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Ch. 6 Additional Topics in Trigonometry
6.1 The Law of Sines
1 Use the Law of Sines to Solve Oblique Triangles
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Solve the triangle.

1)
80°
5
45°
A) B = 55°, a = 4.32, c = 6.01 B) B = 55°, a = 6.01, c = 4.32

C) B = 60°, a = 4.32, c = 6.01 D) B = 50°, a = 6.01, c = 4.32
2)
7
35° 125°
A) C = 20°, a = 10, c = 4.17 B) C = 20°, a = 4.17, c = 10

C) C = 25°, a = 10, c = 4.17 D) C = 15°, a = 4.17, c = 10
Solve the triangle. Round lengths to the nearest tenth and angle measures to the nearest degree.
3) B = 54°
C = 107°
b = 22
A) A = 19°, a = 8.9, c = 26 B) A = 17°, a = 26, c = 8.9
C) A = 19°, a = 10.9, c = 28 D) A = 17°, a = 28, c = 10.9
4) A = 49°
B = 43°
a = 31.0
A) C = 88°, b = 28, c = 41.1 B) C = 89°, b = 28, c = 41.1
C) C = 88°, b = 41.1, c = 28 D) C = 89°, b = 41.1, c = 28
5) A = 26°, B = 51°, c = 28
A) C = 103°, a = 12.6, b = 22.3 B) C = 103°, a = 22.3, b = 12.6
C) C = 103°, a = 62.2, b = 35.1 D) C = 97°, a = 12.4, b = 21.9
6) A = 11.2°, C = 131.6°, a = 84.9

A) B = 37.2°, b = 264.3, c = 326.9 B) B = 37.2°, b = 326.9, c = 264.3
C) B = 37.2°, b = 27.3, c = 22.2 D) B = 36.8°, b = 261.8, c = 326.9
Page 1
2 Use the Law of Sines to Solve, if Possible, the Triangle or Triangles in the Ambiguous Case
Two sides and an angle (SSA) of a triangle are given. Determine whether the given measurements produce one
triangle, two triangles, or no triangle at all. Solve each triangle that results. Round lengths to the nearest tenth and
angle measures to the nearest degree.
1) A = 30°, a = 14, b = 28
A) B = 90°, C = 60°, c = 24.2 B) B = 60°, C = 90°, c = 24.2
C) B = 60°, C = 60°, c = 24.2 D) no triangle
2) B = 82°, b = 3, a = 24
A) no triangle B) A = 42°, C = 57°, c = 31
C) A = 41°, C = 57°, c = 27 D) A = 40°, C = 57°, c = 29
3) B = 53°, b = 5, a = 25
A) no triangle B) A = 49°, C = 77°, c = 27
C) A = 51°, C = 75°, c = 30 D) A = 52°, C = 76°, c = 31.5
4) B = 26°, b = 6.7, a = 7.64

A) A1 = 30°, C1 = 124°, c1 = 12.7; B) A = 30°, C = 124°, c = 12.7
A2 = 150°, C2 = 4°, c2 = 1.1
C) A = 150°, C = 4°, c = 1.1 D) no triangle
5) A = 80°, a = 2, b = 6
A) no triangle B) B = 41°, C = 59°, c = 12
C) A = 40°, C = 60°, c = 8 D) B = 39°, C = 61°, c = 10
6) C = 35°, a = 18.7, c = 16.1

A) A1 = 42°, B1 = 103°, b1 = 27.4; B) A1 = 103°, B1 = 42°, b1 = 27.4;
A2 = 138°, B2 = 7°, b2 = 3.4 A2 = 7°, B2 = 138°, b2 = 3.4
C) A = 42°, B = 103°, b = 27.4 D) no triangle
7) B = 41°, a = 4, b = 3
A) A1 = 61°, C1 = 78°, c1 = 4.5; B) A1 = 61°, C1 = 78°, c1 = 0.1;
A2 = 119°, C2 = 20°, c2 = 1.6 A2 = 119°, C2 = 20°, c2 = 0.1
C) A = 29°, C = 110°, c = 5.7 D) no triangle
3 Find the Area of an Oblique Triangle Using the Sine Function
Find the area of the triangle having the given measurements. Round to the nearest square unit.
1) A = 32°, b = 15 inches, c = 9 inches
A) 36 square inches B) 57 square inches C) 34 square inches D) 59 square inches
2) A = 37°, b = 18 meters, c = 11 meters

A) 60 square meters B) 30 square meters C) 120 square meters D) 122 square meters
Page 2
3) C = 100°, a = 3 yards, b = 8 yards
A) 12 square yards B) 24 square yards C) 47 square yards D) 2 square yards
4) B = 20°, a = 4 feet, c = 8 feet

A) 5 square feet B) 11 square feet C) 22 square feet D) 15 square feet
4 Solve Applied Problems Using the Law of Sines
Solve the problem.

1) A surveyor standing 56 meters from the base of a building measures the angle to the top of the building
and finds it to be 36°. The surveyor then measures the angle to the top of the radio tower on the building
and finds that it is 50°. How tall is the radio tower?
A) 26.05 meters B) 9.98 meters C) 9.31 meters D) 13.96 meters
2) Two tracking stations are on the equator 129 miles apart. A weather balloon is located on a bearing of
N39°E from the western station and on a bearing of N23°W from the eastern station. How far is the balloon
from the western station? Round to the nearest mile.
A) 134 miles B) 143 miles C) 114 miles D) 105 miles
3) To find the distance AB across a river, a distance BC of 1176 m is laid off on one side of the river. It is
found that B = 105.0° and C = 14.9°. Find AB. Round to the nearest meter.
A) 349 meters B) 352 meters C) 302 meters D) 299 meters
4) A guy wire to a tower makes a 65° angle with level ground. At a point 38 ft farther from the tower than the
wire but on the same side as the base of the wire, the angle of elevation to the top of the tower is 30°. Find
the length of the wire (to the nearest foot).
A) 33 feet B) 38 feet C) 66 feet D) 71 feet
5 Additional Concepts
Find a. If necessary, round your answer to the nearest hundredth.

1)
45°
36°
61
A) 16.68 B) 7.28 C) 6.22 D) 9.66
Page 3
2)
59° 24°
1.1
A) 0.78 B) 0.52 C) 1.64 D) 2.32
6.2 The Law of Cosines

1 Use the Law of Cosines to Solve Oblique Triangles
Solve the triangle. Round lengths to the nearest tenth and angle measures to the nearest degree.
1)
7 6
9
A) A 51°, B 42°, C = 87°
= = B) A = 42°, B = 51°, C = 87°
C) A = 51°, B = 87°, C = 42° D) A = 42°, B = 87°, C = 51°
2)
9
6
4
=
A) A 127°, B = 32°, C = 21° B) A = 32°, B = 127°, C = 21°
C) A = 127°, B = 21°, C = 32° D) A = 32°, B = 21°, C = 127°
3) a = 6, b = 9, C = 106°
A) c = 12.1, A = 28°, B = 46° B) c = 15, A = 30°, B = 44°
C) c = 17.9, A = 26°, B = 48° D) no triangle
4) a = 5, c = 12, B = 120°
A) b = 15.1, A = 17°, C = 43° B) b = 18, A = 19°, C = 41°
C) b = 20.9, A = 15°, C = 45° D) no triangle
Page 4
5) b = 6, c = 9, A = 127°
A) a = 13.5, B = 21°, C = 32° B) a = 16.4, B = 23°, C = 30°
C) a = 19.3, B = 19°, C = 34° D) no triangle
6) b = 2, c = 4, A = 80°
A) a = 4.1, B = 29°, C = 71° B) a = 4.1, B = 71°, C = 29°
C) a = 5.1, B = 29°, C = 71° D) a = 3.1, B = 71°, C = 29°
7) a = 7, c = 6, B = 90°
A) b = 9.2, A = 50°, C = 40° B) b = 9.2, A = 40°, C = 50°
C) b = 10.2, A = 50°, C = 40° D) b = 8.2, A = 40°, C = 50°
8) a = 8, b = 13, c = 15
A) A = 32°, B = 59°, C = 89° B) A = 34°, B = 57°, C = 89°
C) A = 30°, B = 59°, C = 91° D) no triangle
9) a = 5, b = 5, c = 2
A) A = 78°, B = 78°, C = 24° B) A = 79°, B = 79°, C = 22°
C) A = 24°, B = 78°, C = 78° D) A = 78°, B = 24°, C = 78°
10) a = 9, b = 6, c = 5
A) A = 109°, B = 39°, C = 32° B) A = 39°, B = 109°, C = 32°
C) A = 109°, B = 32°, C = 39° D) A = 39°, B = 32°, C = 109°
2 Solve Applied Problems Using the Law of Cosines
Solve the problem.

