  π
= cos  − 
24. sin 20º ⋅ cos80º − cos 20º ⋅ sin 80º = sin(20º − 80º )  3
π
= sin(− 60º ) = cos
3
= − sin 60º
1
3 =
=− 2
2
π 5π π 5π  π 5π 
25. cos 70º ⋅ cos 20º − sin 70º ⋅ sin 20º = cos(70º + 20º ) 32. sin ⋅ cos + cos ⋅ sin = sin  + 
18 18 18 18  18 18 
= cos 90º 6π
=0 = sin
18
π
26. cos 40º ⋅ cos10º + sin 40º ⋅ sin10º = cos(40º − 10º ) = sin
3
= cos 30º
3
3 =
= 2
2
764
3 π c. sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β

33. sin α = , 0 < α <
5 2 3 2 5 4  5
= ⋅ − ⋅  − 
cos β =
2 5 π
, − <β <0 5 5 5  5 
5 2
6 5+4 5
y y =
(x, 3) 2 5 25
x 10 5
β
5 y =
3 5 25
α 2 5
x x (2 5, y ) =
5
x 2 + 32 = 52 , x > 0 tan α − tan β

d. tan(α − β ) =
1 + tan α ⋅ tan β
x 2 = 25 − 9 = 16, x > 0
3  1
x=4 −− 
4  2
4 3 =
cos α = , tan α =  3  1 
5 4 1 +   − 
 4  2 
(2 5 )
2
+ y 2 = 52 , y < 0 5
y 2 = 25 − 20 = 5, y < 0 = 4
5
y=− 5 8
5 − 5 1 =2
sin β = − , tan β = =−
5 2 5 2
5 π
34. cos α = , 0<α <
a. sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β 5 2
3 2 5 4  5 4 π
= ⋅ + ⋅  − sin β = − , − < β < 0
 5 2
5 5 5  5 
y y
6 5−4 5 x
= ( 5, y ) x
25 β
5
2 5 y −4
5
=
25 α (x, −4)
x
5
b. cos(α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β
4 2 5 3  5 ( 5)
2
= ⋅ − ⋅  −  + y 2 = 52 , y > 0
5 5 5  5 
y 2 = 25 − 5 = 20, y > 0
8 5 +3 5
= y = 20 = 2 5
25
2 5 2 5
11 5 sin α = , tan α = =2
= 5 5
25
x 2 + (− 4) 2 = 52 , x > 0
x 2 = 25 − 16 = 9, x > 0
x=3
3 −4 4
cos β = , tan β = =−
5 3 3
765
a. sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β (−3, 4) y y

(1, y)
 2 5  3  5   4
=   ⋅   +   ⋅  −  r 2
 5  5  5   5 4 y
6 5−4 5 α β
= −3 x 1 x
25
2 5 r 2 = (−3) 2 + 42 = 25
=
25 r =5
b. cos(α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β 4 −3 3
sin α = , cos α = =−
 5  3  2 5   4 5 5 5
=   ⋅   −   ⋅  − 
 5  5  5   5 12 + y 2 = 22 , y > 0
3 5 +8 5 y 2 = 4 − 1 = 3, y > 0
=
25 y= 3
11 5 3 3
= sin β = , tan β = = 3
25 2 1
c. sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β a. sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β
 2 5  3  5   4  4  1  3  3 
=   ⋅   −   ⋅  −  =   ⋅   +  −  ⋅  
 5  5  5   5  5   2   5   2 
6 5+4 5 4−3 3
= =
25 10
10 5 b. cos(α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β
=
25
 3 1  4  3 
2 5 =  −  ⋅   −   ⋅  
=  5   2   5   2 
5
−3 − 4 3
tan α − tan β =
d. tan(α − β ) = 10
1 + tan α tan β
c. sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β
 4
2−− 
 3  4 1  3  3 
= =   ⋅   −  −  ⋅  
 4
1+ 2 ⋅ −   5   2   5   2 
 3 4+3 3
10 =
10
= 3
5
−
3
= −2
4 π
35. tan α = − , < α < π
3 2
1 π
cos β = , 0 < β <
2 2
766
tan α − tan β b. cos(α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β

d. tan(α − β ) =
1 + tan α tan β  12   3  5   1
=  −  ⋅  −  − − ⋅− 
4
− − 3  13   2   13   2 
= 3 12 3 − 5
 4 =
1+  −  ⋅ 3 26
 3
c. sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β
−4−3 3
 5  3   12   1 
= 3 =  −  ⋅  −  −  −  ⋅  − 
3− 4 3  13   2   13   2 
3 5 3 − 12
=
 −4−3 3   3+ 4 3  26
=   ⋅   tan α − tan β
 3− 4 3   3+ 4 3  d. tan(α − β ) =
1 + tan α ⋅ tan β
− 48 − 25 3
= 5 3 5−4 3
−39 −
= 12 3 = 12
25 3 + 48 5 3 36 + 5 3
= 1+ ⋅
39 12 3 36
 15 − 12 3   36 − 5 3 
5 3π = 
36. tan α = , π<α <  ⋅  
12 2  36 + 5 3   36 − 5 3 
1 3π 540 − 507 3 + 180
sin β = − , π < β < =
2 2 1296 − 75
y y 720 − 507 3
=
−12 α x β 1221
x x
1 240 − 169 3
−5 r 2 =
407
(x, −1)
(−12,−5)
5 3π
37. sin α = , − < α < −π
13 2
r 2 = (−12) 2 + (−5) 2 = 169 π
tan β = − 3, < β < π
r = 13 2
−5 5 −12 12
sin α = = − , cos α = =− (x, 5) y (−1, 3 ) y
13 13 13 13
x 2 + (−1)2 = 22 , x < 0 13
5 r
2 3
x = 4 − 1 = 3, x < 0
x x β
x=− 3 α
−1 x
3 −13
cos β = − , tan β = =
2 − 3 3 x 2 + 52 = 132 , x < 0
a. sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β x 2 = 169 − 25 = 144, x < 0

x = −12
 5  3   12   1 
=  −  ⋅  −  + − ⋅−  −12 12 5
 13   2   13   2  cos α = =− , tan α = −
13 13 12
5 3 + 12 12 + 5 3
= =
26 26
767
2
r 2 = (−1) 2 + 3 = 4 1 π
38. cos α = , − <α < 0
r=2 2 2
1 π
3 −1 1 sin β = , 0 < β <
sin β = , cos β = =− 3 2
2 2 2 y y
1
α x
(x, 1)
a. sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β y
2 3
 5   1   12   3  (1, y) 1
=   ⋅  −  +  −  ⋅   β
 13   2   13   2  x x
−5 − 12 3 5 + 12 3
= or − 12 + y 2 = 22 , y < 0
26 26
y 2 = 4 − 1 = 3, y < 0
y=− 3
 12   1   5   3 
=  −  ⋅  −  −   ⋅   − − 3
 13   2   13   2  sin α =
3
=−
3
, tan α = =− 3
2 2 1
12 − 5 3
= x 2 + 12 = 32 , x > 0
26
c. sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β x 2 = 9 − 1 = 8. x > 0
x= 8=2 2
 5   1   12   3 
=   ⋅  −  −  −  ⋅  
 13   2   13   2  cos β =
2 2
, tan β =
1
=
2
3 2 2 4
−5 + 12 3
=
26 a. sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β
tan α − tan β  3   2 2  1 1

d. tan(α − β ) = =  −  ⋅   +   ⋅  
1 + tan α tan β  2   3   2 3
5
− − − 3
12
( ) =
1− 2 6
6
=
 5
1+  −  ⋅ − 3
 12 
( ) b. cos(α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β
−5 + 12 3 1 2 2   3  1
=   ⋅   −  − ⋅ 
12  2   3   2   3 
=
12 + 5 3 3+2 2
=
12 6
 −5 + 12 3   12 − 5 3 
=   ⋅   c. sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β
 12 + 5 3   12 − 5 3   3   2 2  1 1
− 240 + 169 3 =  −  ⋅   −   ⋅  
=  2   3   2 3
69
−1 − 2 6
=
6
768
tan α − tan β π
d. tan(α − β ) =
1 + tan α tan β  π  tan θ + tan 4
d. tan  θ +  =
 4  1 − tan θ ⋅ tan π
2
− 3− 4
= 4
1
− +1
(
1+ − 3 ⋅ ) 4
2
= 2 2
 1 
−4 3 − 2 1−  −  ⋅1
 2 2
= 4
4− 6 −1 + 2 2
4 = 2 2
 −4 3 − 2   4+ 6  2 2 +1
=   ⋅   2 2
 4− 6   4+ 6 
 2 2 −1   2 2 −1 
−16 3 − 4 2 − 4 18 − 12 =   ⋅  
=
16 − 6  2 2 + 1   2 2 −1 
−18 3 − 16 2 8 − 4 2 +1
= =
10 8 −1
−9 3 − 8 2 9−4 2
= =
5 7
1 1
40. cos θ = , θ in quadrant IV
39. sin θ = , θ in quadrant II 4
3
2 a. sin θ = − 1 − cos 2 θ
1
a. cos θ = − 1 − sin θ = − 1 −  
2
2
3 1
= − 1−  
4
1
= − 1− 1
9 = − 1−
8 16
=− 15
9 =−
2 2 16
=− 15
3 =−
4
 π π π
b. sin  θ +  = sin θ ⋅ cos + cos θ ⋅ sin π π π
 6 6 6 
b. sin  θ −  = sin θ ⋅ cos − cos θ ⋅ sin
 6 6 6
 1  3   2 2  1 
=    +−    15   3   1   1 
 3   2   3   2  =  −  ⋅   −   ⋅  
3 − 2 2 −2 2 + 3  4   2  4 2
= = −1 − 3 5
6 6 =
8
 π π π
c. cos  θ −  = cos θ ⋅ cos + sin θ ⋅ sin  π π π
 3 3 3 c. cos  θ +  = cos θ ⋅ cos − sin θ ⋅ sin
 3 3 3
 2 2  1   1  3 
=  −   +     1   1   15   3 
 3   2   3   2  =   ⋅   −  − ⋅ 
 4   2   4   2 
−2 2 + 3
= 1+ 3 5
6 =
8
769
π 42. From the solution to Problem 41, we have

tan θ − tan
 π 4 1 3 −2 2
d. tan  θ − = sin α = , cos α = , sin β = , and
 4  1 + tan θ ⋅ tan π 2 2 3
4 1
− 15 − 1 cos β = . Thus,
= 3
(
1 + − 15 ⋅1 ) g (α + β ) = cos (α + β )
 −1 − 15   1 + 15  = cos α ⋅ cos β − sin α ⋅ sin β
=   ⋅    3  1   1  2 2 
 1 − 15   1 + 15  =     −    − 
 2  3   2  3 
−1 − 2 15 − 15
=
1 − 15 3 2 2 3+2 2
= + =
−16 − 2 15 6 6 6
=
−14
43. From the solution to Problem 41, we have
8 + 15
= 1 3 −2 2
7 sin α = , cos α = , sin β = , and
2 2 3
41. α lies in quadrant I . Since x 2 + y 2 = 4 , 1
cos β = . Thus,
3
r = 4 = 2 . Now, ( x, 1) is on the circle, so
g (α − β ) = cos (α − β )
x 2 + 12 = 4
= cos α ⋅ cos β + sin α ⋅ sin β
x 2 = 4 − 12
 3  1   1  2 2 
x = 4 − 12 = 3 =     +    − 
 2  3   2  3 
y 1 x 3
Thus, sin α = = and cos α = = . 3 2 2 3−2 2
r 2 r 2 = − =
6 6 6
β lies in quadrant IV . Since x 2 + y 2 = 1 ,
1  44. From the solution to Problem 41, we have
r = 1 = 1 . Now,  , y  is on the circle, so
3  1 3 −2 2
2
sin α = , cos α = , sin β = , and
1 2
2 2 3
  + y =1 1
3 cos β = . Thus,
2 3
1
y2 = 1−   f (α − β ) = sin (α − β )
3
2 = sin α ⋅ cos β − cos α ⋅ sin β
1 8 2 2
y = − 1−   = − =−  1  1   3   2 2 
3 9 3 =    −   − 
 2  3   2   3 
y −23 2 −2 2
Thus, sin β = = = and 1 2 6 1+ 2 6
r 1 3 = + =
x 1 1 6 6 6
cos β = = 3 = . Thus,
r 1 3 45. From the solution to Problem 41, we have
f (α + β ) = sin (α + β )
1 3 −2 2
= sin α ⋅ cos β + cos α ⋅ sin β sin α = , cos α = , sin β = , and
2 2 3
 1   1   3  2 2  1
=     +   −  cos β = . Thus,
 2   3   2 
 3  3
1 2 6 1− 2 6
= − =
6 6 6
770
1 π  π π
sin α 1 3 47. sin  + θ  = sin ⋅ cos θ + cos ⋅ sin θ
tan α = = 2 = = and 2  2 2
cos α 3 3 3 = 1 ⋅ cos θ + 0 ⋅ sin θ
2 = cos θ
2 2
−
sin β 3 = −2 2 . Finally, π  π π
tan β = = 48. cos  + θ  = cos ⋅ cos θ − sin ⋅ sin θ
cos β 1 2  2 2
3 = 0 ⋅ cos θ − 1 ⋅ sin θ
tan α + tan β
h (α + β ) = tan (α + β ) = = − sin θ
1 − tan α tan β
49. sin ( π − θ ) = sin π ⋅ cos θ − cos π ⋅ sin θ
3
3
(
+ −2 2 ) = 0 ⋅ cos θ − ( −1) sin θ
=
1−
3
3
( −2 2 ) = sin θ
3 50. cos ( π − θ ) = cos π ⋅ cos θ + sin π ⋅ sin θ

−2 2
3 3 = −1 ⋅ cos θ + 0 ⋅ sin θ
= ⋅
2 6 3 = − cos θ
1+
3
3 −6 2 3− 2 6 51. sin ( π + θ ) = sin π ⋅ cos θ + cos π ⋅ sin θ
= ⋅
3+ 2 6 3− 2 6 = 0 ⋅ cos θ + ( −1) sin θ
3 3 − 6 2 − 18 2 + 24 3 = − sin θ
=
9 − 6 6 + 6 6 − 24
52. cos ( π + θ ) = cos π ⋅ cos θ − sin π ⋅ sin θ
27 3 − 24 2 8 2 − 9 3
= = = −1 ⋅ cos θ − 0 ⋅ sin θ
−15 5
= − cos θ
tan π − tan θ
3 53. tan ( π − θ ) =
tan α = and tan β = −2 2 . Thus, 1 + tan π ⋅ tan θ
3
0 − tan θ
tan α − tan β =
h (α − β ) = tan (α − β ) = 1 + 0 ⋅ tan θ
1 + tan α tan β
− tan θ
=
3
3
(
− −2 2 ) 1
= − tan θ
=
1+
3
3
( −2 2 ) tan 2π − tan θ
54. tan ( 2π − θ ) =
3 1 + tan 2π ⋅ tan θ
+2 2 0 − tan θ
3 3
= ⋅ =
2 6 3 1 + 0 ⋅ tan θ
1− − tan θ
3 =
3 + 6 2 3+ 2 6 1
= ⋅ = − tan θ
3− 2 6 3+ 2 6
3 3 + 6 2 + 18 2 + 24 3  3π  3π 3π
= 55. sin  + θ  = sin ⋅ cos θ + cos ⋅ sin θ
9 + 6 6 − 6 6 − 24  2  2 2
27 3 + 24 2 8 2 +9 3 = −1 ⋅ cos θ + 0 ⋅ sin θ
= =−
−15 5 = − cos θ
771
 3π  3π 3π sin(α + β ) sin α cos β + cos α sin β

56. cos  + θ  = cos ⋅ cos θ − sin ⋅ sin θ 63. =
 2  2 2 sin(α − β ) sin α cos β − cos α sin β
= 0 ⋅ cos θ − (−1) ⋅ sin θ sin α cos β + cos α sin β
= sin θ cos α cos β
=
sin α cos β − cos α sin β
57. sin(α + β ) + sin(α − β ) cos α cos β
= sin α cos β + cos α sin β sin α cos β cos α sin β
+
+ sin α cos β − cos α sin β cos α cos β cos α cos β
=
= 2sin α cos β sin α cos β cos α sin β
−
cos α cos β cos α cos β
58. cos(α + β ) + cos(α − β ) tan α + tan β
=
= cos α cos β − sin α sin β tan α − tan β
+ cos α cos β + sin α sin β
= 2 cos α cos β cos(α + β ) cos α cos β − sin α sin β
64. =
cos(α − β ) cos α cos β + sin α sin β
sin(α + β ) sin α cos β + cos α sin β cos α cos β − sin α sin β
59. =
sin α cos β sin α cos β cos α cos β
=
sin α cos β cos α sin β cos α cos β + sin α sin β
= +
sin α cos β sin α cos β cos α cos β
= 1 + cot α tan β cos α cos β sin α sin β
−
=
sin(α + β ) sin α cos β + cos α sin β cos α cos β sin α sin β
60. = +
cos α cos β cos α cos β cos α cos β cos α cos β
sin α cos β cos α sin β 1 − tan α tan β
= + =
cos α cos β cos α cos β 1 + tan α tan β
= tan α + tan β
cos(α + β )
65. cot(α + β ) =
cos(α + β ) cos α cos β − sin α sin β sin(α + β )
61. =
cos α cos β cos α cos β cos α cos β − sin α sin β
=
cos α cos β sin α sin β sin α cos β + cos α sin β
= −
cos α cos β cos α cos β cos α cos β − sin α sin β
= 1 − tan α tan β sin α sin β
=
sin α cos β + cos α sin β
cos(α − β ) cos α cos β + sin α sin β sin α sin β
62. =
sin α cos β sin α cos β cos α cos β sin α sin β
−
cos α cos β sin α sin β sin α sin β sin α sin β
= + =
sin α cos β sin α cos β sin α cos β cos α sin β
+
= cot α + tan β sin α sin β sin α sin β
cot α cot β − 1
=
cot β + cot α
772
cos(α − β ) 69. sin(α − β )sin(α + β )

66. cot(α − β ) =
sin(α − β ) = ( sin α cos β − cos α sin β )( sin α cos β + cos α sin β )
cos α cos β + sin α sin β = sin 2 α cos 2 β − cos 2 α sin 2 β
=
sin α cos β − cos α sin β = sin 2 α (1 − sin 2 β ) − (1 − sin 2 α )sin 2 β
cos α cos β + sin α sin β = sin 2 α − sin 2 α sin 2 β − sin 2 β + sin 2 α sin 2 β
sin α sin β
= = sin 2 α − sin 2 β
sin α cos β − cos α sin β
sin α sin β 70. cos(α − β )cos(α + β )
cos α cos β sin α sin β = ( cos α cos β + sin α sin β )( cos α cos β − sin α sin β )
+
sin α sin β sin α sin β
= = cos 2 α cos 2 β − sin 2 α sin 2 β
sin α cos β cos α sin β
− = cos 2 α (1 − sin 2 β ) − (1 − cos 2 α )sin 2 β
sin α sin β sin α sin β
cot α cot β + 1 = cos 2 α − cos 2 α sin 2 β − sin 2 β + cos 2 α sin 2 β
=
cot β − cot α = cos 2 α − sin 2 β
1 71. sin(θ + k π) = sin θ ⋅ cos k π + cos θ ⋅ sin k π

67. sec(α + β ) =
cos(α + β ) = (sin θ )(−1) k + (cos θ )(0)
1 = (−1) k sin θ , k any integer
=
cos α cos β − sin α sin β
1 72. cos(θ + k π) = cos θ ⋅ cos k π − sin θ ⋅ sin k π
sin α sin β = (cos θ )(−1) k − (sin θ )(0)
=
cos α cos β − sin α sin β = (−1) k cos θ , k any integer
sin α sin β
1 1  1  π π 
⋅ 73. sin  sin −1 + cos −1 0  = sin  + 
sin α sin β  2  6 2
=
cos α cos β sin α sin β  2π 
− = sin 
sin α sin β sin α sin β 
 3 
csc α csc β
= 3
cot α cot β − 1 =
2
1
68. sec(α − β ) =  3  π 
cos(α − β ) 74. sin  sin −1 + cos −1 1 = sin  + 0 
 2   3 
1
= π
cos α cos β + sin α sin β = sin
3
1
cos α cos β 3
= =
cos α cos β + sin α sin β 2
cos α cos β
 3  4 
1 1 75. sin sin −1 − cos −1  −  
⋅  5  5 
cos α cos β
= 3  4
cos α cos β sin α sin β Let α = sin −1 and β = cos −1  −  . α is in
+ 5
cos α cos β cos α cos β  5
sec α sec β
=
1 + tan α tan β
773
3 sin β = 1 − cos 2 β
quadrant I; β is in quadrant II. Then sin α = ,
5 2
π 4 π 4 16 9 3
0 ≤ α ≤ , and cos β = − , ≤ β ≤ π . = 1−   = 1− = =
2 5 2 5 25 25 5
cos α = 1 − sin 2 α   4 3
sin sin −1  −  − tan −1 
2   5  4
3 9 16 4
= 1−   = 1− = = = sin (α − β )
5
  25 25 5
= sin α cos β − cos α sin β
sin β = 1 − cos β2
 4  4 3 3
=  − ⋅  −  ⋅ 
2  5  5 5 5
 4 16 9 3
= 1−  −  = 1− = = 16 9 25
 5 25 25 5 =− − =−
25 25 25
 3  4  = −1
sin sin −1 − cos −1  −   = sin (α − β )
 5  5 
 4 5
= sin α cos β − cos α sin β 77. cos  tan −1 + cos −1 
 3 13 
3  4  4 3 4 5
=  ⋅ −  −  ⋅  Let α = tan −1 and β = cos −1 . α is in
5  5  5 5 3 13
12 12 4
=− − quadrant I; β is in quadrant I. Then tan α = ,
25 25 3
24 π 5 π
=− 0<α < , and cos β = , 0≤β ≤ .
25 2 13 2
  4 3 sec α = 1 + tan 2 α
76. sin sin −1  −  − tan −1 
  5  4  2
4 16 25 5
 4  3 = 1+   = 1+ = =
Let α = sin −1  −  and β = tan −1 . α is in 3 9 9 3
 5 4
quadrant IV; β is in quadrant I. Then 3
cos α =
4 π 3 5
sin α = −
, − ≤ α ≤ 0 , and tan β = ,
5 2 4
sin α = 1 − cos 2 α
π
0<β < . 2
2 3 9 16 4
= 1−   = 1− = =
5 25 25 5
cos α = 1 − sin 2 α
 4 16
2
9 3 sin β = 1 − cos 2 β
= 1−  −  = 1− = =
 5  25 25 5 5 25
2
144 12
= 1−   = 1− = =
 13  169 169 13
sec β = 1 + tan 2 β
2
3 9 25 5
= 1+   = 1− = =
 
