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 GLOBAL GLOBAL
EDITION EDITION

EDITION
G LO B A L
Now in its fifteenth edition, Principles of Managerial Finance continues to help students

Principles of

Principles of Managerial Finance

develop a variety of skills—Excel modeling, ethical reasoning, and critical thinking—to
succeed in a rapidly changing financial and managerial environment. A strong pedagogy and
generous use of examples, including personal finance examples, make this text an easily
accessible resource for in- and out-of-class learning.

New to This Global Edition

• Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, which made sweeping changes to the American corporate and
personal tax codes, has been included
Managerial Finance
• Highlights on how tax changes may alter firms’ incentives in a variety of ways FIFTEENTH EDITION
• Content and feature updates throughout the text and inclusion of global examples in the
end-of-chapter homework assignments—from Britain, Scotland, Thailand, and Singapore—reflect
global application in managerial finance Chad J. Zutter • Scott B. Smart
• MyLab Finance now includes the following features
° New chapter introduction videos and animations that explain the importance of the
chapter content within the context of managerial finance
° New and updated solution videos of the author discussing or solving in-chapter examples

This is a special edition of an established title widely

used by colleges and universities throughout the world.
Pearson published this exclusive edition for the benefit

FIFTEENTH
of students outside the United States and Canada. If you

EDITION
purchased this book within the United States or Canada,
you should be aware that it has been imported without
the approval of the Publisher or Author.

Pearson Global Edition

Smart
Zutter

Zutter_15_129226151X_Final.indd 1 14/08/18 8:28 PM

 Dedicated to our good friend and mentor,
Dr. Lawrence J. Gitman,
who trusted us as coauthors and successors
of Principles of Managerial Finance.
CJZ
SBS

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 Brief Contents

Contents 9
About the Authors 29
Preface 31
Acknowledgments 44

PART 1 Introduction to Managerial PART 6 Long-Term Financial

Finance 47 Decisions 597
1 The Role of Managerial Finance 48 13 Leverage and Capital Structure 598
2 The Financial Market Environment 87 14 Payout Policy 652

PART 2 Financial Tools 121 PART 7 Short-Term Financial

3 Financial Statements and Ratio Analysis 122
Decisions 691
4 Long- and Short-Term Financial 15 Working Capital and Current Assets
Planning 188 Management 692
5 Time Value of Money 235 16 Current Liabilities Management 735

PART 3 Valuation of Securities 301 PART 8 Special Topics in Managerial

Finance 771
6 Interest Rates and Bond Valuation 302
7 Stock Valuation 351 17 Hybrid and Derivative Securities 772
18 Mergers, LBOs, Divestitures, and Business
Failure 811
PART 4 Risk and the Required Rate of
Return 391 19 International Managerial Finance 855

8 Risk and Return 392

9 The Cost of Capital 442

PART 5 Long-Term Investment

Appendix 895
Decisions 475
Glossary 927
10 Capital Budgeting Techniques 476 Index 955
11 Capital Budgeting Cash Flows 517
12 Risk and Refinements in Capital
Budgeting 555

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 Contents

About the Authors 29

Preface 31
Acknowledgments 44

PART 1 Introduction to Managerial Finance 47

1 1.1 Finance and the Firm 50 1.4 Developing Skills for Your
The Role of What Is Finance? 50 Career 78
Managerial What Is a Firm? 51 Critical Thinking 79
Finance 48 What Is the Goal of the Firm? 51 Communication and Collaboration 79
in practice FOCUS ON ETHICS: Financial Computing Skills 79
Do Corporate Executives Have a Social
Responsibility? 52 Summary 79
The Role of Business Ethics 56 Opener-In-Review 81
➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 57 Self-Test Problem 81
in practice Warm-Up Exercises 81
▲ Brookdale Senior FOCUS ON PRACTICE:
Living––Is Brookdale’s Must Search Engines Screen Out Fake Problems 83
Management About to Be News? 58 Spreadsheet Exercise 86
Retired? 49
1.2 Managing the Firm 58
The Managerial Finance Function 59
➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 67

1.3 Organization Forms, Taxation,

and the Principal-Agent Relationship 67
Legal Forms of Business Organization 67
Agency Problems and Agency Costs 74
Corporate Governance 75
➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 78