1) A plane flying a straight course observes a mountain at a bearing of 34.5° to the right of its course. At that
time the plane is 6 kilometers from the mountain. A short time later, the bearing to the mountain becomes
44.5°. How far is the plane from the mountain when the second bearing is taken (to the nearest tenth of a
km)?
A) 4.8 kilometers B) 7.4 kilometers C) 8.2 kilometers D) 3.2 kilometers
2) Two airplanes leave an airport at the same time, one going northwest (bearing 135°) at 418 mph and the
other going east at 341 mph. How far apart are the planes after 4 hours (to the nearest mile)?
A) 2807 miles B) 702 miles C) 2204 miles D) 2337 miles
3) Two sailboats leave a harbor in the Bahamas at the same time. The first sails at 23 mph in a direction 350°.
The second sails at 33 mph in a direction 200°. Assuming that both boats maintain speed and heading,
after 3 hours, how far apart are the boats?
A) 162.5 miles B) 116 miles C) 129.2 miles D) 113.8 miles
4) Two points A and B are on opposite sides of a building. A surveyor selects a third point C to place a
transit. Point C is 54 feet from point A and 65 feet from point B. The angle ACB is 56°. How far apart are
points A and B?
A) 56.7 feet B) 105.2 feet C) 72 feet D) 95.4 feet
5) The distance from home plate to dead center field in Sun Devil Stadium is 402 feet. A baseball diamond is
a square with a distance from home plate to first base of 90 feet. How far is it from first base to dead center
field?
A) 344.3 feet B) 379.6 feet C) 470 feet D) 327.2 feet
Page 5
6) A painter needs to cover a triangular region 62 meters by 66 meters by 74 meters. A can of paint covers 70
square meters. How many cans will be needed?
A) 28 cans B) 317 cans C) 14 cans D) 3 cans
3 Use Heron's Formula to Find the Area of a Triangle

Use Heron's formula to find the area of the triangle. Round to the nearest square unit.
1) a = 17 yards, b = 20 yards, c = 13 yards
A) 110 square yards B) 113 square yards C) 116 square yards D) 119 square yards
2) a = 10 inches, b = 14 inches, c = 6 inches

A) 26 square inches B) 33 square inches C) 24 square inches D) 35 square inches
3) a = 10 meters, b = 14 meters, c = 6 meters

A) 23 square meters B) 12 square meters C) 46 square meters D) 48 square meters
6.3 Polar Coordinates

1 Plot Points in the Polar Coordinate System
Match the point in polar coordinates with either A, B, C, or D on the graph.

1) (4, 0)
5
A
D C
-5 5
B
-5
A) C B) D C) A D) B
Page 6
π
2) -2, -
2
5
D C
-5 5
-5
A) A B) D C) B D) C
Use a polar coordinate system to plot the point with the given polar coordinates.
3π
3) 4,
4
-5 5
-5
A) B)
5 5
-5 5 -5 5
-5 -5
Page 7
C) D)
5 5
-5 5 -5 5
-5 -5
-5π
4) -2,
4
-5 5
-5
A) B)
5 5
-5 5 -5 5
-5 -5
Page 8
C) D)
5 5
-5 5 -5 5
-5 -5
-5π
5) 2,
4
-5 5
-5
A) B)
5 5
-5 5 -5 5
-5 -5
Page 9
C) D)
5 5
-5 5 -5 5
-5 -5
5π
6) -4,
4
-5 5
-5
A) B)
5 5
-5 5 -5 5
-5 -5
Page 10
C) D)
5 5
-5 5 -5 5
-5 -5
7) (4, 315°)
5
-5 5
-5
A) B)
5 5
-5 5 -5 5
-5 -5
Page 11
C) D)
5 5
-5 5 -5 5
-5 -5
8) (-4, 405°)
5
-5 5
-5
A) B)
5 5
-5 5 -5 5
-5 -5
Page 12
C) D)
5 5
-5 5 -5 5
-5 -5
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
Solve the problem.

π
9) Plot the point 4, and find other polar coordinates (r, θ) of the point for which:
6
(a) r > 0, -2π ≤ θ < 0
(b) r < 0, 0 ≤ θ < 2π
(c) r > 0 2π ≤ θ < 4π
5
-5 5 r
-5
2 Find Multiple Sets of Polar Coordinates for a Given Point

Find another representation, (r, θ), for the point under the given conditions.
π
1) 1, , r > 0 and 2π < θ < 4π
3
7 5 4 2
A) 1, π B) 1, - π C) 1, π D) 1, - π
3 3 3 3
π
2) 6, , r < 0 and 0 < θ < 2π
3
4 2 7 5
A) -6, π B) -6, - π C) -6, π D) -6, - π
3 3 3 3
Page 13
π
3) 5, , r > 0 and -2π < θ < 0
6
11 13 5 7
A) 5, - π B) 5, π C) 5, - π D) 5, π
6 6 6 6
π
4) 3, , r < 0 and 2π < θ < 4π
4
13 11 9 5
A) -3, π B) -3, - π C) -3, π D) -3, π
4 4 4 4
Select the representation that does not change the location of the given point.
5) (9, 50°)
A) (9, 410)° B) (9, 230)° C) (-9, 410)° D) (-9, 140)°
6) (-4, 8π)
A) (4, 7π) B) (-4, 9π) C) (-4, 7π) D) (4, 6π)
3 Convert a Point from Polar to Rectangular Coordinates

Polar coordinates of a point are given. Find the rectangular coordinates of the point.
1) (-2, 180 °)
A) (2, 0) B) (0, 2) C) (-2, 0) D) (0 , -2)
2) (-4, -90°)
A) (0, 4) B) (4 , 0 ) C) (0, -4) D) (-4, 0)
3) (-7, 120°)
7 -7 3 7 -7 3 7 7 3 7 7 3
A) , B) - , C) , D) - ,
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
4) (-3, -135°)
3 2 3 2 3 2 -3 2 -3 2 -3 2 -3 2 3 2
A) , B) , C) , D) ,
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
5) (5 , -27°)
A) (4.5 , -2.3) B) (-2.3, 4.5) C) (-4.5, 2.3) D) (2.3 , -4.5)
2π
6) 7,
3
7 7 3 7 7 3 7 -7 3 7 -7 3
A) - , B) , C) - , D) ,
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3π
7) 5,
4
-5 2 5 2 5 2 -5 2 5 2 5 2 -5 2 -5 2
A) , B) , C) , D) ,
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Page 14
4π
8) 4.1,
9
A) (0.7, 4) B) (4, 0.7) C) (-0.7, -4) D) (-4, -0.7)
4 Convert a Point from Rectangular to Polar Coordinates

The rectangular coordinates of a point are given. Find polar coordinates of the point. Express θ in radians.
1) (11 , -11)
7π 7π 7π π
A) 11 2, B) 11 2, - C) 11, - D) 11,
4 4 4 4
2) (2, -2 3)
5π 5π 11π 11π
A) 4, B) 2, C) 4, D) 2,
3 3 6 6
3) (5 3, 5)
π π π π
A) 10, B) 5, C) 10, D) 5,
6 6 3 3
4) (-1, 0)
π 3π
A) (1, π) B) 1, C) (1, 0) D) 1,
2 2
5) (0, - 3)
A) (- 3, 90°) B) (- 3, 270°) C) (- 3, 180°) D) ( 3, 90°)
6) (-5 2, -5 2)
A) (10, 225°) B) (5 2, 225°) C) (5 2, 135°) D) (10, 135°)
7) (5, -5)
A) (-5 2, 135°) B) (-5 2, 225°) C) (-5 2, 45°) D) (5 2, 135°)
5 Convert an Equation from Rectangular to Polar Coordinates
Convert the rectangular equation to a polar equation that expresses r in terms of θ.

1) x = 4
4 4
A) r = B) r = C) cos θ = 4 D) r = 4
cos θ sin θ
2) y = 9
9 9
A) r = B) r = C) sin θ = 9 D) r = 9
sin θ cos θ
3) x2 + y 2 = 4
A) r = 2 B) r = 4
C) r(cos θ + sin θ) = 2 D) r(cos θ + sin θ) = 4
Page 15
4) 8x - 9y + 1 = 0
-1 -1
A) r = B) r =
(8 cos θ - 9 sin θ) (8 sin θ - 9 cos θ)
C) 8 cos θ - 9 sin θ = -1 D) 8 cos θ - 9 sin θ = 1
5) y 2 = 3x
A) r = 3 cot x cscx B) r = 9 cot x cscx
C) r2(cos θ + sin θ) = 3 D) r = 3 cot2 x
6) (x - 12)2 + y 2 = 144
A) r = 24 cos θ B) r = 24 sin θ C) r2 = 24 cos θ D) r = -24 sin θ + 144
6 Convert an Equation from Polar to Rectangular Coordinates
Convert the polar equation to a rectangular equation.

1) r = 7
A) x2 + y 2 = 49 B) x = 7 C) y 2 = 49 D) y = 7
2π
2) θ =
3
3
A) y = - 3x B) y = x C) y = - 3x2 D) x2 + y 2 = 1
3
3) r cos θ = 9
A) x = 9 B) x2 + y 2 = 9 C) y 2 = 9 D) y = 9
4) r = 8 csc θ
A) y = 8 B) x = 8 C) y 2 = 8 D) x2 + y 2 = 8
5) r = -2 cos θ
A) x + 1 2 + y 2 = 1 B) x = -2 C) x - 1 2 + y 2 = 4 D) x2 + y 2 = 2
6) r = 9 cos θ + 3 sin θ
A) x2 + y 2 = 9x + 3y B) x2 - y 2 = 9x + 3y C) x2 + y 2 = 3x + 9y D) 9x + 3y = 0
7) r2 sin 2θ = 8
A) xy = 4 B) xy = 8 C) y 2 = 8 D) x2 + y 2 = 8
Page 16
7 Solve Apps: Polar Coordinates
Solve the problem.