4 16 16 4
4
cos β =
5
774
 4 5 5
cos  tan −1 + cos −1  quadrant I; β is in quadrant I. Then sin α = ,
 3 13  13
= cos (α + β ) π 3 π
0≤α ≤ , and tan β = , 0 < β < .
= cos α cos β − sin α sin β 2 4 2
 3   5   4   12  cos α = 1 − sin 2 α
=  ⋅  −  ⋅ 
 5   13   5   13  2
5 25 144 12
15 48 33 = 1−   = 1− = =
= − =−  13  169 169 13
65 65 65
sec β = 1 + tan 2 β
 5  3 
78. cos  tan −1 − sin −1  −   2
 12  5  3 9 25 5
= 1+   = 1+ = =
5  3 4 16 16 4
Let α = tan −1 and β = sin −1  −  . α is in
12  5 4
quadrant I; β is in quadrant IV. Then cos β =
5
5 π 3
tan α = , 0 < α < , and sin β = − , sin β = 1 − cos 2 β
12 2 5
π 4
2
16 9 3
− <α < 0. = 1−   = 1− = =
2 5 25 25 5
sec α = 1 + tan 2 α
 5 3
2 cos sin −1 − tan −1 
 5 25 169 13  13 4
= 1+   = 1+ = =
12
  144 144 12 = cos (α − β )
12 = cos α cos β + sin α sin β
cos α =
13 12 4 5 3
= ⋅ + ⋅
13 5 13 5
sin α = 1 − cos 2 α 48 15
2 = +
 12  144 25 5 65 65
= 1−   = 1− = =
13
  169 169 13 63
=
65
cos β = 1 − sin 2 β
 4 12 
 3
2
9 16 4 80. cos  tan −1 + cos −1 
= 1−  −  = 1− = =  3 13 
 5 25 25 5
4 12
Let α = tan −1 and β = cos −1 . α is in
 5  3  3 13
cos  tan −1 − sin −1  −  
 12  5  4
quadrant I; β is in quadrant I. Then tan α = ,
= cos (α − β ) 3
= cos α cos β + sin α sin β π 12 π
0<α < , and cos β = , 0 ≤ β ≤ .
2 13 2
 12   4   5   3  48 15 33
=  ⋅  +  ⋅ −  = − =
 13   5   13   5  65 65 65 sec α = 1 + tan 2 α
2
 5 3 4 16 25 5
79. cos  sin −1 − tan −1  = 1+   = 1+ = =
 13 4 3 9 9 3
5 3 3
Let α = sin −1 and β = tan −1 . α is in cos α =
13 4 5
775
sin α = 1 − cos 2 α  3 π
tan  sin −1  + tan
 −1 3 π   5 6
2 tan  sin + =
3 9 16 4  5 6  −1 3  π
= 1−   = 1− = = 1 − tan  sin  ⋅ tan
5 25 25 5  5  6
3 3
sin β = 1 − cos 2 β +
= 4 3
 12 
2
144 25 5 3 3
= 1−   = 1− = = 1− ⋅
4 3
 13  169 169 13
9+ 3
 4 12 
= 12
cos  tan −1 + cos −1 
 3 13  12 − 3 3
= cos (α + β ) 12
9 + 3 12 + 3 3
= cos α cos β − sin α sin β = ⋅
12 − 3 3 12 + 3 3
 3   12   4   5 
=  ⋅  −  ⋅  108 + 75 3 + 36
 5   13   5   13  =
144 − 27
36 20
= − 144 + 75 3
65 65 =
117
16
= 48 + 25 3
65 =
39
 3 π
81. tan  sin −1 + 
 5 6 π 3
82. tan  − cos −1 
3  4 5 
Let α = sin −1 . α is in quadrant I. Then
5 3
Let α = cos −1 . α is in quadrant I. Then
3 π 5
sin α = , 0 ≤ α ≤ .
5 2 3 π
cos α = , 0 ≤ α ≤ .
5 2
2
3 9 16 4
= 1−   = 1− = = 2
5 25 25 5 3 9 16 4
= 1−   = 1− = =
5
  25 25 5
3
sin α 5 3 5 3 4
tan α = = = ⋅ = sin α 5 4 5 4
cos α 4 5 4 4 tan α = = = ⋅ =
5 cos α 3 5 3 3
5
π  3
tan − tan  cos −1 
π 3  4  5 
tan  − cos −1  =
4 5 π  −1 3 
1 + tan ⋅ tan  cos 
4  5
4 1
1− −
3 1 3 1
= = 3 =− ⋅ =−
4 7 3 7 7
1 + 1⋅
3 3
776
 4   4 
83. tan  sin −1 + cos −1 1 sin  cos −1 + sin −1 1
 5   −1 4   5 
tan  cos + sin −1 1 =
−1 4  5  tan  cos −1 4 + sin −1 1
Let α = sin and β = cos −11 ; α is in  
5  5 
4 π sin (α + β )
quadrant I. Then sin α = , 0 ≤ α ≤ , and =
5 2 cos (α + β )
cos β = 1 , 0 ≤ β ≤ π . So, β = cos −1 1 = 0 . sin α cos β + cos α sin β
=
cos α cos β − sin α sin β
3 4
4
2
16 9 3   (0) +   (1)
=  5
= 1−   = 1− = = 5
5 25 25 5 4 3
  (0) −   (1)
4 5 5
sin α 5 4 5 4 4
tan α = = = ⋅ = 4
cos α 3 5 3 3 = 5 =−
5 3 3
−
 −1 4  5
tan  sin − cos −1 1
 5 
(
85. cos cos −1 u + sin −1 v )
 4 
 5
(
tan  sin −1  + tan cos −1 1 ) Let α = cos −1 u and β = sin −1 v .
= Then cos α = u, 0 ≤ α ≤ π , and
 4
 5
(
1 − tan  sin −1  ⋅ tan cos −1 1 ) π π
sin β = v, − ≤ β ≤
4 4 2 2
+0 −1 ≤ u ≤ 1 , −1 ≤ v ≤ 1
4
= 3 = 3=
4 sin α = 1 − cos 2 α = 1 − u 2
1− ⋅ 0 1 3
3 cos β = 1 − sin 2 β = 1 − v 2
 4 
84. tan  cos −1 + sin −1 1
( )
cos cos −1 u + sin −1 v = cos(α + β )
 5  = cos α cos β − sin α sin β
−1 4
Let α = cos and β = sin -1 1 ; α is in = u 1 − v2 − v 1 − u 2
5
4
quadrant I. Then cos α = , 0 ≤ α ≤ , and
π (
86. sin sin −1 u − cos −1 v )
5 2 −1
Let α = sin u and β = cos −1 v . Then
π π −1 π
sin β = 1 , − ≤β ≤ . So, β = sin 1 = . π π
2 2 2 sin α = u , − ≤ α ≤ , and
2 2
sin α = 1 − cos 2 α cos β = v, 0 ≤ β ≤ π .
2 −1 ≤ u ≤ 1 , −1 ≤ v ≤ 1
4 16 9 3
= 1−   = 1− = = cos α = 1 − sin 2 α = 1 − u 2
5
  25 25 5
3 sin β = 1 − cos 2 β = 1 − v 2
tan α =
sin α 5 3 5 3
= = ⋅ = , but tan is
π ( )
sin sin −1 u − cos −1 v = sin(α − β )
cos α 4 5 4 4 2 = sin α cos β − cos α sin β
5
undefined. Therefore, we cannot use the sum = uv − 1 − u 2 1 − v 2
formula for tangent. Rewriting using sine and
cosine, we obtain:
777
(
87. sin tan −1 u − sin −1 v ) sin α = 1 − cos 2 α
Let α = tan −1 u and β = sin −1 v . Then 1
= 1−
π π u2 +1
tan α = u, − < α < , and
2 2 u2 +1−1
π π =
sin β = v, − ≤ β ≤ . u2 +1
2 2
−∞ < u < ∞ , −1 ≤ v ≤ 1 u2
= 2
u +1
sec α = tan 2 α + 1 = u 2 + 1 u
=
1 u2 +1
cos α =
u2 + 1
sec β = tan 2 β + 1 = v 2 + 1
cos β = 1 − sin 2 β = 1 − v 2 1
cos β =
2
sin α = 1 − cos 2 α v +1
1 sin β = 1 − cos 2 β
= 1− 2
u +1 1
= 1−
u2 +1−1 2
v +1
=
u2 +1 v2 + 1 − 1
2 =
u v2 + 1
= 2
u +1 v2
u = 2
= v +1
u2 +1 v
=
(
sin tan −1 u − sin −1 v ) v2 + 1
= sin(α − β ) (
cos tan −1 u + tan −1 v )
= sin α cos β − cos α sin β = cos(α + β )
u 1 = cos α cos β − sin α sin β
= ⋅ 1 − v2 − ⋅v
2
u +1 u2 +1 1 1 u v
2
= ⋅ − ⋅
u 1− v − v 2
u +1 v +1 2 2
u +1 2
v +1
=
u +12 1 − uv
=
u 2 + 1 ⋅ v2 + 1
(
88. cos tan −1 u + tan −1 v )
−1
Let α = tan u and β = tan −1 v . Then
(
89. tan sin −1 u − cos −1 v )
−1
Let α = sin u and β = cos −1 v . Then
π π
tan α = u, − < α < , and π π
2 2 sin α = u , − ≤ α ≤ , and
π π 2 2
tan β = v, − < β < . cos β = v, 0 ≤ β ≤ π .
2 2
−∞ < u < ∞ , −∞ < v < ∞ −1 ≤ u ≤ 1 , −1 ≤ v ≤ 1
sec α = tan 2 α + 1 = u 2 + 1 cos α = 1 − sin 2 α = 1 − u 2
1 sin α u
cos α = tan α = =
2 cos α 1− u2
u +1
778
sin β = 1 − cos 2 β = 1 − v 2 (
sec tan −1 u + cos −1 v )
= sec(α + β )
sin β 1 − v2
tan β = = 1
cos β v =
cos(α + β )
( )
tan sin −1 u − cos −1 v = tan(α − β )
=
1
tan α − tan β cos α cos β − sin α sin β
= 1
1 + tan α tan β =
1 u
u 1 − v2 ⋅v − ⋅ 1 − v2
− 2
u +1 2
u +1
1− u2 v
= 1
u 1 − v2 =
1+ ⋅ v u 1 − v2
1− u2 v −
u2 +1 u2 +1
uv − 1 − u 2 1 − v 2 1
=
= v 1− u2 v − u 1 − v2
v 1 − u 2 + u 1 − v2 u2 +1
2
v 1− u
u2 +1
2 2 =
uv − 1 − u 1− v
= v − u 1 − v2
2 2
v 1− u + u 1− v
91. sin θ − 3 cos θ = 1
(
90. sec tan −1 u + cos −1 v ) Divide each side by 2:
Let α = tan −1 u and β = cos −1 v . Then 1 3 1
sin θ − cos θ =
2 2 2
π π
tan α = u, − < α < , and Rewrite in the difference of two angles form
2 2
cos β = v, 0 ≤ β ≤ π . 1 3 π
using cos φ = , sin φ = , and φ = :
−∞ < u < ∞ , −1 ≤ v ≤ 1 2 2 3
1
sin θ cos φ − cos θ sin φ =
sec α = tan 2 α + 1 = u 2 + 1 2
1
1 sin(θ − φ ) =
cos α = 2
u2 + 1 π 5π
θ −φ = or θ − φ =
sin α = 1 − cos 2 α 6 6
π π π 5π
1 θ− = θ− =
= 1− 3 6 3 6
2
u +1 π 7π
θ= θ=
u2 +1−1 2 6
=
u2 +1  π 7π 
u2
2 6 
=
u2 +1
u
=
u2 +1
sin β = 1 − cos 2 β = 1 − v 2
779
92. 3 sin θ + cos θ = 1 94. sin θ − cos θ = − 2

Divide each side by 2: Divide each side by 2 :
3 1 1 1 1
sin θ + cos θ = sin θ − cos θ = −1
2 2 2 2 2
Rewrite in the sum of two angles form using
Rewrite in the sum of two angles form using
3 1 π 1 1 π
cos φ = , sin φ = , and φ = : cos φ = , sin φ = , and φ = :
2 2 6 2 2 4
1 sin θ cos φ − sin φ cos θ = −1
sin θ cos φ + cos θ sin φ =
2
sin(θ − φ ) = −1
1
sin(θ + φ ) = 3π
2 θ −φ =
π 5π 2
θ +φ = or θ + φ = π 3π
6 6 θ− =
π π π 5π 4 2
θ+ = or θ + = 7π
6 6 6 6 θ=
4
2π
θ = 0 or θ=
3 { }
The solution set is 74π .
 2π 
The solution set is 0, . 95. tan θ + 3 = sec θ
 3 
sin θ 1
+ 3=
93. sin θ + cos θ = 2 cos θ cos θ
Divide each side by 2 : sin θ + 3 cos θ = 1
1 1 sin θ + 3 cos θ = 1
sin θ + cos θ = 1 Divide each side by 2:
2 2
Rewrite in the sum of two angles form using 1 3 1
sin θ + cos θ =
1 1 π 2 2 2
cos φ = , sin φ = , and φ = : Rewrite in the difference of two angles form
2 2 4
sin θ cos φ + cos θ sin φ = 1 1 3 π
using cos φ = , sin φ = , and φ = :
sin(θ + φ ) = 1 2 2 3
π 1
θ +φ = sin θ cos φ + cos θ sin φ =
2 2
π π 1
θ+ = sin(θ + φ ) =
4 2 2
π π 5π
θ= θ +φ = or θ + φ =
4 6 6
π π π 5π
π  θ+ = θ+ =
The solution set is   . 3 6 3 6
4 π
π 11π θ=
θ =− = 2
6 6
π
But since is not in the domain of the tangent
2
11π 
function then the solution set is  .
 6 
780
96. cot θ + csc θ = − 3 98. Let α = tan −1 v and β = cot −1 v . Then

cos θ 1 tan α = v = cot β , and since
+ =− 3
sin θ sin θ π  π 
tan α = cot  − α  , cot  − α  = cot β . If
cos θ + 1 = − 3 sin θ 2  2 
π π 
3 sin θ + cos θ = −1 v ≥ 0 , then 0 ≤ α < , so that  − α  and β
Divide each side by 2: 2  2 
3 1 1  π
both lie in the interval  0,  . If v < 0 , then
sin θ + cos θ = −  2
2 2 2
Rewrite in the sum of two angles form using π π 
− < α < 0 , so that  − α  and β both lie in
3 1 π 2 2 
cos φ = , sin φ = , and φ = :
2 2 6  π 
the interval  , π  . Either way,
1 2 
sin θ cos φ + cos θ sin φ = −
2 π  π
cot  − α  = cot β implies − α = β , or
1  2  2
sin(θ + φ ) = −
2 π π
7π 11π α + β = . Thus, tan −1 v + cot −1 v = . Note
θ +φ = or θ + φ = 2 2
6 6 that v ≠ 0 since cot −1 0 is undefined.
π 7π π 11π
θ+ = or θ + =
6 6 6 6 1 1
99. Let α = tan −1   and β = tan −1 v . Because
5π v v
θ = π or θ=
3 must be defined, v ≠ 0 and so α , β ≠ 0 . Then
But since π is not in the domain of the
1 1
cotangent function then the solution set is tan α = = = cot β , and since
v tan β
 5π 
 . π  π 
 3  tan α = cot  − α  , cot  − α  = cot β .
 2   2 
97. Let α = sin −1 v and β = cos −1 v . Then
π π 
sin α = v = cos β , and since Because v > 0 , 0 < α < and so  − α  and
2  2 
π  π 
sin α = cos  − α  , cos  − α  = cos β . If  π
 2   2  β both lie in the interval  0,  . Then
 2
π π 
v ≥ 0 , then 0 ≤ α ≤ , so that  − α  and β π  π
2 2  cot  − α  = cot β implies − α = β or
2  2
 π 
both lie in the interval 0,  . If v < 0 , then π
 2 α = − β . Thus,
2
π π 
− ≤ α < 0 , so that  − α  and β both lie in 1 π
2 2  tan −1   = − tan −1 v, if v > 0 .
v 2
π 
the interval  , π  . Either way,
2  100. Let θ = tan −1 e− v . Then tan θ = e− v , so
π  π 1 π
cos  − α  = cos β implies − α = β , or cot θ = − v = ev . Because 0 < θ < , we know
2  2
e 2
π π −v
α + β = . Thus, sin −1 v + cos −1 v = . that e > 0 , which means
2 2
cot −1 ev = cot −1 ( cot θ ) = θ = tan −1 e− v .
781
(
101. sin sin −1 v + cos −1 v ) 104.
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
h
( ) (
= sin sin −1 v cos cos −1 v ) cos( x + h) − cos x
+ cos ( sin v ) sin ( cos v )
−1 −1 h
cos x cos h − sin x sin h − cos x
=
= v ⋅ v + 1 − v2 1 − v2 h
= v2 + 1 − v2 − sin x sin h + cos x cos h − cos x
=
h
=1
− sin x sin h − cos x (1 − cos h )
=
(
102. cos sin −1 v + cos −1 v ) sin h
h
1 − cos h
( ) (
= cos sin −1 v cos cos −1 v ) = − sin x ⋅
h
− cos x ⋅
h
− sin ( sin v ) sin ( cos v )

−1 −1
= 1 − v2 ⋅ v − v ⋅ 1 − v2
=0
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
103.
h
sin( x + h) − sin x
=
h
sin x cos h + cos x sin h − sin x
=
h
cos x sin h − sin x + sin x cos h
=
h
cos x sin h − sin x (1 − cos h )
=
h
sin h 1 − cos h
= cos x ⋅ − sin x ⋅
h h
( )
tan tan −1 1 + tan −1 2 + tan tan −1 3( )
105. a. ( ) (( )
tan tan −1 1 + tan −1 2 + tan −1 3 = tan tan −1 1 + tan −1 2 + tan −1 3 = ) (
1 − tan tan −1 1 + tan −1 2 ) tan ( tan 3)
−1
( ) (
tan tan −1 1 + tan tan −1 2 ) +3
1+ 2 3
1 − tan ( tan 1) tan ( tan 2 )
−1 −1 +3 +3
−3 + 3 0
= = 1 − 1⋅ 2 = −1 = = =0
tan ( tan 1) + tan ( tan 2 )
−1 −1
1−
1 + 2 3
⋅ 3 1 − ⋅ 3 1 + 9 10
1− ⋅3 1 − 1⋅ 2 −1
1 − tan ( tan 1) tan ( tan 2 )
−1 −1
π π
b. From the definition of the inverse tangent function we know 0 < tan −1 1 < , 0 < tan −1 2 < , and
2 2
π 3π  3π 
0 < tan −1 3 < . Thus, 0 < tan −1 1 + tan −1 2 + tan −1 3 < . On the interval  0,  , tan θ = 0 if and only if
2 2  2 
θ = π . Therefore, from part (a), tan −1 1 + tan −1 2 + tan −1 3 = π .
782
(
106. cos φ sin 2 (ωt ) − sin φ sin (ωt ) cos (ωt ) = sin (ω t ) cos φ sin (ω t ) − sin φ cos (ω t ) )
= sin (ωt ) ( sin (ωt ) cos φ − cos (ω t ) sin φ )
= sin (ωt ) sin (ωt − φ )
107. Note that θ = θ 2 − θ1 .

tan θ 2 − tan θ1 m − m1
Then tan θ = tan (θ 2 − θ1 ) = = 2
1 + tan θ 2 tan θ1 1 + m2 m1
108. sin(α − θ )sin( β − θ )sin(γ − θ )

= ( sin α cosθ − cos α sin θ )( sin β cosθ − cos β sin θ )( sin γ cosθ − cos γ sin θ )
  cosθ     cosθ     cosθ  
= sin θ  sin α   − cos α  sin θ  sin β   − cos β  sin θ  sin γ   − cos γ 
  sin θ     sin θ     sin θ  
  cosθ cos α     cosθ cos β    cosθ cos γ 
= sin 3 θ  sin α  −    sin β  −   sin γ  − 
  sin θ sin α     sin θ sin β    sin θ sin γ 
= sin 3 θ ( sin α ( cot θ − cot α ) ) ( sin β ( cot θ − cot β ) ) ( sin γ ( cot θ − cot γ ) )
= sin 3 θ sin α sin β sin γ ( cot β + cot γ )( cot α + cot γ )( cot α + cot β )
 cos β cos γ  cos α cos γ  cos α cos β 
= sin 3 θ sin α sin β sin γ  +  +  + 
 sin β sin γ  sin α sin γ  sin α sin β 
 sin(γ + β )  sin(γ + α )  sin( β + α ) 
= sin 3 θ sin α sin β sin γ    
 sin(180º − α )  sin(180º − β )  sin(180º − γ ) 
 sin α  sin β  sin γ 
= sin 3 θ
109. If tan α = x + 1 and tan β = x − 1 , then 110. The first step in the derivation,
1 π
2cot (α − β ) = 2 ⋅  π  tan θ + tan 2
tan (α − β ) tan  θ +  = , is impossible
 2  1 − tan θ ⋅ tan π
2 2
=
tan α − tan β
π
1 + tan α tan β because tan is undefined.
2
2 (1 + tan α tan β )
=
tan α − tan β 111. If formula (7) is used, we obtain
2 (1 + ( x + 1)( x − 1) ) π
tan − tan θ
= π  2
x + 1 − ( x − 1) tan  − θ  = . However, this is
 2  1 + tan π ⋅ tan θ
=
( (
2 1 + x2 − 1 )) 2
x +1− x +1 π
impossible because tan is undefined. Using
2x2 2
=
2
2
=x
783
formulas (3a) and (3b), we obtain 1 1 5 5

π cos θ = = ⋅ =
sin −θ sec θ 5 5 5
π 2
tan −θ = . sin θ
2 π tan θ = , so
cos −θ cos θ
2
 5 2 5
cos θ sin θ = ( tan θ )( cos θ ) = −2   = − .
= = cot θ  5  5
sin θ
1 1 5 5
csc θ = = =− =−
112. x 2 + 5 x + 1 = −2 x 2 − 11x − 4 sin θ 2 5 2 5 2
−
3x 2 + 16 x + 5 = 0 5
(3x + 1)( x + 5) = 0 1 1 1
cot θ = = =−
3x + 1 = 0 or x + 5 = 0 tan θ −2 2
1
x=− x = −5
3
For x = −
1 Section 6.6
3
1 1
2 1. sin 2 θ , 2 cos 2 θ , 2sin 2 θ
y= − + 5 − +1
3 3 2. 1 − cos θ
1 5 5
= − +1 = −
9 3 9 3. sin θ
For x = −5
4. True
y = ( −5) + 5 ( −5) + 1
2
= 25 − 25 + 1 = 1 5. False, only the first one is equivalent.

The intersection points are:
6. False, you cannot add the arguments or tan.
1 5
− , − , ( −5,1)
3 9 3 π θ π
7. sin θ = , 0 < θ < . Thus, 0 < < , which
5 2 2 4
17π 180 θ
113. ⋅ = 510° means lies in quadrant I.
6 π 2
y = 3, r = 5
π
114. 45° = radians x 2 + 32 = 52 , x > 0
4
1 2 1 π x 2 = 25 − 9 = 16, x > 0
A= r θ = (6)2
2 2 4 x=4
36π 9π 4 3
= = ≈ 14.14 cm 2 So, cos θ = and tan θ = .
8 2 5 4
3 4 24
115. tan θ = − 2 and 270° < θ < 360° (quadrant IV) a. sin(2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ = 2 ⋅ ⋅ =
5 5 25
Using the Pythagorean Identities:
sec 2 θ = tan 2 θ + 1 b. cos(2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
2 2
sec 2 θ = ( −2 ) + 1 = 4 + 1 = 5
2  4 3 16 9 7
=   −  = − =
   
5 5 25 25 25
sec θ = ± 5
Note that sec θ must be positive since θ lies in
quadrant IV. Thus, sec θ = 5 .
784
Section 6.6: Double-angle and Half-angle Formulas
θ 1 − cosθ θ 1 − cos θ
c. sin = c. sin =
2 2 2 2
4 1 3 2
1− 1−
= 5 = 5 = 1 = 1 10 = 10 5 = 5 = 1= 1 5= 5
2 2 10 10 10 10 =
2 2 5 5 5 5
θ 1 + cosθ
d. cos = θ 1 + cos θ
2 2 d. cos =
2 2
4 9
1+ 3 8
= 5 = 5 = 9 = 3 10 = 3 10 1+
2 2 10 10 10 10 = 5 = 5 = 4= 2 5=2 5
2 2 5 5 5 5
2 tan θ
e. tan ( 2θ ) = 2 tan θ
1 − tan 2 θ e. tan ( 2θ ) =
1 − tan 2 θ
3 3 3
2  4 8 8
 4 2 24 2 
= = = 2 =  3 24
9 7 = 3 = 3 =−
2
3 1− 7 =
1−   16 16 4
2
16 7 7
4 1−   1− −
 
3 9 9
f. The angle is in QI so
f. The angle is in QI so
θ  1 − cos θ 1 − 45
tan   = + = θ  1 − cos θ 1 − 53
2 1 + cos θ 1 + 54 tan   = + =
2 1 + cos θ 1 + 53
1
1 1
= 5
= = 2
1 1
9
5
9 3 = 5
= =
8
5
4 2
3 π θ π
8. cos θ = , 0 < θ < . Thus, 0 < < , which 4 3π π θ 3π
5 2 2 4 9. tan θ = , π <θ < . Thus, < < ,
θ 3 2 2 2 4
means lies in quadrant I. θ
2 which means lies in quadrant II.
x = 3, r = 5 2
x = −3, y = − 4
32 + y 2 = 52 , y > 0
y 2 = 25 − 9 = 16, y > 0 r 2 = (−3) 2 + (− 4) 2 = 9 + 16 = 25
y=4 r =5
4 4 4 3 4
So, sin θ = and tan θ = . sin θ = − , cos θ = − , tan θ =
5 3 5 5 3
4 3 24 a. sin(2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ
a. sin(2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ = 2 ⋅ ⋅ =
5 5 25
 4   3  24
= 2⋅ − ⋅ −  =
b. cos(2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ  5   5  25
2 2
3  4 9 16 7 b. cos(2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
=   −  = − =−
   
5 5 25 25 25 2 2
 3  4 9 16 7
= −  −−  = − =−
 5  5  25 25 25
785
θ 1 − cos θ a. sin(2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ

c. sin =
2 2  5  2 5 4
= 2 ⋅  −  ⋅  − =
 3  5   5  5
1−  − 
=  5 b. cos(2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
2 2 2
 2 5  5
8 =  −  −− 
 5   5 
= 5 = 4= 2 5=2 5
2 5 5 5 5 20 5 15 3
= − = =
θ 1 + cos θ 25 25 25 5
d. cos =−
2 2  −2 5 
1 −  
 3 θ
sin =
1 − cos θ
=  5 
1+  −  c.
 5 2 2 2
=−
2 5+ 2 5
2 5
=
5 1 1 5 5 2
=− =− =− =−
2 5 5 5 5
5+ 2 5
=
2 tan θ 10
e. tan ( 2θ ) =
1 − tan 2 θ  −2 5 
1 +  
4 8 8
2 
d.
θ
cos = −
1 + cos θ
=−  5 
 3 24
= = 3 = 3 =− 2 2 2
4
2
16 7 7
1−   1− − 5−2 5
3
  9 9
=− 5
f. The angle is in QII so 2
θ  1 − cos θ 1 − ( − 53 ) =−
5−2 5
tan   = − =− 10
2 1 + cos θ 1 + ( − 53 )
8
2 tan θ
=− 5
= − 4 = −2 e. tan ( 2θ ) =
2
5
1 − tan 2 θ
1
2 
1 3π π θ 3π 1 1 4
=  2 =
2
10. tan θ = , π <θ < . Thus, < < , = =
2 2 2 2 4 1 1 3 3
1−   1−
θ 2 4 4
which means lie in quadrant II.
2
x = − 2, y = −1
r 2 = (− 2) 2 + (−1) 2 = 4 + 1 = 5
r= 5
1 5 2 2 5
sin θ = − =− , cos θ = − =−
5 5 5 5
1
tan θ =
2
786
f. The angle is in QII so  6

θ 
tan   = −
1 − cos θ
=−
1− − ( )
2
5
c.
θ
sin =
1 − cos θ
=
1 −  −
 3 

2 1 + cos θ 1+ − ( )
2
5
2 2 2
5 +2
3+ 6
5 5+2 5 3
=− 5 −2
=− =
5
5−2 5 2
=−
(5 + 2 5 ) ⋅ (5 + 2 5 ) =
3+ 6
6
(5 − 2 5 ) (5 + 2 5 )
 6
25 + 20 5 + 20 45 + 20 5 1 +  − 
=− =− d.
θ
cos =
1 + cos θ
=  3 
25 − 20 5 2 2 2
= − 9+4 5 3− 6
= 3
2
6 π π θ π
11. cos θ = − , < θ < π . Thus, < < , 3− 6
3 2 4 2 2 =
6
θ
which means lies in quadrant I.
2 2 tan θ
e. tan ( 2θ ) =
x = − 6, r = 3 1 − tan 2 θ
(− 6 )
2
+ y 2 = 32  2
2  − 
2  − 2 2
y2 = 9 − 6 = 3 =  = =− = −2 2
 2
2
1 1
y= 3 1−
1 −   2 2
 2 
3 2
sin θ = and tan θ = −
3 2 f. The angle is in QI so
a. sin(2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ
θ 
tan   =
1 − cos θ
=
1− − ( )
3
6
 3  6
= 2 ⋅   ⋅  −  2 1 + cos θ 1+ − ( )
3
6
 3   3 
3+ 6
2 18 6 2 2 2 3+ 6
=− =− =− = 3
3− 6
=
9 9 3 3
3− 6
b. cos(2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ

=
(3 + 6 ) ⋅ (3 + 6 ) = 9+6 6 +6

=  −
6  3
 − 
2

2
(3 − 6 ) (3 + 6 ) 9−6
 3   3  15 + 6 6
6 3 3 1 = = 5+ 2 6
= − = = 3
9 9 9 3
3 3π 3π θ
12. sin θ = − , < θ < 2π . Thus, < <π,
3 2 4 2
θ
which means lies in quadrant II.
2
787
y = − 3, r = 3 f. The angle is in QII so
(
x2 + − 3 )
2
=3 θ 
tan   = −
1 − cos θ
=−
1− ( )
3
6
x2 = 9 − 3 = 6
2 1 + cos θ 1+ ( )
3
6
x= 6 3− 6
3− 6
=− 3
=−
6 2 3+ 6
3+ 6
cos θ = and tan θ = − 3
3 2
=−
(3 − 6 ) ⋅ (3 − 6 )
a. sin(2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ
(3 + 6 ) (3 − 6 )
 3  6
= 2 ⋅  −  ⋅   9−6 6 +6 15 − 6 6
 3   3  =− =−
9−6 3
2 18 6 2 2 2
=− =− =− = − 5−2 6
9 9 3
b. cos(2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ π
13. sec θ = 3, sin θ > 0 , so 0 < θ < . Thus,
 6  3
2 2
2
=   −  −  θ π θ
 3   3  0< <, which means lies in quadrant I.
2 4 2
6 3 3 1 1
= − = = cos θ = , x = 1 , r = 3 .
9 9 9 3 3
6 12 + y 2 = 32
1−
θ 1 − cos θ 3 y2 = 9 −1 = 8
c. sin = =
2 2 2
y= 8=2 2
3− 6 2 2
3 sin θ = and tan θ = 2 2
= 3
2
2 2 1 4 2
3− 6 a. sin(2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ = 2 ⋅ ⋅ =
= 3 3 9
6
6
1+ 2
1 2 2 
2
θ 1 + cos θ 3 1 8 7
d. cos = − =− =   −   = − = −
2 2 2 3  3  9 9 9
3+ 6
θ 1 − cos θ
3 c. sin =
=− 2 2
2
1 2
3+ 6 1−
=− = 3 = 3 = 1= 1 3= 3
6 2 2 3 3 3 3
2 tan θ θ 1 + cos θ
e. tan ( 2θ ) = d. cos =
1 − tan 2 θ 2 2
 2 1 4
2  −  1+
 2  − 2 2 = 3 = 3 = 2
=
2 3
=
6
= = =− = −2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3
 2
2
1 1
1−
1 −   2 2
 2 
788
2 tan θ  2 5
e. tan ( 2θ ) = 1 +  −
1 − tan 2 θ 
θ 1 + cos θ  5 
=
( )
2 2 2
=
4 2
=−
4 2
d. cos = −
2 2
=−
2
1− (2 2 )
2
1− 8 7 5−2 5
=− 5
f. The angle is in QI so 2
θ  1 − cos θ 1 − ( 13 ) 5−2 5
tan   = = =−
2 1 + cos θ 1 + ( 13 ) 10
2
1 2 2 tan θ
= = = tan ( 2θ ) =
3
e.
4
3
2 2 1 − tan 2 θ
1
2 
3π 1 1 4
=  2 =
14. csc θ = − 5, cos θ < 0 , so π < θ < . Thus, 2
= =
2  
1 1 3 3
1−   1−
π θ 3π θ 4 4
< < , which means lies in quadrant II. 2
2 2 4 2
−1 5 f. The angle is in QII so
sin θ = =− , r = 5, y = −1
5 5
θ 
tan   = −
1 − cos θ
=−
1− − ( ) 2
5
( 5)
2
x 2 + (−1) 2 = 2 1 + cos θ 1+ − ( ) 2
5
x2 = 5 − 1 = 4 5 +2
5 5+2 5
x = −2 =− =− = − 9+4 5
5 −2
5
5−2 5
−2 2 5 1
cos θ = =− and tan θ =
5 5 2
π
15. cot θ = −2, sec θ < 0 , so < θ < π . Thus,
a. sin(2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ 2
 5  2 5 4 π θ π θ
= 2 ⋅  −  ⋅  − = < < , which means lies in quadrant I.
 5   5  5 4 2 2 2
x = − 2, y = 1
b. cos(2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ r 2 = (− 2) 2 + 12 = 4 + 1 = 5
2 2
 2 5  5 r= 5
=  −  −− 
 5   5  1 5
sin θ = = ,
20 5 15 3 5 5
= − = =
25 25 25 5 −2 2 5 1
cos θ = =− , tan θ = −
 2 5 5 5 2
1 −  − 
θ 1 − cos θ  5  a. sin(2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ
c. sin = =
2 2 2  5  2 5 20 4
= 2 ⋅   ⋅  −  = − =−
5+2 5  5   5  25 5
= 5
2
5+2 5
=
10
789
b. cos(2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ f. The angle is in QI so