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 10 Contents
2 2.1 Financial Institutions 89
The Financial Commercial Banks, Investment Banks,
Market and the Shadow Banking System 89
Environment 87 ➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 91
2.2 Financial Markets 91
The Relationship Between Institutions
and Markets 91
The Money Market 92
The Capital Market 93
▲ Airbnb––Billions of VC
Funding Gives Airbnb
in practice FOCUS ON PRACTICE:
Plenty of Room 88 Berkshire Hathaway: Can Buffett Be
Replaced? 94
The Role of Capital Markets 98
in practice FOCUS ON ETHICS:
Should Insider Trading Be Legal? 100
➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 101
2.3 Regulation of Financial Markets
and Institutions 101
Regulations Governing Financial
Institutions 101
Regulations Governing Financial
Markets 102
➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 102
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2.4 The Securities Issuing
Process 103
Issuing Common Stock 103
➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 111
2.5 Financial Markets in Crisis 111
Financial Institutions and Real Estate
Finance 111
Spillover Effects and Recovery from the
Great Recession 114
➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 114
Summary 115
Opener-In-Review 116
Self-Test Problem 117
Warm-Up Exercises 117
Problems 118
Spreadsheet Exercise 119
INTEGRATIVE CASE 1 Merit Enterprise
Corp. 120
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PART 2 Financial Tools 121
3 3.1 The Stockholders’ Report 124
Financial The Letter to Stockholders 124
Statements and in practice
GLOBAL FOCUS:
Ratio Analysis 122 More Countries Adopt International
Financial Reporting Standards 124
The Four Key Financial Statements 125
in practice FOCUS ON ETHICS:
Earnings Shenanigans 125
Notes to the Financial Statements 131
▲ Kroger––Ratios Point to Consolidating International Financial
Trouble at Kroger 123 Statements 131
➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 132
3.2
Using Financial Ratios 133
Interested Parties 133
Types of Ratio Comparisons 133
Cautions About Using Ratio Analysis 136
➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 137
3.3 Liquidity Ratios 138
Current Ratio 138
Quick (Acid-Test) Ratio 140
➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 141
3.4 Activity Ratios 141
Inventory Turnover 141
Average Collection Period 142
Average Payment Period 144
Total Asset Turnover 144
➔ REVIEW QUESTION 145
3.5 Debt Ratios 145
Debt Ratio 147
Debt-to-Equity Ratio 147
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11
Contents
Times Interest Earned Ratio 148
Fixed-Payment Coverage Ratio 149
➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 149
3.6 Profitability Ratios 149
Common-Size Income Statements 149
Gross Profit Margin 150
Operating Profit Margin 152
Net Profit Margin 152
Earnings Per Share (EPS) 153
Return on Total Assets (ROA) 154
Return on Equity (ROE) 154
➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 156
3.7 Market Ratios 156
Price/Earnings (P/E) Ratio 157
Market/Book (M/B) Ratio 159
➔ REVIEW QUESTION 160
3.8 A Complete Ratio Analysis 160
Summary of Whole Foods’ Financial
Condition 160
DuPont System of Analysis 164
➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 167
Summary 167
Opener-In-Review 169
Self-Test Problems 169
Warm-Up Exercises 170
Problems 171
Spreadsheet Exercise 186
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 12 Contents
4 4.1 The Financial Planning
Long- and Short- Process 190
Term Financial Long-Term Strategic Financial Plans 190
Planning 188 Short-Term (Operating) Financial
Plans 191
➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 192
4.2 Measuring the Firm’s Cash
Flow 192
Depreciation 192
▲ Netflix Inc.––Not
Depreciation Methods 193
Streaming at Netflix— Developing the Statement of Cash
Cash Flow 189 Flows 195
Free Cash Flow 200
in practice FOCUS ON ETHICS:
Is Excess Cash Always a Good
Thing? 201
in practice FOCUS ON PRACTICE:
Free Cash Flow at LinkedIn 202
➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 203
4.3 Cash Planning: Cash
Budgets 203
The Sales Forecast 203
Preparing the Cash Budget 204
Evaluating the Cash Budget 209
Coping with Uncertainty in the Cash
Budget 210
Cash Flow within the Month 211
➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 211
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4.4 Profit Planning: Pro Forma
Statements 211
Preceding Year’s Financial Statements 212
Sales Forecast 212
➔ REVIEW QUESTION 213
4.5 Preparing the Pro Forma
Income Statement 213
Considering Types of Costs and
Expenses 214
➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 215
4.6 Preparing the Pro Forma
Balance Sheet 215
➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 217
4.7 Evaluation of Pro Forma
Statements 217
➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 218
Summary 218
Opener-In-Review 220
Self-Test Problems 220
Warm-Up Exercises 222
Problems 222
Spreadsheet Exercise 233
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 13
Contents

5 5.1 The Role of Time Value in A General Equation for

Time Value of Finance 237
Money 235 Future Value Versus Present Value 237
Computational Tools 238
Basic Patterns of Cash Flow 240
➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 240
5.2 Single Amounts 241
▲ Mega Millions Jackpot–– Future Value of a Single Amount 241
Pay Me Now or Pay Me
Present Value of a Single Amount 245
Later 236
➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 248
➔ EXCEL REVIEW QUESTIONS 248
5.3 Annuities 249
Types of Annuities 249
Finding the Future Value of an Ordinary
Annuity 250
Finding the Present Value of an Ordinary
Annuity 251
Finding the Future Value of an Annuity
Due 253
Finding the Present Value of an Annuity
Due 254
Finding the Present Value of a
Perpetuity 256
➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 257
➔ EXCEL REVIEW QUESTIONS 257
5.4 Mixed Streams 258
Future Value of a Mixed Stream 258
Present Value of a Mixed Stream 260
➔ REVIEW QUESTION 261
➔ EXCEL REVIEW QUESTION 261
Compounding 263
Using Computational Tools for
Compounding 263
Continuous Compounding 264
Nominal and Effective Annual Rates of
Interest 265
➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 267
in practice FOCUS ON ETHICS:
Was the Deal for Manhattan a
Swindle? 267
➔ EXCEL REVIEW QUESTIONS 268
5.6 Special Applications of
Time Value 268
Determining Deposits Needed to
Accumulate a Future Sum 268
Loan Amortization 269
Finding Interest or Growth Rates 271
in practice FOCUS ON PRACTICE:
New Century Brings Trouble for
Subprime Mortgages 271
Finding an Unknown Number of
Periods 274
➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 276
➔ EXCEL REVIEW QUESTIONS 276
Summary 276
Opener-In-Review 278
Self-Test Problems 278
Warm-Up Exercises 279
Problems 280
Spreadsheet Exercise 296
INTEGRATIVE CASE 2 Track Software,
Inc. 297

5.5 Compounding Interest More

Frequently than Annually 261
Semiannual Compounding 261
Quarterly Compounding 262

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 14 Contents

PART 3 Valuation of Securities 301

6 6.1 Interest Rates and Required 6.3 Valuation Fundamentals 325

Interest Rates Returns 304 Key Inputs 325
and Bond Interest Rate Fundamentals 304 Basic Valuation Model 326
Valuation 302 Term Structure of Interest Rates 309
➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 327
in practice FOCUS ON PRACTICE:
I-Bonds Adjust for Inflation 310 6.4 Bond Valuation 327
Risk Premiums: Issuer and Issue
Bond Fundamentals 328
Characteristics 315
Bond Valuation 328
➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 316
Semiannual Interest Rates and Bond
▲ Aston Martin Bond Values 330
6.2 Government and Corporate
Issue––The Name Is Changes in Bond Values 332
Bond—Junk Bond 303
Bonds 316
Yield to Maturity (YTM) 335
Legal Aspects of Corporate Bonds 317
Cost of Bonds to the Issuer 318 ➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 337

General Features of a Bond Issue 319 ➔ EXCEL REVIEW QUESTIONS 337

Bond Yields 320
Summary 337
Bond Prices 320
Opener-In-Review 339
Bond Ratings 321
Self-Test Problems 340
Common Types of Bonds 321
Warm-Up Exercises 340
International Bond Issues 322
Problems 342
in practice FOCUS ON ETHICS:
“Can Bond Ratings Be Trusted?” 323 Spreadsheet Exercise 350

➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 324

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7 7.1
Differences Between Debt
Stock Valuation 351 and Equity 353
▲ Tesla Inc.––Stock Prices
Are All About the Future 352
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15
Contents
7.4 Decision Making and Common
Stock Value 374
Voice in Management 353 Changes in Expected Dividends 375
Claims on Income and Assets 353 Changes in Risk 375
Maturity 354 Combined Effect 376
Tax Treatment 354 ➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 376
➔ REVIEW QUESTION 354
Summary 376
7.2 Common and Preferred Opener-In-Review 378
Stock 354 Self-Test Problems 379
Common Stock 355 Warm-Up Exercises 379
Preferred Stock 358 Problems 380
➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 360 Spreadsheet Exercise 388
INTEGRATIVE CASE 3 Encore
7.3 Common Stock Valuation 360 International 389
Market Efficiency and Stock Valuation 360
Common Stock Dividend Valuation
Model 362
in practice FOCUS ON PRACTICE:
Understanding Human Behavior Helps
Us Understand Investor Behavior 363
Free Cash Flow Valuation Model 367
Other Approaches to Common Stock
Valuation 370
in practice FOCUS ON ETHICS:
Index Funds and Corporate
Governance 372
➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 374
23/08/18 4:48 PM
 16 Contents

PART 4 Risk and the Required Rate of Return 391

8 8.1 Risk and Return 8.4 Risk and Return: The Capital
Risk and Fundamentals 394 Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) 414
Return 392 What Is Risk? 394 Types of Risk 414
What Is Return? 394 The Model: CAPM 415
in practice FOCUS ON ETHICS: ➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 424
If It Seems Too Good to Be True, It
Probably Is 395 Summary 424
Risk Preferences 397 Opener-In-Review 426
➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 398 Self-Test Problems 426
▲ Legg Mason Global
Asset Management––
Warm-Up Exercises 427
8.2 Risk of a Single Asset 398
Miller’s Time 393 Problems 428
Risk Assessment 398 Spreadsheet Exercise 440
Risk Measurement 401
➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 406

8.3 Risk of a Portfolio 406

Portfolio Return and Standard
Deviation 406
Correlation 408
Diversification 409
Correlation, Diversification, Risk, and
Return 411
International Diversification 412
in practice GLOBAL FOCUS:
An International Flavor to Risk
Reduction 413
➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 414

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9 9.1 Overview of the Cost of
The Cost of Capital 444
Capital 442 in practice FOCUS ON ETHICS:
The Cost of Capital Also Rises 444
The Basic Concept 445
Sources of Long-Term Capital 447
➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 448
9.2 Cost of Long-Term Debt 448
▲ J&J––Exceeding
Expectations 443 Net Proceeds 448
Before-Tax Cost of Debt 449
After-Tax Cost of Debt 451
➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 452
➔ EXCEL REVIEW QUESTION 452
9.3 Cost of Preferred Stock 452
Preferred Stock Dividends 453
Calculating the Cost of Preferred
Stock 453
➔ REVIEW QUESTION 453
9.4 Cost of Common Stock 453
Finding the Cost of Common Stock
Equity 454
Cost of Retained Earnings 457
➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 458
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17
Contents
9.5 Weighted Average Cost
of Capital 458
Calculating Weighted Average Cost of
Capital (WACC) 458
in practice FOCUS ON PRACTICE:
Uncertain Times Make for an Uncertain
Weighted Average Cost of Capital 460
Capital Structure Weights 461
➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 461
Summary 462
Opener-In-Review 463
Self-Test Problem 463
Warm-Up Exercises 464
Problems 465
Spreadsheet Exercise 472
INTEGRATIVE CASE 4 Eco Plastics
Company 473
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 18 Contents

PART 5 Long-Term Investment Decisions 475

10 10.1 Overview of Capital 10.5 Comparing NPV and IRR

Capital Budgeting Budgeting 478
Techniques 476 Motives for Capital Expenditure 478
Steps in the Process 478
Basic Terminology 479
Capital Budgeting Techniques 480
➔ REVIEW QUESTION 481
10.2 Payback Period 481
Decision Criteria 482
▲ Maritime Resources
Corp.––The Gold Standard Pros and Cons of Payback Analysis 482
for Evaluating Gold in practice FOCUS ON PRACTICE:
Mines 477 Limits on Payback Analysis 484
➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 485
10.3 Net Present Value (NPV) 486
Techniques 494
Net Present Value Profiles 494
Conflicting Rankings 495
Which Approach is Better? 499
in practice FOCUS ON ETHICS:
Baby You Can Drive My Car—Just Not
a VW Diesel 501
➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 501
Summary 502
Opener-In-Review 503
Self-Test Problem 504
Warm-Up Exercises 504
Problems 506
Spreadsheet Exercise 516

Decision Criteria 486

NPV and the Profitability Index 488
NPV and Economic Value Added 489
➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 490
➔ EXCEL REVIEW QUESTION 490

10.4 Internal Rate of Return

(IRR) 490
Decision Criteria 491
Calculating the IRR 491
➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 493
➔ EXCEL REVIEW QUESTION 493

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 19
Contents

11 11.1 Project Cash Flows 519
Capital Budgeting Major Cash Flow Types 519
Cash Flows 517 Replacement Versus Expansion
Decisions 520
Sunk Costs and Opportunity Costs 521
in practiceFOCUS ON ETHICS:
Fumbling Sunk Costs 522
International Capital Budgeting and
Long-Term Investments 523
➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 524
in practice GLOBAL FOCUS:
Changes May Influence Future
Investments in China 524
11.2 Finding the Initial
▲ Molson Coors Brewing
Company––Brewing Up a
Investment 525
Deal 518 Installed Cost of the New Asset 525
After-Tax Proceeds from the Sale of the
Old Asset 525
Change in Net Working Capital 528
Calculating the Initial Investment 529
➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 530
11.4 Finding the Terminal Cash
Flow 535
After-Tax Proceeds from the Sale of New
and Old Assets 536
Change in Net Working Capital 536
➔ REVIEW QUESTION 537
11.5 Summarizing the Net Cash
Flows 537
➔ REVIEW QUESTION 539
Summary 539
Opener-In-Review 541
Self-Test Problems 541
Warm-Up Exercises 542
Problems 542
Spreadsheet Exercise 554

11.3 Finding the Operating Cash

Flows 530
Interpreting the Term Cash Flows 531
Interpreting the Term After-Tax 531
Interpreting the Term Incremental 534
➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 535