1) The wind is blowing at 10 knots. Sailboat racers look for a sailing angle to the 10-knot wind that produces
maximum sailing speed. In this application, (r, θ) describes the sailing speed r, in knots, at angle θ to the
10-knot wind. Four points in this 10-knot-wind situation are (6.9, 65°), (7.5, 85°), (7.6, 110°) and
(7.4, 130°). Based on theses points, which sailing angle to the 10-knot wind would you recommend to a
serious sailboat racer? What sailing speed is achieved at this angle?
A) 110°; 7.6 knots B) 130°; 7.4 knots C) 65°; 6.9 knots D) 85°; 7.5 knots
8 Tech: Polar Coordinates

Polar coordinates of a point are given. Use a graphing utility to find the rectangular coordinates of the point to two
decimal places.
2π
1) 2.1, -
9
A) (1.61 , -1.35) B) (-1.35, 1.61 ) C) (1.61 , 1.35) D) (1.35, 1.61)
4π
2) -3.7,
9
A) (-0.64, -3.64) B) (-3.64, -0.64) C) (0.64, 3.64) D) (3.64, 0.64)
Rectangular coordinates of a point are given. Use a graphing utility in radian mode to find polar coordinates of the
point.
3) (3, 4) Express θ to three decimal places.
A) (5, 0.927) B) (5, 0.644) C) (7, 0.644) D) (5, 0.848)
4) (-16, -12) Express θ to three decimal places.

A) (20, -2.498) B) (20, -2.214) C) (28, -2.214) D) (20, -5.356)
5) (3, 6) Express both r and θ to two decimal places.

A) (6.71, 1.11) B) (6.71, - 1.11) C) (6.71, - 4.25) D) (6.71, 4.25)
Convert the polar equation to a rectangular equation. Then determine the graph's slope and y-intercept.
π
1) r sin θ - =5
4
A) y = x + 5 2; slope: 1; y-intercept: 5 2 B) y = x - 5 2; slope: 1; y-intercept: - 5 2
C) y = -x - 5 2; slope: -1; y-intercept: - 5 2 D) y = -x + 5 2; slope: -1; y-intercept: 5 2
π
2) r cos θ + =1
6
A) y = x 3 - 2; slope: 3; y-intercept: -2 B) y = -x 3 - 2; slope: - 3; y-intercept: -2

C) y = x 3 + 2; slope: 3; y-intercept: 2 D) y = -x 3 + 2; slope: - 3; y-intercept: 2
Page 17
6.4 Graphs of Polar Equations
1 Use Point Plotting to Graph Polar Equations
The graph of a polar equation is given. Select the polar equation for the graph.
1)
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 r
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
A) r = 3 B) r = 6 cos θ C) r = 6 sin θ D) r sin θ = 3
2)
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 r
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
A) r = -4 sin θ B) r = -4 cos θ C) r = -2 D) r sin θ = -2
3)
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 r
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
A) r = 4 cos θ B) r = 4 sin θ C) r = 2 D) r sin θ = 2
Page 18
4)
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 r
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
A) r = 2 + sin θ B) r = 4 cos θ C) r = 4 sin θ D) r = 2 + cos θ
5)
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 r
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
A) r = 4 + cos θ B) r = 8 cos θ C) r = 8 sin θ D) r = 4 + sin θ
6)
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 r
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
A) r = 2 cos(2θ) B) r = 2 sin(2θ) C) r = 2 D) r = 2 + cos(2θ)
Page 19
2 Use Symmetry to Graph Polar Equations
Test the equation for symmetry with respect to the given axis, line, or pole.
1) r = -2 cos θ; the polar axis
A) has symmetry with respect to polar axis
B) may or may not have symmetry with respect to polar axis
π
2) r = -4 cos θ; the line θ =
2
π
A) may or may not have symmetry with respect to the line θ =
2
π
B) has symmetry with respect to the line θ =
2
3) r = -4 sin θ; the pole

A) may or may not have symmetry about the pole
B) has symmetry about the pole
4) r = 4 + 4 cos θ; polar axis

A) has symmetry with respect to the polar axis
B) may or may not have symmetry with respect to the polar axis
π
5) r = 4 + 4 cos θ; the line θ =
2
π
A) may or may not have symmetry with respect to the line θ =
2
π
B) has symmetry with respect to the line θ =
2
π
6) r = 6 + 2 sin θ; the line θ =
2
π
A) has symmetry with respect to the line θ =
2
π
B) may or may not have symmetry with respect to the line θ =
2
7) r = 6 + 2 cos θ; the pole

A) may or may not have symmetry about the pole
B) has symmetry about the pole
8) r = 3 - 6 sin θ; the polar axis

A) may or may not have symmetry with respect to the polar axis
B) has symmetry with respect to the polar axis
9) r2 = sin 2θ; the pole

A) has symmetry with respect to the pole
B) may or may not have symmetry with respect to the pole
Page 20
π
10) r = 3 sin 3θ; the line θ =
2
π
A) has symmetry with respect to the line θ =
2
π
B) may or may not have symmetry with respect to the line θ =
2
11) r cos θ = 4 ; the polar axis

A) has symmetry with respect to polar axis
B) may or may not have symmetry with respect to polar axis
Graph the polar equation.

12) r = 4 sin θ
6
5
4
3
2
1
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 r
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
A) B)
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 r -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 r
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5
-6 -6
C) D)
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 r -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 r
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5
-6 -6
Page 21
13) r = 4 cos θ
6
5
4
3
2
1
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 r
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
A) B)
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 r -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 r
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5
-6 -6
C) D)
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 r -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 r
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5
-6 -6
Page 22
14) r = 3 + sin θ
6
5
4
3
2
1
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 r
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
A) B)
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 r -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 r
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5
-6 -6
C) D)
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 r -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 r
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5
-6 -6
Page 23
15) r = 2 + 2cos θ
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5r
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
A) B)
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5r -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5r
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5
C) D)
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5r -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5r
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5
Page 24
16) r = 2 - 2cos θ
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5r
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
A) B)
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5r -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5r
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5
C) D)
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5r -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5r
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5
Page 25
17) r = 2 - cos θ
10
-10 -5 5 10 r
-5
-10
A) B)
10 10
5 5
-10 -5 5 10 r -10 -5 5 10 r
-5 -5
-10 -10
C) D)
10 10
5 5
-10 -5 5 10 r -10 -5 5 10 r
-5 -5
-10 -10
Page 26
18) r = 3 sin 2θ
6
5
4
3
2
1
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 r
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
A) B)
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 r -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 r
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5
-6 -6
C) D)
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 r -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 r
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5
-6 -6
Page 27
19) r2 = 9 cos (2θ)
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5r
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
A) B)
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5r -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5r
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5
C) D)
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5r -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5r
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5
Page 28
20) r cos θ = 4
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5r
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
A) B)
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5r -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5r
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5
C) D)
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5r -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5r
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-5 -5
Page 29
3 Solve Apps: Graphs of Polar Equations
Solve the problem.

maximum sailing speed. This situation is now represented by the polar graph in the figure shown below.
Each point (r, θ) on the graph gives the sailing speed, r, in knots, at an angle θ to the 10-knot wind. What
is the speed to the nearest knot, of the sailboat sailing at 30° angle to the wind?
A) 3 knots B) 2 knots C) 4 knots D) 5 knots
maximum sailing speed. This situation is now represented by the polar graph in the figure shown below.
Each point (r, θ) on the graph gives the sailing speed, r, in knots, at an angle θ to the 10-knot wind. What
angle to the wind produces the maximum sailing speed? What is the speed to the nearest knot, of the
sailboat sailing at 90° angle to the wind?
A) 120°; 7 knots B) 90°; 7 knots C) 120°; 8 knots D) 90°; 5 knots
Page 30
4 Tech: Graphs of Polar Equations
Use a graphing utility to graph the polar equation.

1) r = cos 4θ
1
2
-1 1 r
-1 1
2 2
-1
2
-1
A) B)
1 1
1 1
2 2
-1 1 r -1 1 r
-1 1 -1 1
2 2 2 2
-1 -1
2 2
-1 -1
C) D)
1 1
1 1
2 2
-1 1 r -1 1 r
-1 1 -1 1
2 2 2 2
-1 -1
2 2
-1 -1
Page 31
π
2) r = 2 sin θ -
4
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 r
-2
-4
-6
A) B)
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 r -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 r
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
C) D)
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 r -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 r
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
Page 32
1
3) r =
2 - 4 sin θ
r
-2 -1 1 2
-1
-2
A) B)
2 2
1 1
r r
-2 -1 1 2 -2 -1 1 2
-1 -1
-2 -2
C) D)
2 2
1 1
r r
-2 -1 1 2 -2 -1 1 2
-1 -1
-2 -2
Page 33
4) r = sin4 4θ + cos 3θ
r
-2 -1 1 2
-1
-2
A) B)
2 2
1 1
r r
-2 -1 1 2 -2 -1 1 2
-1 -1
-2 -2
C) D)
2 2
1 1
r r
-2 -1 1 2 -2 -1 1 2
-1 -1
-2 -2
3
5) r =
θ
Page 34
A) B)
4 4
2 2
-4 -2 2 4 r -4 -2 2 4 r
-2 -2
-4 -4
C) D)
8 8
4 4
-8 -4 4 8 r -8 -4 4 8 r
-4 -4
-8 -8
Page 35
Graph the polar equation.

1) r = 3 cos θ + 4 sin θ
-8 -4 4 8 r
-4
-8
A) B)
8 8
4 4
-8 -4 4 8 r -8 -4 4 8 r
-4 -4
-8 -8
C) D)
8 8
4 4
-8 -4 4 8 r -8 -4 4 8 r
-4 -4
-8 -8
Page 36
2) r = 3 - 4 sin 2θ
12
-12 -8 -4 4 8 12 r
-4
-8
-12
A) B)
12 12
8 8
4 4
-12 -8 -4 4 8 12 r -12 -8 -4 4 8 12 r
-4 -4
-8 -8
-12 -12
C) D)
12 12
8 8
4 4
-12 -8 -4 4 8 12 r -12 -8 -4 4 8 12 r
-4 -4
-8 -8
-12 -12
Page 37
3) r = 5 cos2 θ sin θ
-4 -2 2 4 r
-2
-4
A) B)
4 4
2 2
-4 -2 2 4 r -4 -2 2 4 r
-2 -2
-4 -4
C) D)
4 4
2 2
-4 -2 2 4 r -4 -2 2 4 r
-2 -2
-4 -4
Page 38
4) r = 3 sin2 θ cos θ
-4 -2 2 4 r
-2
-4
A) B)
4 4
2 2
-4 -2 2 4 r -4 -2 2 4 r
-2 -2
-4 -4
C) D)
4 4
2 2
-4 -2 2 4 r -4 -2 2 4 r
-2 -2
-4 -4
Page 39
6.5 Complex Numbers in Polar Form; DeMoivre's Theorem
1 Plot Complex Numbers in the Complex Plane
Plot the complex number.