2
 2 5  5
2
θ 
tan   =
1 − cos θ
=
1− − ( ) 2
5
=  −  − 
 5   5  2 1 + cos θ 1+ − ( ) 2
5
20 5 15 3
= − = = 5 +2
5+2 5
25 25 25 5 = 5
=
5 −2
5
5−2 5
 2 5
1 −  −
c.
θ
sin =
1 − cos θ
= 

5 
=
(5 + 2 5 ) ⋅ (5 + 2 5 )
2 2 2 (5 − 2 5 ) (5 + 2 5 )
5+2 5
25 + 40 5 + 20 45 + 40 5
= 5 = =
2 25 − 20 5
5+2 5 = 9+4 5
=
10
 2 5
1 +  − 
θ 1 + cos θ  5 
d. cos = =
2 2 2
5−2 5
= 5
2
5−2 5
=
10
2 tan θ
e. tan ( 2θ ) =
1 − tan 2 θ
 1
2 − 
−1 1 4
= 
2
= =− =−
 1 
2
1 3 3
1−  −  1−
 2 4 4
790
3π 3π
16. sec θ = 2, csc θ < 0 , so < θ < 2π . Thus, 17. tan θ = − 3, sin θ < 0 , so < θ < 2π . Thus,
2 2
3π θ θ 3π θ θ
< < π , which means lies in quadrant < < π , which means lies in quadrant II.
4 2 2 4 2 2
II. x = 1, y = −3
1 r 2 = 12 + (−3) 2 = 1 + 9 = 10
cos θ = , x = 1, r = 2
2
r = 10
12 + y 2 = 22
−3 3 10 1 10
y2 = 4 −1 = 3 sin θ = =− , cos θ = = ,
10 10 10 10
y= 3 tan θ = −3
3 a. sin ( 2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ
sin θ = − and tan θ = − 3
2
 3 10   10 
= 2 ⋅  −  ⋅  
a. sin(2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ  10   10 
 3 1 3 6 3
= 2 ⋅  −  ⋅   = − =− =−
 2   2 2 10 5
b. cos(2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ b. cos(2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
2 2 2
1 
2
3 1 3 1  10   3 10 
=   −  −  = − = − =   −  − 
2  2  4 4 2  10   10 
θ 1 − cos θ 10 90 80 4
c. sin = = − =− =−
2 2 100 100 100 5
1 1 10
1− 1−
= 2 = 2 = 1 =1 θ
1 − cos θ 10
2 2 4 2 c. sin = =
2 2 2
θ 1 + cos θ 10 − 10
d. cos =−
2 2 10
=
1 3 2
1+
=− 2 =− 2 =− 3 =− 3 10 − 10
2 2 4 2 =
20
2 tan θ 1 10 − 10
e. tan ( 2θ ) = =
1 − tan 2 θ 2 5
=
( )
2 − 3
=
−2 3
= 3
1− (− 3)
2
1− 3
f. The angle is in QII so

θ  1 − cos θ 1 − ( 12 )
tan   = − =−
2 1 + cos θ 1 + ( 12 )
1
1 3
=− 2
=− =−
3
2
3 3
791
10 a. sin ( 2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ

1+
θ 1 + cos θ 10  10   3 10  6 3
d. cos =− =− = 2 ⋅  −  ⋅  −  = =
2 2 2
 10   10  10 5
10 + 10
=− 10
2 2
2  3 10   10 
=  −  −  − 
=−
10 + 10  10   10 
20 90 10 80 4
= − = =
1 10 + 10 100 100 100 5
=−
2 5  3 10 
1 −  − 
2 tan θ θ 1 − cos θ  10 
e. tan ( 2θ ) = c. sin = =
1 − tan 2 θ 2 2 2
2 ( −3) −6 6 3 10 + 3 10
= = =− =
1 − ( −3 )
2
1− 9 −8 4 = 10
2
f. The angle is in QII so 10 + 3 10
=
θ 
tan   = −
1 − cos θ
=−
1− ( ) 1
10
20
 
2 1 + cos θ 1+ ( ) 1 1 10 + 3 10
10 =
2 5
10 − 1 10 − 10
=− =−
10 + 1 10 + 10  3 10 
1 +  − 
θ 1 + cos θ  10 
=−
(10 − 10 ) ⋅ (10 − 10 ) d. cos = −
2 2
=−
2
(10 + 10 ) (10 − 10 )
10 − 3 10
100 − 20 10 + 10 110 − 20 10 =− 10
=− =− 2
100 − 10 90
10 − 3 10
11 − 2 10 =−
=− 20
3
1 10 − 3 10
=−
2 5
3π
18. cot θ = 3, cos θ < 0 , so π < θ < . Thus,
2 2 tan θ
π θ 3π θ e. tan ( 2θ ) =
< < which means is in quadrant II. 1 − tan 2 θ
2 2 4 2 1 2
x = −3, y = −1 2 
=  2 =
3 3=3
r 2 = (−3) 2 + (−1) 2 = 9 + 1 = 10 1 8 4
1−   9
r = 10 3
1 10
sin θ = − =− ,
10 10
3 3 10 1
cos θ = − =− and tan θ =
10 10 3
792
f. The angle is in QII so  7π  7π

1 − cos
θ 
tan   = −
1 − cos θ
=−
1− − ( 3
10 ) 21. tan
7π  4 
= tan   =−
4
7π
8  2 
2 1 + cos θ 1+ − ( 3
10 ) 1 + cos
4
10 + 3 10 + 3 10 2
=− =− 1−
10 − 3 10 − 3 10 =− 2 ⋅2
2 2
=−
(10 + 3 10 ) ⋅ (10 + 3 10 ) 1+
2
(10 − 3 10 ) (10 + 3 10 )  2− 2  2− 2 
= −   ⋅  
100 + 60 10 + 90 190 + 60 10 2+ 2  2− 2 
=− =−
100 − 90
(2 − 2 )
2
10
= − 19 + 6 10 =−
2
 2− 2 
= −  
 45°   2 
19. sin 22.5° = sin  
 2  =− ( 2 −1 )
1 − cos 45°
= = 1− 2
2
1−
2  9π  9π
2− 2 2− 2  4  1 − cos
2 = 9π 4
= = 22. tan = tan  =
2 4 2 8  2  9π
1 + cos
4
 45° 
20. cos 22.5° = cos   2
 2  1−
2 2
= ⋅
1 + cos 45° 2 2
= 1+
2 2
2  2− 2   2− 2 
1+ = 
= 2 = 2+ 2
=
2+ 2  ⋅  
 2+ 2   2− 2 
2 4 2
(2 − 2 )
2
=
2
2− 2
=
2
= 2 −1
= −1 + 2
 330° 
23. cos165° = cos  
 2 
1 + cos 330°
=−
2
3
1+
=− 2 = − 2+ 3 = − 2+ 3
2 4 2
793
 390°  1 − cos 390° 7π 1 1

24. sin195° = sin  26. csc = =
 =− 8 sin 7 π  7π 
 2  2
 
8 sin  4 
3  2 
1−
2 1
=− =
2 7π
1 − cos
2− 3 4
=− 2
4
1
=
2− 3 2
=− 1−
2 2
2
15π 1 1 1
25. sec = = =
8 15π  15π 
cos 2− 2
8  
cos  4  4
 2  2
1 =
= 2− 2
15π
1 + cos  2   2− 2
4 = ⋅ 
2  2− 2   2− 2 
  
1 2 2− 2  2+ 2
= = ⋅ 
2  2 − 2   2 + 2 
1+  
2
2 =
(
2 2+ 2 ) 2− 2
1 2
=
2+ 2 (
= 2+ 2 ) 2− 2
4
2  π
=  π − 
2+ 2 27. sin  −  = sin  4 
 8  2 
 2   2+ 2 
= ⋅   π
 2+ 2   2+ 2  1 − cos  − 
    =−  4
 2 2+ 2   2− 2  2
= ⋅ 
 2 + 2   2 − 2  1−
2
  2 = − 2− 2 = − 2− 2
=−
=
(
2 2− 2 ) 2+ 2 2 4 2
2
 3π 
(
= 2− 2 ) 2+ 2  3π  − 
28. cos  −  = cos  4 
 8   2 
 3π 
1 + cos  − 
=  4 
2
 2
1 +  − 
 2  2− 2 2− 2
= = =
2 4 2
794
29. θ lies in quadrant II. Since x 2 + y 2 = 5 , r = 5 . θ

32. Note: Since θ lies in quadrant II, must lie in
Now, the point (a, 2) is on the circle, so 2
θ
a 2 + 22 = 5 quadrant I. Therefore, sin is positive. From the
2 2 2
a = 5−2
5
a = − 5 − 2 2 = − 1 = −1 solution to Problem 29, we have cos θ = − .
5
(a is negative because θ lies in quadrant II.)
θ  θ 1 − cos θ
b 2 2 5 Thus, f   = sin =
Thus, sin θ = = = and 2 2 2
r 5 5
− 5
a −1 5 1 −  
cos θ = = =− . Thus,  5 
r 5 5 =
2
f ( 2θ ) = sin ( 2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ
5+ 5
2 5  5 20 4
= 2 ⋅   ⋅  −  = − =− = 5
 5   5  25 5 2
30. From the solution to Problem 29, we have 5+ 5

=
2 5 5 10
sin θ = and cos θ = − .
5 5
=
(
10 5 + 5 )
Thus, g ( 2θ ) = cos ( 2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ 10
2 2
 5 2 5
=  −  −   33. θ lies in quadrant II. Since x 2 + y 2 = 5 , r = 5 .
 5   5  Now, the point (a, 2) is on the circle, so
5 20 15 3
= − =− =− a 2 + 22 = 5
25 25 25 5
a 2 = 5 − 22
θ a = − 5 − 2 2 = − 1 = −1
31. Note: Since θ lies in quadrant II, must lie in
2 (a is negative because θ lies in quadrant II.)
θ b 2
quadrant I. Therefore, cos is positive. From the Thus, tan θ = = = −2 .
2 a −1
5 h ( 2θ ) = tan ( 2θ )
solution to Problem 29, we have cos θ = − .
5 2 tan θ
=
θ  θ 1 + cos θ 1 − tan 2 θ
Thus, g   = cos =
2 2 2 2 ( −2 ) −4 −4 4
= = = =
− 5 1 − ( −2 )
2
1 − 4 −3 3
1 +  
=  5 
2
5− 5
= 5
2
5− 5
=
10
=
(
10 5 − 5 )
10
795
34. From the solution to Problem 29, we have 36. From the solution to Problem 35, we have
2 5 5 15 1
sin θ = and cos θ = − . Thus, sin α = − and cos α = − . Thus,
5 5 4 4
− 5 f ( 2α ) = sin ( 2α )
1 −  
θ  θ 1 − cos θ  5  = 2sin α cos α
h   = tan = =
2 2 sin θ 2 5  15   1  15
= 2 ⋅  −  ⋅  −  =
5  4   4 8
5+ 5
= 5 α
37. Note: Since α lies in quadrant III, must lie in
2 5 2
5 α
quadrant II. Therefore, sin is positive. From
5+ 5 2
=
2 5 1
the solution to Problem 35, we have cos α = − .
5+ 5 5 4
= ⋅ α  α
2 5 5 Thus, f   = sin
2 2
5 5 +5
= 1 − cos α
10 =
2
5 +1 1+ 5
= =  1
2 2 1−  − 
=  4
35. α lies in quadrant III. Since x 2 + y 2 = 1 , 2
 1  5
r = 1 = 1 . Now, the point  − , b  is on the
 4  = 4 = 5 = 5 ⋅ 2 = 10 = 10
circle, so 2 8 8 2 16 4
2
 1
−  +b =1
2
α
 4 38. Note: Since α lies in quadrant III, must lie in
2
2
 1 α
b2 = 1 −  −  quadrant II. Therefore, cos is negative. From
 4 2
2 1
 1 15 15 the solution to Problem 35, we have cos α = − .
b = − 1−  −  = − =− 4
 4 16 4
Thus,
(b is negative because α lies in quadrant III.)
α  α
1 g   = cos
− 2
  2
a 1
Thus, cos α = = 4 = − and
r 1 4 1 + cos α
=−
15 2
−
b 4 = − 15 . Thus,  1
sin α = = 1+  − 
r 1 4  4
=−
g ( 2α ) = cos ( 2α ) = cos α − sin 2 α
2
2
2
 1   15 
2 3
=  −  −   3 3 2 6 6
 4   4  =− 4 =− =− ⋅ =− =−
2 8 8 2 16 4
1 15 14 7
= − =− =−
16 16 16 8
796

( )
2
41. sin 4 θ = sin 2 θ
15 1
sin α = − and cos α = − . Thus, 2
4 4  1 − cos ( 2θ ) 
= 
α  α 1 − cos α  2 
h   = tan =
2 2 sin α 1
= 1 − 2 cos ( 2θ ) + cos 2 ( 2θ ) 
 1 4
1−  − 
= 
4 1 1 1
= − cos ( 2θ ) + cos 2 ( 2θ )
15 4 2 4
−
4 1 1 1  1 + cos ( 4θ ) 
5 = − cos ( 2θ ) +  
4 2 4 2 
= 4 1 1 1 1
15 = − cos ( 2θ ) + + cos ( 4θ )
− 4 2 8 8
4
3 1 1
5 = − cos ( 2θ ) + cos ( 4θ )
=− 8 2 8
15
5 15 42. sin ( 4θ ) = sin ( 2 ⋅ 2θ )
=− ⋅
15 15 = 2sin ( 2θ ) cos ( 2θ )
=−
5 15
15
= 2(2sin θ cos θ ) 1 − 2sin 2 θ( )
15 (
= 4sin θ cos θ 1 − 2sin 2 θ )
=−
3
 (
= ( cos θ )  4sin θ 1 − 2sin 2 θ 
 )
40. α lies in quadrant III. Since x + y = 1 , 2 2
(
= ( cos θ ) 4sin θ − 8sin θ 3
)
 1 
r = 1 = 1 . Now, the point  − , b  is on the 43. cos(3θ ) = cos(2θ + θ )
 4 
circle, so = cos ( 2θ ) cos θ − sin ( 2θ ) sin θ
( )
2
 1 2 = 2 cos 2 θ − 1 cos θ − 2sin θ cos θ sin θ
−  +b =1
 4
2
= 2 cos θ − cos θ − 2sin 2 θ cos θ
3
 1
b2 = 1 −  − 
 4
(
= 2 cos3 θ − cos θ − 2 1 − cos 2 θ cos θ )
2 = 2 cos3 θ − cos θ − 2 cos θ + 2 cos3 θ
 1 15 15
b = − 1−  −  = − =− = 4 cos3 θ − 3cos θ
 4 16 4
(b is negative because α lies in quadrant III.) 44. cos ( 4θ ) = cos ( 2 ⋅ 2θ )
15
− = 2 cos 2 (2θ ) − 1
b 4 = 15 .
Thus, tan θ = =
( )
2
a 1 = 2 2 cos 2 θ − 1 − 1
−
4
= 2 ( 4 cos 4
θ − 4 cos 2 θ + 1) − 1
h ( 2α ) = tan ( 2α )
2 tan α = 8cos 4 θ − 8cos 2 θ + 2 − 1
=
1 − tan 2 α = 8cos 4 θ − 8cos 2 θ + 1
=
2 ( 15 ) =
2 15 2 15
= =−
15
1 − ( 15 )
2
1 − 15 −14 7
797
45. We use the result of problem 42 to help solve cos θ sin θ

−
this problem: cot θ − tan θ sin θ cos θ
sin ( 5θ ) = sin(4θ + θ )
48. =
cot θ + tan θ cos θ + sin θ
= sin ( 4θ ) cosθ + cos ( 4θ ) sin θ sin θ cos θ
( )
= cosθ 4sin θ − 8sin 3 θ cosθ + cos ( 2(2θ ) ) sin θ
= sin θ cos θ
( ) (
= cos θ 4sin θ − 8sin θ + 1 − 2sin 2 ( 2θ ) sin θ
2 3
) cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ
( )(
= 1 − sin θ 4sin θ − 8sin θ
2 3
) sin θ cos θ
cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ sin θ cos θ
(
+ sin θ 1 − 2 ( 2sin θ cosθ )
2
) =
sin θ cos θ
⋅
cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ
= 4sin θ − 12sin θ + 8sin θ 3 5
cos θ − sin θ
2 2
=
(
+ sin θ 1 − 8sin 2 θ cos 2 θ ) 1
= 4sin θ − 12sin θ + 8sin θ 3 5 = cos ( 2θ )
(
+ sin θ − 8sin 3 θ 1 − sin 2 θ ) 1 1
49. cot(2θ ) = =
= 5sin θ − 12sin θ + 8sin θ − 8sin θ + 8sin θ
3 5 3 5
tan(2θ ) 2 tan θ
= 16sin 5 θ − 20sin 3 θ + 5sin θ 1 − tan 2 θ
1 − tan 2 θ
46. We use the results from problems 42 and 44 to =
2 tan θ
help solve this problem:
1
cos(5θ ) = cos(4θ + θ ) 1−
= cot 2
θ
= cos ( 4θ ) cos θ − sin ( 4θ ) sin θ 2
(
= 8cos 4 θ − 8cos 2 θ + 1 cos θ ) cot θ
cot 2 θ − 1
( (
− cos θ 4sin θ − 8sin 3 θ sin θ ))
= cot θ
2
= 8cos θ − 8cos θ + cos θ

5 3 2
cot θ
− 4 cos θ sin 2 θ + 8cos θ sin 4 θ
cot 2 θ − 1 cot θ
= 8cos5 θ − 8cos3 θ + cos θ = ⋅
cot 2 θ 2
− 4 cos θ (1 − cos 2 θ ) + 8cos θ (1 − cos 2 θ ) 2 cot θ − 1
2
=
= 8cos5 θ − 8cos3 θ + cos θ − 4 cos θ 2 cot θ
+ 4 cos3 θ + 8cos θ (1 − 2 cos 2 θ + cos 4 θ )
1 1
= 8cos5 θ − 4 cos3 θ − 3cos θ 50. cot(2θ ) = =
tan(2θ ) 2 tan θ
+ 8cos θ − 16 cos3 θ + 8cos5 θ 1 − tan 2 θ
= 16 cos5 θ − 20 cos3 θ + 5cos θ 1 − tan 2 θ
=
2 tan θ
(
47. cos 4 θ − sin 4 θ = cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ )( cos 2
θ − sin 2 θ ) 1 1 tan 2 θ 
=  − 
= 1 ⋅ cos ( 2θ ) 2  tan θ tan θ 
= cos ( 2θ ) 1
= ( cot θ − tan θ )
2
798
1 1 1
51. sec(2θ ) = =
cos(2θ ) 2 cos 2 θ − 1
56. sin 2 θ cos 2 θ =
4
(
4sin 2 θ cos 2 θ )
1 1
= ( 2sin θ cos θ )
2
=
2 4
−1
sec 2 θ 1 2
= sin ( 2θ ) 
1 4
=
2 − sec 2 θ 1 1 − cos ( 4θ ) 
= ⋅ 
sec 2 θ 4  2 
sec 2 θ 1
= = 1 − cos ( 4θ ) 
2 − sec 2 θ 8
1 1 θ  1 1 2
52. csc ( 2θ ) = = 57. sec 2   = = =
sin ( 2θ ) 2sin θ cos θ  2  cos 2  θ  1 + cos θ 1 + cos θ
1 1 1   2
= ⋅ ⋅ 2
2 cos θ sin θ
1 θ  1 1 2
= sec θ csc θ 58. csc 2   = = =
2  2  sin 2  θ  1 − cos θ 1 − cos θ
  2
2
53. cos 2 (2u ) − sin 2 (2u ) = cos [ 2(2u ) ] = cos(4u )
v 1 1
59. cot 2   = =
54. (4sin u cos u )(1 − 2sin 2 u )   tan 2  
2 v 1 − cos v
  1 + cos v
= 2(2sin u cos u )(1 − 2sin 2 u ) 2
= 2sin 2u cos 2u 1 + cos v
=
= sin ( 2 ⋅ 2u ) 1 − cos v
1
= sin ( 4u ) 1+
= sec v
1
1−
cos(2θ ) cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ sec v
55. =
1 + sin(2θ ) 1 + 2sin θ cos θ sec v + 1
(cos θ − sin θ )(cos θ + sin θ ) = sec v
= sec v − 1
cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ + 2sin θ cos θ
(cos θ − sin θ )(cos θ + sin θ ) sec v
= sec v + 1 sec v
(cos θ + sin θ )(cos θ + sin θ ) = ⋅
cos θ − sin θ sec v sec v − 1
= sec v + 1
cos θ + sin θ =
cos θ − sin θ sec v − 1
= sin θ
cos θ + sin θ
sin θ
cos θ sin θ
−
= sin θ sin θ
cos θ sin θ
+
sin θ sin θ
cot θ − 1
=
cot θ + 1
799
v 1 − cos v 1 cos v sin(3θ ) cos(3θ ) sin ( 3θ ) cos θ − cos ( 3θ ) sin θ

60. tan = = − = csc v − cot v 63. − =
2 sin v sin v sin v sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ
sin(3θ − θ )
θ 1 − cos θ =
1 − tan 2 1− sin θ cos θ
61. 2 =1 + cos θ sin 2θ
θ 1 − cos θ =
1 + tan 2 1+ sin θ cos θ
2 1 + cos θ
2sin θ cos θ
1 + cos θ − (1 − cos θ ) =
sin θ cos θ
= 1 + cos θ
1 + cos θ + 1 − cos θ =2
1 + cos θ
2 cos θ
= + cos θ
1
2
1 + cos θ
2 cos θ 1 + cos θ
= ⋅
1 + cos θ 2
= cos θ
sin 3 θ + cos3 θ
62.
sin θ + cos θ
( sin θ + cos θ ) ( sin 2 θ − sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ )
=
sin θ + cos θ
= sin θ − sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ
2
1
( )
= sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ − ( 2sin θ cos θ )
2
1
= 1 − sin ( 2θ )
2
cos θ + sin θ cos θ − sin θ ( cos θ + sin θ ) − ( cos θ − sin θ )

2 2
64. − =
cos θ − sin θ cos θ + sin θ ( cos θ − sin θ )( cos θ + sin θ )
=
(
cos 2 θ + 2 cos θ sin θ + sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ − 2 cos θ sin θ + sin 2 θ )
cos θ − sin θ
2 2
cos 2 θ + 2 cos θ sin θ + sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ + 2 cos θ sin θ − sin 2 θ

=
4 cos θ sin θ
=
cos ( 2θ )
2(2sin θ cos θ )
=
cos ( 2θ )
2sin ( 2θ )
=
cos ( 2θ )
= 2 tan ( 2θ )
800
65. tan ( 3θ ) = tan(2θ + θ )

2 tan θ 2 tan θ + tan θ − tan 3 θ
tan ( 2θ ) + tan θ + tan θ
3 tan θ − tan 3 θ 1 − tan 2 θ 3 tan θ − tan 3 θ
= 1 − tan θ 1 − tan 2 θ
2
= = = ⋅ =
1 − tan ( 2θ ) tan θ 1 − 2 tan θ ⋅ tan θ 1 − tan 2 θ − 2 tan 2 θ 1 − tan 2 θ 1 − 3 tan 2 θ 1 − 3 tan 2 θ
1 − tan θ
2
1 − tan θ
2
66. tan θ + tan(θ + 120º ) + tan(θ + 240º )

tan θ + tan120º tan θ + tan 240º
= tan θ + +
1 − tan θ tan120º 1 − tan θ tan 240º
tan θ − 3 tan θ + 3
= tan θ + +
(
1 − tan θ − 3 1 − tan θ 3 ) ( )
tan θ − 3 tan θ + 3
= tan θ + +
1 + 3 tan θ 1 − 3 tan θ
( ) ( )(
tan θ 1 − 3 tan θ + tan θ − 3 1 − 3 tan θ + tan θ + 3 1 + 3 tan θ
2
) ( )( )
=
1 − 3 tan θ 2
tan θ − 3 tan θ + tan θ − 3 tan θ − 3 + 3 tan θ + tan θ + 3 tan 2 θ + 3 + 3 tan θ

3 2
=
1 − 3 tan 2 θ
−3 tan 3 θ + 9 tan θ
=
1 − 3 tan 2 θ
=
(
3 3 tan θ − tan 3 θ )
1 − 3 tan θ 2
= 3 tan ( 3θ ) (from Problem 65)
1 1
67.
2
(
⋅ ln 1 − cos ( 2θ ) − ln 2 ) 68.
2
(
⋅ ln 1 + cos ( 2θ ) − ln 2 )
1 1 − cos 2θ 1 1 + cos 2θ
= ⋅ ln = ⋅ ln
2 2 2 2
 1 − cos ( 2θ ) 1/ 2
  1 + cos ( 2θ ) 1/ 2

= ln   = ln  
 2   2 
   
(
= ln sin 2 θ
1/ 2
) (
= ln cos 2 θ
1/ 2
)
= ln sin θ = ln cos θ
801
69. cos ( 2θ ) + 6sin 2 θ = 4 73. sin(2θ ) + sin(4θ ) = 0

sin(2θ ) + 2sin(2θ ) cos(2θ ) = 0
1 − 2sin θ + 6sin θ = 4
2 2
sin(2θ ) (1 + 2 cos(2θ ) ) = 0
4sin 2 θ = 3
sin(2θ ) = 0 1 + 2 cos(2θ ) = 0
or
3 1
sin 2 θ = cos(2θ ) = −
4 2
3 2θ = 0 + 2k π or 2θ = π + 2k π or
sin θ = ±
2 θ = kπ π
θ = + kπ
π 2π 4π 5π 2
θ= , , ,
3 3 3 3 2π 4π
2θ = + 2k π or 2θ = + 2k π
 π 2π 4π 5π  3 3
3 3 3 3  π 2π
θ = + kπ θ= + kπ
3 3
70. cos ( 2θ ) = 2 − 2sin 2 θ On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
 π π 2π 4π 3π 5π 
1 − 2sin 2 θ = 2 − 2sin 2 θ 0, , , , π, , , .
 3 2 3 3 2 3 
1 = 2 (not possible)
The equation has no real solution.
71. cos(2θ ) = cos θ

2 cos 2 θ − 1 = cos θ 74.
cos(2θ ) + cos(4θ ) = 0
2 cos θ − cos θ − 1 = 0
2
(2 cos θ + 1)(cos θ − 1) = 0 ( 2 cos 2