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 20 Contents

12 12.1 Introduction to Risk in Capital 12.5 Capital Budgeting

Risk and Budgeting 557 Refinements 572
Refinements ➔ REVIEW QUESTION 557 Comparing Projects with Unequal
in Capital Lives 572
Budgeting 555 12.2 Behavioral Approaches for Recognizing Real Options 575
Dealing with Risk 557 Capital Rationing 577
Breakeven Analysis 558 ➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 579
Scenario Analysis 559 ➔ EXCEL REVIEW QUESTION 580
Simulation 560
in practice FOCUS ON PRACTICE: Summary 580
The Monte Carlo Method: The Forecast Opener-In-Review 581
▲ General Motors––
Is for Less Uncertainty 562
Venezuelan Government Self-Test Problem 582
Seizes Factory Owned by ➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 562 Warm-Up Exercises 582
GM 556 ➔ EXCEL REVIEW QUESTION 562 Problems 584
Spreadsheet Exercise 594
12.3 International Risk
INTEGRATIVE CASE 5 Lasting Impressions
Considerations 562 Company 595
➔ REVIEW QUESTION 563

12.4 Risk-Adjusted Discount

Rates 564
Determining Risk-Adjusted Discount Rates
(RADRs) 564
in practice FOCUS ON ETHICS:
Remain Calm—All Is Well 567
Applying RADRs 567
Portfolio Effects 570
RADRs in Practice 570
➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 572

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 21
Contents

PART 6 Long-Term Financial Decisions 597

13 13.1 Leverage 600 13.4 Choosing the Optimal Capital

Leverage Breakeven Analysis 601 Structure 633
and Capital Operating Leverage 604 Linkage 633
Structure 598 in practice FOCUS ON PRACTICE: Estimating Value 634
Qualcomm’s Leverage 607 Maximizing Value Versus Maximizing
Financial Leverage 608 EPS 635
Total Leverage 611 Some Other Important
Considerations 635
in practice FOCUS ON ETHICS:
Repo 105 Man 614 ➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 636

▲ Apple Inc.—Apple ➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 615

Summary 636
Leverages Its Brand 599
13.2 The Firm’s Capital Opener-In-Review 638
Structure 615 Self-Test Problems 639
Types of Capital 615 Warm-Up Exercises 640
External Assessment of Capital Problems 641
Structure 616 Spreadsheet Exercise 651
Capital Structure of Non–U.S. Firms 617
Capital Structure Theory 618
Optimal Capital Structure 627
➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 629

13.3 EBIT–EPS Approach to

Capital Structure 629
Presenting a Financing Plan
Graphically 630
Comparing Alternative Capital
Structures 631
Considering Risk in EBIT–EPS
Analysis 632
Basic Shortcoming of EBIT–EPS
Analysis 633
➔ REVIEW QUESTION 633

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 22 Contents

14 14.1 The Basics of Payout Policy 654
Payout Policy 652 Elements of Payout Policy 654
Trends in Earnings and Dividends 654
Trends in Dividends and Share
Repurchases 656
in practice FOCUS ON ETHICS:
Buyback Mountain 658
▲ Whirlpool Corporation–– ➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 658
Increasing Dividends 653
14.2 The Mechanics of Payout
Policy 658
Cash Dividend Payment Procedures 659
Share Repurchase Procedures 661
Tax Treatment of Dividends and
Repurchases 662
in practice FOCUS ON PRACTICE:
Capital Gains and Dividend Tax
Treatment Extended to 2012 and
Beyond for Some 663
Dividend Reinvestment Plans 664
Stock Price Reactions to Corporate
Payouts 664
➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 665
14.5 Types of Dividend Policies 671
Constant-Payout-Ratio Dividend
Policy 671
Regular Dividend Policy 672
Low-Regular-and-Extra Dividend
Policy 673
➔ REVIEW QUESTION 673
14.6 Other Forms of Dividends 673
Stock Dividends 673
Stock Splits 675
➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 676
Summary 677
Opener-In-Review 678
Self-Test Problems 679
Warm-Up Exercises 679
Problems 680
Spreadsheet Exercise 687
INTEGRATIVE CASE 6 O’Grady Apparel
Company 688

14.3 Relevance of Payout Policy 665

Residual Theory of Dividends 665
The Dividend Irrelevance Theory 666
Arguments for Dividend Relevance 667
➔ REVIEW QUESTIONS 668

14.4 Factors Affecting Dividend

Policy 668
Legal Constraints 668
Contractual Constraints 670
Growth Prospects 670
Owner Considerations 670
Market Considerations 671
➔ REVIEW QUESTION 671

A01_ZUTT1515_15_GE_FM.indd 22 23/08/18 4:48 PM

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Mr Nuttall’s notice is as follows:—“The Dusky Grous breeds in the
shady forests of the Columbia, where we heard and saw them
throughout the summer. The male at various times of the day makes
a curious uncouth tooting, almost like the sound made by blowing
into the bung-hole of a barrel, boo wh’h, wh’h, wh’h, wh’h, the last
note descending into a kind of echo. We frequently tried to steal on
the performer, but without success, as, in fact, the sound is so
strangely managed that you may imagine it to come from the left or
right indifferently. They breed on the ground, as usual, and the brood
keep together nearly all winter. The Ruffed Grous also breeds here
commonly, and I one day found the nest concealed near a fallen log,
but it was at once forsaken after this intrusion, though I did not touch
the eggs.”
From the examination of specimens in my possession, I am
persuaded that this species, like Tetrao Cupido, has the means of
inflating the sacs of bare skin on the sides of the neck, by means of
which, in the breeding season, are produced the curious sounds
above described.

Tetrao obscurus, Dusky Grous, Ch. Bonaparte, Amer. Ornith. vol. iii. pl.
18.—Id. Synopsis of Birds of United States, p. 127.—Richards. and Swains.
Fauna Bor.-Amer. vol. ii. p. 344.
Dusky Grous, Nuttall, Manual, vol. i. p. 666.

Adult Male. Plate CCCLXI. Fig. 1.