1) 3 + 6i
i
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 R
-2
-4
-6
A) B)
i i
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 R -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 R
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
C) D)
i i
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 R -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 R
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
Page 40
2) 3i
i
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 R
-2
-4
-6
A) B)
i i
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 R -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 R
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
C) D)
i i
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 R -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 R
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
Page 41
3) 6
i
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 R
-2
-4
-6
A) B)
i i
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 R -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 R
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
C) D)
i i
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 R -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 R
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
Page 42
4) -2 + i
i
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 R
-2
-4
-6
A) B)
i i
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 R -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 R
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
C) D)
i i
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 R -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 R
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
Page 43
5) -6 - i
i
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 R
-2
-4
-6
A) B)
i i
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 R -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 R
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
C) D)
i i
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 R -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 R
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
Page 44
6) -6 3 - 6i
i
10
-10 -5 5 10 R
-5
-10
A) B)
i i
10 10
5 5
-10 -5 5 10 R -10 -5 5 10 R
-5 -5
-10 -10
C) D)
i i
10 10
5 5
-10 -5 5 10 R -10 -5 5 10 R
-5 -5
-10 -10
Page 45
7) 2 2 - 2 2i
i
10
-10 -5 5 10 R
-5
-10
A) B)
i i
10 10
5 5
-10 -5 5 10 R -10 -5 5 10 R
-5 -5
-10 -10
C) D)
i i
10 10
5 5
-10 -5 5 10 R -10 -5 5 10 R
-5 -5
-10 -10
Page 46
8) -3 + 6i
10 i
-10 -5 5 R
-5
-10
A) B)
i 10 i
10
5 5
-10 -5 5 R -10 -5 5 R
-5 -5
-10 -10
C) D)
10 i 10 i
5 5
-10 -5 5 R -10 -5 5 R
-5 -5
-10 -10
2 Find the Absolute Value of a Complex Number

Find the absolute value of the complex number.

1) z = 14i
A) 14 B) -14 C) 28 D) 0
2) z = -17
A) 17 B) -17 C) 34 D) 0
3) z = 14 - 11i
A) 317 B) 5 3 C) 3 D) 5
Page 47
4) z = 1 + 9i
A) 82 B) 4i 5 C) 2i 2 D) 10
3 Write Complex Numbers in Polar Form

Write the complex number in polar form. Express the argument in degrees.
1) 6
A) 6(cos 0° + i sin 0°) B) 6(cos 180° + i sin 180°)
C) 6(cos 90° + i sin 90°) D) 6(cos 270° + i sin 270°)
2) 6 i
3) 12 - 16i
A) 20(cos 306.9° + i sin 306.9°) B) 20(cos 126.9° + i sin 126.9°)
C) 20(cos 53.1° + i sin 53.1°) D) 20(cos 233.1° + i sin 233.1°)
Write the complex number in polar form. Express the argument in radians.
4) 2 - 2i
7π 7π 7π 7π
A) 2 2 cos + i sin B) 2 cos + i sin
4 4 4 4
5π 5π 5π 5π
C) 2 2 cos + i sin D) 2 cos + i sin
4 4 4 4
5) - 6 3 - 6i
7π 7π 13π 13π
A) 12 cos + i sin B) 6 3 cos + i sin
6 6 6 6
4π 4π 4π 4π
C) 12 cos + i sin D) 6 3 cos + i sin
3 3 3 3
6) - 5 + 5 3i
2π 2π 5π 5π
A) 10 cos + i sin B) 5 3 cos + i sin
3 3 6 6
5π 5π 2π 2π
C) 10 cos + i sin D) 5 3 cos + i sin
6 6 3 3
4 Convert a Complex Number from Polar to Rectangular Form

Write the complex number in rectangular form.

1) -5(cos 120° + i sin 120°)
5 -5 3 5 -5 3 5 5 3 5 5 3
A) + i B) - + i C) + i D) - + i
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2) -3(cos 225° + i sin 225°)

3 2 3 2 3 2 -3 2 -3 2 -3 2 -3 2 3 2
A) + i B) + i C) + i D) + i
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Page 48
3) 8(cos 44° + i sin 44°)
A) 5.8 + 5.6i B) 5.6 + 5.8i C) 2 + 2i D) -2 - 2i
4) 13.14(cos 258.3° + i sin 258.3°)

A) -2.7 - 12.9i B) -12.9 - 2.7i C) -0.7 - 3.5i D) 0.7 + 3.5i
2π 2π
5) 3 (cos + i sin )
3 3
3 3 3 3 -3 3 3 3 3 3 -3 3
A) - + i B) - + i C) + i D) + i
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3π 3π
6) -9(cos + i sin )
4 4
9 2 -9 2 -9 2 9 2 -9 2 -9 2 9 2 9 2
A) + i B) + i C) + i D) + i
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
7) 3(cos π + i sin π)
A) -3 B) -3i C) 3 D) 3i
5 Find Products of Complex Numbers in Polar Form

Find the product of the complex numbers. Leave answer in polar form.
1) z1 = 5(cos 20° + i sin 20°)
z2 = 4(cos 10° + i sin 10°)
C) 9(cos 30° + i sin 30°) D) 9(-cos 200° - i sin 200°)
2) z1 = 5(cos 40° + i sin 40°)

z2 = 2(cos 8° + i sin 8°)
π π
3) z1 = 2 cos + i sin
3 3
π π
z2 = 5 cos + i sin
2 2
5π 5π π π
A) 10 cos + i sin B) 7 cos + i sin
6 6 6 6
5π 5π π π
C) 7 cos + i sin D) 10 cos + i sin
6 6 6 6
Page 49
π π
4) z1 = 8 cos + i sin
6 6
π π
z2 = 3 cos + i sin
2 2
2π 2π π π
A) 24 cos + i sin B) 11 cos + i sin
3 3 12 12
2π 2π 2π 2π
C) 24 sin + i cos D) 11 cos + i sin
3 3 3 3
7π 7π
5) z1 = 3 cos + i sin
4 4
9π 9π
z2 = 6 cos + i sin
4 4
A) 3 2(cos 0 + i sin 0) B) 3 2(sin 0 + i cos 0)
5π 5π 5π 5π
C) 3 2 cos + i sin D) 3 2 sin + i cos
4 4 4 4
3π 3π
6) z1 = 6 cos + i sin
2 2
5π 5π
z2 = 12 cos + i sin
6 6
π π π π π π π π
A) 72 cos + i sin B) 18 cos + i sin C) 72 cos - i sin D) 18 cos - i sin
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
7) z1 = 4i
z2 = -6 + 6i
5π 5π 5π 5π
A) 24 2 cos + i sin B) 24 2 sin + i cos
4 4 4 4
3π 3π 3π 3π
C) 24 2 cos + i sin D) 24 2 sin + i cos
8 8 8 8
8) z1 = 2 + 2i
z2 = 3 - i
π π 23π 23π
A) 4 2 cos + i sin B) 4 2 cos + i sin
12 12 12 12
π π 23π 23π
C) 4 cos + i sin D) 4 cos + i sin
12 12 12 12
Page 50
6 Find Quotients of Complex Numbers in Polar Form
z1
Find the quotient of the complex numbers. Leave answer in polar form.
z2
1) z1 = 32(cos 30° + i sin 30°)
z2 = 4(cos 18° + i sin 18°)
5 5
C) 28 cos ° + i sin ° D) 28(cos 12° - i sin 12°)
3 3
2) z1 = 5(cos 200° + i sin 200°)

z2 = 4(cos 50° + i sin 50°)
5 5
A) (cos 150° + i sin 150°) B) (cos 250° + i sin 250°)
4 4
5 5
C) (cos 150° - i sin 150°) D) (sin 150° + i cos 150°)
4 4
1 2π 2π
3) z1 = cos + i sin
4 3 3
1 π π
z2 = cos + i sin
5 4 4
5 5π 5π 1 11π 11π
A) cos + i sin B) cos + i sin
4 12 12 20 12 12
5 8 8 4 5π 5π
C) cos + i sin D) cos - + i sin -
4 3 3 5 12 12
π π
4) z1 = 8 cos + i sin
2 2
π π
z2 = 3 cos + i sin
6 6
8 π π 8 2π 2π
3 3 3 3 3 3
8 π π 8 π π
C) cos - i sin D) sin + i cos
3 3 3 3 3 3
7π 7π
5) z1 = 3 cos + i sin
4 4
9π 9π
z2 = 6 cos + i sin
4 4
2 3π 3π 2 3π 3π
A) cos + i sin B) cos - i sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 3π 3π 2 π π
C) sin + i cos D) cos + i sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
Page 51
3π 3π
6) z1 = 6 cos + i sin
2 2
5π 5π
z2 = 12 cos + i sin
6 6
1 2π 2π 1 2π 2π
A) cos + i sin B) cos - i sin
2 3 3 2 3 3
1 4π 4π 1 4π 4π
C) cos - i sin D) cos + i sin
2 3 3 2 3 3
7) z1 = 4i
z2 = -6 + 6i
2 7π 7π 2 π π
3 4 4 3 4 4
2 7π 7π 2 π π
C) cos - i sin D) cos - i sin
3 4 4 3 4 4
7 Find Powers of Complex Numbers in Polar Form