θ − 1) + ( 2 cos 2 (2θ ) − 1) = 0
2 cos θ + 1 = 0 or cos θ − 1 = 0 2 cos 2 θ − 1 + 2 [ cos(2θ ) cos(2θ ) ] − 1 = 0
cos θ = −
1 cos θ = 1 ( )(
2 cos 2 θ + 2 2 cos 2 (θ ) − 1 2 cos 2 (θ ) − 1 − 2 = 0 )
2 θ =0
2π 4π ( 2 cos 2
θ − 1) + 2  4 cos θ − 4 cos θ + 1 − 1 = 0
4 2
θ= ,
3 3 2 cos 2 θ − 1 + 8cos 4 θ − 8cos 2 θ + 2 − 1 = 0
 2π 4π  8cos 4 θ − 6 cos 2 θ = 0
The solution set is 0, , .
 3 3 
4 cos 4 θ − 3cos 2 θ = 0
(
cos 2 θ 4 cos 2 θ − 3 = 0 )
cos (θ ) = 0 or 4 cos θ − 3 = 0
2 2
3
72. sin(2θ ) = cos θ cos θ = 0 or cos 2θ =
4
2sin θ cos θ = cos θ
3
2sin θ cos θ − cos θ = 0 cos θ = ±
2
(cos θ )(2sin θ − 1) = 0
π 3π π 5π 7 π 11π
cos θ = 0 or 2sin θ = 1 θ= , or θ = , , ,
2 2 6 6 6 6
cos θ = 0 1
sin θ =
π 3π 2 On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
θ= ,
2 2 π 5π  π π 5π 7π 3π 11π 
θ= ,  , , , , , .
6 6 6 2 6 6 2 6 
 π π 5π 3π 
6 2 6 2 
802
75. 3 − sin θ = cos(2θ ) 78. tan(2θ ) + 2 cos θ = 0

3 − sin θ = 1 − 2sin θ 2
sin(2θ )
+ 2 cos θ = 0
2sin 2 θ − sin θ + 2 = 0 cos(2θ )
This equation is quadratic in sin θ . sin ( 2θ ) + 2 cos θ cos 2θ
=0
The discriminant is b 2` − 4ac = 1 − 16 = −15 < 0 . cos ( 2θ )
The equation has no real solutions. 2sin θ cos θ + 2 cos θ (1 − 2sin 2 θ ) = 0
76. cos(2θ ) + 5cos θ + 3 = 0 (
2 cos θ sin θ + 1 − 2sin 2 θ = 0 )
2 cos 2 θ − 1 + 5cos θ + 3 = 0 − 2 cos θ ( 2sin 2
θ − sin θ − 1) = 0
2 cos 2 θ + 5cos θ + 2 = 0 − 2 cos θ (2sin θ + 1)(sin θ − 1) = 0
(2 cos θ + 1)(cos θ + 2) = 0 −2 cos θ = 0 or 2sin θ + 1 = 0 or
2 cos θ = −1 or cos θ = − 2 cos θ = 0 1
1 (not possible) sin θ = −
cos θ = − π 3π 2
2 θ= ,
2 2 7π 11π
2π 4π θ= ,
θ= , 6 6
3 3 sin θ − 1 = 0
 2π 4π  sin θ = 1
 3 3  π
θ=
2
 π 7π 3π 11π 
77. tan(2θ ) + 2sin θ = 0 2 6 2 6 
sin(2θ )
+ 2sin θ = 0
cos(2θ )  1  π π 3
79. sin  2sin −1  = sin  2 ⋅  = sin =
sin 2θ + 2sin θ cos 2θ  2  6 3 2
=0
cos 2θ
 3  π 2π 3
2sin θ cos θ + 2sin θ (2 cos 2 θ − 1) = 0 80. sin  2sin −1  = sin  2 ⋅  = sin =
 2   3  3 2
(
2sin θ cos θ + 2 cos 2 θ − 1 = 0 )
2sin θ ( 2 cos 2
θ + cos θ − 1) = 0  3  3
81. cos  2sin −1  = 1 − 2sin 2  sin −1 
2sin θ (2 cos θ − 1)(cos θ + 1) = 0  5   5 
2
2 cos θ − 1 = 0 or 2sin θ = 0 or 3
= 1− 2 
1 sin θ = 0 5
cos θ =
2 θ = 0, π 18
= 1−
π 5π 25
θ= ,
3 3 7
=
25
cos θ + 1 = 0
cos θ = −1
θ =π
 π 5π 
The solution set is 0, , π , .
 3 3 
803
 4  4  3
82. cos  2 cos −1  = 2 cos 2  cos −1  − 1 2 tan  tan −1 
 5   5   3   4
84. tan  2 tan −1  =
2
4  4  3
= 2   −1 1 − tan 2  tan −1 
5  4
32 3
= −1 2⋅ 
25 = 4
2
7 3
= 1−  
25 4
3
  3  16
83. tan  2 cos −1  −   = 2 ⋅
  5  9 16
1−
 3 16
Let α = cos −1  −  . α lies in quadrant II. 24
 5 =
16 − 9
3 π
Then cos α = − , ≤α ≤ π. 24
5 2 =
7
5
sec α = −
3  4
85. sin  2 cos −1 
tan α = − sec α − 1
2
 5
2 4
 5 25 16 4 Let α = cos −1 . α is in quadrant I.
= −  −  −1 = − −1 = − =− 5
 3  9 9 3
4 π
  3  2 tan α Then cos α = , 0 ≤ α ≤ .
tan  2 cos −1  −   = tan 2α = 5 2
  5   1 − tan 2 α
 4
2 −  2
= 
3 4 16 9 3
2 = 1−   = 1− = =
 4 5 25 25 5
1−  − 
 3  4
sin  2 cos −1  = sin 2α
8  5 
−
= 3 ⋅9 3 4 24
16 9 = 2sin α cos α = 2 ⋅ ⋅ =
1− 5 5 25
9
−24   4 
= 86. cos  2 tan −1  −  
9 − 16   3 
−24
=  4
−7 Let α = tan −1  −  . α is in quadrant IV.
 3
24
= 4 π
7 Then tan α = − , − < α < 0 .
3 2
sec α = tan 2 α + 1
2
 4 16 25 5
=  −  +1 = +1 = =
 3 9 9 3
804
3 4
cos α = cos α =
5 5
  4   3 1
cos  2 tan −1  −   = cos 2α = 2 cos 2 α − 1 sec  2 tan −1  = sec ( 2α ) =
  3  2
 4  cos ( 2α )
3 1
= 2   −1
5 =
2 cos 2 α − 1
18 1
= −1 =
25 2
4
7 2   −1
=− 5
25
1
=
32
 3 −1
1 − cos  cos −1  1 − 3 25
1 3  5 5
87. sin  cos −1  =
2
= 1
 2 5  2 2 =
7
2
25
= 5
2 25
=
1 7
=
5
  3 
90. csc  2sin −1  −  
1 3   5 
88. cos 2  sin −1 
2 5  3
Let α = sin −1  −  . α is in quadrant IV.
3  5
Let α = sin −1 . α is in quadrant I. Then
5 3 π
Then sin α = − , − ≤ α ≤ 0 .
3 π 5 2
sin α = , 0 < α < .
5 2 2
 3
cos α = 1 − sin 2 α = 1 −  − 
cos α = 1 − sin 2 α  5
2
3 9 16 4 9
= 1−   = 1− = = = 1−
5
  25 25 5 25
1 3 1  16
cos 2  sin −1  = cos 2  ⋅ α  =
2 5 2  25
4 9 4
1+ =
1 + cos α 5 =5= 9 5
= =
2 2 2 10   3  1
csc  2sin −1  −   = csc ( 2α ) =
  5  sin ( 2α )
 3
89. sec  2 tan −1  1
 4 =
2sin α cos α
3
Let α = tan −1   . α is in quadrant I. 1
4 =
 3  4 
3 π 2  −  
Then tan α = , 0 < α < .  5  5 
4 2 1
sec α = tan 2 α + 1 =
24
−
2 25
3 9 25 5
=   +1 = +1 = = 25
4 16 16 4 =−
24
805
91. f ( x) = 0 b. A(60º ) = 16sin ( 60º ) cos ( 60º ) + 1

sin ( 2 x ) − sin x = 0
31 
2sin x cos x − sin x = 0 = 16 ⋅  + 1
2 2 
sin x ( 2 cos x − 1) = 0
= 12 3 in 2 ≈ 20.78 in 2
sin x = 0 or 2 cos x − 1 = 0
x = 0, π 1 c. Graph Y1 = 16sin x ( cos x + 1) and use the
cos x =
2 MAXIMUM feature:
π 5π
x= , 25
3 3
π 5π
The zeros on 0 ≤ x < 2π are 0, ,π , .
3 3
92. f ( x) = 0 0 90
0
cos ( 2 x ) + cos x = 0
The maximum area is approximately
2 cos 2 x − 1 + cos x = 0
20.78 in.2 when the angle is 60˚.
2 cos 2 x + cos x − 1 = 0
( 2 cos x − 1)( cos x + 1) = 0
2 cos x − 1 = 0 or cos x + 1 = 0 1W
1 cos x = −1 95. a. D= 2
cos x = csc θ − cot θ
2 x =π
π 5π W = 2 D ( csc θ − cot θ )
x= ,
3 3 1 cos θ 1 − cos θ
csc θ − cot θ = − =
5π π sin θ sin θ sin θ
The zeros on 0 ≤ x < 2π are , π , .
3 3 θ
= tan
2
93. f ( x) = 0 θ
Therefore, W = 2 D tan .
cos ( 2 x ) + sin 2 x = 0 2
cos 2 x − sin 2 x + sin 2 x = 0
b. Here we have D = 15 and W = 6.5 .
cos 2 x = 0
θ
cos x = 0 6.5 = 2 (15 ) tan
π 3π 2
x= , θ
13
2 2 tan =
π 3π 2 60
The zeros on 0 ≤ x < 2π are , . θ 13
2 2 = tan −1
2 60
94. a. cos(2θ ) + cos θ = 0 , 0º < θ < 90º 13
θ = 2 tan −1 ≈ 24.45°
2 cos 2 θ − 1 + cos θ = 0 60
2 cos 2 θ + cos θ − 1 = 0 96. (
I x sin θ cos θ − I y sin θ cos θ + I xy cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ )
(2 cos θ − 1)(cos θ + 1) = 0
2 cos θ − 1 = 0 or cos θ + 1 = 0 (
= Ix − I y ) ( sin θ cosθ ) + I xy ( cos2 θ − sin 2 θ )
cos θ =
1 cos θ = −1
(
= Ix − I y ) 12 sin 2θ + I xy cos 2θ
2 θ = 180º
θ = 60º , 300º Ix − I y
= sin 2θ + I xy cos 2θ
On the interval 0º < θ < 90º , the solution is 2
60˚.
806
20
v02 2
97. a. R (θ ) = cos θ (sin θ − cos θ )
16
v2 2
= 0 (cos θ sin θ − cos 2 θ )
16
45 90
v2 2 1 0
= 0 ⋅ (2 cos θ sin θ − 2 cos 2 θ )
16 2
The angle that maximizes the distance is
v2 2   1 + cos 2θ   67.5˚, and the maximum distance is 18.75
= 0  sin 2θ − 2  
32   2  feet.
v02 2
= sin ( 2θ ) − 1 − cos ( 2θ )  1 1
32  98. y = sin(2π x) + sin(4π x)
2 4
v2 2
= 0 sin ( 2θ ) − cos ( 2θ ) − 1 1 1
32  = sin(2π x) + sin(2 ⋅ 2π x)
2 4
1 1
b. sin(2θ ) + cos(2θ ) = 0 = sin(2π x) + [ 2sin(2π x) cos(2π x) ]
2 4
Divide each side by 2 : 1 1
1 1 = sin(2π x) + [sin(2π x) cos(2π x) ]
sin(2θ ) + cos(2θ ) = 0 2 2
2 2 1 1
Rewrite in the sum of two angles form using 2 2
(
= sin(2π x) + sin(2π x) ⋅ 2 cos 2 (π x) − 1  )
1 1 π 1 1
cos φ = and sin φ = and φ = : = sin(2π x) + sin(2π x) cos 2 (π x) − sin(2π x)
2 2 4 2 2
sin(2θ ) cos φ + cos(2θ ) sin φ = 0 = sin(2π x) cos (π x)
2
sin(2θ + φ ) = 0
2θ + φ = 0 + k π 99. Let b represent the base of the triangle.
π θ h θ b/2
2θ + = 0 + k π cos = sin =
4 2 s 2 s
π θ θ
2θ = − + k π h = s cos b = 2 s sin
4 2 2
π kπ 1
θ =− + A= b⋅h
8 2 2
3π 1  θ  θ
θ= = 67.5º = ⋅  2s sin  s cos 
8 2  2  2
θ θ
= s 2 sin cos
322 2 2 2
c. R = ( sin(2 ⋅ 67.5º ) − cos(2 ⋅ 67.5º ) − 1)
32 1 2
= s sin θ
= 32 2 ( sin (135º ) − cos (135º ) − 1) 2
 2  2  y x
= 32 2  − − − 1
 2  2   100. sin θ =
1
= y; cos θ = = x
1
   
= 32 2 ( 2 −1 ) a. A = 2 xy = 2 cos θ sin θ = 2sin θ cos θ
2sin θ cos θ = sin(2θ )
( )
= 32 2 − 2 feet ≈ 18.75 feet
b.
322 2
d. Graph Y1 = ( sin(2 x) − cos(2 x) − 1) and
32
use the MAXIMUM feature:
807
c. The largest value of the sine function is 1. 1 1

Solve: 103. ⋅ sin 2 x + C = − ⋅ cos ( 2 x )
2 4
sin 2θ = 1 1 1
π C = − ⋅ cos ( 2 x ) − ⋅ sin 2 x
2θ = 4 2
2 1
π (
= − ⋅ cos ( 2 x ) + 2sin 2 x
4
)
θ= = 45°
4 1
(
= − ⋅ 1 − 2sin 2 x + 2sin 2 x
4
)
π 2 π 2
d. x = cos = y = sin = 1
4 2 4 2 = − ⋅ (1)
The dimensions of the largest rectangle are 4
2 1
2 by . =−
2 4
2sin θ cos 2 θ 1 1
101. sin ( 2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ = ⋅ 104. ⋅ cos 2 x + C = ⋅ cos ( 2 x )
cos θ 1 2 4
sin θ 1 1
2⋅ C = ⋅ cos ( 2 x ) − ⋅ cos 2 x
= cos θ
4 2
1 1 1
cos 2 θ 4
( 2
)
= ⋅ 2 cos x − 1 − cos 2 x
2
2 tan θ 1 1 1
= = cos 2 x − − cos 2 x
sec 2 θ 2 4 2
2 tan θ 4 1
= ⋅ =−
1 + tan 2 θ 4 4
4(2 tan θ )
= α 
4 + (2 tan θ ) 2 105. If z = tan   , then
4x 2
= α 
4 + x2 2 tan  
2z 2
=
cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ 1+ z 2
α 
102. cos ( 2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ = 1 + tan 2  
cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ 2
cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ α 
2 tan  
= cos 2 θ 2
=
cos θ + sin 2 θ
2
α 
sec2  
cos 2 θ 2
1 − tan 2 θ 4 α  α 
= ⋅ = 2 tan   cos 2  
1 + tan 2 θ 4 2 2
4 − 4 tan 2 θ α 
= 2sin  
4 + 4 tan 2 θ  2  ⋅ cos 2  α 
=  
4 − ( 2 tan θ )
2
α  2
= cos  
4 + ( 2 tan θ )
2
2
4 − x2 α  α 
= = 2sin   cos  
4 + x2  2 2
  α 
= sin  2   
  2 
= sin α
808
α   π  π
106. If z = tan   , then  12  1 − cos
2 π 12
109. sin = sin   =
α  24  2  2
1 − tan 2  
1− z2 2 1 
1+ z2
=
2 α 
1−  ( 6+ 2 
 = 1−1
)
1 + tan  
2
=  4
2 2 8
( 6+ 2 )
1−
1 − cos α
=
8−2 ( 6+ 2 )= 8−2 ( 6+ 2 )
= 1 + cos α
16 4
1 − cos α
1+
1 + cos α
=
( (
2 4− 6+ 2 ))
=
2
4− 6 − 2
1 + cos α − (1 − cos α ) 4 4
= 1 + cos α
1 + cos α + 1 − cos α  π  π
 12  1 + cos
1 + cos α π 12
cos = cos   =
1 + cos α − (1 − cos α ) 24  2  2
=
1 
1 + cos α + 1 − cos α
2 cos α
1+  ( 6+ 2  )
 = 1+1
=
2
= 4
2 2 8
( 6+ 2 )
= cos α
=
8+2 ( 6+ 2 )= 8+2 ( 6+ 2 )
1 − cos ( 2 x ) 16 4
107. f ( x) = sin 2 x =
2
=
(
2 4+ 6 + 2 )= 2
4+ 6 + 2
Starting with the graph of y = cos x , compress 4 4
horizontally by a factor of 2, reflect across the x- π π
axis, shift 1 unit up, and shrink vertically by a 4 1 + cos
π 4
factor of 2. 110. cos = cos   =
8 2 2
2
1+
2 = 2+ 2
=
2 4
2+ 2
=
1 + cos ( 2 x ) 2
108. g ( x) = cos 2 x =
2 π
Starting with the graph of y = cos x , compress π
sin = sin 8
horizontally by a factor of 2, reflect across the x- 16 2
axis, shift 1 unit up, and shrink vertically by a π
factor of 2. 1 − cos
= 8
2
2+ 2
1−
= 2
2
2− 2+ 2
=
4
2− 2+ 2
=
2
809
π π
1 + cos
π
cos = cos 8 = 8
16 2 2
2+ 2
1+
= 2
2
2+ 2+ 2
=
4
2+ 2+ 2
=
2
111. sin 3 θ + sin 3 (θ + 120º ) + sin 3 (θ + 240º )

= sin 3 θ + ( sin θ cos (120º ) + cos θ sin (120º ) ) + ( sin θ cos ( 240º ) + cos θ sin ( 240º ) )
3 3
3 3
 1 3   1 3 
= sin 3 θ +  − ⋅ sin θ + ⋅ cos θ  +  − ⋅ sin θ − ⋅ cos θ 
 2 2   2 2 
1
(
= sin 3 θ + ⋅ − sin 3 θ + 3 3 sin 2 θ cos θ − 9sin θ cos 2 θ + 3 3 cos3 θ
8
)
1
(
− sin 3 θ + 3 3 sin 2 θ cos θ + 9sin θ cos 2 θ + 3 3 cos3 θ
8
)
1 3 3 9 3 3
= sin 3 θ − ⋅ sin 3 θ + ⋅ sin 2 θ cos θ − ⋅ sin θ cos 2 θ + ⋅ cos3 θ
8 8 8 8
1 3 3 9 3 3
− ⋅ sin 3 θ − ⋅ sin 2 θ cos θ − ⋅ sin θ cos 2 θ − ⋅ cos3 θ
8 8 8 8
3 9 3 3
( ) (
= ⋅ sin 3 θ − ⋅ sin θ cos 2 θ = ⋅ sin 3 θ − 3sin θ 1 − sin 2 θ  = ⋅ sin 3 θ − 3sin θ + 3sin 3 θ
4 4 4 4
)
3 3
4
( 3
)
= ⋅ 4sin θ − 3sin θ = − ⋅ sin ( 3θ )
4
(from Example 2)
810
 θ 1
y − y1 = ( x − x1 )
112. tan θ = tan  3 ⋅ 
 3 2
θ θ 1
3 tan − tan 3 y − ( −3) = ( x − 2)
3 3 2
= (from problem 65)
2 θ 1
1 − 3 tan y + 3 = x −1
3 2
θ θ 1
tan  3 − tan 2  y = x−4
3 θ 3 2
a tan =
3 2 θ b 6
1 − 3 tan 116. Vertex: x = − =− =3
3 2a 2( −1)
θ θ θ θ f (3) = −(3) 2 + 6(3) + 7 = 16 ; (3,16)
3 tan − tan 3 = a tan  1 − 3 tan 2 
3 3 3 3 x-intercepts: 0 = − x 2 + 6 x + 7
θ  θ
3 − tan 2 = a  1 − 3 tan 2  0 = x2 − 6 x − 7
3  3
0 = ( x − 7)( x + 1)
θ θ
3 − tan 2 = a − 3a tan 2 x = 7 or x = −1
3 3
y-intercepts: y = −(0) 2 + 6(0) + 7
2 θ 2 θ
3a tan − tan = a−3 y=7
3 3
θ
( 3a − 1) tan 2 = a−3
3
θ a −3
tan 2 =
3 3a − 1
θ a −3
tan =±
3 3a − 1
113. cos(2 x) + (2m − 1) sin x + m − 1 = 0

(1 − 2sin 2 x) + (2m − 1) sin x + m − 1 = 0
2π 4π 3 1
−2sin 2 x + (2m − 1) sin x + m = 0 117. sin − cos = − −
3 3 2 2
2sin 2 x − (2m − 1) sin x − m = 0
3 1 3 +1
We can solve this as a quadratic equation. In = + =
order for the equation to have exactly one real 2 2 2
solution, then b 2 − 4ac = 0 .
2π
[ −(2m − 1)]2 − 4(2)( − m) = 0 118. Amplitude: 2; Period: =4
π
2
4m 2 − 4m + 1 + 8m = 0
4m 2 + 4m + 1 = 0
(2m + 1) 2 = 0
1
So m = − .
2
115. Since the line is perpendicular the slope would
1
be m = .
2
811
Section 6.7
1. sin(195°) cos(75°) = sin(150° + 45°) cos(30° + 45°)
sin(150° + 45°) cos(30° + 45°) =

= ( sin150° cos 45° + cos150° sin 45° )( cos 30° cos 45° − sin 30° sin 45° )
 1   2  3   2    3   2   1   2  
=     +  −       −   
 2   2   2   2    2   2   2   2  
 2 6  6 2 12 4 36 12
=  −  −  = − − +
 4 4  4 4  16 16 16 16
2 3 2 6 2 3 3 1 3 3 2 3 4 3 1 1 3 
= − − + = − − + = − = − =  − 1
16 16 16 16 8 8 8 8 8 8 4 2 2  2 
2. cos(285°) cos(195°) = cos(240° + 45°) cos(240° − 45°)
cos(240° + 45°) cos(240° − 45°) =

= ( cos 240° cos 45° − sin 240° sin 45° )( cos 240° cos 45° + sin 240° sin 45° )
= ( cos 240° ) ( cos 45° ) − ( sin 240° ) ( sin 45° )
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
 2 
 1
2
3   2   1  2   3  2 
= − 
  −  −    =     −    
 2 2   2   2   4  4   4  4 
1 3 1
= − =−
8 8 4
3. sin(285°) sin(75°) = sin(240° + 45°) sin(30° + 45°)
sin(240° + 45°) sin(30° + 45°) =

= ( sin 240° cos 45° + cos 240° sin 45° )( sin 30° cos 45° + cos 30° sin 45° )
 3   2   1   2    1   2   3  2  
=  −    +  −         +  
  
 2   2   2   2    2   2   2  2  
 6 2  2 6 12 36 4 12
=  − −   +  = − − − −
 4 4  4 4  16 16 16 16
2 3 6 2 2 3 3 3 1 3 2 3 4 3 1 1 3 
=− − − − =− − − − =− − =− − = −  + 1
16 16 16 16 8 8 8 8 8 8 4 2 2 2 
4. sin(75°) + sin(15°) = sin(45° + 30°) + sin(45° − 30°)

= [sin(45°) cos(30°) + cos(45°) sin(30°) ] + [sin(45°) cos(30°) − cos(45°) sin(30°) ]
= 2sin(45°) cos(30°)
 2  3  6
= 2   2  = 2

 2  
812
Section 6.7: Product-to-Sum and Sum-to-Product Formulas
5. cos(255°) − cos(195°) = cos(225° + 30°) − cos(225° − 30°)

= [ cos(225°) cos(30°) − sin(225°) sin(30°)] − [ cos(225°) cos(30°) + sin(225°) sin(30°)]
= −2sin(225°) sin(30°)
 2  1  2
= −2  −    =
 2  2  2
6. sin(255°) − sin(15°) = sin(135° + 120°) − sin(135° − 120°)