Bill short, robust, slightly arched, rather obtuse, the base covered by
feathers. Upper mandible with the dorsal line convex and declinate,
the ridge convex, the sides convex, the edges sharp and
overlapping, the tip thin-edged and rounded; lower mandible with the
angle long and wide, the dorsal line ascending and convex, the ridge
broad, the sides convex, the edges inflected, the tip rounded.
Nostrils in the fore part of the large and feathered nasal depression,
roundish.
Head small, ovate; neck of ordinary length; body large and full. Feet
stout, of moderate length; tarsus short, feathered; toes stout; the first
very small, the lateral about equal, and much shorter than the third;
the anterior toes connected by basal scaly membranes, partially
covered with feathers; all with broad and short scutella, margined,
but scarcely pectinate, the lateral scales not being prominent. Claws
rather large, arched, compressed, rather obtuse.
Plumage full, soft, rather blended, the feathers broad and rounded. A
bare papillate space around the eye. Feathers on the upper part of
the head narrow and elongated. Wings rather short, convex, much
rounded; the quills very strong; the third longest, the fourth next, the
third and sixth about equal, as are the first and seventh. Tail large, of
ordinary length, rounded, of twenty feathers, which are broader
toward the end, and abruptly rounded.
Bill brownish-black, lighter at the base. Iris dark hazel. Toes bluish-
grey, claws wood-brown. Papillar space around the eye vermilion.
Upper parts blackish-brown, the wings lighter. The elongated
feathers on the head greyish-brown; the hind neck minutely
undulated with bluish-grey; the scapulars, inner secondaries, and
smaller wing-coverts also minutely undulated with grey and
brownish-red, and most of the latter with a small greyish tip; the
rump and upper tail-coverts obscurely undulated with grey. Alula,
primary coverts and quills, clove-brown, the secondaries bordered
and tipped with yellowish-grey; the primaries mottled with grey on
their outer webs. The tail is black. The sides of the head, fore part
and sides of the neck, and fore part of the breast greyish-black; the
lore and throat are barred with white; the greyish-black of the breast
passes into blackish-grey, and finally into dull bluish-grey; the
feathers of the abdomen tipped with greyish-white, as are the lower
rump and tail-coverts, which have moreover one or two narrow bars
of the same; the flanks undulated with black and marked with an
elongated white spot along the central part and on the tip; axillary
feathers white, as are the inner wing-coverts; the tarsal feathers
brownish-grey. The concealed part of the plumage is light grey,
unless on the feathers around the bare space on each side of the
neck, which is of an orange colour, and which the bird inflates.
Length to end of tail 22 inches, to end of wings 15 1/2, to end of
claws 18 1/2; extent of wings 30; wing from flexure 9 1/2; tail 7 1/2; bill
along the ridge 1, along the edge of lower mandible 1 2 1/2/12; tarsus
1 9/12; hind toe 6/12, its claw 6/12; second toe 1 2/12 its claw 7/12; third
toe 1 10/12, its claw 8 1/2/12; fourth toe 1 5/12, its claw 6 1/2/12.

Female. Plate CCCLXI. Fig. 2.

The female is considerably smaller than the male. The bare papillar
space over the eye is of much less extent, but, as well as the bill and
feet, is coloured as in the male. The upper parts are dark greyish-
brown, barred on the neck with grey, on the other parts barred and
minutely undulated with yellowish-brown; the wings as in the male,
but lighter and more mottled; the tail greyish-brown, becoming black
toward the end, the middle feathers undulated like the back, and
having four grey bands with a terminal white one. The sides of the
head and the throat are greyish-white, undulatingly barred with
brown; the general colour of the fore neck is greyish-brown, with pale
sienna bands; on the breast the colour is brownish-grey, and the
colours and markings of the rest of the under parts are as in the
male, but paler.
Length to end of tail 19 1/4 inches; wing from flexure 9; tail 6 1/4; bill
along the ridge 10/12.
In a specimen in my possession, killed by Dr Townsend on the
“Columbia River, Sept. 26. 1834,” the tail is considerably rounded,
the lateral feathers being 7 twelfths shorter than the longest
remaining, the middle feathers being lost. The tail is deep black, with
a terminal band of ash-grey, half an inch in breadth. It is therefore
probable, that when the tail is unworn, it is distinctly rounded, and
tipped with grey.
 YELLOW-BILLED MAGPIE.

Corvus Nuttalli.
PLATE CCCLXII. Adult.

I have conferred on this beautiful bird the name of a most zealous,

learned, and enterprising naturalist, my friend Thomas Nuttall,
Esq., to whom the scientific world is deeply indebted for the many
additions to our zoological and botanical knowledge which have
resulted from his labours. It is to him alone that we owe all that is
known respecting the present species, which has not hitherto been
portrayed. In a note inserted by him in my journal, he says:
“As we proceed to the south in Upper California, around the village
of Sta. Barbara, we find the Common Magpie substituted by this
remarkable species, which is much more shy and cautious, as well
as more strictly insectivorous. It utters, however, nearly if not quite
the same chatter. In the month of April they were everywhere mated,
and had nearly completed their nests in the evergreen oaks of the
vicinity (Quercus agrifolia). The only one I saw was situated on a
rather high tree, towards the summit, and much concealed among
the thick and dark branches. Their call was pait, pait; and on
approaching each other, a low congratulatory chatter was heard.
After being fired at once, it seemed nearly impossible again to
approach them within gun-shot. When alighted in the thick oaks, they
remained for a considerable time silent, and occasionally even
wholly hid themselves; but after a while the call of recognition was
again renewed, and if the pair then met, they would often fly off a
mile or more, without stopping, in quest of insects. We often saw
them on the ground, but never near the offal of the oxen, so
attractive to the Crows and Ravens around.”

Corvus Nuttalli.

Adult. Plate CCCLXII. Fig. 1.

Bill almost as long as the head, straight, robust, compressed; upper
mandible with the dorsal line convex and declinate, the sides sloping
and slightly convex, the edges sharp, with a slight notch close to the
tip, which is rather sharp; lower mandible straight, the angle rather
long and wide, the dorsal outline very slightly convex and ascending,
the sides sloping outwards and slightly convex, the edges sharp and
inclinate, the tip narrow. Nostrils basal, lateral, roundish, covered by
bristly feathers, which are directed forwards.
Head large, ovate; eyes of moderate size; neck rather short; body
compact. Legs of moderate length, strong; tarsus with seven large
scutella in front, and two long plates behind, meeting so as to form a
sharp edge. Toes stout, with large scutella, and separated almost to
the base; first very strong; lateral toes nearly equal, third
considerably longer. Claws strong, arched, compressed, sharp, the
third with the inner edge somewhat dilated.
Plumage full, soft, blended; stiff bristly feathers, with disunited
filaments over the nostrils, some of them extending nearly half the
length of the bill; feathers on the throat with the shaft downy and
prolonged. Wings of moderate length, much rounded; the first quill
very short, extremely narrow, and falciform; the second two inches
and four and a half twelfths longer, and a little longer than the ninth;
the third an inch and one twelfth longer than the second, and three
twelfths shorter than the fourth, which is the longest. The tail is very
long, much graduated, the lateral feathers being four inches and
seven twelfths shorter than the middle.
Bill pure yellow, as is a bare space under and behind the eye. Iris
hazel. Feet black. The plumage of the head, neck, fore part of the
breast and back, brownish-black, the feathers on the latter part being
very long, those on the upper part of the head strongly glossed with
green; the shafts of the throat-feathers greyish, and those of the
feathers on the middle of the neck white. The feathers on the middle
of the back are light grey, some of them whitish, and those behind
tipped with black; rump and tail-coverts brownish-black. The
scapulars are white; the smaller wing-coverts splendent with bronzed
green; primaries black, glossed with shining green, their inner webs
white, excepting at the end, and for some way along the margin;
secondaries bright blue, changing to green, their inner webs
greenish-black. Tail splendent with bright green, changing to
greenish-yellow, purplish-red, bluish-purple, and dark green at the
end; the inner webs chiefly greenish-black, but with various tints. The
breast and sides are pure white; the legs, abdominal region, lower
tail coverts, and lower wing-coverts, black.
Length to end of tail 18 inches, to end of wings 11 1/2; wing from
flexure 7 3/4; tail 9 10/12; bill along the ridge 1 4/12; tarsus 1 11/12; first
toe 7/12, its claw 7/12; middle toe 1 2/12, its claw 6/12.