Use DeMoivre's Theorem to find the indicated power of the complex number. Write the answer in rectangular form.
1) (cos 30° + i sin 30°)6
A) -1 B) 1 C) i D) -i
2) 2(cos 15° + i sin 15°) 4

A) 8 + 8 3i B) 8 + 8i C) 8 3 + 8i D) 16i
7π 7π 5
3) 2 2 (cos + i sin )
4 4
A) -128 + 128i B) -64 + 64i C) - 2 + 2i D) -64 2 + 64 2i
3π 3π 3
4) 10 (cos + i sin )
4 4
A) -500 2 + 500 2i B) 50 2 + 50 2i C) 15 2 + 15 2i D) 5 2 + 5 2i
5) (-2 + 2i 3)3
A) 64 B) 8 C) -2 + 2i 3 D) 8 + 6i 3
6) (1 - i)10
A) -32i B) 32 C) 32 - 32i D) -32 + 32i
7) (1 + i)20
A) -1024 B) 1024i C) -1024i D) 1024
8) (- 3 + i)6
A) -64 B) 64i C) -64 3 + 64i D) 64 - 64 3i
Page 52
8 Find Roots of Complex Numbers in Polar Form
Find all the complex roots. Write the answer in the indicated form.
1) The complex square roots of 144(cos 210° + i sin 210°) (polar form)
A) 12(cos 105° + i sin 105°), 12(cos 285° + i sin 285°)
B) 12(cos 210° + i sin 210°), 12(cos 195° + i sin 195°)
C) 12(cos 105° + i sin 105°), 195(cos 285° + i sin 285°)
D) 12(cos 210° + i sin 210°), -12(cos 195° + i sin 195°)
2) The complex cube roots of 8(cos 198° + i sin 198°) (polar form)
A) 2(cos 66° + i sin 66°), 2(cos186° + i sin 186°), 2(cos 306° + i sin 306°)
B) 2(cos 66° + i sin 66°), 2(cos 106° + i sin 106°), 2(cos 146° + i sin 146°)
C) -2(cos 66° + i sin 66°), 2(cos 186° + i sin 186°), -2(cos 306° + i sin 306°)
D) -2(cos 66° + i sin 66°), 2(cos 106° + i sin 106°), -2(cos 146° + i sin 146°)
2π 2π
3) The complex square roots of 2 (cos + i sin ) (rectangular form)
3 3
2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6
A) + i, - - i B) - i, - + i
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
C) 6 + 2i, - 6 - 2i D) 6 - 2i, -6 - 2i
4) The complex cube roots of 8 (rectangular form)

A) 2, -1 + 3i, -1 - 3i B) 2, 1 + 3i, 1 - 3i
C) 2, 1 + 3i, -1 - 3i D) 2, -1 - 3i, 1 - 3i
5) The complex cube roots of -8 (rectangular form)

A) -2, 1 + 3i, 1 - 3i B) -2, -1 + 3i, -1 - 3i
C) -2, 1 + 3i, -1 - 3i D) -2, -1 - 3i, 1 - 3i
6) The complex cube roots of 8i (rectangular form)

A) -2i, 3 + i, - 3 + i B) -2i, - 3 - i, 3 - i C) 2i, 3 - i, - 3 - i D) 2i, 3 + i, - 3 + i
7) The complex cube roots of -8i (rectangular form)

A) 2i, - 3 - i, 3 - i B) 2i, - 3 + i, - 3 + i
C) -2i, 3 - i, 3 - i D) -2i, 3 + i, 3 + i
8) The complex square roots of i (rectangular form)

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
A) + i, - - i B) - i, - + i
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
C) -1, 1 D) -i, i
9) The complex fourth roots of -16 (rectangular form)

A) 2 + 2i, 2 - 2i, - 2 + 2i, - 2 - 2i
B) 1 + i, 1 - i, -1 + i, -1 - i
C) 2 + i, 2 - i, -2 + i, -2 - i
D) 8 2 + 8 2i, 8 2 - 8 2i, -8 2 + 8 2i, -8 2 - 8 2i
Page 53
10) The complex square roots of 4 + 4 3i (rectangular form)
A) 6 + 2i, - 6 - 2i B) 6 - 2i, - 6 + 2i
2 6 2 6
C) + i, - - i D) - 6 - 2i, 6 - 2i
2 2 2 2
9 Solve Apps: Complex Numbers

Use the result eiθ = cos θ + i sin θ to plot the complex number.
1) 2e(πi)/2
i
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 R
-2
-4
-6
A) B)
i i
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 R -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 R
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
C) D)
i i
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 R -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 R
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
Page 54
2) 4e(πi)/2
i
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 R
-2
-4
-6
A) B)
i i
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 R -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 R
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
C) D)
i i
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 R -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 R
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
Solve the equation in the complex number system.

1) x3 - 1 = 0
1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3
A) 1, - + i, - - i B) 1, + i, - + i
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 3 1 3
C) 1, - i, - - i D) -1, 1
2 2 2 2
Page 55
2) x5 - 1 = 0
A) 1, cos(72°)+ i sin(72°), cos(144°) + i sin(144°), cos(216°) + i sin(216°), cos(288°) + i sin(288°)
B) -1, cos(72°)+ i sin(72°), cos(144°) + i sin(144°), cos(216°) + i sin(216°), cos(288°) + i sin(288°)
C) 1, cos(72°) + i sin(72°), cos(144°) + i sin(144°), cos(216°) + i sin(216°),-1
D) 1, cos(36°) + i sin(36°), cos(108°) + i sin(108°), cos(180°)+ i sin(180°), cos(252°) + i sin(252°)
3) x7 - 1 = 0
A) 1, cos(51.4°) + i sin(51.4°), cos(102.9°) + i sin(102.9°), cos(154.3°) + i sin(154.3°), cos(205.7°) + i
sin(205.7°), cos(257.1°) + i sin(257.1°), cos(308.6°) + i sin(308.6°)
B) 1, cos(25.7°) + i sin(25.7°), cos(51.4°) + i sin(51.4°), cos(77.1°) + i sin(77.1°), cos(102.9°) + i sin(102.9°),
cos(128.6°) + i sin(128.6°), cos(154.3°) + i sin(154.3°)
C) 1, cos(51.4°) + i sin(51.4°), cos(102.9°) + i sin(102.9°), cos(154.3°) + i sin(154.3°), cos(205.7°) + i
sin(205.7°), cos(257.1°) + i sin(257.1°), cos(308.6°) + i sin(308.6°), -1
D) -1, cos(25.7°) + i sin(25.7°), cos(51.4°) + i sin(51.4°), cos(77.1°) + i sin(77.1°), cos(102.9°) + i sin(102.9°),
cos(128.6°) + i sin(128.6°), cos(154.3°) + i sin(154.3°)
4) x3 = -64i
A) 4(cos 90° + i sin 90°), 4(cos 210° + i sin 210°), 4(cos 330° + i sin 330°)
B) 4(cos 210° + i sin 210°), 4(cos 270° + i sin 270°), 4(cos 330° + i sin 330°)
C) 4(cos 30° + i sin 30°), 4(cos 60° + i sin 60°), 4(cos 90° + i sin 90°)
D) 4(cos90° + i sin 90°), 4(cos 180° + i sin180°), 4(cos 270° + i sin 270°)
5) x3 - 64i = 0
A) 4(cos 30° + i sin 30°), 4(cos 150° + i sin 150°), 4(cos 270° + i sin 270°)
B) 4(cos 0° + i sin 0°), 4(cos 120° + i sin 120°), 4(cos 240 + i sin 240°)
C) 4(cos 60° + i sin 60°), 4(cos 180° + i sin 180°), 4(cos 300° + i sin 300°)
D) 1, -1, -i
6) x3 - (-6 3 + 6i) = 0
3 3 3
A) 12(cos 50° + i sin 50°), 12 (cos 170° + i sin 170°), 12 (cos 290° + i sin 290°)
3 3 3
B) 6 (cos 70° + i sin 70°), 6 (cos 190° + i sin 190°), 6 (cos 310° + i sin 310°)
3 3 3
C) 12 (cos 50° + i sin 50°), 12 (cos 170° + i sin 170°), 12 (cos 270° + i sin 270°)
D) 6 (cos 70° + i sin 70°), 6(cos 190° + i sin 190°), 6 (cos 310° + i sin 310°)
6.6 Vectors
1 Use Magnitude and Direction to Show Vectors are Equal
Solve the problem.

1) Let vector u have initial point P1 = (0, 2) and terminal point P2 = (-5, 4). Let vector v have initial point
Q1 = (3, 0) and terminal point Q2 = (-2, 2). u and v have the same direction. Find u and v . Is u = v?
A) u = 29, v = 29; yes B) u = 29, v = 29; no
C) u = 7, v = 7; yes D) u = 7, v = 7; no
Page 56
2 Visualize Scalar Multiplication, Vector Addition, and Vector Subtraction as Geometric Vectors
Use the vectors v, u, w, and z to draw the indicated vector.
1) 3w
A) B)
C) D)
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2) -2v
A) B)
C) D)
1
3) - u
2
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A) B)
C) D)
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4) u + z
A) B)
C) D)
Page 60
5) v - w
A) B)
C) D)
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6) z - v
A) B)
C) D)
Page 62
3 Represent Vectors in the Rectangular Coordinate System
Sketch the vector as a position vector and find its magnitude.