= [sin(135°) cos(120°) + cos(135°) sin(120°) ] − [sin(135°) cos(120°) − cos(135°) sin(120°) ]
= sin(135°) cos(120°) + cos(135°) sin(120°) − sin(135°) cos(120°) + cos(135°) sin(120°)
= 2 cos(135°) sin(120°)
 2  3  6
= 2  − 
  = −
 2  2  2
1 1
7. sin(4θ ) sin(2θ ) = [cos(4θ − 2θ ) − cos(4θ + 2θ )] 12. sin(4θ ) cos(6θ ) = [sin(4θ + 6θ ) + sin(4θ − 6θ )]
2 2
1 1
= cos ( 2θ ) − cos ( 6θ )  = sin (10θ ) + sin(− 2θ ) 
2 2
1
1 = sin (10θ ) − sin ( 2θ ) 
8. cos(4θ ) cos(2θ ) = [cos(4θ − 2θ ) + cos(4θ + 2θ )] 2
2
1 1
= cos(2θ ) + cos ( 6θ )  13. sin θ sin(2θ ) = [cos(θ − 2θ ) − cos(θ + 2θ )]
2 2
1
1 = cos(−θ ) − cos ( 3θ ) 
9. sin(4θ ) cos(2θ ) = [sin(4θ + 2θ ) + sin(4θ − 2θ )] 2
2 1
1 = cos θ − cos ( 3θ ) 
= sin ( 6θ ) + sin ( 2θ )  2
2
1
1 14. cos(3θ ) cos(4θ ) = [cos(3θ − 4θ ) + cos(3θ + 4θ )]
10. sin(3θ ) sin(5θ ) = [ cos(3θ − 5θ ) − cos(3θ + 5θ ) ] 2
2 1
1 = cos(− θ ) + cos ( 7θ ) 
= cos(− 2θ ) − cos ( 8θ )  2
2 1
1 = cos θ + cos ( 7θ ) 
= cos ( 2θ ) − cos ( 8θ )  2
2
3θ θ 1   3θ θ   3θ θ  
1 15. sin cos = sin  +  + sin  −  
11. cos(3θ ) cos(5θ ) = [ cos(3θ − 5θ ) + cos(3θ + 5θ ) ] 2 2 2  2 2  2 2 
2
1
1 = sin ( 2θ ) + sin θ 
= cos(− 2θ ) + cos ( 8θ )  2
2
1
= cos ( 2θ ) + cos ( 8θ ) 
2
813
θ 5θ 1   θ 5θ   θ 5θ    θ 3θ   θ 3θ 
16. sin cos
2
= sin  +  + sin  −  
2 2   2 2  θ 3θ 2− 2  2+ 2 
 2 2  24. sin − sin = 2sin   cos  
1 2 2  2   2 
= sin ( 3θ ) + sin(− 2θ )   θ
2 = 2sin  −  cos θ
1  2
= sin ( 3θ ) − sin ( 2θ ) 
2 θ
= − 2sin cos θ
2
 4θ − 2θ   4θ + 2θ 
17. sin(4θ ) − sin(2θ ) = 2sin   cos  
 2   2   θ + 3θ   θ − 3θ 
2sin   cos  
= 2sin θ cos ( 3θ ) sin θ + sin(3θ )  2   2 
25. =
2sin(2θ ) 2sin(2θ )
 4θ + 2θ   4θ − 2θ  2sin(2θ ) cos(−θ )
18. sin(4θ ) + sin(2θ ) = 2sin   cos   =
 2   2  2sin(2θ )
= 2sin ( 3θ ) cos θ = cos(−θ )
= cos θ
 2θ + 4θ   2θ − 4θ 
19. cos(2θ ) + cos(4θ ) = 2 cos   cos    θ + 3θ   θ − 3θ 
 2   2  2 cos   cos  
cos θ + cos(3θ )  2   2 
= 2 cos ( 3θ ) cos(−θ ) 26. =
2 cos(2θ ) 2 cos(2θ )
= 2 cos ( 3θ ) cos θ
2 cos(2θ ) cos(−θ )
=
2 cos(2θ )
 5θ + 3θ   5θ − 3θ 
20. cos(5θ ) − cos(3θ ) = − 2sin   sin   = cos(−θ )
 2   2 
= cos θ
= − 2sin ( 4θ ) sin θ
 4θ + 2θ   4θ − 2θ 
 θ + 3θ   θ − 3θ  2sin   cos  
21. sin θ + sin(3θ ) = 2sin   cos   sin(4θ ) + sin(2θ )  2   2 
 2   2  27. =
cos(4θ ) + cos(2θ ) cos(4θ ) + cos(2θ )
= 2sin ( 2θ ) cos(−θ ) 2sin(3θ ) cos θ
=
= 2sin ( 2θ ) cos θ 2 cos(3θ ) cos θ
sin(3θ )
 θ + 3θ   θ − 3θ  =
22. cos θ + cos(3θ ) = 2 cos   cos   cos(3θ )
 2   2  = tan(3θ )
= 2 cos ( 2θ ) cos(−θ )
= 2 cos ( 2θ ) cos θ  θ + 3θ   θ − 3θ 
−2sin   sin  
cos θ − cos(3θ )  2   2 
28. =
 θ 3θ   θ 3θ  sin(3θ ) − sin θ  3θ − θ   3θ + θ 
 +   −  2sin   cos  
θ 3θ  2   2 
23. cos − cos = − 2sin  2 2  sin  2 2 
2 2  2   2  − 2sin(2θ ) sin(−θ )
=
 θ 2sin θ cos(2θ )
= − 2sin θ sin  − 
 2 −(− sin θ ) sin(2θ )
=
 θ sin θ cos(2θ )
= − 2sin θ  − sin 
 2 = tan(2θ )
θ
= 2sin θ sin
2
814
 θ + 3θ   θ − 3θ  sin(4θ ) + sin(8θ )
−2sin   sin   33.
cos θ − cos(3θ )  2   2  cos(4θ ) + cos(8θ )
29. =
sin θ + sin(3θ )  θ + 3θ   θ − 3θ   4θ + 8θ   4θ − 8θ 
2sin   cos   2sin 
 2   2   cos  
=  2   2 
− 2sin(2θ ) sin(−θ )  4θ + 8θ   4θ − 8θ 
= 2 cos   cos  
2sin(2θ ) cos(−θ )  2   2 
−(− sin θ ) 2sin(6θ ) cos(− 2θ )
= =
cos θ 2 cos(6θ ) cos(− 2θ )
= tan θ sin(6θ )
=
cos(6θ )
 θ + 5θ   θ − 5θ 
−2sin   sin   = tan(6θ )
cos θ − cos(5θ )  2   2 
30. =
sin θ + sin(5θ )  θ + 5θ   θ − 5θ 
2sin   cos   sin(4θ ) − sin(8θ )
 2   2  34.
cos(4θ ) − cos(8θ )
− 2sin(3θ ) sin(− 2θ )
=  4θ − 8θ   4θ + 8θ 
2sin(3θ ) cos(− 2θ ) 2sin   cos  
=  2   2 
−(− sin 2θ )
=  4θ + 8θ   4θ − 8θ 
cos ( 2θ ) −2sin   sin  
 2   2 
= tan ( 2θ ) 2sin(− 2θ ) cos(6θ )
=
− 2sin(6θ ) sin(− 2θ )
31. sin θ [sin θ + sin(3θ )]
cos(6θ )
=
  θ + 3θ   θ − 3θ   − sin(6θ )
= sin θ  2sin   cos  
  2   2  = − cot(6θ )
= sin θ [ 2sin(2θ ) cos(−θ )]
sin(4θ ) + sin(8θ )
= cos θ [ 2sin(2θ ) sin θ ] 35.
sin(4θ ) − sin(8θ )
 1 
= cos θ  2 ⋅ [ cos θ − cos(3θ ) ]  4θ + 8θ   4θ − 8θ 
 2  2sin   cos  
 2   2 
= cos θ [ cos θ − cos(3θ ) ] =
 4θ − 8θ   4θ + 8θ 
−2sin   cos  
 2   2 
32. sin θ sin ( 3θ ) + sin(5θ ) 
2sin(6θ ) cos(− 2θ )
=
  3θ + 5θ   3θ − 5θ   2sin(− 2θ ) cos(6θ )
= sin θ  2sin   cos  
  2   2  sin(6θ ) cos(2θ )
=
= sin θ [ 2sin(4θ ) cos(−θ ) ] − sin(2θ ) cos(6θ )
= cos θ [ 2sin(4θ ) sin θ ] = − tan(6θ ) cot(2θ )
 1  tan(6θ )
= cos θ  2 ⋅  cos ( 3θ ) − cos(5θ )   =−
 2  tan(2θ )
= cos θ  cos ( 3θ ) − cos(5θ ) 
815
cos(4θ ) − cos(8θ ) α + β  α − β 
36. 2sin   cos  
cos(4θ ) + cos(8θ ) sin α + sin β  2   2 
39. =
 4θ + 8θ   4θ − 8θ  cos α + cos β α + β  α − β 
−2sin   sin   2 cos   cos  
 2   2   2   2 
=
 4θ + 8θ   4θ − 8θ  α + β 
2 cos   cos   sin  
 2   2  =  2 
−2sin(6θ )sin(−2θ ) α + β 
= cos  
2 cos(6θ ) cos(−2θ )  2 
sin(6θ ) sin( −2θ ) α + β 
=− ⋅ = tan  
cos(6θ ) cos(−2θ )  2 
= − tan(6θ ) tan(−2θ )
= tan(2θ ) tan(6θ ) α − β  α + β 
2sin   cos  
sin α − sin β  2   2 
40. =
α + β  α − β  cos α − cos β α + β  α − β 
2sin  −2sin   sin  
sin α + sin β  cos    2   2 
37. =  2   2 
sin α − sin β α − β  α + β  α + β 
2sin   cos   cos  
 2   2  =−  2 
α + β  α − β  α + β 
sin  sin  
 cos    2 
=  2 ⋅  2 
α + β  α − β  α + β 
cos   sin   = − cot  
 2   2   2 
α + β  α − β 
= tan   cot  
 2   2 
α + β  α − β 
2 cos   cos  
cos α + cos β  2   2 
38. =
cos α − cos β α + β  α − β 
− 2sin   sin  
 2   2 
α + β  α − β 
cos   cos  
=−  2 ⋅  2 
α + β  α − β 
sin   sin  
 2   2 
α + β  α − β 
= − cot   cot  
 2   2 
816
41. 1 + cos(2θ ) + cos(4θ ) + cos(6θ ) = cos 0 + cos(6θ ) + cos(2θ ) + cos(4θ )

 0 + 6θ   0 − 6θ   2θ + 4θ   2θ − 4θ 
= 2 cos   cos   + 2 cos   cos  
 2   2   2   2 
= 2 cos(3θ ) cos(−3θ ) + 2 cos(3θ ) cos(−θ )
= 2 cos 2 (3θ ) + 2 cos(3θ ) cos θ
= 2 cos(3θ ) [ cos(3θ ) + cos θ ]
  3θ + θ   3θ − θ 
= 2 cos(3θ )  2 cos   cos  
  2   2 
= 2 cos(3θ ) [ 2 cos(2θ ) cos θ ]
= 4 cos θ cos(2θ ) cos(3θ )
42. 1 − cos(2θ ) + cos(4θ ) − cos(6θ ) = [ cos 0 − cos(6θ ) ] + [ cos(4θ ) − cos(2θ ) ]

 0 + 6θ   0 − 6θ   2θ + 4θ   2θ − 4θ 
= −2sin   sin   − 2sin   sin  
 2   2   2   2 
= −2sin(3θ ) sin(−3θ ) − 2sin(3θ ) sin(θ )
= 2sin 2 (3θ ) − 2sin(3θ ) sin θ
= 2sin(3θ ) [sin(3θ ) − sin θ ]
  3θ − θ   3θ + θ 
= 2sin(3θ )  2sin   cos  
  2   2 
= 2sin(3θ ) [ 2sin θ cos(2θ ) ]
= 4sin θ cos(2θ ) sin(3θ )
43. sin(2θ ) + sin(4θ ) = 0 44. cos(2θ ) + cos(4θ ) = 0

sin(2θ ) + 2sin(2θ ) cos(2θ ) = 0  2θ + 4θ   2θ − 4θ 
sin(2θ ) (1 + 2 cos(2θ ) ) = 0 2 cos   cos  =0
 2   2 
sin(2θ ) = 0 or 1 + 2 cos(2θ ) = 0 2 cos(3θ ) cos(− θ ) = 0
1
cos(2θ ) = − 2 cos ( 3θ ) cos θ = 0
2
2θ = 0 + 2k π or 2θ = π + 2k π or cos(3θ ) = 0 or cos θ = 0
θ = kπ π π 3π
θ = + kπ 3θ = + 2k π or 3θ = + 2k π or
2 2 2
2π 4π π 2k π π 2k π
2θ = + 2k π or 2θ = + 2k π θ= + θ= +
3 3 6 3 2 3
π 2π π 3π
θ = + kπ θ= + kπ θ = + 2k π or θ = + 2k π
3 3 2 2
On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
 π π 2π 4π 3π 5π   π π 5π 7π 3π 11π 
0, , , , π, , , .  , , , , , .
 3 2 3 3 2 3  6 2 6 6 2 6 
817
45. cos(4θ ) − cos(6θ ) = 0

46. sin(4θ ) − sin(6θ ) = 0
−2sin  4θ + 6θ sin  4θ − 6θ  = 0
  
2sin   cos  4θ + 6θ  = 0
 2   2  4θ − 6θ
  
− 2sin(5θ ) sin(− θ ) = 0  2   2 
2sin ( 5θ ) sin θ = 0 2sin(− θ ) cos(5θ ) = 0
sin(5θ ) = 0 or sin θ = 0 − 2sin θ cos(5θ ) = 0
5θ = 0 + 2k π or 5θ = π + 2k π or cos(5θ ) = 0 or sin θ = 0
2 k π π 2 k π θ = 0 + 2k π or θ = π + 2k π or
θ= θ= + π 3π
5 5 5 5θ = + 2k π or 5θ = + 2k π
θ = 0 + 2k π or θ = π + 2k π 2 2
On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is π 2k π 3π 2k π
θ= + θ= +
 π 2π 3π 4π 6π 7π 8π 9π  10 5 10 5
0, , , , , π , , , ,  . On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 
 π 3π π 7π 9π 11π 13π 3π 17π 19π 
0, , , , , , π , , , , , .
 10 10 2 10 10 10 10 2 10 10 
47. a. y = sin [ 2π (697)t ] + sin [ 2π (1209)t ]
= 2sin 
2π (697)t + 2π (1209)t   2π (697)t − 2π (1209)t 
 cos  
 2   2 
= 2sin(1906π t ) cos(−512π t )
= 2sin(1906π t ) cos(512π t )
b. Because sin θ ≤ 1 and cos θ ≤ 1 for all θ , it follows that sin(1906π t ) ≤ 1 and cos(512π t ) ≤ 1 for all
values of t. Thus, y = 2sin(1906π t ) cos(512π t ) ≤ 2 ⋅1 ⋅1 = 2 . That is, the maximum value of y is 2.
c. Let Y1 = 2sin(1906π x ) cos(512π x) . Window: x [0,0.01], y [-2, 2]
48. a. y = sin [ 2π (941)t ] + sin [ 2π (1477)t ]
= 2sin 
2π (941)t + 2π (1477)t   2π (941)t − 2π (1477)t 
 cos  
 2   2 
= 2sin(2418π t ) cos(−536π t )
= 2sin(2418π t ) cos(536π t )
b. Because sin θ ≤ 1 and cos θ ≤ 1 for all θ , it follows that sin(2418π t ) ≤ 1 and cos(2418π t ) ≤ 1 for all
values of t. Thus, y = 2sin(2418π t ) cos(536π t ) ≤ 2 ⋅1 ⋅1 = 2 . That is, the maximum value of y is 2.
818
c. Let Y1 = 2sin(2418π x) cos(536π x) .
2 2
49. I u = I x cos θ + I y sin θ − 2 I xy sin θ cos θ
 cos 2θ + 1   1 − cos 2θ 
= Ix   + Iy   − I xy 2sin θ cos θ
 2   2 
I cos 2θ I x I y I y cos 2θ
= x + + − − I xy sin 2θ
2 2 2 2
Ix + I y Ix − I y
= + cos 2θ − I xy sin 2θ
2 2
I v = I x sin 2 θ + I y cos 2 θ + 2 I xy sin θ cos θ

 1 − cos 2θ   cos 2θ + 1 
= Ix   + Iy   + I xy 2sin θ cos θ
 2   2 
I x I x cos 2θ I y cos 2θ I y
= − + + + I xy sin 2θ
2 2 2 2
Ix + I y Ix − I y
= − cos 2θ + I xy sin 2θ
2 2
50. a. Since φ and v0 are fixed, we need to maximize sin θ cos (θ − φ ) .

1
sin θ cos (θ − φ ) =
2 
( ) (
sin θ + (θ − φ ) + sin θ − (θ − φ ) 
 )
1
= sin ( 2θ − φ ) + sin φ 
2
This quantity will be maximized when sin ( 2θ − φ ) = 1 . So,
1
2v02 ⋅ ⋅ (1 + sin φ ) v 2 (1 + sin φ ) v02 (1 + sin φ )
2 0 v02
Rmax = = = =
g cos 2 φ (
g 1 − sin 2 φ ) g (1 − sin φ )(1 + sin φ ) g (1 − sin φ )
( 50 )
2
b. Rmax = ≈ 598.24
9.8 (1 − sin 35° )
The maximum range is about 598 meters.
819
51. sin ( 2α ) + sin ( 2 β ) + sin ( 2γ )

 2α + 2 β   2α − 2β 
= 2sin   cos   + sin ( 2γ )
 2   2 
= 2sin(α + β ) cos(α − β ) + 2sin γ cos γ
= 2sin(π − γ ) cos(α − β ) + 2sin γ cos γ
= 2sin γ cos(α − β ) + 2sin γ cos γ
= 2sin γ [ cos(α − β ) + cos γ ]
 α − β +γ   α − β − γ 
= 2sin γ  2 cos   cos  
  2   2 
 π − 2β   2α − π 
= 4sin γ cos   cos  
 2   2 
π   π
= 4sin γ cos  − β  cos  α − 
2   2
= 4sin γ sin β sin α
= 4sin α sin β sin γ
sin α sin β sin γ

52. tan α + tan β + tan γ = + +
cos α cos β cos γ
sin α cos β cos γ + sin β cos α cos γ + sin γ cos α cos β
=
cos γ (sin α cos β + cos α sin β ) + sin γ cos α cos β
=
cos γ sin(α + β ) + sin γ cos α cos β cos γ sin(π − γ ) + sin γ cos α cos β
= =
cos α cos β cos γ cos α cos β cos γ
cos γ sin γ + sin γ cos α cos β sin γ (cos γ + cos α cos β )
= =
sin γ cos ( π − (α + β ) ) + cos α cos β  sin γ [ − cos(α + β ) + cos α cos β ]
= =
sin γ ( − cos α cos β + sin α sin β + cos α cos β )
=
sin γ (sin α sin β )
= = tan α tan β tan γ
53. Add the sum formulas for sin(α + β ) and sin(α − β ) and solve for sin α cosβ :
sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β
sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β
sin(α + β ) + sin(α − β ) = 2sin α cos β
1
sin α cos β = [sin(α + β ) + sin(α − β )]
2
820
Chapter 6 Review Exercises
α −β  α + β  59. cos csc −1

7
54. 2sin   cos  
 2   2  5
1 α + β  7 π π
= 2 ⋅ sin 
α −β α +β  α −β Since cscθ = , − ≤ θ ≤ , let r = 7 and y = 5 .
+  + sin  −  5 2 2
2  2 2   2 2 
Solve for x: x 2 + 25 = 49
 2α   −2 β 
= sin   + sin   x 2 = 24
 2   2 
x = ±2 6
= sin α + sin ( − β )
Since θ is in quadrant I, x = 2 6 .
= sin α − sin β
7 x 2 6
α − β  α + β  Thus, cos csc −1 = cos θ = = .
Thus, sin α − sin β = 2sin   cos  . 5 r 7
 2   2 
60. We find the inverse function by switching the x
α + β  α − β  and y variables and solving for y.
55. 2 cos   cos  
 2   2  f ( x ) = 3sin x − 5
1 α − β  y = 3sin x − 5
= 2 ⋅ cos 
α +β α −β  α + β
−  + cos  +  x = 3sin y − 5
2  2 2   2 2 
x + 5 = 3sin y
 2β   2α 
= cos   + cos   x+5
 2   2  = sin y
3
= cos β + cos α x+5
sin −1 =y
α + β  α − β  3
Thus, cos α + cos β = 2 cos   cos  .
 2   2  x+5
f −1 ( x ) = sin −1
3
α + β  α − β 
56. −2sin   sin   The domain of sin −1 (u ) is [ −1,1] so
 2   2 
x+5
1 α − β  −1 ≤ ≤1
= −2 ⋅ cos 
α +β α −β  α + β
−  − cos  +  3
2  2 2   2 2 
−8 ≤ x ≤ −2
  2β   2α 
= − cos   − cos   Range of f = Domain of f −1 = [ −8, −2]
  2   2 
π π
= cos α − cos β Range of f −1 = − ,
2 2
α + β  α − β 
Thus, cos α − cos β = − 2sin   sin  .
 2   2 
57. 27 x +1 = 9 x + 5
33( x +1) = 32( x + 5) Chapter 6 Review Exercises
3( x + 1) = 2( x + 5)
3 x + 3 = 2 x + 10 1. sin −1 1
x=7 π π
The solution set is {7} . 2 2
equals 1.
58. Amplitude: 5 π π
2π π sin θ = 1, − ≤θ ≤
Period: = 2 2
4 2 π
−π π
θ=
Phase Shift: − = 2
4 4 π
Thus, sin −1 (1) = .
2
821
2. cos −1 0 (
6. tan −1 − 3 )
Find the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, whose cosine
π π
equals 0. Find the angle θ , − < θ < , whose tangent
cos θ = 0, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π 2 2
π equals − 3 .
θ=
2 π π
tan θ = − 3, − <θ <
π 2 2
Thus, cos −1 ( 0 ) = . π
2 θ =−
3
π
3. tan −1 1
π π
(
Thus, tan −1 − 3 = − ) 3
.
2 2
equals 1. 7. sec −1 2
π π Find the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, whose secant
tan θ = 1, − <θ <
2 2 equals 2 .
π
θ= sec θ = 2, 0 ≤θ ≤ π
4 π
π θ=
Thus, tan −1 (1) = . 4
4 π
Thus, sec −1 2 = .
4
 1
4. sin −1  − 
 2 8. cot −1 ( −1)
π π
Find the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose sine Find the angle θ , 0 < θ < π , whose cotangent
2 2
equals −1 .
1 cot θ = −1, 0 < θ < π
equals − .
2 3π
1 π π θ=
sin θ = − , − ≤ θ ≤ 4
2 2 2 3π
π Thus, cot −1 ( −1) = .
θ =− 4
6
 1 π
Thus, sin −1  −  = − .   3π 
 2  6 9. sin −1  sin    follows the form of the
  8 

5. cos −1  −
3

( ) (
equation f −1 f ( x ) = sin −1 sin ( x ) = x . Since )
 2  3π  π π
Find the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, whose cosine is in the interval  − ,  , we can apply
8  2 2
3 the equation directly and get
equals − .
2   3π   3π
sin −1  sin    = .
3
cos θ = − , 0 ≤θ ≤ π   8  8
2
5π
θ=  3π 
6 10. cos −1  cos  follows the form of the equation
 4 
 3  5π
Thus, cos −1  −  = . 3π
 2  6 ( ) (
f −1 f ( x ) = cos −1 cos ( x ) = x . Since
4
)is
822
in the interval 0, π  , we can apply the equation in the interval  0, π  , we can apply the equation
 3π  3π above and get
directly and get cos −1  cos = .
 4  4   15π   −1  π π
cos −1  cos    = cos  cos  = .
  7   7 7
  2π 
11. tan −1  tan    follows the form of the
  3    8π 
13. sin −1  sin  −   follows the form of the
( ) ( )
equation f −1 f ( x ) = tan −1 tan ( x ) = x but we   9 
cannot use the formula directly since

2π
is not
( ) ( )
equation f −1 f ( x ) = sin −1 sin ( x ) = x , but we
3 8π
cannot use the formula directly since − is not
 π π 9
in the interval  − ,  . We need to find an
 2 2  π π
in the interval  − ,  . We need to find an
 π π  2 2
 2 2  π π
 2π  2π  2 2
tan   = tan θ . The angle is in quadrant
 3  3  8π  8π
sin  −  = sin θ . The angle − is in
II so tangent is negative. The reference angle of  9  9
2π π quadrant III so sine is negative. The reference
is and we want θ to be in quadrant IV
3 3 8π π
so tangent will still be negative. Thus, we have angle of − is and we want θ to be in
9 9
 2π   π π quadrant IV so sine will still be negative. Thus,
tan   = tan  −  . Since − is in the
 3   3  3  8π   π π
we have sin  −  = sin  −  . Since − is
 π π  9   9  9
interval  − ,  , we can apply the equation
 2 2  π π
in the interval  − ,  , we can apply the
above and get  2 2
  2π   −1   π  π equation above and get
tan −1  tan    = tan  tan  −   = − .
  3    3  3   8π     π  π
sin −1  sin  −   = sin −1  sin  −   = − .
  9    9  9
  15π 
12. cos −1  cos    follows the form of the
  7  ( )
14. sin sin −1 0.9 follows the form of the equation
equation f −1
( f ( x )) = cos ( cos ( x )) = x , but
−1
( ) ( )
f f −1 ( x ) = sin sin −1 ( x ) = x . Since 0.9 is in
15π
we cannot use the formula directly since is the interval  −1,1 , we can apply the equation
7
not in the interval  0, π  . We need to find an ( )
directly and get sin sin −1 0.9 = 0.9 .
angle θ in the interval 0, π  for which

 15π  15π ( )
15. cos cos −1 0.6 follows the form of the equation
cos   = cos θ . The angle is in
 7  7 ( ) ( )
f f −1 ( x ) = cos cos −1 ( x ) = x . Since 0.6 is
15π π
quadrant I so the reference angle of is . in the interval  −1,1 , we can apply the equation
7 7
Thus, we have cos 

 15π  π
 = cos . Since
π
is (
directly and get cos cos −1 0.6 = 0.6 . )
 7  7 7
823
( )
16. tan tan −1 5 follows the form of the equation
So, tan −1
3 π
= .
3 6
( ) ( )
f f −1 ( x ) = tan tan −1 ( x ) = x . Since 5 is a  −1 3  π 2 3
real number, we can apply the equation directly
Thus, sec  tan
3  = sec  6  = 3 .
 
( )
and get tan tan −1 5 = 5 .
22. sin  cot −1 
3
17. Since there is no angle θ such that cos θ = −1.6 ,  4 
3
the quantity cos −1 ( −1.6 ) is not defined. Thus, Since cot θ = , 0 < θ < π , θ is in quadrant I.
4
( )
cos cos −1 ( −1.6 ) is not defined. Let x = 3 and y = 4 . Solve for r: 9 + 16 = r 2
r 2 = 25
−1  2π  −1  1  π r =5
18. sin  cos  = sin  −  = −
Thus, sin  tan −1  = sin θ = = .
 3   2 6 3 y 4
 4  r 5
−1  3π 
19. cos  tan  = cos ( −1) = π
−1
 4 
 4  23. tan sin −1  −  
  5
  3  4 π π
20. tan sin −1  − Since sin θ = − , − ≤ θ ≤ , let y = − 4 and
  5 2 2
  2   r = 5 . Solve for x: x 2 + 16 = 25
π π x2 = 9
2 2 x = ±3
3 Since θ is in quadrant IV, x = 3 .
equals − .
2  4  −4
Thus, tan sin −1  −   = tan θ = =
y 4
=−
3 π π   5  x 3 3
sin θ = − , − ≤θ ≤
2 2 2
θ =−
π 24. f ( x ) = 2sin ( 3 x )
3 y = 2sin ( 3x )
 3 π
So, sin −1  −  = − . x = 2sin ( 3 y )
 2  3
x
 = sin ( 3 y )
 3   π 2
Thus, tan sin −1  −   = tan  −  = − 3 .
  2    3  x
3 y = sin −1  
2
 3 1 x
21. sec  tan −1  y = sin −1   = f −1 ( x )
 3  3 2
Find the angle θ , −

π π
< θ < , whose tangent is The domain of f ( x ) equals the range of
2 2
π π  π π
3 f −1 ( x ) and is − ≤x≤ , or  − ,  in
6 6  6 6
3
3 π π
tan θ = , − <θ < we note that the argument of the inverse sine
3 2 2
π x
θ= function is and that it must lie in the interval
6 2
 −1,1 . That is,
824
x π π
−1 ≤ ≤1 27. Let θ = csc −1 u so that csc θ = u , − ≤θ ≤
2 2 2
−2 ≤ x ≤ 2 and θ ≠ 0 , u ≥ 1 . Then,
The domain of f −1 ( x ) is { x | −2 ≤ x ≤ 2} , or
 −2, 2  in interval notation. Recall that the
( )
tan csc −1 u = tan θ =
1
cos θ csc θ
domain of a function is the range of its inverse 1
=
and the domain of the inverse is the range of the csc θ 1 − sin 2 θ
function. Therefore, the range of f ( x ) is 1 1
= =
[ −2, 2] . 1 2
u 1− 2 u u −1
25. f ( x ) = − cos x + 3 u u2
y = − cos x + 3 1 u
= =
x = − cos y + 3 2
u −1 u u2 −1
u
x − 3 = − cos y u
3 − x = cos y
y = cos −1 ( 3 − x ) = f −1 ( x ) 28. tan θ cot θ − sin 2 θ = tan θ ⋅
1
− sin 2 θ
tan θ
= 1 − sin 2 θ
f −1
( x) and is 0 ≤ x ≤ π , or 0, π  in interval = cos 2 θ
notation. To find the domain of f −1 ( x ) we note
29. sin 2 θ (1 + cot 2 θ ) = sin 2 θ ⋅ csc2 θ
that the argument of the inverse cosine function 1
is 3 − x and that it must lie in the interval = sin 2 θ ⋅ 2 = 1
sin θ
 −1,1 . That is,
−1 ≤ 3 − x ≤ 1 30. 5cos 2 θ + 3sin 2 θ = 2 cos 2 θ + 3cos 2 θ + 3sin 2 θ
−4 ≤ − x ≤ −2 (
= 2 cos 2 θ + 3 cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ )
4≥ x≥2 = 2 cos θ + 3 ⋅1
2
2≤ x≤4 = 3 + 2 cos 2 θ
The domain of f −1 ( x ) is { x | 2 ≤ x ≤ 4} , or
1 − cosθ sin θ (1 − cosθ ) 2 + sin 2 θ
31. + =
 2, 4  in interval notation. Recall that the sin θ 1 − cosθ sin θ (1 − cosθ )
domain of a function is the range of its inverse 1 − 2cosθ + cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ
=
and the domain of the inverse is the range of the sin θ (1 − cosθ )
function. Therefore, the range of f ( x ) is 1 − 2cos θ + 1
=
 2, 4  . sin θ (1 − cos θ )
2 − 2cos θ
π π =
26. Let θ = sin −1 u so that sin θ = u , − ≤θ ≤ , sin θ (1 − cos θ )
2 2 2(1 − cos θ )
−1 ≤ u ≤ 1 . Then, =
sin θ (1 − cos θ )
( )
cos sin −1 u = cos θ = cos 2 θ =
2
= 2cscθ
sin θ
= 1 − sin 2 θ = 1 − u 2
825
1 cos θ sin θ
cosθ cosθ cos θ 36. cot θ − tan θ = −
32. = ⋅ sin θ cos θ
cosθ − sin θ cosθ − sin θ 1
cosθ =
1 sin θ cos θ
= 1 − sin 2 θ − sin 2 θ
sin θ =
1−
cosθ sin θ cos θ
1 1 − 2sin 2 θ
= =
1 − tan θ sin θ cos θ
1
cos(α + β ) cos α cos β − sin α sin β
csc θ sin θ 37. =
33. = sin θ ⋅ cos α sin β cos α sin β
1 + csc θ 1 + 1 sin θ
cos α cos β sin α sin β
sin θ = −
1 cos α sin β cos α sin β
= cos β sin α
sin θ + 1 = −
1 1 − sin θ sin β cos α
= ⋅
1 + sin θ 1 − sin θ = cot β − tan α
1 − sin θ
=
1 − sin 2 θ cos(α − β ) cos α cos β + sin α sin β
38. =
1 − sin θ cos α cos β cos α cos β
=
cos 2 θ cos α cos β sin α sin β
= +
1 = 1 + tan α tan β
34. csc θ − sin θ = − sin θ
sin θ
1 − sin 2 θ θ sin θ
= 39. (1 + cos θ ) tan = (1 + cos θ ) ⋅ = sin θ
sin θ 2 1 + cos θ
cos 2 θ
=
sin θ cos θ cos ( 2θ )
cos θ 40. 2 cot θ cot ( 2θ ) = 2 ⋅ ⋅
= cos θ ⋅ sin θ sin ( 2θ )
sin θ
= cos θ cot θ =
(
2 cos θ cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ )
sin θ ( 2sin θ cos θ )
1 − sin θ cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
35. = cos θ (1 − sin θ ) =
sec θ sin 2 θ
1 + sin θ
= cos θ (1 − sin θ ) ⋅ cos θ sin 2 θ
2
1 + sin θ = −
sin 2 θ sin 2 θ
=
(
cos θ 1 − sin 2 θ ) = cot θ − 1
2
1 + sin θ
=
(
cos θ cos 2 θ ) 41. 1 − 8sin 2 θ cos 2 θ = 1 − 2 ( 2sin θ cos θ )
2
1 + sin θ = 1 − 2sin 2 ( 2θ )
cos3 θ = cos ( 2 ⋅ 2θ )
=
1 + sin θ = cos ( 4θ )
sin ( 3θ ) cos θ − sin θ cos ( 3θ ) sin ( 3θ − θ )