In form, proportion, and size, this Magpie is precisely similar to the

common species. Its bill has the sides less convex; the bare space
under the eye is of much greater extent, and the feathers of the tail
are much narrower. The colours are similar, and distributed in the
same manner; but the bill of the present species is yellow, instead of
black, and the black of the back and fore neck is tinged with brown.
The two species are wonderfully closely allied; but on comparing my
specimen with several others in the Museum of the Zoological
Society of London, I found that they all precisely agreed with it.
I have represented in the plate a twig of a species of Platanus
discovered by the excellent naturalist after whom I have named the
bird perched upon it.
 STELLER’S JAY.

Corvus Stelleri, Gmel.

PLATE CCCLXII. Adult.

Of this Jay, discovered by Steller, whose name it bears, Dr

Richardson states that it “is not uncommon in the summer time on
the Pacific coast of America, from the mouth of the Columbia to the
56th parallel. It also frequents the Rocky Mountains, where Mr
Drummond procured a specimen. In its manner it greatly resembles
the Garrulus cristatus.” Mr Nuttall’s account of it is as follows:—
“We first observed this bird in our Western route in the Blue
Mountains of the Columbia, east of Wallah Wallah. Here they were
scarce and shy, but we met them in sufficient abundance in the
majestic pine forests of the Columbia, where, in autumn, their loud
and trumpeting clangour was heard at all hours of the day, calling out
djay, djay, and sometimes chattering and uttering a variety of other
notes scarcely recognisable as distinct from the calls of our common
Blue Jay. They are, however, far more bold, irritable, and familiar.
Watchful as dogs, a stranger no sooner shews himself in their vicinity
then they neglect all other employment to come round, follow, peep
at and scold him, sometimes with such pertinacity and irritability as
to provoke the sportsman intent on other game to level his gun
against them in mere retaliation. At other times, stimulated by mere
curiosity, they will be observed to follow you in perfect silence, until
something arouses their ready ire, when the djay, djay, pay, pay, is
poured upon you without intermission, till you are beyond their view.
So intent are they on vociferating, that it is not uncommon to hear
them busily scolding even while engaged with a large acorn in the
mouth. Of their geographical limits we are as yet uncertain. They
were first found by Steller at Nootka; but they do not extend into
upper California, and scarcely to the west as far as the most western
of the true Rocky Mountain Chains. They feed on insects, acorns,
and the seeds of the gigantic pines which form a belt along the
Pacific and the rivers of the Oregon Territory. In the month of May, I
found a nest of this species in a small sapling of Douglas’s Fir, on
the borders of a dark and dense forest, and again some time after a
second nest with young, in an elevated branch of the same pine, on
the border of a rocky cliff. On approaching the nest, which contained
four eggs, of a pale green colour, with small olive-brown specks,
varied with others of rather a violet hue, both the male and female
flew at me with the utmost anger and agitation, deafening me almost
with their cries and entreaties. But though I took only two of their
eggs, I found next day that they had forsaken the nest, being too
fearful and jealous of the intrusion to remain any longer in the same
place. The nest as usual was bulky, made of interlaced twigs, and
roots, with a stout layer of mud, and lined with black root-fibres. I
saw the nest about ten days previous to the time of taking two of the
four eggs. On that occasion the female (probably) only followed me
in silence.”

Corvus Stelleri, Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. vol. i. p. 370.—Lath. Ind. Ornith. vol.
i. p. 158.—Ch. Bonaparte, Synopsis of Birds of United States, p. 438.
Steller’s Jay, Garrulus Stelleri, Ch. Bonaparte, Amer. Ornith. vol. ii. p.
44.
Garrulus Stelleri, Steller’s Jay, Fauna Bor.-Amer. vol. ii. p. 294.
Steller’s Jay, Nuttall, Manual, vol. ii. p. 229.
Adult Male. Plate CCCLXII. Fig. 2.
Bill shorter than the head, strong, straight, a little compressed; upper
mandible with the dorsal line declinate and convex toward the end,
the sides sloping and becoming more convex toward the tip, which is
declinate, thin edged and obtuse, the edges sharp and overlapping,
with a slight notch; lower mandible straight, the angle short and
broad, the dorsal outline ascending and slightly convex, the sides
convex, the edges sharp and directed outwards, the tip narrow.
Nostrils basal, roundish, covered by reversed bristly feathers.
Head large, ovate, eyes of moderate size; neck rather short; body
compact. Legs of moderate length, strong; tarsus much compressed,
with seven large anterior scutella, and two long plates behind,
meeting so as to form a sharp edge. Toes stout, with large scutella,
the outer adherent as far as its second joint to the middle toe; first
very strong; lateral toes nearly equal, third much longer. Claws
strong, arched, compressed, sharp.
Plumage full, soft, blended; stiff bristly feathers with disunited barbs
over the nostrils, some of them extending a third of the length of the
bill; at the base of the upper mandible several longish slender
bristles. The feathers on the top of the head and occiput linear-
oblong, slightly recurved, and forming an erectile crest an inch and a
half in length. Wings of moderate length, convex, and much rounded;
the first quill very short, the second an inch and a quarter longer, the
third nine-twelfths longer than the second, and three-twelfths shorter
than the fourth, which is one-twelfth shorter than the fifth, the latter
being the longest, although scarcely exceeding the sixth. Tail long,
rounded, of twelve rather broad, rounded, and acuminate feathers, of
which the shafts are undulated.
Bill and feet black. Iris hazel. Head and neck, with the fore part and
middle of the back brownish-black, of a lighter tint on the back, and
on the throat streaked with dull grey; the feathers on the forehead
tipped with bright blue; the hind part of the back, the rump, and the
upper tail-coverts, light blue; as are the lower tail-coverts, the sides
and lower parts of the rump, the sides of the body, and the whole of
the breast; the middle of the abdomen paler, the tibial feathers, and
the lower wing-coverts dusky, tinged with blue. Wings blue, the
secondary coverts and quills rich indigo and ultra-marine, narrowly
barred with black, the outer coverts of the primaries pale; the inner
webs of the primaries and outer secondaries dusky; tail blue with
numerous narrow, inconspicuous dusky bars; the lower surface of
the wings and tail dusky.