1) v = 9i + 12j
y
12
-12 -8 -4 4 8 12 x
-4
-8
-12
A) v = 15 B) v = 225
y y
12 12
8 8
4 4
-12 -8 -4 4 8 12 x -12 -8 -4 4 8 12 x
-4 -4
-8 -8
-12 -12
C) v = 21 D) v = 15
y y
12 12
8 8
4 4
-12 -8 -4 4 8 12 x -12 -8 -4 4 8 12 x
-4 -4
-8 -8
-12 -12
Page 63
2) v = -5i + 3j
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
A) v = 34 B) v = 2 2
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
C) v = 8 D) v = -2
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
Page 64
3) v = 3i - 4j
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
A) v = 5 B) v = 7
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
C) v = 7 D) v = -1
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
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4) v = -i - j
y
-2 -1 1 2 x
-1
-2
A) v = 2 B) v = 2
y y
2 2
1 1
-2 -1 1 2 x -2 -1 1 2 x
-1 -1
-2 -2
C) v = 0 D) v = 1
y y
2 2
1 1
-2 -1 1 2 x -2 -1 1 2 x
-1 -1
-2 -2
Let v be the vector from initial point P1 to terminal point P2. Write v in terms of i and j.
5) P1 = (-4, -3); P2 = (5, 3)
A) v = 9i + 6j B) v = 6i + 9j C) v = 8i + 7j D) v = 7i + 8j
6) P1 = (0, 0); P2 = (-5, 3)

A) v = -5i + 3j B) v = 3 i + 3j C) v = 5 i - 3j D) v = -3i + 5j
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7) P1 = (6, 3); P2 = (-2, -2)
A) v = -8i - 5j B) v = -5i - 8j C) v = 8i + 5j D) v = 5i + 8j
8) P1 = (5, 1); P2 = (-3, 1)

A) v = -8i B) v = - 8j C) v = 8i D) v = 8j
4 Perform Operations with Vectors in Terms of i and j

Find the specified vector or scalar.

1) u = 12i - 3j, v = -3i + 8j; Find u + v.
A) 9i + 5j B) 8i + 5j C) 15i + 8j D) -15i + 5j
2) u = 3 i - 2j, v = -9i + 7j; Find u - v.

A) 12 i - 9j B) -6i + 5j C) 11 i + 5j D) 10 i + 5j
3) v = 6i + 2j; Find 4v.

A) 24i + 8j B) 24i + 2j C) 10i + 6j D) 10i + 2j
4) v = -7i + 3j; Find 10v .

A) 10 58 B) 20 10 C) 20i 10 D) -10 58
5) u = -8i + 1j and v = 10i + 1j; Find u + v .

A) 2 2 B) 18 C) 166 D) 5 5
6) u = -5i + 2j and v = 10i + 23j; Find v - u .

A) 3 74 B) 4 74 C) 3 75 D) 74
5 Find the Unit Vector in the Direction of v

Find the unit vector that has the same direction as the vector v.
1) v = 8i
1
A) u = i B) u = 8i C) u = 64i D) u = i
8
2) v = -7j
1
A) u = -j B) u = -7j C) u = 49j D) u = - j
7
3) v = -4i - 3j
4 3 3 4 5 5
A) u = - i - j B) u = -20i - 15j C) u = i + j D) u = - i- j
5 5 5 5 4 3
4) v = 5i + 12j
5 12 12 5 13 13
A) u = i + j B) u = 65i + 156j C) u = - i- j D) u = i+ j
13 13 13 13 5 12
Page 67
5) v = -3i + j
-3 1 -3 1 10
A) u = i+ j B) u = -3 10i + 10j C) u = i+ j D) u = i + 10j
10 10 11 11 -3
6 Write a Vector in Terms of Its Magnitude and Direction

Write the vector v in terms of i and j whose magnitude v and direction angle θ are given.
1) v = 10, θ = 120°
A) v = -5i + 5 3j B) v = 5 3i - 5j C) v = -5 2i + 5 2j D) v = 5i - 5 3j
2) v = 7, θ = 225°
7 2 7 2 7 3 7 7 7 3 7 2 7 2
A) v = - i- j B) v = - i- j C) v = - i- j D) v = i+ j
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3) v = 8, θ = 30°
A) v = 4 3i + 4j B) v = 4i + 4 3j C) v = 4 2i + 4 2j D) v = -4 3i + 4j
4) v = 6, θ = 270°
2 2
A) v = -6j B) v = -6i C) v = 6 i- j D) v = -6i - 6j
2 2
5) v = 6, θ = 180°
A) v = -6i B) v = -6j C) v = 6j D) v = -6i - 6j
7 Solve Applied Problems Involving Vectors

Solve the problem.

1) A child throws a ball with a speed of 5 feet per second at an angle of 54° with the horizontal. Express the
vector described in terms of i and j. If exact values are not possible, round components to 3 decimals.
A) 2.939i + 4.045j B) 4.045i + 2.939j C) -2.939i + 4.045j D) 4.045i - 2.939j
2) The magnitude and direction of two forces acting on an object are 35 pounds, N45°E, and 55 pounds,
S30°E, respectively. Find the magnitude, to the nearest hundredth of a pound, and the direction angle, to
the nearest tenth of a degree, of the resultant force.
A) F = 57.04; θ = -23.6° B) F = 65.19; θ = -7.5°
C) F = 43.30; θ = 2.7° D) F = 49.17; θ = -11.3°
3) Two forces, F 1 and F 2, of magnitude 60 and 70 pounds, respectively, act on an object. The direction of F 1
is N40°E and the direction of F 2 is N40°W. Find the magnitude and the direction angle of the resultant
force. Express the direction angle to the nearest tenth of a degree.
A) F = 99.37; θ = 93.7° B) F = 92.20; θ = 89.4°
C) F = 92.20; θ = 80° D) F = 94.63; θ = 87.2°
4) One rope pulls a barge directly east with a force of 67 newtons, and another rope pulls the barge directly
north with a force of 54 newtons. Find the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the barge.
A) 86 newtons B) 121 newtons C) 3618 newtons D) 13 newtons
Page 68
5) An aircraft going from Atlanta to Savannah on a heading of 105° (from north) is travelling at a speed of
530 miles per hour. The wind is out of the north at a speed of 23 miles per hour. Find the actual speed and
direction of the aircraft.
A) 536 miles per hour; 107° from north B) 525 miles per hour; 107° from north
C) 528 miles per hour; 107° from north D) 746 miles per hour; 107° from north
6) A power boat in still water maintains a speed of 45 miles per hour. The boat heads directly across a river
perpendicular to the current which has a speed of 8 miles per hour. Find the actual speed and direction of
the boat.
A) 46 miles per hour; 10° off course B) 45 miles per hour; 10° off course
C) 22 miles per hour; 21° off course D) 17 miles per hour; 28° off course
Perform the indicated operation.

1) u = 2i + j, v = -7i - 3j, w = i - 8j; Find v - (u - w).
A) -8i - 12j B) -10i + 4j C) -8i + 12j D) -4i - 10j
Find the magnitude v and direction angle θ, to the nearest tenth of a degree, for the given vector v.
2) v = -3i - 4j
A) 5; 233.1° B) 5; 53.1° C) 5; 216.9° D) 7; 233.1°
3) v = -5i + 12j
A) 13; 112.6° B) 13; 67.4° C) 15; 112.6° D) 13; 157.4°
6.7 The Dot Product

1 Find the Dot Product of Two Vectors
Use the given vectors to find the specified scalar.

1) u = 13 i - 13j and v = -15i + 4j; Find u · v.
A) -247 B) -143 C) -195 D) -52
2) u = -14i + 5j and v = 10i - 8j; Find u · v.

A) -180 B) -100 C) -140 D) -40
3) v = -6i - 10j; Find v · v.

A) 136 B) 256 C) 120 D) 3600
4) u = 9i - 6j, v = -8i - 9j, w = -10i + 5j; Find u · (v + w).

A) -138 B) 72 C) -18 D) -120
5) u = -5i + 3j, v = 6i - 6j, w = -3i + 12j; Find u · w + v · w.

A) -39 B) -34 C) -43 D) -32
6) u = -6i - 3j, v = 6i + 4j; Find (-2u) · v.

A) 96 B) 84 C) 38 D) -2
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2 Find the Angle Between Two Vectors
Find the angle between the given vectors. Round to the nearest tenth of a degree.
1) u = -3i + 4j, v = 7i + 5j
A) 125.5° B) 135.5° C) 62.8° D) 52.8°
2) u = i - j, v = 4i + 6j
A) 101.3° B) 11.3° C) 106.1° D) -11.3°
3) u = -i + 3j, v = 4i - 2j
A) 135° B) 0.7° C) 83.6° D) 45°
4) u = 2j, v = 9i - 4j
A) 114° B) -24° C) 144.3° D) 78.3°
3 Use the Dot Product to Determine if Two Vectors are Orthogonal