42. =
sin ( 2θ ) sin ( 2θ )
sin ( 2θ )
=
sin ( 2θ )
=1
826
2θ + 4θ   2θ − 4θ  5π  3π 2π 
2sin   cos   47. cos = cos  + 
sin ( 2θ ) + sin ( 4θ )  2   2  12
43. =  12 12 
cos ( 2θ ) + cos ( 4θ ) 2cos  2θ + 4θ  cos  2θ + 4θ  π π π π
    = cos ⋅ cos − sin ⋅ sin
 2   2  4 6 4 6
2sin ( 3θ ) cos ( −θ ) 2 3 2 1
= = ⋅ − ⋅
2cos ( 3θ ) cos ( −θ ) 2 2 2 2
sin ( 3θ ) 6 2
= = −
cos ( 3θ ) 4 4
= tan ( 3θ ) 1
=
4
( 6− 2 )
cos(2θ ) − cos(4θ )
44. − tan θ tan(3θ )
cos(2θ ) + cos(4θ )  π  2π 3π 
48. sin  −  = sin  − 
− 2sin(3θ ) sin(− θ )  12   12 12 
= − tan θ tan(3θ ) π π π π
2 cos(3θ ) cos(− θ ) = sin ⋅ cos − cos ⋅ sin
2sin(3θ )sin θ 6 4 6 4
= − tan θ tan(3θ ) 1 2 3 2
2 cos(3θ ) cos θ = ⋅ − ⋅
= tan(3θ ) tan θ − tan θ tan(3θ ) 2 2 2 2
=0 2 6
= −
4 4
1
45. sin165º = sin (120º + 45º )
= sin120º ⋅ cos 45º + cos120º ⋅ sin 45º
=
4
( 2− 6 )
 3  2   1  2 
=   ⋅   +  −  ⋅   49. cos80º ⋅ cos 20º + sin 80º ⋅ sin 20º = cos ( 80º − 20º )
 2   2   2  2  = cos 60º
6 2 1
= − =
4 4 2
1
=
4
(
6− 2 ) 50. sin 70º ⋅ cos 40º − cos 70º ⋅ sin 40º = sin ( 70º − 40º )
= sin 30º
46. tan105º = tan ( 60º + 45º ) 1
=
tan 60º + tan 45º 2
=
1 − tan 60º tan 45º
3 +1
=
1 − 3 ⋅1
3 +1 1+ 3
= ⋅
1− 3 1+ 3
1+ 2 3 + 3
=
1− 3
4+2 3
=
−2
= −2− 3
827
π π 2 c. sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β

4 1 − cos 1−  4   12   3   5 
π 4 = 2 =  ⋅ −  −  ⋅ 
51. tan = tan   =
8 2 π 2  5   13   5   13 
1 + cos 1+ − 48 − 15 63
4 2 = =−
65 65
2− 2
= tan α + tan β
2+ 2 d. tan(α + β ) =
1 − tan α tan β
2− 2 2− 2
= ⋅ 4  5
2+ 2 2− 2 +− 
3  12 
=
(2 − 2 )
2
4  5 
= 1−   ⋅ − 
4  3   12 
2− 2 2 11
= ⋅ 11 9 33
2 2 = 12 = ⋅ =
14 12 14 56
2 2 −2
= 9
2
= 2 −1 4 3 24
e. sin(2α ) = 2sin α cos α = 2 ⋅ ⋅ =
5 5 25
 2
 5π  5π 1 −  −  f. cos(2 β ) = cos 2 β − sin 2 β
  1 − cos 2
5π  
= sin  4  = 4 = 2 2
52. sin  12   5  144 25 119
8  2  2 2 = −  −  = − =
 13   13  169 169 169
2+ 2
=
4 β 1 − cos β
g. sin =
2+ 2 2 2
=  12 
2 1−  − 
=  13 
4 π 5 π 2
53. sin α = , 0 < α < ; sin β = , < β < π 25
5 2 13 2
13 25 5 5 26
3 4 12 5 = = = =
cos α = , tan α = , cos β = − , tan β = − , 2 26 26 26
5 3 13 12
α π π β π α 1 + cos α
0< < , < < h. cos =
2 4 4 2 2 2 2
a. sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β 3 8
1+
 4   12   3   5  5 4 2 2 5
=  ⋅ −  +  ⋅  = = 5 = = =
 5   13   5   13  2 2 5 5 5
− 48 + 15 33
= =−
65 65 3 3π 12 3π
54. sin α = − , π < α < ; cos β = , < β < 2π
5 2 13 2
4 3 5 5
 3   12   4   5  cos α = − , tan α = , sin β = − , tan β = − ,
=  ⋅ −  −  ⋅  5 4 13 12
 5   13   5   13  π α 3π 3π β
−36 − 20 56 < < , < <π
= =− 2 2 4 4 2
65 65
828
a. sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β α 1 + cos α

h. cos =−
 3   12   4   5  2 2
=  − ⋅  +  − ⋅ − 
 5   13   5   13   4
−36 + 20 1+  − 
= =−  5
65 2
16
=− 1
65 1 1 10
=− 5 =− =− =−
b. cos(α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β 2 10 10 10
 4   12   3   5 
=  − ⋅  −  − ⋅ − 
 5   13   5   13  3 3π 12 π
55. tan α = , π < α < ; tan β = , 0 < β <
− 48 − 15 4 2 5 2
=
65 3 4 12 5
63 sin α = − , cos α = − , sin β = , cos β = ,
=− 5 5 13 13
65 π α 3π β π
< < , 0< <
c. sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β 2 2 4 2 4
a. sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β
 3   12   4   5 
=  − ⋅  −  − ⋅ −   3   5   4   12 
 5   13   5   13  =  − ⋅  +  − ⋅ 
−36 − 20  5   13   5   13 
= 15 48
65 =− −
56 65 65
=− 63
65 =−
65
tan α + tan β
d. tan(α + β ) = b. cos(α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β
1 − tan α tan β
 4   5   3   12 
3  5 1 =  − ⋅  −  − ⋅ 
+−   5   13   5   13 
4  12  1 16 16
= = 3 = ⋅ = =− +
20 36
3  5  21 3 21 63
1−  −  65 65
4  12  16 16
=
e. sin(2α ) = 2sin α cos α 65
 3   4  24 c. sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β
= 2⋅ − ⋅ −  =
 5   5  25  3   5   4   12 
=  − ⋅  −  − ⋅ 
 5   13   5   13 
f. cos(2 β ) = cos 2 β − sin 2 β 15 48
2 2 =− +
 12   5  65 65
=   −− 
 13   13  33
=
144 25 119 65
= − =
169 169 169
tan α + tan β
d. tan(α + β ) =
β 1 − cos β 1 − tan α tan β
g. sin =
2 2 3 12
+
12 1 = 4 5
1−  3   12 
13 = 13 = 1 1 26 1−   
= = =
2 2 26 26 26  4  5 
63
63  5  63
= 20 =  −  = −
4 20  4  16
−
5
829
 3   4  24 tan α + tan β
e. sin(2α ) = 2sin α cos α = 2  −   −  = d. tan(α + β ) =
 5   5  25 1 − tan α tan β
f. cos(2 β ) = cos 2 β − sin 2 β =

(
− 3 + −2 2 )
2 2
 5   12  25 144 119 1 − ( − 3 )( − 2 2 )
=   −  = − =−
 13   13  169 169 169  − 3 − 2 2   1+ 2 6 
=   ⋅  
β 1 − cos β  1− 2 6   1+ 2 6 
g. sin =
2 2 −9 3 − 8 2
=
5 8 − 23
1−
= 13 = 13 = 4 = 2 = 2 13 8 2 +9 3
2 2 13 13 13 =
23
α 1 + cos α  3  1  3
h. cos =− sin(2α ) = 2sin α cos α = 2  −
2 2 e.    = −
 2  2  2
 4
1+  − 
 5 f. cos(2 β ) = cos 2 β − sin 2 β
=− 2
2 1  2 2 
2
1 8 7
1 =   −  −  = − = −
3  3  9 9 9
1 1 10
=− 5 =− =− =−
2 10 10 10 β 1 − cos β
g. sin =
2 2
π 3π
56. sec α = 2, − < α < 0; sec β = 3, < β < 2π 1 2
2 2 1−
= 3 = 3 = 1= 1 = 3
3 1 2 2 3 3 3
sin α = − , cos α = , tan α = − 3,
2 2
2 2 1 α 1 + cos α
sin β = − , cos β = , tan β = − 2 2, h. cos =
3 3 2 2
π α 3π β 1 3
− < < 0, < <π 1+
4 2 4 2 2 = 2 = 3 3
= =
a. sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β 2 2 4 2
3 1 1 2 2 
=−  + −  2 3π 2 3π
2  3  2  3  57. sin α = − , π < α < ; cos β = − , π < β <
3 2 3 2
− 3−2 2
= 5 2 5 5
6 cos α = − , tan α = , sin β = − ,
3 5 3
b. cos(α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β 5 π α 3π π β 3π
tan β = , < < , < <
1 1  3  2 2  2 2 2 4 2 2 4
= ⋅ −  −  − 
2 3  2   3  a. sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β
1− 2 6  2  2   5  5
= =  −   −  +  −  − 
6  3   3   3  3 
4 5
c. sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β = +
9 9
3 1 1  2 2 =1
=− ⋅ − ⋅ − 
2 3 2  3 
− 3+2 2
=
6
830
b. cos(α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β  5

 1 +  − 
5  2   2  5 α 1 + cos α 3 
=  −   −  −  −   −  h. cos = − =− 
 3  3   3  3  2 2 2
2 5 2 5 3− 5
= −
9 9 3
=0 =−
2
c. sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β 3− 5
=−
 2  2   5  5 6
=  −   −  −  −   − 
 3   3   3   3 
=−
(
6 3− 5 )
4 5 6
= −
9 9 6 3− 5
1 =−
=− 6
9
tan α + tan β  3 1
d. tan(α + β ) = 58. cos  sin −1 − cos −1 
1 − tan α tan β  5 2
2 5 5 3 1
+ Let α = sin −1 and β = cos −1 . α is in
5 2
= 5 2
2 5 5 3
1− ⋅ quadrant I; β is in quadrant I. Then sin α = ,
5 2 5
4 5 +5 5 π 1 π
0≤α ≤ , and cos β = , 0 ≤ β ≤ .
10 2 2 2
=
1−1 cos α = 1 − sin 2 α
9 5 3
2
9 16 4
= 1−   = 1− = =
= 10 ; Undefined 5 25 25 5
0
sin β = 1 − cos 2 β
e. sin(2α ) = 2sin α cos α
2
 2  5 4 5 1 1 3 3
= 2  −   − = 1−   = 1− = =
= 2 4 4 2
 3   3  9
 3 1 
cos  sin −1 − cos −1  = cos (α − β )
 5 2
f. cos(2 β ) = cos 2 β − sin 2 β = cos α cos β + sin α sin β
2 4 1 3 3
 2  5
2
4 5 1 = ⋅ + ⋅
=  −  −  −  = − = − 5 2 5 2
 3  3  9 9 9
4 3 3 4+3 3
= + =
β 1 − cos β 10 10 10
g. sin =
2 2
 5 4
 2 5 59. sin  cos −1 − cos −1 
1−  −   13 5 
=  3 = 3 = 5 = 30
−1 5 4
2 2 6 6 Let α = cos and β = cos −1 . α is in
13 5
5
quadrant I; β is in quadrant I. Then cos α = ,
13
π 4 π
0≤α ≤ , and cos β = , 0 ≤ β ≤ .
2 5 2
831
sin α = 1 − cos 2 α   1  3 
tan sin −1  −  − tan −1    = tan (α − β )
2   2   4 
5 25 144 12
= 1−   = 1− = = tan α − tan β
13
  169 169 13 =
1 + tan α tan β
3 3
4
2
16 9 3 − −
= 1−   = 1− = = = 3 4
5
  25 25 5  3  3 
1 +  −   
 −1 5 4  3  4 
sin  cos − cos −1  = sin (α − β )
 13 5
−4 3 −9
= sin α cos β − cos α sin β
12 4 5 3 = 12
= ⋅ − ⋅ 3 3
13 5 13 5 1−
48 15 33 12
= − =
65 65 65 −9 − 4 3 12 + 3 3
= ⋅
12 − 3 3 12 + 3 3
  1 3
60. tan sin −1  −  − tan −1  −144 − 75 3
  2  4  =
117
 1  3 − 48 − 25 3
Let α = sin −1  −  and β = tan −1 . α is in =
 2 4 39
quadrant IV; β is in quadrant I. Then,
48 + 25 3
1 π 3 =−
sin α = −
, 0 ≤ α ≤ , and tan β = , 39
2 2 4
π   4 
0<β < . 61. cos  tan −1 (−1) + cos −1  −  
2   5 
cos α = 1 − sin 2 α  4
2
Let α = tan −1 (−1) and β = cos −1  −  . α is in
 1 1 3 3  5
= 1−  −  = 1− = =
 2  4 4 2 quadrant IV; β is in quadrant II. Then
1 3 π 4
tan α = −1, − < α < 0 , and cos β = − ,
tan α = − =− 2 5
3 3
π
≤β ≤π.
2
sec α = 1 + tan 2 α = 1 + (−1) 2 = 2
1 2
cos α = =
2 2
sin α = − 1 − cos 2 α
2
 2 1 1 2
= − 1 −   = − 1 − = − =−
 2  2 2 2
2
 4 16 9 3
= 1−  −  = 1− = =
 5 25 25 5
832
  4  1
cos  tan −1 (−1) + cos −1  −   = cos (α + β ) 64. cos θ =
  5  2
= cos α cos β − sin α sin β π 5π
θ= + 2kπ or θ = + 2kπ , k is any integer
 2  4   2  3  3 3
=    −  −  −   
 2  5   2  5   π 5π 
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  , .
−4 2 3 2 3 3 
= +
10 10
2 65. tan θ + 3 = 0
=−
10 tan θ = − 3
2π
  3  θ= + k π , k is any integer
62. sin  2 cos −1  −   3
  5  On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
 3  2π 5π 
Let α = cos −1  −  . α is in quadrant II. Then  , .
 5  3 3 
3 π
cos α = − , ≤ α ≤ π .
5 2 66. sin(2θ ) + 1 = 0
sin α = 1 − cos 2 α sin(2θ ) = −1
2 3π
 3 9 16 4 2θ = + 2kπ
= 1−  −  = 1− = = 2
 5  25 25 5
3π
  3  θ= + kπ , k is any integer
sin  2cos −1  −   = sin 2α 4
  5  On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
= 2sin α cos α  3π 7π 
 4  3  24  , 
= 2   −  = − 4 4 
 5  5  25
67. tan ( 2θ ) = 0
 4
63. cos  2 tan −1  2θ = 0 + k π
 3
kπ
4 θ= , where k is any integer
Let α = tan −1 . α is in quadrant I. Then 2
3
4 π
tan α = , 0 < α < .  π 3π 
3 2 0, , π , .
 2 2 
sec α = tan 2 α + 1
4
2
16 25 5 68. sec 2 θ = 4
=   +1 = +1 = = sec θ = ±2
 
3 9 9 3
1
3 cos θ = ±
cos α = 2
5
π 2π
 4 θ= +k π or θ= +kπ ,
cos  2 tan −1  = cos ( 2α ) 3 3
 3 where k is any integer
= 2 cos 2 α − 1 On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
2
3  9  7  π 2π 4π 5π 
= 2   −1 = 2   −1 = −  , , , .
5  25  25 3 3 3 3 
833
69. 0.2sin θ = 0.05 73. 4sin 2 θ = 1 + 4 cos θ

Find the intersection of Y1 = 0.2sin θ and
Y2 = 0.05 :
( )
4 1 − cos 2 θ = 1 + 4 cos θ
4 − 4 cos θ = 1 + 4 cos θ
2
4 cos θ + 4 cos θ − 3 = 0
2
( 2 cos θ − 1)( 2 cos θ + 3) = 0

2 cos θ − 1 = 0 or 2 cos θ + 3 = 0
1 3
cos θ = cos θ = −
On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , x ≈ 0.25 or 2 2
x ≈ 2.89 π 5π (not possible)
θ= ,
The solution set is {0.25, 2.89} . 3 3
 π 5π 
70. sin θ + sin(2θ ) = 0 On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  , .
3 3 
sin θ + 2sin θ cos θ = 0
sin θ (1 + 2 cos θ ) = 0 74. sin ( 2θ ) = 2 cos θ
1 + 2 cos θ = 0 or sin θ = 0 2sin θ cos θ = 2 cos θ
1 θ = 0, π 2sin θ cos θ − 2 cos θ = 0
cos θ = −
2
2π 4 π
(
cos θ 2sin θ − 2 = 0 )
θ= ,
3 3 cos θ = 0 or 2sin θ − 2 = 0
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is π 3π 2
θ= , sin θ =
 2π 4π  2 2 2
0, ,π ,  .
 3 3  π 3π
θ= ,
4 4
71. sin(2θ ) − cos θ − 2sin θ + 1 = 0
 π π 3π 3π 
2sin θ cos θ − cos θ − 2sin θ + 1 = 0 On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  , , , .
4 2 4 2 
cos θ (2sin θ − 1) − 1(2sin θ − 1) = 0
(2sin θ − 1)(cos θ − 1) = 0 75. sin θ − cos θ = 1
1 Divide each side by 2 :
sin θ = or cos θ = 1 1 1 1
2 sin θ − cos θ =
θ =0
π 5π 2 2 2
θ= ,
Rewrite in the difference of two angles form
6 6
 π 5π  1 1 π
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is 0, ,  . where cos φ = , sin φ = , and φ = :
 6 6  2 2 4
1
sin θ cos φ − cos θ sin φ =
72. 2sin 2 θ − 3sin θ + 1 = 0 2
(2sin θ − 1)(sin θ − 1) = 0 2
sin(θ − φ ) =
2sin θ − 1 = 0 or sin θ − 1 = 0 2
1 sin θ = 1
sin θ =
2 π
θ=
π 5π 2
θ= ,
6 6
 π π 5π 
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  , , .
6 2 6 
834
π 3π quadrant II. The calculator yields

θ −φ = or θ − φ =
4 4  1
π π π 3π  4
θ − = or θ − =
4 4 4 4 quadrant IV. Since θ lies in quadrant II,
π θ ≈ −0.24 + π ≈ 2.90 . Therefore,
θ= or θ = π
2 cot −1 ( −4 ) ≈ 2.90 .
π 
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  , π  .
2 
76. sin −1 ( 0.7 ) ≈ 0.78
81. 2 x = 5cos x
Find the intersection of Y1 = 2 x and
Y2 = 5cos x :
6
77. tan −1 ( −2 ) ≈ −1.11
−2π 2π
−6
x ≈ 1.11
78. cos −1 ( −0.2 ) ≈ 1.77
The solution set is {1.11} .
82. 2sin x + 3cos x = 4 x

Find the intersection of Y1 = 2sin x + 3cos x and
Y2 = 4 x :
1 6
79. sec−1 ( 3) = cos −1  
3
We seek the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose cosine −2π 2π
1 1
equals . Now cos θ = , so θ lies in
3 3
−6
1 x ≈ 0.87 .
quadrant I. The calculator yields cos −1 ≈ 1.23 ,
3 The solution set is {0.87} .
which is an angle in quadrant I, so
sec−1 ( 3) ≈ 1.23 . 83. sin x = ln x
Find the intersection of Y1 = sin x and Y2 = ln x :
2
−2π 2π
 1
80. cot −1 ( −4 ) = tan −1  − 
 4 −2
We seek the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose tangent
x ≈ 2.22
1 1
equals − . Now tan θ = − , so θ lies in The solution set is {2.22} .
4 4
835
84. −3sin −1 x = π Verifying equality:

1 6− 2
sin −1 x = −
3
π
4
( 6− 2 = ) 4
 π 2⋅ 3− 2
x = sin  −  =
 3 4
=−
3
=
2 ( 3 −1 )
2 4
 3 
( ) 
2
The solution set is − .  2 3 −1
 2  = 
 4 
 
85. 2 cos −1 x + π = 4 cos −1 x
−2 cos −1 x + π = 0 =
(
2 3 − 2 3 +1 )
−2 cos −1 x = −π 16
cos −1 x =
π
=
(
2 4−2 3 )
2 16
π
x = cos
2
=0
=
(
2⋅2 2 − 3 )
The solution set is {0}. 16
86. Using a half-angle formula: 2− 3

=
 30°  4
sin15° = sin  
 2  2− 3
=
1 − cos 30° 2
=
2
87. Given the value of cos θ , the most efficient
3 Double-angle Formula to use is
1−
= 2 = 2− 3 = 2− 3 cos ( 2θ ) = 2 cos 2 θ − 1 .
2 4 2
Note: since 15º lies in quadrant I, we have
sin15° > 0 .
Chapter 6 Test
Using a difference formula:
sin15° = sin(45° − 30°)  2 
1. Let θ = sec−1   . We seek the angle θ , such
= sin(45°) cos(30°) − cos(45°) sin(30°)  3
π
2 3 2 1 that 0 ≤ θ ≤ π and θ ≠ , whose secant equals
= ⋅ − ⋅ 2
2 2 2 2
2
6 2 6− 2 1 . The only value in the restricted range with
=
4
−
4
=
4
=
4
( 6− 2 ) 3
2 π  2  π
a secant of is . Thus, sec −1  = .
3 6  3 6
 2
2. Let θ = sin −1  −  . We seek the angle θ , such
 2 
π π 2
that − ≤θ ≤ , whose sine equals − . The
2 2 2
836
Chapter 6 Chapter Test
only value in the restricted range with a sine of  3

6. Let θ = cos −1  −  .
2 π  2 π  4
− is − . Thus, sin −1  − =− .
 
2 4  2  4   3 
sec cos −1  −   = sec θ
  4 
 11π  1
3. sin −1  sin  follows the form of the equation =
 5  cos θ
1
( ) ( )
f −1 f ( x ) = sin −1 sin ( x ) = x , but because
=
 3 
cos  cos −1  −  
11π  π π   4 
is not in the interval  − ,  , we cannot 1
5  2 2 = 3
−4
directly use the equation.
We need to find an angle θ in the interval 4
=−
3
 π π 11π
 − 2 , 2  for which sin 5 = sin θ . The angle
  7. sin −1 ( 0.382 ) ≈ 0.39 radian
11π
is in quadrant I. The reference angle of
5
11π π 11π π π
is and sin = sin . Since is in
5 5 5 5 5
 π π
the interval  − ,  , we can apply the equation  1 
 2 2 8. sec−1 1.4 = cos −1   ≈ 0.78 radian
 1.4 
 11π  π
above and get sin −1  sin = .
 5  5
 7
4. tan  tan −1  follows the form
 3
( ) (
f f −1 ( x ) = tan tan −1 x = x . Since the)
domain of the inverse tangent is all real numbers,
we can directly apply this equation to get 9. tan −1 3 ≈ 1.25 radians
 7 7
tan  tan −1  = .
 3 3
(
5. cot csc−1 10 )
r π π 1
Since csc−1 θ = = 10 , − ≤ θ ≤ , let 10. cot −1 5 = tan −1   ≈ 0.20 radian
y 2 2 5
r = 10 and y = 1 . Solve for x:
( 10 )
2
x 2 + 12 =
x 2 + 1 = 10
x2 = 9
x=3
θ is in quadrant I.
(
Thus, cot csc−1 10 = cot θ = ) x 3
= = 3.
y 1
837
csc θ + cot θ sin (α + β )