Length to end of tail 13 inches; bill along the ridge 1 1 1/2/12, along the
edge of lower mandible 1 4 1/2/12; wing from flexure 5 11/12; tail 6;
1/2
tarsus 1 8/12; hind toe 7 /12, its claw 7/12; middle toe 11/12, its claw
5/ .
12

The Female is similar to the male, and scarcely inferior in colouring,

but somewhat smaller.
Length to end of tail 12 inches; bill along the ridge 1 1/2; wing from
flexure 5 1/2; tail 5 1/2; tarsus 1 8/12; middle toe 11/12 its claw 5/12.
Dr Townsend informs me that it is called Ass-ass by the Chinooks,
who regard it with a superstitious feeling, believing that should a
person hear it enunciating certain notes, which resemble the
syllables jaa-jaa, he will shortly die, whereas its other notes, kuc,
kuc, kuc, kuc, rapidly repeated, portend good. He further states that
it is gregarious, like the Blue Jay, and corroborates some of the
particulars above given.
Two eggs presented to me by Mr Nuttall measure an inch and an
eighth in length, and seven-eighths in breadth.
 ULTRAMARINE JAY.

Corvus Ultramarinus.
PLATE CCCLXII. Adult.

Although the Ultramarine Jay has been described by Mr Swainson,

in his Synopsis of the Birds of Mexico, under the name of Garrulus
sordidus, I retain the specific name “ultramarinus,” previously given
by the Prince of Musignano. The only observations respecting its
habits that I am aware of having been made, are the following, for
which I am indebted to my friend Thomas Nuttall.
“Early in October, on arriving in the forests of the Columbia, near
Fort Vancouver, an establishment of the Hudson’s Bay Company, we
saw in the same situations with the Steller’s Jay, the present
species. Its habits are much like those of the Common Jay. It usually
flies out to the tops of the lofty pines, jerks its tail, and perches
playfully on some extreme branch, where it utters at times, as if
excited by petulant anger, a strong whoit, woit, woit, woit, after which
expression it emits a sort of recognition-call at short intervals, twee,
and sometimes a shorter ’twee ’twee. When much pursued, it sits
still in the concealing shade of the lofty branches on which it seeks
refuge. It feeds on insects, acorns broken up, and probably pine
seeds. They appear to associate in roving families throughout the fall
and winter, like the other species, seldom if ever associating with the
more Common Steller’s Jay, though now and then perhaps in the
same tree. It is a graceful, active, and rather shy species, flying out
straight from tree to tree, remarkable by its long tail and rather short
wings; and its note is much less harsh and loud than that of Steller’s
Jay. They breed in the dark pine woods probably where we so
frequently saw them alight, and on the 15th of June they were
feeding their fully fledged young, two of which I pursued for some
time, but they skulked so effectually as to escape me after a long
and doubtful chase. The young had a great predominance of grey on
the back. The same species also extends into Upper California.”
Adult Male. Plate CCCLXII. Fig. 3.
Bill shorter than the head, strong, straight, compressed toward the
end; upper mandible with the dorsal line declinate and convex
toward the end, the sides sloping and becoming convex toward the
tip, which is declinate, thin-edged and obtuse, the edges sharp and
overlapping, with a slight notch; lower mandible straight, the angle
rather short and broad, the dorsal outline ascending and slightly
convex, the sides convex, the edges sharp and directed outwards,
the tip narrow. Nostrils basal, roundish covered by the reversed
bristly feathers.
Head large, ovate; eyes of moderate size; neck rather short; body
compact. Legs of moderate length, strong; tarsus much compressed,
with seven large anterior scutella, and two long plates behind,
meeting so as to form a sharp edge. Toes stout, with large scutella,
the outer adherent as far as its second joint to the middle toe; first
very strong; inner toe shorter than outer, third much longer. Claws
strong, arched, compressed, acute.
Plumage full, soft, blended. Stiff feathers with disunited barbs over
the nostrils, the longest scarcely extending to a third of the length of
the bill; at the base of the upper mandible several longish slender
bristles. Wings of moderate length, convex, and much rounded; the
first quill very short, an inch and two-twelfths shorter than the
second, which is eight-twelfths shorter than the third, the fourth
three-twelfths longer than the third, and a twelfth and a half shorter
than the fifth, which is the longest, but scarcely exceeds the sixth.
Tail long, much rounded, of twelve rather narrow, rounded and
acuminate feathers, of which the lateral is an inch and a quarter
shorter than the longest.
Bill and feet brownish-black. Iris hazel. Upper part of the head, sides
and hind part of the neck, wings, upper tail-coverts, and tail, light
blue; back light greyish-brown, the feathers of the rump whitish and
tinged with blue at the end; the inner webs of the quills dusky; the tail
transversely undulated, and having the appearance of being faintly
barred with a darker tint. A white band over the eye formed by the
tips of the feathers there; the cheeks dusky; the fore neck greyish-
white faintly streaked with dusky; and bounded below by a narrow
semilunar band of light blue continuous with that of the neck. The
lower parts are pale purplish-grey, passing into white on the
abdomen; lower tail-coverts tinged with blue.
1/2
Length to end of tail 12 inches; bill along the ridge 1 1 /12, along the
edge of lower mandible 1 4/12; wing from flexure 5 8/12; tail 6 2/12;
1/
tarsus 1 8/12; hind toe 7 /12, its claw 7/12; middle toe 1 1/12, its claw
2

6 1/2/ .
12

The Female is considerably smaller, but resembles the male in

colour.
Length to end of tail 11 1/2 inches; wing from flexure 5 3/12; tail 6 2/12;
1/
tarsus 1 7/12; middle toe 1, its claw 6 /12.
2

The resemblance which this species bears to the Florida Jay is so

close that one might readily confound the two. That species,
however, is distinguishable by its smaller size and its more rounded
tail; by its having a band of whitish across the forehead and
extended over the eye, where it is not in dots as in the Ultramarine
Jay.
 CLARKE’S NUTCRACKER.