Use the dot product to determine whether the vectors are parallel, orthogonal, or neither.
1) v = 4i + j, w = i - 4j
A) orthogonal B) parallel C) neither
2) v = 3i + 2j, w = 2i - 3j
3) v = 4i - j, w = 8i - 2j
A) parallel B) orthogonal C) neither
4) v = 2i + 4j, w = 4i + 8j
5) v = 3i + 4j, w = 3i - 2j
6) v = i + 2j, w = i - 3j
7) v = 4i, w = -3i
8) v = 2j, w = 4i
4 Find the Projection of a Vector onto Another Vector
Find projwv.
1) v = i - 3j; w = 5i + 12j
155 372 155 372 31 186 31 93
A) - i- j B) - i- j C) - i- j D) - i+ j
169 169 13 13 2 5 10 10
Page 70
2) v = 2i + 3j; w = 8i - 6j
1 8 4 4
A) - (4i - 3j) B) - (i - 6j) C) - (i - 3j) D) - (i - 6j)
25 5 13 325
3) v = 3i + 2j; w = -3i + j
7 1 7 27
A) - (-3i + j) B) (-3i + j) C) - (-3i + j) D) (-3i + j)
10 10 9 10
5 Express a Vector as the Sum of Two Orthogonal Vectors
Decompose v into two vectors v1 and v2, where v1 is parallel to w and v2 is orthogonal to w.
1) v = i + 9j, w = i + j
11 9 7
A) v1 = 5(i + j), v2 = -4i + 4j B) v1 = (i + j), v2 = - i + j
2 2 2
C) v1 = 5(i + j), v2 = 4i - 4j D) v1 = 10(i + j), v2 = -8i + 8j
2) v = i + 4j, w = -3i + j
1 13 39 1 9 39
A) v1 = (-3i + j), v2 = i + j B) v1 = (-3i + j), v2 = i + j
10 10 10 10 10 10
1 4 35 1 11 47
C) v1 = (-3i + j), v2 = i + j D) v1 = (-3i + j), v2 = - i + j
9 3 9 10 10 10
3) v = -2i - 3j, w = -2i + j

1 8 16 1 11
A) v1 = (-2i + j), v2 = - i - j B) v1 = (-2i + j), v2 = - i - 2j
5 5 5 5 5
1 3 13 1 4 22
C) v1 = (-2i + j), v2 = - i - j D) v1 = (-2i + j), v2 = i - j
4 2 4 5 5 5
4) v = 3 i + 2j, w = 3 i + j
11 3 9 11 23 13
A) v1 = (3i + j), v2 = - i + j B) v1 = (3i + j), v2 = i + j
10 10 10 10 10 10
11 2 11 11 9 13
C) v1 = (3i + j), v2 = i + j D) v1 = (3i + j), v2 = i + j
9 3 9 10 10 10
6 Compute Work
Solve the problem.

1) A person is pulling a freight cart with a force of 49 pounds. How much work is done in moving the cart 30
feet if the cart's handle makes an angle of 32° with the ground?
A) 1246.6 ft-lb B) 779 ft-lb C) 77.9 ft-lb D) 1309.8 ft-lb
2) Find the work done by a force of 2 pounds acting in the direction of 35° to the horizontal in moving an
object 10 feet from (0, 0) to (10, 0).
A) 16.4 ft-lb B) 11.5 ft-lb C) 32.8 ft-lb D) 17.3 ft-lb
Page 71
3) A force is given by the vector F = 4i + 2j. The force moves an object along a straight line from the point
(10, 5) to the point (12, 14). Find the work done if the distance is measured in feet and the force is
measured in pounds.
A) 26 ft-lb B) -10 ft-lb C) -26 ft-lb D) 40 ft-lb
4) A force of 5 pounds acts in the direction of 5° to the horizontal. The force moves an object along a straight
line from the point (5, 4) to the point (18, 13), with distance measured in feet. Find the work done by the
force. Round the answer to one decimal place, if necessary.
A) 78.8 ft-lb B) 79.1 ft-lb C) 15.8 ft-lb D) 109.6 ft-lb
Page 72
Ch. 6 Additional Topics in Trigonometry
Answer Key
6.1 The Law of Sines
1 Use the Law of Sines to Solve Oblique Triangles
1) A
2) A
3) A
4) A
5) A
6) A
2 Use the Law of Sines to Solve, if Possible, the Triangle or Triangles in the Ambiguous Case
1) A
2) A
3) A
4) A
5) A
6) A
7) A
3 Find the Area of an Oblique Triangle Using the Sine Function
1) A
2) A
3) A
4) A
4 Solve Applied Problems Using the Law of Sines
1) A
2) A
3) A
4) A
1) A
2) A
6.2 The Law of Cosines
1 Use the Law of Cosines to Solve Oblique Triangles
1) A
2) A
3) A
4) A
5) A
6) A
7) A
8) A
9) A
10) A
2 Solve Applied Problems Using the Law of Cosines
1) A
2) A
3) A
4) A
5) A
6) A
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3 Use Heron's Formula to Find the Area of a Triangle
1) A
2) A
3) A
6.3 Polar Coordinates
1 Plot Points in the Polar Coordinate System
1) A
2) A
3) A
4) A
5) A
6) A
7) A
8) A
9)
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 r
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
11π
(a) (4, - )
6
7π
(b) (-4, )
6
13π
(c) (4, )
6
2 Find Multiple Sets of Polar Coordinates for a Given Point

1) A
2) A
3) A
4) A
5) A
6) A
3 Convert a Point from Polar to Rectangular Coordinates
1) A
2) A
3) A
4) A
5) A
6) A
7) A
8) A
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4 Convert a Point from Rectangular to Polar Coordinates
1) A
2) A
3) A
4) A
5) A
6) A
7) A
5 Convert an Equation from Rectangular to Polar Coordinates
1) A
2) A
3) A
4) A
5) A
6) A
6 Convert an Equation from Polar to Rectangular Coordinates
1) A
2) A
3) A
4) A
5) A
6) A
7) A
7 Solve Apps: Polar Coordinates
1) A
8 Tech: Polar Coordinates
1) A
2) A
3) A
4) A
5) A
1) A
2) A
6.4 Graphs of Polar Equations
1 Use Point Plotting to Graph Polar Equations
1) A
2) A
3) A
4) A
5) A
6) A
2 Use Symmetry to Graph Polar Equations
1) A
2) A
3) A
4) A
5) A
6) A
7) A
8) A
9) A
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10) A
11) A
12) A
13) A
14) A
15) A
16) A
17) A
18) A
19) A
20) A
3 Solve Apps: Graphs of Polar Equations
1) A
2) A
4 Tech: Graphs of Polar Equations
1) A
2) A
3) A
4) A
5) A
1) A
2) A
3) A
4) A
6.5 Complex Numbers in Polar Form; DeMoivre's Theorem
1 Plot Complex Numbers in the Complex Plane
1) A
2) A
3) A
4) A
5) A
6) A
7) A
8) A
2 Find the Absolute Value of a Complex Number
1) A
2) A
3) A
4) A
3 Write Complex Numbers in Polar Form
1) A
2) A
3) A
4) A
5) A
6) A
4 Convert a Complex Number from Polar to Rectangular Form
1) A
2) A
3) A
4) A
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5) A
6) A
7) A
5 Find Products of Complex Numbers in Polar Form
1) A
2) A
3) A
4) A
5) A
6) A
7) A
8) A
6 Find Quotients of Complex Numbers in Polar Form
1) A
2) A
3) A
4) A
5) A
6) A
7) A
7 Find Powers of Complex Numbers in Polar Form
1) A
2) A
3) A
4) A
5) A
6) A
7) A
8) A
8 Find Roots of Complex Numbers in Polar Form
1) A
2) A
3) A
4) A
5) A
6) A
7) A
8) A
9) A
10) A
9 Solve Apps: Complex Numbers
1) A
2) A
1) A
2) A
3) A
4) A
5) A
6) A
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6.6 Vectors
1 Use Magnitude and Direction to Show Vectors are Equal
1) A
2 Visualize Scalar Multiplication, Vector Addition, and Vector Subtraction as Geometric Vectors
1) A
2) A
3) A
4) A
5) A
6) A
3 Represent Vectors in the Rectangular Coordinate System
1) A
2) A
3) A
4) A
5) A
6) A
7) A
8) A
4 Perform Operations with Vectors in Terms of i and j
1) A
2) A
3) A
4) A
5) A
6) A
5 Find the Unit Vector in the Direction of v
1) A
2) A
3) A
4) A
5) A
6 Write a Vector in Terms of Its Magnitude and Direction
1) A
2) A
3) A
4) A
5) A
7 Solve Applied Problems Involving Vectors
1) A
2) A
3) A
4) A
5) A
6) A
1) A
2) A
3) A
6.7 The Dot Product
1 Find the Dot Product of Two Vectors
1) A
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2) A
3) A
4) A
5) A
6) A
2 Find the Angle Between Two Vectors
1) A
2) A
3) A
4) A
3 Use the Dot Product to Determine if Two Vectors are Orthogonal
1) A
2) A
3) A
4) A
5) C
6) C
7) A
8) A
4 Find the Projection of a Vector onto Another Vector
1) A
2) A
3) A
5 Express a Vector as the Sum of Two Orthogonal Vectors
1) A
2) A
3) A
4) A
6 Compute Work
1) A
2) A
3) A
4) A
Page 79
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dividends and interest, which fill the pockets of the parasites at the
expense of the people; and so the nations stand round, obedient,
and carry on the futile game till further orders.
As a matter of fact in these hot countries, like Ceylon and India,
almost unlimited results of productiveness can be got by perfected
irrigation, and as long as the peasantry in these lands are (as they
are) practically starving, and the irrigation works practically
neglected, the responsibility for such a state of affairs must lie with
the rulers; and naturally no mere shuffling of commercial cards, or
encouragement of an export trade which brings fortunes into the
hands of a few tea-planters and merchants, can be expected to
make things better.
It is sad to see the thin and famished mortals who come in here
from the country districts round to beg. Many of them, especially the
younger ones, have their limbs badly ulcerated. One day, going
through the hospital, the doctor—a Eurasian—took me through a
ward full of such cases. He said that they mostly soon got better with
the better hospital diet; “but,” he added, “when they get back to their
old conditions they are soon as bad as ever.” In fact the mass of the
population in a place like Colombo looks far sleeker and better off
than in these country districts; but that only affords another instance
of how the modern policy encourages the shifty and crafty onhanger
of commercial life at the cost of the sturdy agriculturist—and I need
not say that the case is the same at home as abroad.
It is quite a pretty sight to see the bathing in the tanks. It takes
place in the early morning, and indeed during most of the day.
Cleanliness is a religious observance, and engrained in the habits of
the people. Of course there are exceptions, but save among the
lowest castes this is the rule. An orthodox Hindu is expected not only
to wash himself, but his own cloth, at least once a day. The climate
makes bathing a pleasure, and the people linger over it. Men and
boys, women and children, together or in groups not far distant from
each other, revel and splash in the cool liquid; their colored wraps
are rinsed and spread to dry on the banks, their brass pots glance in
the sun as they dip the water with them and pour it over their own
heads, their long black hair streams down their backs. Then, leaving
the water, they pluck a twig from a certain tree, and, squatting on
their hams, with the frayed twig-end rub their teeth and talk over the
scandal of the day. This tooth-cleaning gossiping business lasts till
they are dry, and often a good deal longer, and is, I fancy, one of the
most enjoyable parts of the day to the mild oyster. In unsophisticated
places there is no distinction of classes in this process, and rich and
poor join in the public bathing alike—in fact there is very little
difference in their dress and habits anyhow, as far as regards wealth
and poverty—but of course where Western ideas are penetrating,
the well-to-do natives adopt our habits and conduct their bathing
discreetly at home.
The people never (except it be children) go into the water quite
naked, and the women always retain one of their wraps wound round
the body. These wraps are very long, and the skill with which they
manage to wash first one end and then the other, winding and
unwinding, and remaining decorously covered all the time, is quite
admirable. I am struck by the gravity and decorum of the people
generally—in outer behavior or gesture—though their language
(among the lower castes) is by no means always select! But there is
none, or very little, of that banter between the sexes which is
common among the Western populations, and even among the boys
and youths you see next to no frolicking or bear-fighting. I suppose it
is part of the passivity and want of animal spirits which characterise
the Hindu; and of course the sentiment of the relation between the
sexes is different in some degree from what it is with us. On sexual
matters generally, as far as I can make out, the tendency, even
among the higher castes, is to be outspoken, and there is little of that
prudery which among us is only after all a modern growth.
NATIVE STREET, AND SHOPS.
The town here is a queer mixture of primitive life with modern