11. 14.
sec θ + tan θ tan α + tan β
csc θ + cot θ csc θ − cot θ sin α cos β + cos α sin β
= ⋅ =
sec θ + tan θ csc θ − cot θ sin α sin β
+
csc2 θ − cot 2 θ cos α cos β
=
( sec θ + tan θ )( cscθ − cot θ ) =
1 sin α cos β cos α sin β
= +
( sec θ + tan θ )( cscθ − cot θ ) cos α cos β cos α cos β
1 sec θ − tan θ sin α cos β + cos α sin β
= ⋅ =
( sec θ + tan θ )( cscθ − cot θ ) sec θ − tan θ
cos α cos β
sec θ − tan θ
= sin α cos β + cos α sin β cos α cos β
(sec 2
)
θ − tan 2 θ ( csc θ − cot θ ) =
1
⋅
sec θ − tan θ = cos α cos β
=
csc θ − cot θ
15. sin ( 3θ )
sin θ = sin (θ + 2θ )
12. sin θ tan θ + cos θ = sin θ ⋅ + cos θ
cos θ = sin θ cos ( 2θ ) + cos θ sin ( 2θ )
sin θ cos 2 θ
2
=
cos θ
+
cos θ
( )
= sin θ cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ + cos θ ⋅ 2sin θ cos θ
sin θ + cos 2 θ
2 = sin θ cos θ − sin θ + 2sin θ cos 2 θ
2 3
=
cos θ = 3sin θ cos 2 θ − sin 3 θ
=
1
cos θ
(
= 3sin θ 1 − sin 2 θ − sin 3 θ )
= sec θ = 3sin θ − 3sin θ − sin 3 θ
3
= 3sin θ − 4sin 3 θ
sin θ cos θ
13. tan θ + cot θ = +
cos θ sin θ sin θ cos θ
2 2 tan θ − cot θ cos θ − sin θ
sin θ cos θ 16. =
= + tan θ + cot θ sin θ cos θ
sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ +
cos θ sin θ
sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ
sin θ cos θ
= sin θ cos θ
1
= sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ
sin θ cos θ
sin θ cos θ
2
2sin θ cos θ =
sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ
2 − cos ( 2θ )
=
sin ( 2θ ) =
1
= 2 csc ( 2θ ) (
= − 2 cos 2 θ − 1 )
2
= 1 − 2 cos θ
838
Chapter 6 Chapter Test
17. cos15° = cos ( 45° − 30° ) y 6 6 85

tan θ = = =
= cos 45° cos 30° + sin 45° sin 30° x 85 85
2 3 2 1  6 85 
= ⋅ + ⋅ 2
2 2 2 2 
tan ( 2θ ) =
2 tan θ  85 
=
4
2
(3 +1 ) 1 − tan 2 θ
=
 6 85 
2
1−  
6+ 2
=
4
or
1
4
(
6+ 2 )  85 
12 85
12 85 85
18. tan 75° = tan ( 45° + 30° ) = 85 = ⋅
36 85 49
tan 45° + tan 30° 1−
= 85
1 − tan 45° tan 30° 12 85
3 =
1+ 49
= 3
3  2 3
1 − 1⋅ 21. cos  sin −1 + tan −1 
3  3 2
3+ 3 2 3
= Let α = sin −1 and β = tan −1 . Then
3− 3 3 2
3+ 3 3+ 3 2 3
= ⋅ sin α = and tan β = , and both α and β
3− 3 3+ 3 3 2
9+6 3 +3 y 2
= lie in quadrant I. Since sin α = 1 = , let
32 − 3 r1 3
12 + 6 3 y1 = 2 and r1 = 3 . Solve for x1 : x12 + 22 = 32
=
6 x12 + 4 = 9
= 2+ 3
x12 = 5
1 3 x1 = 5
19. sin  cos −1 
2 5 x1 5
Thus, cos α = = .
3 π r1 3
Let θ = cos −1 . Since 0 < θ < (from the
5 2 y2 3
−1
Since tan β = = , let x2 = 2 and y2 = 3 .
range of cos x ), x2 2
1  1 − cos θ Solve for x2 : 22 + 32 = r2 2
sin  θ  =
2  2 4 + 9 = r2 2
1 − cos  cos −1 
3 r2 2 = 13
 5 1 − 53
= = r2 = 13
2 2
y2 3
1 5 Thus, sin β = = .
= = r2 13
5 5
Therefore, cos (α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β
 6
20. tan  2sin −1  5 2 2 3
 11  = ⋅ − ⋅
3 13 3 13
6 6
Let θ = sin −1 . Then sin θ = and θ lies in 2 5 −6
11 11 =
y 6 3 13
quadrant I. Since sin θ = = , let y = 6 and
r 11
r = 11 , and solve for x: x 2 + 62 = 112 =
2 13 ( 5 −3 )
39
x 2 = 85
x = 85
839
22. Let α = 75° , β = 15° . On the interval [ 0, 2π ) , the sine function takes on
1 a value of 0 when θ = 0 or θ = π . The cosine
Since sin α cos β = sin (α + β ) + sin (α − β )  ,
2
1 1
sin 75° cos15° = sin ( 90° ) + sin ( 60° )  function takes on a value of − in the second and
2 3
1 3 1 2+ 3
= 1 +
2
= 2+ 3 =
2  4
( ) 4
third quadrants when θ = π − cos −1 and
1
3
1
θ = π + cos −1 . That is θ ≈ 1.911 and θ ≈ 4.373 .
23. sin 75° + sin15° 3
 75° + 15°   75° − 15°  The solution set is {0,1.911, π , 4.373} .
= 2sin   cos  
 2   2 
 2  3  6 27. cos 2 θ + 2sin θ cos θ − sin 2 θ = 0
= 2sin ( 45° ) cos ( 30° ) = 2   =
 2  2  2 ( cos 2
θ − sin 2 θ ) + 2sin θ cos θ = 0
cos ( 2θ ) + sin ( 2θ ) = 0
24. cos 65° cos 20° + sin 65° sin 20°
sin ( 2θ ) = − cos ( 2θ )
2
= cos ( 65° − 20° ) = cos ( 45° ) = tan ( 2θ ) = −1
2
The tangent function takes on the value −1
25. 4sin 2 θ − 3 = 0 3π
when its argument is + kπ . Thus, we need
4
4sin 2 θ = 3
3π
3 2θ = + kπ
sin 2 θ = 4
4 3π π
3 θ= +k
sin θ = ± 8 2
2 π
On the interval [ 0, 2π ) , the sine function takes θ=
8
( 3 + 4k )
3 π 2π On the interval [ 0, 2π ) , the solution set is
on a value of when θ = or θ = . The
2
sine takes on a value of −

3
3
when θ =
3
4π
and
{π
3 7π 11π 15π
, ,
8 8 8
,
8
. }
2 3
θ=
5π
3
. The solution set is ,{
π 2π 4π 5π
,
3 3 3 3
, . }
π 
26. −3cos  − θ  = tan θ
 2 
−3sin θ = tan θ
sin θ
0= + 3sin θ
cos θ
 1 
0 = sin θ  + 3
 cos θ 
1
sin θ = 0 or +3 = 0
cos θ
1
cos θ = −
3
840
Chapter 6 Cumulative Review
28. sin (θ + 1) = cos θ Chapter 6 Cumulative Review

sin θ cos1 + cos θ sin1 = cos θ
sin θ cos1 + cos θ sin1 cos θ 1. 3x 2 + x − 1 = 0
=
cos θ cos θ −b ± b 2 − 4ac
x=
tan θ cos1 + sin1 = 1 2a
tan θ cos1 = 1 − sin1 −1 ± 12 − 4 ( 3)( −1)
=
tan θ =
1 − sin1 2 ( 3)
cos1
−1 ± 1 + 12
 1 − sin1  =
Therefore, θ = tan −1   ≈ 0.285 or 6
 cos1 
−1 ± 13
1 − sin1  =
θ = π + tan −1   ≈ 3.427 6
 cos1   −1 − 13 −1 + 13 
The solution set is {0.285,3.427} . The solution set is  , .
 6 6 
29. 4sin 2 θ + 7 sin θ = 2
2. Line containing points (−2,5) and (4, −1) :
4sin 2 θ + 7 sin θ − 2 = 0
y2 − y1 −1 − 5 −6
Let u = sin θ . Then, m= = = = −1
x2 − x1 4 − ( −2 ) 6
4u 2 + 7u − 2 = 0
Using y − y1 = m( x − x1 ) with point (4, −1) ,
( 4u − 1)( u + 2 ) = 0
y − (−1) = −1( x − 4 )
4u − 1 = 0 or u + 2 = 0
y + 1 = −1( x − 4 )
4u = 1 u = −2
1 y +1 = −x + 4
u= y = − x + 3 or x + y = 3
4
Substituting back in terms of θ , we have
Distance between points (−2,5) and (4, −1) :
1
sin θ = or sin θ = −2
( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 )
2 2
4 d=
The second equation has no solution since
( 4 − ( −2 ) ) + ( −1 − 5)2
2
−1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1 for all values of θ . =
Therefore, we only need to find values of θ
= 62 + ( −6 ) = 72 = 36 ⋅ 2 = 6 2
2
1
between 0 and 2π such that sin θ = . These
4 Midpoint of segment with endpoints (−2,5) and
will occur in the first and second quadrants.
1 (4, −1) :
Thus, θ = sin −1 ≈ 0.253 and
4  x1 + x2 y1 + y2   −2 + 4 5 + ( −1) 
−1 1
 2 , 2  =  2 , 2  = (1, 2 )
θ = π − sin ≈ 2.889 .    
4
3. 3x + y 2 = 9
x-intercept: 3x + 02 = 9 ; ( 3, 0 )
3x = 9
x=3
y-intercepts: 3 ( 0 ) + y 2 = 9 ; ( 0, −3) , ( 0,3)
y2 = 9
y = ±3
841
Tests for symmetry:  π

6. y = cos  x −  − 1
x-axis: Replace y with − y : 3x + ( − y ) = 9
2
 2
3x + y 2 = 9 Using the graph of y = cos x , horizontally shift
Since we obtain the original equation, the graph π
to the right units, and vertically shift down 1
is symmetric with respect to the x-axis. 2
unit.
y-axis: Replace x with − x : 3 ( − x ) + y 2 = 9
−3x + y 2 = 9
Since we do not obtain the original equation, the
graph is not symmetric with respect to the y-axis.
Origin: Replace x with − x and y with − y :
3( −x ) + ( − y ) = 9
2
−3x + y 2 = 9
Since we do not obtain the original equation, the
graph is not symmetric with respect to the origin.
7. a. y = x3
y
4. y = x − 3 + 2 5
Using the graph of y = x , shift horizontally to

(1, 1)
the right 3 units and vertically up 2 units. x
−5(−1,−1) (0, 0) 5
−5
Inverse function: y = 3 x
y
5
(1, 1)
−5 (0, 0) 5 x
x (−1,−1)
5. y = 3e − 2
Using the graph of y = e x , stretch vertically by a −5
factor of 3, and shift down 2 units.
842
b. y = ex Inverse function: y = sin −1 x

y y
5
2  _ π
 1, 2 
 1 _ (1, e)  
 −1, e 
  (0, 1)
−5 5 x −2 (0, 0) 2 x
 π_
 −1, − 2 
  −2
−5
Inverse function: y = ln x
y
5
(e, 1)
−5 (1, 0) 5 x
_1 
 e , −1
 
−5
d. y = cos x , 0 ≤ x ≤ π
y
(0, 1) π_ 
 2 , 0
 
−1 3 x
−1 (π,−1)
Inverse function: y = cos −1 x

y
π π (−1, π)
c. y = sin x , − ≤x≤ 3
2 2
y
 π _
 0, 2 
 
2
_π  x
 2 , 1
 
−1 (1, 0) 3
−1
−2 (0, 0) 2 x
 π_ 
 − 2 , −1
 
−2
843
1
8. sin θ = − , π < θ <
3π
, so θ lies in Quadrant III. (
9. cos tan −1 2 )
3 2
y 2
a. In Quadrant III, cos θ < 0 Let θ = tan −1 2 . Then tan θ = = ,
x 1
2
 1 π π
cos θ = − 1 − sin 2 θ = − 1 −  −  − ≤ θ ≤ . Let x = 1 and y = 2 .
 3 2 2
1 8 Solve for r: r 2 = x 2 + y 2
= − 1− =−
9 9 r 2 = 12 + 22
2 2 r2 = 5
=−
3
r= 5
1 θ is in quadrant I.
sin θ −
b. tan θ = = 3
x 1 1 5 5
cos θ
−
2 2 ( )
cos tan −1 2 = cos θ =
r
=
5
= ⋅
5 5
=
5
3
1 3  1 2
= − − = =
3  2 2  2 2 4
1 π 1 3π
 1  2 2  10. sin α = , < α < π ; cos β = − , π < β <
c. sin(2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ = 2  −   −  3 2 3 2
 3  3  π
a. Since < α < π , we know that α lies in
4 2 2
= Quadrant II and cos α < 0 .
9
d. cos(2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ cos α = − 1 − sin 2 α
2
2
 2 2   1 2 8 1 7 1 1 8
= − = − 1−   = − 1− = −
 − = − =
 3   3  9 9 9 3 9 9
2 2
3π π θ 3π =−
e. Since π < θ < , we have that < < . 3
2 2 2 4
1 1  3π
Thus, θ lies in Quadrant II and sin  θ  > 0 . b. π <β < , we know that β lies in
2 2  2
Quadrant III and sin β < 0 .
 2 2
1−  −
1  1 − cos θ  3  sin β = − 1 − cos 2 β
sin  θ  = = 2
2  2 2  1
= − 1−  − 
3+ 2 2  3
3 3+ 2 2 1 8 2 2
= = = − 1− =− =−
2 6 9 9 3
θ lies in Quadrant II, cos  θ  < 0 .

1 1 c. cos(2α ) = cos 2 α − sin 2 α
f. Since
2 2  2
 2 2   1 2 8 1 7
= −  − = − =
 2 2
1+  −  3   3  9 9 9
1  1 + cos θ  3 
cos  θ  = − =− d. cos(α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β
2  2 2
3−2 2 2 2  1 1 2 2 
=− − − − 
3 3− 2 2 3  3  3  3 
=− =−
2 6 2 2 2 2 4 2
= + =
9 9 9
844
3π π β 3π Factoring:
e. Since π < β < , we have that < < .
2 2 2 4 2 x3 − x 2 − 2 x + 1 = x 2 ( 2 x − 1) − 1( 2 x − 1)
β β
Thus,
2
lies in Quadrant II and sin
2
>0. (
= ( 2 x − 1) x 2 − 1 )
1 −  − 
1 = ( 2 x − 1)( x − 1)( x + 1)
β1 − cos β  3 Therefore,
sin = =
2 2 2
f ( x ) = ( 2 x − 1)( x − 1) ( x + 1)
2 2
4
3 = 4= 2 =2 6= 6  1
= 2  x −  ( x − 1) ( x + 1)
2 2
=
2 6 6 6 3  2 
The real zeros are −1 and 1 (both with
11. f ( x) = 2 x5 − x 4 − 4 x3 + 2 x 2 + 2 x − 1 1
multiplicity 2) and (multiplicity 1).
2
a. f ( x ) has at most 5 real zeros.
1
Possible rational zeros: b. x-intercepts: 1, , −1
2
p 1 y-intercept: −1
p = ±1; q = ±1, ± 2; = ±1, ±
q 2
1 
Using the Bounds on Zeros Theorem: The intercepts are (0, −1) , (1, 0) ,  , 0  ,
2 
(
f ( x) = 2 x 5 − 0.5 x 4 − 2 x3 + x 2 + x − 0.5 ) and (−1, 0)
a4 = − 0.5, a3 = −2, a2 = 1, a1 = 1, a0 = −0.5
c. f resembles the graph of y = 2 x5 for large
Max {1, −0.5 + 1 + 1 + −2 + −0.5 } x .
= Max {1, 5} = 5
d. Let Y1 = 2 x 5 − x 4 − 4 x3 + 2 x 2 + 2 x − 1
1 + Max { − 0.5 , 1 , 1 , −2 , −0.5 }
= 1+ 2 = 3
The smaller of the two numbers is 3. Thus,
every zero of f must lie between −3 and 3.
Use synthetic division with –1:

−1 2 − 1 − 4 2 2 −1
−2 3 1 −3 1 e. Four turning points exist. Use the
2 − 3 −1 3 −1 0 MAXIMUM and MINIMUM features to
locate local maxima at ( −1, 0 ) , ( 0.69, 0.10 )
Since the remainder is 0, x − ( −1) = x + 1 is
and local minima at (1, 0 ) , ( −0.29, −1.33) .
a factor. The other factor is the quotient:
2 x 4 − 3 x3 − x 2 + 3x − 1 .
f. To graph by hand, we determine some additional
Use synthetic division with 1 on the information about the intervals between the x-
quotient: intercepts:
1 2 − 3 −1 3 −1 Interval ( −∞, −1) ( −1, 0.5) ( 0.5,1) (1, ∞ )
2 −1 − 2 1 Test
−2 0 0.7 2
number
2 −1 − 2 1 0
Value
−45 −1 ≈ 0.1 27
Since the remainder is 0, x − 1 is a factor. of f
The other factor is the quotient: Below Below Above Above
Location
2 x3 − x 2 − 2 x + 1 . x-axis x-axis x-axis x-axis
Point ( −2, −45) ( 0, −1) ( 0.7, 0.1) ( 2, 27 )
845
f is above the x-axis for ( 0.5,1) and  1  1 

Interval ( −∞, −1)
 −1, − 2  − 2 ,∞
(1,∞ ) , and below the x-axis for ( −∞, −1)    
and ( −1,0.5 ) . Test number −2 −0.75 0
Value of f 3 −0.125 1
Conclusion Positive Negative Positive
 1 
The solution set is ( −∞, −1) ∪  − , ∞  .
 2 
d. f ( x) ≥ g ( x)
2 x + 3x + 1 ≥ x2 + 3x + 2
2
x2 − 1 ≥ 0
( x + 1)( x − 1) ≥ 0
g. f is increasing on ( −∞, −1) , ( −0.29, 0.69 ) , p ( x ) = ( x − 1)( x + 1)
and (1,∞ ) . f is decreasing on ( −1, −0.29 ) The zeros of p are x = −1 and x = 1 .
and ( 0.69,1) . Interval ( −∞, −1) ( −1,1) (1, ∞ )
Test number −2 0 2
12. f ( x) = 2 x 2 + 3 x + 1 ; g ( x) = x 2 + 3x + 2 Value of p 3 −1 3
a. f ( x) = 0 Conclusion Positive Negative Positive
2 x 2 + 3x + 1 = 0
The solution set is ( −∞, −1] ∪ [1,∞ ) .
(2 x + 1)( x + 1) = 0
1
x = − or x = −1
2 Chapter 6 Projects
The solution set is −1, − { } 1
2
.
Project I – Internet Based Project
b. f ( x) = g ( x) Project II
2 x + 3x + 1 = x 2 + 3x + 2
2
a. Amplitude = 0.00421 m
x2 − 1 = 0
( x + 1)( x − 1) = 0 b. ω = 2.68 radians/sec
x = −1 or x = 1
ω 2.68
The solution set is {−1, 1} . c. f = = ≈ 0.4265 vibrations/sec
2π 2π
c. f ( x) > 0 2π 2π
2 d. λ = = ≈ 0.09199 m
2 x + 3x + 1 > 0 k 68.3
(2 x + 1)( x + 1) > 0
e. If x = 1 , the resulting equation is
f ( x) = ( 2 x + 1)( x + 1)
y = 0.00421sin(68.3 − 2.68t ) . To graph, let
1 Y1 = 0.00421sin(68.3 − 2.68 x) .
The zeros of f are x = − and x = −1
2 0.005
−4 4
−0.005
846
Chapter 6 Projects
f. Note: (kx − ωt ) + (kx − ωt + φ ) = 2kx − 2ωt + φ and 2π ω

λ = 0.09 = f = 2.3 =
(kx − ωt ) − (kx − ωt + φ ) = −φ . k 2π
200π ω = 4.6π = 14.45
y1 + y2 = ym sin(kx − ωt ) + ym sin( kx − ωt + φ ) k= = 69.8
9
= ym [sin(kx − ωt ) + sin(kx − ωt + φ )] y1 = 0.0045sin(69.8 − 14.45t )
  2kx − 2 wt + φ   −φ   y2 = ym sin(kx − ωt + φ )
= ym  2sin   cos  
  2   2  = 0.0045sin(69.8 ⋅1 − 14.45t + 0.4)
 2kx − 2 wt + φ  φ  = 0.0045sin(70.2 − 14.45t )
= 2 ym sin   cos  2 
 2   
 2kx − 2ωt + φ  φ 
y1 + y2 = 2 ym sin   cos  2 
g. ym = 0.0045 , φ = 2.5 , λ = 0.09 , f = 2.3  2   
Let x = 1 :  2 ⋅ 69.8 ⋅ 1 − 2 ⋅ 14.45t + 0.4   0.4 
= 2 ⋅ 0.0045sin   cos  2 
2π ω  2   
λ = 0.09 = f = 2.3 =
k 2π  140 − 28.9t 
200π ω = 4.6π ≈ 14.45 = 0.009sin   cos(0.2)
k= ≈ 69.8  2 
9
= 0.009sin ( 70 − 14.45t ) cos(0.2)
y1 = ym sin(kx − ωt )
Let Y1 = 0.0045sin(69.8 − 14.45 x) ,
= 0.0045sin(69.8 ⋅1 − 14.45t )
Y2 = 0.0045sin(70.2 − 14.45 x) , and
= 0.0045sin(69.8 − 14.45t )
Y3 = 0.009sin ( 70 − 14.45 x ) cos(0.2) .
y2 = ym sin(kx − ωt + φ )
= 0.0045sin(69.8 ⋅1 − 14.45t + 2.5) 0.01 y1 + y2
y1
= 0.0045sin(72.3 − 14.45t ) y2
−0.4 0.4
 2kx − 2ωt + φ  φ 
y1 + y2 = 2 ym sin   cos  2 
 2   
 2 ⋅ 69.8 ⋅ 1 − 2 ⋅ 14.45t + 2.5   2.5  −0.01
= 2 ⋅ 0.0045sin   cos  2 
 2   
j. The phase shift causes the amplitude of y1 + y2
 142.1 − 28.9 t 
= 0.009sin   cos(1.25) to increase from 0.009 cos(1.25) ≈ 0.003 to
 2 
0.009 cos(0.2) ≈ 0.009 .
= 0.009sin ( 71.05 − 14.45t ) cos(1.25)
Project III
h. Let Y1 = 0.0045sin(69.8 − 14.45 x) ,
Y2 = 0.0045sin(72.3 − 14.45 x) , and y
a.
Y3 = 0.009sin ( 71.05 − 14.45 x ) cos(1.25) . h
0.01
y1 π 2π 3π 4π 5π x
y1 + y2 −h
−0.4 0.4
4  sin x sin(3 x) sin(5 x) sin(7 x) 
y2 b. Let Y1 = 1 + + + +
π  1 3 5 7 
−0.01 3
i. ym = 0.0045 , φ = 0.4 , λ = 0.09 , f = 2.3

Let x = 1 : 0 5π
−3
847
4  sin x sin(3 x) sin(17 x)  a. f ( x) = sin x (see table column 2)

c. Let Y1 = 1 + + + ... +
π  1 3 17  x f ( x) g ( x) h( x ) k ( x) m( x )
3
0 0 0.954 −0.311 −0.749 6.085
π 1
0.791 −0.703 2.437 4.011
0 5π 6 2
π 2
0.607 −1.341 1.387 −3.052
4 2
−3
π 3
0.256 −0.978 0.588 −1.243
4  sin x sin(3x) sin(37 x)  3 2
d. Let Y1 = 1 +  + + ... +
π 1 3 37  π
1 −0.256 −0.670 −0.063 0.413
3 2
2π 3
−0.607 −0.703 0.153 8.507
5π
3 2
0
3π 2
−0.791 −0.623 2.380 −6.822
4 2
−3 5π 1
−0.954 0 0.594 −2.695
e. The best one is the one with the most terms. 6 2
π −0.954
0 0.311 −0.817 1.536
Project IV 7π 1
−−0.791 −0.117 −0.013 −5.248
6 2
5π 2
− −0.607 1.341 −1.387 3.052
4 2
4π 3
− −0.256 0.978 −0.588 1.243
3 2
3π
−1 0.256 0.670 0.063 −0.705
2
5π 3
− 0.607 0.703 −0.306
3 2
7π 2
− 0.791 0.623
4 2
11π 1
− 0.954
6 2
2π 1
f ( xi +1 ) − f ( xi )
b. g ( x) = (see table column 3)
xi +1 − xi
c. 1.2
−0.5 6.5
−1.2
The shape looks like a sinusoidal graph.
848
Chapter 6 Projects
Rounding a, b, c, and d to the nearest tenth, we 12

have that y = sin( x + 1.8) .
Barring error due to rounding and
−0.5 5.5
approximation, this looks like y = cos x
g ( xi +1 ) − g ( xi ) −10
d. h( x) = (see table column 4)
xi +1 − xi
The sinusoidal features are gone.
1.8
−0.5 6.5
Rounding a, b, c, and d to the nearest tenth, we

−1.8
have that y = 2.1sin(5.1x − 1.5) + 0.6 .
The shape is sinusoidal. It looks like an upside-
down sine wave. g. It would seem that the curves would be less
“involved”, but the rounding error has become
incredibly great that the points are nowhere near
accurate at this point in calculating the differences.