Nucifraga columbiana.
PLATE CCCLXII. Adult.

No sooner had I examined perfect specimens of this somewhat

singularly coloured bird, than I felt assured, more especially from the
form of its bill, that it is with us a representative of the Nutcracker of
Europe; and I was much surprised, on comparing it with the figure
given of it by Alexander Wilson, to find the latter very defective,
the bill being nearly half an inch shorter than in four specimens
which I have inspected. All that is known of its habits is contained in
the following notes from Mr Nuttall and Dr Townsend.
“We first observed this species in a small pine grove, on the borders
of Bear River, in the table-land of the Rocky Mountains, where they
were probably breeding, in the month of July. We again saw a
considerable flock of the young birds early in August, in a lofty ravine
near the summit of one of the three belts or isolated mountains,
about thirty or forty miles west of the Shoshonee River. They
appeared somewhat shy, and scattered through a grove of aspens,
flying with a slight chatter, scarcely a caw, from the tops of the
bushes or trees, on to the ground, probably in quest of insect food.
We never saw this species either on the lower plains or forests of the
Columbia, or in any part of Upper California. It appears never to
descend below the mountain plains.” T. N.
“Clarke’s Crow, Corvus columbianus. First found on Bear River, and
afterwards on the Blue Mountains, plentiful. Its flight is very unlike
that of the Common Crow, being performed by jerks, like that of the
Woodpecker. When sitting, it is almost constantly screaming; its
voice is very harsh and grating, and consists of one rather prolonged
note. It breeds here in very high pine trees. The White Pelican also
seen here in July, no doubt breeds; also the Canvass-backed Duck,
the Shoveller, and Dusky Duck; found young of all of them. The
Corvus columbianus is never seen within five hundred miles of the
mouth of the Columbia. It appears generally to prefer a mountainous
country and pine trees; and feeds chiefly on insects and their larvæ.”
J. K. T.

Clarke’s Crow, Corvus columbianus, Wils. Amer. Ornith. vol. iii. p. 29. pl.
20, fig. 2.
Corvus columbianus, Ch. Bonaparte, Synopsis of Birds of United States, p.
57.
Columbian Crow, Nuttall, Manual, vol. ii. p. 218.

Adult Male. Plate CCCLXII. Fig. 4.

Bill as long as the head, stout, somewhat conical, compressed, at
the tip rather depressed. Upper mandible with its dorsal line slightly
arcuato-declinate, the ridge convex, the sides rounded, the edges
sharp and overlapping, without notæ, the tip flattened and obtuse;
lower mandible with the angle short and rounded, the dorsal line
straight, the sides convex, the edges sharp and a little inflexed, the
tip flattened, and rather obtuse. Nostrils basal, lateral, roundish,
covered by bristly feathers, which are directed forwards.
Head large, broadly ovate; eyes of moderate size; neck rather short;
body compact. Legs of moderate length, stout; tarsus compressed,
with seven large anterior scutella and two plates behind, meeting so
as to form a sharp edge. Toes stout, with large scutella; the first toe
very large, the inner a little shorter than the outer, the hind much
longer; the third and fourth united as far as the second joint of the
latter. Claws large, arched, much compressed, acute.
Plumage full, very soft and blended; the stiff bristly feathers over the
nostrils extend about one-fifth of the length of the bill; and there are
no distinct bristles at the base of the upper mandible; the feathers on
the head are very short. The wings are long, and much rounded; the
first quill two inches shorter than the second, which is ten-twelfths
shorter than the third, the latter exceeded two-twelfths by the fourth,
which is the longest; the outer primaries being narrow, give the wing,
when closed, the appearance of being pointed. Tail of moderate
length, rounded, of twelve rather broad feathers, of which the lateral
is half an inch shorter than the middle.
Bill and feet brownish-black. Iris hazel. The general colour above
and below is light brownish-grey, the forehead, throat, fore part of
cheeks, and a space around the eye white, tinged with yellow. Wings
black, glossed with blue; seven of the secondaries largely tipped with
white, upper tail-coverts greyish-black; tail pure white, excepting the
two middle feathers and the greater part of the inner webs of the
next pair, which are black glossed with blue; lower wing-coverts
dusky, some tipped with white; lower tail-coverts pure white.
Length to end of tail 12 inches; bill along the ridge 1 8/12, along the
edge of lower mandible 1 10/12; wing from flexure 7 11/12; tail 5 1/4;
1/2
tarsus 1 4/12; hind toe 7 /12; its claw 8/12; middle toe 11/12, its claw
6/ .
12

Adult Female. Plate CCCLXII. Fig. 5.

The Female is similar to the male.
 BOHEMIAN CHATTERER.

Bombycilla garrula, Vieill.

PLATE CCCLXIII. Male and Female.

The first intimations of the occurrence of this beautiful bird in North

America, were made by Mr Drummond and Dr Richardson, by the
former of whom it was found in 1826, near the sources of the
Athabasca, or Elk River, in the spring, and by the latter, in the same
season, at Great Bear Lake, in latitude 50°. Dr Richardson states,
in the Fauna Boreali-Americana, that “specimens procured at the
former place, and transmitted to England, by the servants of the
Hudson’s Bay Company, were communicated, by Mr Leadbeater to
the Prince of Musignano, who had introduced the species into his
great work on the Birds of the United States.” “In its autumn
migration southwards,” he continues, “this bird must cross the
territory of the United States, if it does not actually winter within it;
but I have not heard of its having been hitherto seen in America to
the southward of the fifty-fifth parallel of latitude. The mountainous
nature of the country skirting the Northern Pacific Ocean being
congenial to the habits of this species, it is probably more generally
diffused in New Caledonia and the Russian American Territories,
than to the eastward of the Rocky Mountain chain. It appears in
flocks at Great Bear Lake about the 24th of May, when the spring
thaw has exposed the berries of the alpine arbutus, marsh
vaccinium, &c., that have been frozen and covered during winter. It