have that y = 0.5sin(6.4 x ) .
h ( xi +1 ) − h ( xi )
e. k ( x) = (see table column 5)
xi +1 − xi
3
−0.5 6
−2
This curve is losing its sinusoidal features,
although it still looks like one. It takes on the
features of an upside-down cosine curve
.
have that y = 0.8sin(1.1x) + 0.3 .
Note: The rounding error is getting greater and
greater.
k ( xi +1 ) − k ( xi )
f. m( x) = (see table column 6)
xi +1 − xi
849
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ONE OF THACKERAY’S WOMEN
Some years since, there passed away, at Newport, Rhode Island,
one who could justly be classed with Thackeray’s women; one in
whom Lady Kew would have taken delight; one in whom she would
have found wit and memory and audacity rivaling her own; one who
was at once old and young, poor and luxurious, one of the loneliest
of human beings, and yet one of the most sociable. Miss Jane
Stuart, the only surviving daughter of Gilbert Stuart, the painter, had
dwelt all her life on the edge of art without being an artist, and at the
brink of fashion without being fashionable. Living at times in
something that approached poverty, she was usually surrounded by
friends who were rich and generous; so that she often fulfilled
Motley’s famous early saying, that one could do without the
necessaries of life, but could not spare the luxuries. She was an
essential part of the atmosphere of Newport; living near the “Old
Stone Mill,” she divided its celebrity and, as all agreed, its doubtful
antiquity; for her most intimate friends could not really guess within
fifteen years how old she was, and strangers placed her anywhere
from sixty to eighty. Her modest cottage, full of old furniture and
pictures, was the resort of much that was fashionable on the days of
her weekly receptions; costly equipages might be seen before the
door; and if, during any particular season, she suspected a falling off
in visitors, she would try some new device,—a beautiful girl sitting in
a certain carved armchair beneath an emblazoned window, like
Keats’s Madeline,—or, when things grew desperate, a bench with a
milk-pan and a pumpkin on the piazza, to give an innocently rural air.
“My dear,” she said on that occasion, “I must try something: rusticity
is the dodge for me”; and so the piazza looked that summer like a
transformation scene in “Cinderella,” with the fairy godmother not far
off.
She inherited from her father in full the Bohemian temperament,
and cultivated it so habitually through life that it was in full flower at a
time when almost any other woman would have been repressed by
age, poverty, and loneliness. At seventy or more she was still a born
mistress of the revels, and could not be for five minutes in a house
where a charade or a mask was going on without tapping at the most
private door and plaintively imploring to be taken in as one of the
conspirators. Once in, there was nothing too daring, too grotesque,
or too juvenile for her to accept as her part, and successfully. In the
modest winter sports of the narrowed Newport circle, when wit and
ingenuity had to be invoked to replace the summer resources of
wealth and display, she was an indispensable factor. She had been
known to enact a Proud Sister in “Cinderella,” to be the performer on
the penny whistle in the “Children’s Symphony,” to march as the
drum major of the Ku-Klux Klan with a muff for a shako, and to be
the gorilla of a menagerie, with an artificial head. Nothing could
make too great a demand upon her wit and vivacity, and her very
face had a droll plainness more effective for histrionic purposes than
a Grecian profile. She never lost dignity in these performances, for
she never had anything that could exactly be described by that
name; that was not her style. She had in its stead a supply of
common sense and ready adaptation that took the place, when
needed, of all starched decorum, and quite enabled her on serious
occasions to hold her own.
But her social resources were not confined to occasions where
she was one of an extemporized troupe: she was a host in herself;
she had known everybody; her memory held the adventures and
scandals of a generation, and these lost nothing on her lips. Then
when other resources were exhausted, and the candles had burned
down, and the fire was low, and a few guests lingered, somebody
would be sure to say, “Now, Miss Jane, tell us a ghost story.” With a
little, a very little, of coy reluctance, she would begin, in a voice at
first commonplace, but presently dropping to a sort of mystic tone;
she seemed to undergo a change like the gypsy queen in Browning’s
“Flight of the Duchess”; she was no longer a plain, elderly woman in
an economical gown, but she became a medium, a solemn weaver
of spells so deep that they appeared to enchant herself. Whence
came her stories, I wonder? not ghost stories alone, but blood-
curdling murders and midnight terrors, of which she abated you not
an item,—for she was never squeamish,—tales that all the police
records could hardly match. Then, when she and her auditors were
wrought up to the highest pitch, she began to tell fortunes; and here
also she seemed not so much a performer as one performed upon,
—a Delphic priestess, a Cassandra. I never shall forget how she
once made our blood run cold with the visions of coming danger that
she conjured around a young married woman on whom there soon
afterwards broke a wholly unexpected scandal that left her an exile
in a foreign land. No one ever knew, I believe, whether Miss Stuart
spoke at that time with knowledge; perhaps she hardly knew herself;
she always was, or affected to be, carried away beyond herself by
these weird incantations.
She was not so much to be called affectionate or lovable as good-
natured and kindly; and with an undisguised relish for the
comfortable things of this world, and a very frank liking for the
society of the rich and great, she was yet constant, after a fashion, to
humbler friends, and liked to do them good turns. Much of her
amiability took the form of flattery,—a flattery so habitual that it lost
all its grossness, and became almost a form of good deeds. She was
sometimes justly accused of applying this to the wealthy and
influential, but it was almost as freely exercised where she had
nothing to gain by it; and it gave to the humblest the feeling that he
was at least worth flattering. Even if he had a secret fear that what
she said of him behind his back might be less encouraging, no
matter: it was something to have been praised to his face. It must be
owned that her resources in the other direction were considerable,
and Lord Steyne himself might have applauded when she was
gradually led into mimicking some rich amateur who had pooh-
poohed her pictures, or some intrusive dame who had patronizingly
inspected her humble cot. It could not quite be said of her that her
wit lived to play, not wound; and yet, after all, what she got out of life
was so moderate, and so many women would have found her way of
existence dreary enough, that it was impossible to grudge her these
trifling indulgences.
Inheriting her father’s love of the brush, she had little of his talent;
her portraits of friends were generally transferred by degrees to dark
corners; but there existed an impression that she was a good copyist
of Stuart’s pictures, and she was at one time a familiar figure in
Boston, perched on a high stool, and copying those of his works
which were transferred for safe-keeping from Faneuil Hall to the Art
Museum. On one occasion, it was said, she grew tired of the long
process of copying and took home a canvas or two with the eyes
unpainted, putting them in, colored to please her own fancy, at
Newport. Perhaps she invented this legend for her own amusement,
for she never spared herself, and, were she to read this poor sketch
of her, would object to nothing but the tameness of its outlines.
XV
JOHN BARTLETT
JOHN BARTLETT
In every university town such as Cambridge, Massachusetts, there
is an outside circle, beyond the institution itself, of cultivated men
who may or may not hold its degrees, but who contribute to the
intellectual atmosphere. One of the most widely known and generally
useful of these at Cambridge—whether in his active youth or in the
patient and lonely seclusion of his later years—was John Bartlett,
best known as the author of the dictionary entitled “Familiar
Quotations.”
He was born in Plymouth, June 14, 1820, was educated in the
public schools of that town, and in 1836 entered the bookbinding
establishment connected with the University bookstore in
Cambridge, under John Owen, who was Longfellow’s first publisher.
In the next year Bartlett became a clerk in the bookstore, and soon
showed remarkable talent for the business. In 1846 Mr. Owen failed,
and Bartlett remained with his successor, George Nichols, but
became himself the proprietor in 1849. He had shown himself in this
position an uncommonly good publisher and adviser of authors. He
had there published three editions of his “Familiar Quotations,”
gradually enlarging the book from the beginning. In 1859 he sold out
to Sever & Francis. In 1862 he served as volunteer naval paymaster
for nine months with Captain Boutelle, his brother-in-law, on board
Admiral DuPont’s dispatch-boat. In August, 1863, he entered the
publishing house of Little, Brown & Co., nominally as clerk, but with
the promise that in eighteen months, when the existing partnership
would end, he should be taken into the firm, which accordingly took
place in 1865. The fourth edition of his “Familiar Quotations,” always
growing larger, had meanwhile been published by them, as well as
an édition de luxe of Walton’s “Complete Angler,” in the preparation
of which he made an especial and exceptionally fine collection of
works on angling, which he afterwards presented to the Harvard
College Library. His activity in the Waltonian sport is also
commemorated in Lowell’s poem, “To Mr. John Bartlett, who had
sent me a seven-pound trout.” He gave to the Library at the same
time another collection of books containing “Proverbs,” and still
another on “Emblems.”
After his becoming partner in the firm, the literary, manufacturing,
and advertising departments were assigned to him, and were
retained until he withdrew altogether. The fifth and sixth editions of
his “Quotations” were published by Little, Brown & Co., the seventh
and eighth by Routledge of London, the ninth by Little, Brown & Co.
and Macmillan & Co. of London, jointly; and of all these editions
between two and three hundred thousand copies must have been
sold. Of the seventh and eighth editions, as the author himself tells
us, forty thousand copies were printed apart from the English reprint.
The ninth edition, published in 1891, had three hundred and fifty
pages more than its predecessor, and the index was increased by
more than ten thousand lines. In 1881 Mr. Bartlett published his
Shakespeare “Phrase-Book,” and in February, 1889, he retired from
his firm to complete his indispensable Shakespeare “Concordance,”
which Macmillan & Co. published at their own risk in London in 1894.
All this immense literary work had the direct support and
coöperation of Mr. Bartlett’s wife, who was the daughter of Sidney
Willard, professor of Hebrew in Harvard University, and
granddaughter of Joseph Willard, President of Harvard from 1781 to
1804. She inherited from such an ancestry the love of studious labor;
and as they had no children, she and her husband could pursue it
with the greatest regularity. Both of them had also been great
readers for many years, and there is still extant a manuscript book of
John Bartlett’s which surpasses most books to be found in these
days, for it contains the life-long record of his reading. What man or
woman now living, for instance, can claim to have read Gibbon’s
“Decline and Fall” faithfully through, four times, from beginning to
end? We must, however, remember that this was accomplished by
one who began by reading a verse of the Bible aloud to his mother
when he was but three years old, and had gone through the whole of
it at nine.
There came an event in Bartlett’s life, however, which put an end
to all direct labors, when his wife and co-worker began to lose her
mental clearness, and all this joint task had presently to be laid
aside. For a time he tried to continue his work unaided; and she, with
unwearied patience and gentleness, would sit quietly beside him
without interference. But the malady increased, until she passed into
that melancholy condition described so powerfully by his neighbor
and intimate friend, James Russell Lowell,—though drawing from a
different example,—in his poem of “The Darkened Mind,” one of the
most impressive, I think, of his poems. While Bartlett still continued
his habit of reading, the writing had to be surrendered. His eyesight
being erelong affected, the reading also was abandoned, and after
his wife’s death he lived for a year or two one of the loneliest of lives.
He grew physically lame, and could scarcely cross the room
unaided. A nervous trouble in the head left him able to employ a
reader less and less frequently, and finally not at all. In a large and
homelike parlor, containing one of the most charming private libraries
in Cambridge,—the books being beautifully bound and lighting up
the walls instead of darkening them,—he spent most of the day
reclining on the sofa, externally unemployed, simply because
employment was impossible. He had occasional visitors, and four of
his old friends formed what they called a “Bartlett Club,” meeting at
his house one evening in every week. Sometimes days passed,
however, without his receiving a visitor, he living alone in a room
once gay with the whist-parties which he and Lowell had formerly
organized and carried on.
His cheerful courage, however, was absolutely unbroken, and he
came forward to meet every guest with a look of sunshine. His voice
and manner, always animated and cheerful, remained the same. He
had an inexhaustible store of anecdotes and reminiscences, and
could fill the hour with talk without showing exhaustion. Seldom
going out of the house, unable to take more than very short drives,
he dwelt absolutely in the past, remembered the ways and deeds of
all Cambridge and Boston literary men, speaking genially of all and
with malice of none. He had an endless fund of good stories of
personal experience. Were one to speak to him, for instance, of
Edward Everett, well known for the elaboration with which he
prepared his addresses, Bartlett would instantly recall how Everett
once came into his bookstore in search of a small pocket Bible to be
produced dramatically before a rural audience in a lecture; but in this
case finding none small enough, he chose a copy of Hoyle’s
“Games” instead, which was produced with due impressiveness
when the time came. Then he would describe the same Edward
Everett, whom he once called upon and found busy in drilling a few
Revolutionary soldiers who were to be on the platform during
Everett’s famous Concord oration. These he had drilled first to stand
up and be admired at a certain point of the oration, and then to sit
down again, by signal, that the audience might rather rise in their
honor. Unfortunately, one man, who was totally deaf, forgot the
instructions and absolutely refused to sit down, because the “squire”
had told him to stand up. In a similar way, Bartlett’s unimpaired
memory held the whole circle of eminent men among whom he had
grown up from youth, and a casual visitor might infer from his cheery
manner that these comrades had just left the room. During his last
illness, mind and memory seemed equally unclouded until the very
end, and almost the last words he spoke were a caution to his
faithful nurse not to forget to pay the small sum due to a man who
had been at work on his driveway, he naming the precise sum due in
dollars and cents.
He died at Cambridge, Massachusetts, on the morning of
December 3, 1905, aged eighty-five. Was his career, after all, more
to be pitied or envied? He lived a life of prolonged and happy labor
among the very choicest gems of human thought, and died with
patient fortitude after all visible human joys had long been laid aside.
XVI
HORACE ELISHA SCUDDER
HORACE ELISHA SCUDDER
It has been generally felt, I think, that no disrespect was shown to
John Fiske, when the New York “Nation” headed its very
discriminating sketch of him with the title “John Fiske, Popularizer”;
and I should feel that I showed no discourtesy, but on the contrary,
did honor to Horace Elisha Scudder, in describing him as Literary
Workman. I know of no other man in America, perhaps, who so well
deserved that honorable name; no one, that is, who, if he had a
difficult piece of literary work to do, could be so absolutely relied
upon to do it carefully and well. Whatever it was,—compiling, editing,
arranging, translating, indexing,—his work was uniformly well done.
Whether this is the highest form of literary distinction is not now the
question. What other distinction he might have won if he had shown
less of modesty or self-restraint, we can never know. It is true that
his few thoroughly original volumes show something beyond what is
described in the limited term, workmanship. But that he brought such
workmanship up into the realm of art is as certain as that we may
call the cabinet-maker of the Middle Ages an artist.
Mr. Scudder was born in Boston on October 16, 1838, the son of
Charles and Sarah Lathrop (Coit) Scudder, and died at Cambridge,
Massachusetts, on January 11, 1902. He was a graduate of Williams
College, and after graduation went to New York, where he spent
three years as a teacher. It was there that he wrote his first stories
for children, entitled “Seven Little People and their Friends” (New
York, 1862). After his father’s death he returned to Boston, and
thenceforward devoted himself almost wholly to literary pursuits. He
prepared the “Life and Letters of David Coit Scudder,” his brother, a
missionary to India (New York, 1864); edited the “Riverside
Magazine” for young people during its four years’ existence (from
1867 to 1870); and published “Dream Children” and “Stories from My
Attic.” Becoming associated with Houghton, Mifflin, and Company, he
edited for them the “Atlantic Monthly” from 1890 to 1898, preparing
for it also that invaluable Index, so important to bibliographers; he
also edited the “American Commonwealths” series, and two
detached volumes, “American Poems” (1879) and “American Prose”
(1880). He published also the “Bodley Books” (8 vols., Boston, 1875
to 1887); “The Dwellers in Five Sisters’ Court” (1876); “Boston Town”
(1881); “Life of Noah Webster” (1882); “A History of the United
States” for schools (1884); “Men and Letters” (1887); “Life of George
Washington” (1889); “Literature in School” (1889); “Childhood in
Literature and Art” (1894), besides various books of which he was
the editor or compiler only. He was also for nearly six years (1877-
82) a member of the Cambridge School Committee; for five years
(1884-89) of the State Board of Education; for nine years (1889-98)
of the Harvard University visiting committee in English literature; and
was at the time of his death a trustee of Williams College, Wellesley
College, and St. John’s Theological School, these making all
together a quarter of a century of almost uninterrupted and wholly
unpaid public service in the cause of education. After May 28, 1889,
he was a member of the American Academy, until his death. This is
the simple record of a most useful and admirable life, filled more and
more, as it went on, with gratuitous public services and disinterested
acts for others.
As a literary workman, his nicety of method and regularity of life
went beyond those of any man I have known. Working chiefly at
home, he assigned in advance a certain number of hours daily as
due to the firm for which he labored; and he then kept carefully the
record of these hours, and if he took out a half hour for his own
private work, made it up. He had special work assigned by himself
for a certain time before breakfast, an interval which he daily gave
largely to the Greek Testament and at some periods to Homer,
Thucydides, Herodotus, and Xenophon; working always with the
original at hand and writing out translations or commentaries, always
in the same exquisite handwriting and at first contained in small thin
note-books, afterwards bound in substantial volumes, with morocco
binding and proper lettering. All his writings were thus handsomely
treated, and the shelves devoted to his own works, pamphlet or
otherwise, were to the eye a very conservatory and flower garden of
literature; or like a chamberful of children to whom even a frugal
parent may allow himself the luxury of pretty clothes. All his literary
arrangements were neat and perfect, and represented that other
extreme from the celebrated collection of De Quincey in Dove
Cottage at Grasmere, where that author had five thousand books, by
his own statement, in a little room ten or twelve feet square; and his
old housekeeper explained it to me as perfectly practicable “because
he had no bookcases,” but simply piled them against the walls,
leaving here and there little gaps in which he put his money.
In the delicate and touching dedication of Scudder’s chief work,
“Men and Letters,” to his friend Henry M. Alden, the well-known New
York editor, he says: “In that former state of existence when we were
poets, you wrote verses which I knew by heart and I read dreamy
tales to you which you speculated over as if they were already
classics. Then you bound your manuscript verses in a full blue calf
volume and put it on the shelf, and I woke to find myself at the desk
of a literary workman.” Later, he says of himself, “Fortunately, I have
been able for the most part to work out of the glare of publicity.” Yet
even to this modest phrase he adds acutely: “But there is always that
something in us which whispers I, and after a while the anonymous
critic becomes a little tired of listening to the whisper in his solitary
cave, and is disposed to escape from it by coming out into the light
even at the risk of blinking a little, and by suffering the ghostly voice
to become articulate, though the sound startle him. One craves
company for his thought, and is not quite content always to sit in the
dark with his guests.”
The work in which he best achieves the purpose last stated is
undoubtedly the collection of papers called by the inexpressive
phrase “Men and Letters”; a book whose title was perhaps a weight
upon it, and which yet contained some of the very best of American
thought and criticism. It manifests even more than his “Life of Lowell”
that faculty of keen summing up and epigrammatic condensation
which became so marked in him that it was very visible, I am
assured, even in the literary councils of his publishers, two members
of which have told me that he often, after a long discussion, so
summed up the whole situation in a sentence or two that he left them
free to pass to something else. We see the same quality, for
instance, in his “Men and Letters,” in his papers on Dr. Mulford and
Longfellow. The first is an analysis of the life and literary service of a
man too little known because of early death, but of the rarest and
most exquisite intellectual qualities, Dr. Elisha Mulford, author of
“The Nation” and then of “The Republic of God.” In this, as
everywhere in the book, Mr. Scudder shows that epigrammatic
quality which amounted, whether applied to books or men, to what
may be best described as a quiet brilliancy. This is seen, for
instance, when, in defending Mulford from the imputation of
narrowness, his friend sums up the whole character of the man and
saves a page of more detailed discussion by saying, “He was narrow
as a cañon is narrow, when the depth apparently contracts the sides”
(page 17). So in his criticism called “Longfellow and his Art,” Scudder
repeatedly expresses in a sentence what might well have occupied a
page, as where he says of Longfellow, “He was first of all a
composer, and he saw his subjects in their relations rather than in
their essence” (page 44). He is equally penetrating where he says
that Longfellow “brought to his work in the college no special love of
teaching,” but “a deep love of literature and that unacademic attitude
toward his work which was a liberalizing power” (page 66). He
touches equally well that subtle quality of Longfellow’s temperament,
so difficult to delineate, when he says of him: “He gave of himself
freely to his intimate friends, but he dwelt, nevertheless, in a
charmed circle, beyond the lines of which men could not penetrate”
(page 68). These admirable statements sufficiently indicate the rare
quality of Mr. Scudder’s work.
So far as especial passages go, Mr. Scudder never surpassed the
best chapters of “Men and Letters,” but his one adequate and
complete work as a whole is undoubtedly, apart from his
biographies, the volume entitled “Childhood in Literature and Art”
(1894). This book was based on a course of Lowell lectures given by
him in Boston, and is probably that by which he himself would wish
to be judged, at least up to the time of his excellent biography of
Lowell. He deals in successive chapters with Greek, Roman,
Hebrew, Mediæval, English, French, German, and American literary
art with great symmetry and unity throughout, culminating, of course,
in Hawthorne and analyzing the portraits of children drawn in his
productions. In this book one may justly say that he has added
himself, in a degree, to the immediate circle of those very few
American writers whom he commemorates so nobly at the close of
his essay on “Longfellow and his Art,” in “Men and Letters”: “It is too
early to make a full survey of the immense importance to American
letters of the work done by half-a-dozen great men in the middle of
this century. The body of prose and verse created by them is
constituting the solid foundation upon which other structures are to
rise; the humanity which it holds is entering into the life of the
country, and no material invention, or scientific discovery, or
institutional prosperity, or accumulation of wealth will so powerfully
affect the spiritual well-being of the nation for generations to come”
(page 69).
If it now be asked what prevented Horace Scudder from showing
more fully this gift of higher literature and led to his acquiescing,
through life, in a comparatively secondary function, I can find but one
explanation, and that a most interesting one to us in New England,
as illustrating the effect of immediate surroundings. His father, so far
as I can ascertain, was one of those Congregationalists of the milder
type who, while strict in their opinions, are led by a sunny
temperament to be genial with their households and to allow them
innocent amusements. The mother was a Congregationalist, firm but
not severe in her opinions; but always controlled by that indomitable
New England conscience of the older time, which made her sacrifice
herself to every call of charity and even to refuse, as tradition says,
to have window curtains in her house, inasmuch as many around her
could not even buy blankets. Add to this the fact that Boston was
then a great missionary centre, that several prominent leaders in that
cause were of the Scudder family, and the house was a sort of
headquarters for them, and that Horace Scudder’s own elder
brother, whose memoirs he wrote, went as a missionary to India,
dying at his post. Speaking of his father’s family in his memoir, he
says of it, “In the conduct of the household, there was recognition of
some more profound meaning in life than could find expression in
mere enjoyment of living; while the presence of a real religious
sentiment banished that counterfeit solemnity which would hang over
innocent pleasure like a cloud” (Scudder’s “Life of David Coit
Scudder,” page 4). By one bred in such an atmosphere of self-
sacrifice, that quality may well be imbibed; it may even become a
second nature, so that the instinctive demand for self-assertion may
become subordinate until many a man ends in finding full
contentment in doing perfectly the appointed work of every day. If we
hold as we should that it is character, not mere talent, which
ennobles life, we may well feel that there is something not merely
pardonable, but ennobling, in such a habit of mind. Viewed in this
light, his simple devotion to modest duty may well be to many of us
rather a model than a thing to be criticised.
XVII
EDWARD ATKINSON
EDWARD ATKINSON
Edward Atkinson, a member of the American Academy of Arts and
Sciences since March 12, 1879, was born in Brookline,
Massachusetts, on February 10, 1827, and died in Boston on
December 11, 1905. He was descended on his father’s side from the
patriot minute-man, Lieutenant Amos Atkinson, and on the maternal
side from Stephen Greenleaf, a well-known fighter of Indians in the
colonial period; thus honestly inheriting on both sides that combative
spirit in good causes which marked his life. Owing to the business
reverses of his father, he was prevented from receiving, as his elder
brother, William Parsons Atkinson, had received, a Harvard College
education, a training which was also extended to all of Edward
Atkinson’s sons, at a later day. At fifteen he entered the employment
of Read and Chadwick, Commission Merchants, Boston, in the
capacity of office boy; but he rapidly rose to the position of book-
keeper, and subsequently became connected with several cotton
manufacturing companies in Lewiston, Maine, and elsewhere. He
was for many years the treasurer of a number of such corporations,
and in 1878 became President of the Boston Manufacturers’ Mutual
Insurance Company. Such business was in a somewhat chaotic
state when he took hold of it, but he remained in its charge until his
death, having during this time organized, enlarged, and perfected the
mutual insurance of industrial concerns. In 1855 he married Miss
Mary Caroline Heath, of Brookline, who died in December, 1907. He
is survived by seven children,—Mrs. Ernest Winsor, E. W. Atkinson,
Charles H. Atkinson, William Atkinson, Robert W. Atkinson, Miss C.
P. Atkinson, and Mrs. R. G. Wadsworth.
This gives the mere outline of a life of extraordinary activity and
usefulness which well merits a further delineation in detail. Mr.
Atkinson’s interest in public life began with a vote for Horace Mann in
1848. Twenty years after, speaking at Salem, he described himself
as never having been anything else than a Republican; but he was
one of those who supported Cleveland for President in 1884, and
whose general affinities were with the Democratic party. He opposed
with especial vigor what is often called “the imperial policy,” which
followed the Cuban War, and he conducted a periodical of his own
from time to time, making the most elaborate single battery which the
war-party had to encounter.
From an early period of life he was a profuse and vigorous
pamphleteer, his first pamphlet being published during the Civil War
and entitled “Cheap Cotton by Free Labor,” and this publication led
to his acquaintance with David R. Wells and Charles Nordhoff,
thenceforth his life-long friends. His early pamphlets were on the
cotton question in different forms (1863-76); he wrote on blockade-
running (1865); on the Pacific Railway (1871); and on mutual fire
insurance (1885), this last being based on personal experience as
the head of a mutual company. He was also, during his whole life, in
print and otherwise, a strong and effective fighter for sound currency.
A large part of his attention from 1889 onward was occupied by
experiments in cooking and diet, culminating in an invention of his
own called “The Aladdin Oven.” This led him into investigations as to
the cost of nutrition in different countries, on which subject he also
wrote pamphlets. He soon was led into experiments so daring that
he claimed to have proved it possible to cook with it, in open air, a
five-course dinner for ten persons, and gave illustrations of this at
outdoor entertainments. He claimed that good nutrition could be had
for $1 per week, and that a family of five, by moderate management,
could be comfortably supported on $180 per year (Boston “Herald,”
October 8, 1891). These surprising figures unfortunately created
among the laboring-class a good deal of sharp criticism, culminating
in the mistaken inquiry, why he did not feed his own family at $180 a
year, if it was so easy? I can only say for one, that if the meals at that
price were like a dinner of which I partook at his own house with an
invited party, and at which I went through the promised five courses
after seeing them all prepared in the garden, I think that his standard
of poverty came very near to luxury.
Mingled with these things in later years was introduced another
valuable department of instruction. He was more and more called
upon to give addresses, especially on manufactures, before
Southern audiences, and there was no disposition to criticise him for
his anti-slavery record. Another man could hardly be found whose
knowledge of manufacturing and of insurance combined made him
so fit to give counsel in the new business impulse showing itself at
the South. He wrote much (1877) on cotton goods, called for an
international cotton exposition, and gave an address at Atlanta,
Georgia, which was printed in Boston in 1881.
Looking now at Atkinson’s career with the eyes of a literary man, it
seems clear to me that no college training could possibly have
added to his power of accumulating knowledge or his wealth in the
expression of it. But the academic tradition might have best added to
these general statements in each case some simple address or
essay which would bring out clearly to the minds of an untrained
audience the essential points of each single theme. Almost
everything he left is the talk of a specially trained man to a limited
audience, also well trained,—at least in the particular department to
which he addresses himself. The men to whom he talks may not
know how to read or write, but they are all practically versed in the
subjects of which he treats. He talks as a miner to miners, a farmer
to farmers, a cook to cooks; but among all of his papers which I have
examined, that in which he appears to the greatest advantage to the
general reader is his “Address before the Alumni of Andover
Theological Seminary” on June 9, 1886. Here he speaks as one
representing a wholly different pursuit from that of his auditors; a
layman to clergymen, or those aiming to become so. He says to
them frankly at the outset, “I have often thought [at church] that if a
member of the congregation could sometimes occupy the pulpit
while the minister took his place in the pew, it might be a benefit to
both. The duty has been assigned to me to-day to trace out the
connection between morality and a true system of political or
industrial economy.”
He goes on to remind them that the book which is said to rank
next to the Bible toward the benefit of the human race is Adam
Smith’s “Wealth of Nations,” and that the same Adam Smith wrote a
book on moral philosophy, which is now but little read. He therefore
takes the former of Smith’s books, not the latter, as his theme, and
thus proceeds:—

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1. Domain: { x x is any real number} ; π π

25. sin −1 0.1 ≈ 0.10   3π 

π  π π will still be negative. Thus, we have

x = −2 cos ( 3 y )  −1,1 . That is,

that the argument of the inverse cosine function y = − tan ( x + 1) − 3

we note that the argument of the inverse cosine y = 2 cos ( 3x + 2 )

 −3,3 in interval notation. Recall that the  2 

62. 2 cos −1 x = π 67. 4 cos −1 x − 2π = 2 cos −1 x

66. −4 tan −1 x = π  cos −1 ( tan ( 22.8 ⋅ 180

71. Note that θ = 21°18′ = 21.3° .  cos −1 ( tan ( 0 ⋅ 180

 cos −1 ( tan ( 22.8 ⋅ 180

 cos −1 ( tan ( 23.5 ⋅ 180

Therefore, a person atop Cadillac Mountain will 90°

 2 31. sin  tan −1 (−3) 

x 2 + 20 = 25 39. csc −1 (−1)

62. Let θ = cot −1 u so that cot θ = u , 0 < θ < π ,

58. Let θ = cos −1 u so that cos θ = u , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π ,

The u cannot be cancelled since it can be either   3    3 

Since θ is in quadrant IV, x = 4 . r 2 = 122 + 52

83. y = sec −1 x = cos −1

17. sin ( 3θ ) = −1 On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is

36. tan θ = 1 42. sin ( 2θ ) = −1

48. cot θ = 2 54. 4 cot θ = −5

65. sin 2 θ = 6 ( cos ( −θ ) + 1) 68. cos θ − sin ( −θ ) = 0

1 − cos 2 θ = 6 cos θ + 6 cos θ + sin θ = 0

2 − 2 cos 2 θ = 3 − 3cos θ sin θ = 2sin θ cos θ

71. 1 + sin θ = 2 cos 2 θ 75. 3(1 − cos θ ) = sin 2 θ

86. sin x − cos x = x 90. x 2 = x + 3cos(2 x)

b. f ( x) = g ( x) c. From the graph in part (a) and the results of

π π 105. d ( x ) = 70sin ( 0.65 x ) + 150

116. The index of refraction of crown glass is 1.52.

117. If θ is the original angle of incidence and φ is 10 3 10

22. 1 + cot 2 (−θ ) = 1 + (− cot θ ) 2 = 1 + cot 2 θ = csc2 θ

 sin θ cos θ  32. (1 − cos 2 θ )(1 + cot 2 θ ) = sin 2 θ ⋅ csc 2 θ

= sin 2 u 36. csc 4 θ − csc 2 θ = csc 2 θ (csc 2 θ − 1)

30. (csc θ + cot θ )(csc θ − cot θ ) = csc2 θ − cot 2 θ = 1

31. cos 2 θ (1 + tan 2 θ ) = cos 2 θ ⋅ sec 2 θ

1 sin u sin 2 θ 1 − cos 2 θ

1 cos v 1 + sin v cos 2 v + (1 + sin v) 2

56. (csc θ − cot θ ) 2 cot θ tan θ

sin u cos u 1 − tan 2 θ 1 − tan 2 θ 1 + tan 2 θ

sin θ = sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ

sin θ (sin θ cos θ − 1) sin θ

1 sec θ  sec θ   1 + sin θ 

sec2 v − tan 2 v + tan v 1 + tan v sin 3 θ + cos3 θ

= sin θ + cos θ − sin θ cos θ

1 − 2 cos 2 θ 1 − cos 2 θ − cos 2 θ 91. (a sin θ + b cos θ ) 2 + (a cos θ − b sin θ ) 2

(1 + sin θ ) − cos θ (1 + sin θ ) + cos θ

1 + 2sin θ + sin θ + 2cosθ (1 + sin θ ) + cos θ

105. 16 + 16 tan 2 θ = 16(1 + tan 2 θ ) = 4 1 + tan 2 θ . b −120

109. Answers will vary.

110. sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1

111 – 112. Answers will vary.