institutions. There are two or three little streets of booths, which
constitute the “bazaar.” Walking down these—where behind baskets
of wares the interiors of the dwellings are often visible, and the
processes of life are naïvely exposed to the eye—one may judge for
one’s self how little man wants here below. Here is a fruit and
vegetable shop, with huge bunches of plantains or bananas, a
hundred in a bunch, and selling at five or six a penny; of a morning
you may see the peasant coming in along the road carrying two such
bunches—a good load—slung one at each end of a long pole, or
pingo, over his shoulder—a similar figure to that which is so frequent
on the Egyptian monuments of 3,000 years ago; pineapples, from
1d. up to 4d. each for the very finest; the breadfruit, and its queer
relation the enormous jack-fruit, weighing often as much as 12 to 14
lbs., with its pulpy and not very palatable interior, used so much by
the people, growing high up over their cabins on the handsome jack-
tree, and threatening you with instant dissolution if it descend upon
your head; the egg-plant, murngal, beans, potatos, and other
vegetables; and plentiful ready-prepared packets of areca nut and
betel leaf for chewing. Then there is a shop where they sell spices,
peppers, chilis, and all such condiments for curries, not to mention
baskets of dried fish (also for currying), which stink horribly and
constitute one of the chief drawbacks of the bazaars; and an
earthenware shop,—and I must not forget the opium shop. Besides
these there are only two others—and they represent Manchester and
Birmingham respectively—one where they sell shoddy and much-
sized cotton goods, and the other which displays tin ware, soap,
matches, paraffin lamps, dinner knives, and all sorts of damnable
cutlery. I have seen these knives and scissors, or such as these
(made only to deceive), being manufactured in the dens of Sheffield
by boys and girls slaving in dust and dirt, breathing out their lives in
foul air under the gaslights, hounded on by mean taskmasters and
by the fear of imminent starvation. Dear children! if you could only
come out here yourselves, instead of sending the abominable work
of your hands—come out here to enjoy this glorious sunshine, and
fraternise, as I know many of you would, with the despised darkie!
The opium-seller is a friend of mine. I often go and sit in his shop
—on his one chair. He teaches me Tamil—for he is a Tamil—and
tells me long stories, slowly, word by word. He is a thin, soft-eyed,
intelligent man, about thirty, has read a fair amount of English—of a
friendly riant child-nature—not without a reasonable eye to the main
chance, like some of his Northern cousins. There are a few jars of
opium in its various forms—for smoking, drinking, and chewing; a
pair of scales to weigh it with; a brass coconut-oil lamp with two or
three wicks hanging overhead; and a partition for the bed at the
back,—and that is all. The shopfront is of course entirely open to the
thronged street, except at night, when it is closed with shutterboards.
At the corner of the street stands a policeman, of course, else
we should not know we were being civilised. But, O Lord, what a
policeman! How a London street arab would chuckle all over at the
sight of him! Imagine the mild and somewhat timid oyster dressed in
a blue woollen serge suit (very hot for this climate), with a belt round
his waist, some kind of turban on his head, a staff in his hand, and
boots on his feet! A real live oyster in boots! It is too absurd. How
miserable he looks; and as to running after a criminal—the thing is
not to be thought of. But no doubt the boots vindicate the majesty of
the British Government.
While we are gazing at this apparition, a gang of prisoners
marches by—twenty lean creatures, with slouched straw hats on
their heads, striped cotton jackets and pants, and bare arms and
lower legs, each carrying a mattock—for they are going to work on
the roads—and the whole gang followed and guarded (certainly
Ceylon is a most idyllic land) by a Cinghalese youth of about twenty-
one, dressed in white skirts down to his feet, with a tortoise-shell
comb on his head, and holding a parasol to shade himself from the
sun. Why do not the twenty men with mattocks turn and slay the boy
with the parasol, and so depart in peace? I asked this question many
times, and always got the same answer. “Because,” they said, “the
prisoners do not particularly want to run away. They are very well off
in prison,—better off, as a rule, than they are outside. Imprisonment
by an alien Government, under alien laws and standards, is naturally
no disgrace, at any rate to the mass of the people, and so once in
prison they make themselves as happy as they can.”
I visited the gaol one day, and thought they succeeded very well
in that respect. The authorities, I am glad to say, do all they can to
make them comfortable. They have each a large dish of rice and
curry, with meat if they wish, twice a day, and a meal of coffee and
bread in the morning besides; which is certainly better fare than they
would get as peasants. They do their little apology for work in public
places during the day—with a chance of a chat with friends—and
sleep in gangs together in the prison sheds at night, each with his
mat, pillow, and night suit; so possibly on the whole they are not ill-
content.
My friend A——, with whom I am staying here, is a Tamil, and an
official of high standing. He became thoroughly Anglicised while
studying in England, and like many of the Hindus who come to
London or Cambridge or Oxford, did for the time quite outwesternise
us in the tendency towards materialism and the belief in science,
‘comforts,’ representative institutions, and ‘progress’ generally. Now
however he seems to be undergoing a reaction in favor of caste and
the religious traditions of his own people, and I am inclined to think
that other westernising Hindus will experience the same reaction.
He lives in an ordinary one-storied stone house, or bungalow,
such as the English inhabit here. These houses, naturally cover a
good deal of ground. The roof, which is made of heavy tiles or
thatch, is pitched high in the middle, giving space for lofty sitting-
rooms; the sleeping chambers flank these at a lower slope, and
outside runs the verandah, almost round the house, the roof
terminating beyond it at six or seven feet from the ground. This
arrangement makes the interiors very dark and cool, as the windows
open on the verandah, and the sun cannot penetrate to them; but I
am not sure that I like the sensation of being confined under this
immense carapace of tiles, with no possible outlook to the sky, in a
sort of cavernous twilight all the while. The verandah forms an easy
means of access from one part to another, and in this house there
are no passages in the interior, but the rooms all open into one
another; and plentiful windows—some mere Venetian shutters,
without glass—ensure a free circulation of air.
Mosquitos are a little trying. I don’t think they are more
venomous than the English gnat, but they are far ’cuter. The
mosquito is the ’cutest little animal for its size that exists. I am certain
from repeated observations that it watches one’s eyes. If you look at
it, it flies away. It settles on the under side of your hand (say when
reading a book), or on your ankles when sitting at table—on any part
in fact which is remote from observation; there is nothing that it loves
better than for you to sit in a cane-bottomed chair. But it never
attacks your face—and that is a curious thing—except when you are
asleep. How it knows I cannot tell, but I have often noticed that it is
so. If you close your eyes and pretend to be asleep, it will not come;
but as sure as you begin to drowse off you hear the ping of its little
wing as it swoops past your ear to your cheek.
At night however the mosquito curtains keep one in safety, and I
cannot say that I am much troubled during the day, except on
occasions, and in certain places, as in the woods when there is no
breeze. A. is a vegetarian, and I fancy diet has a good deal to do
with freedom from irritation by insects and by heat. The thermometer
reaches 90° in the shade almost every day here; to sit and run at the
same time is a gymnastic feat which one can easily perform, and at
night it is hot enough to sleep without any covering on the bed; but I
enjoy the climate thoroughly, and never felt in better health. No doubt
these things often affect one more after a time than at first; but there
seems almost always a pleasant breeze here at this time of year,
and I do not notice that languor which generally accompanies sultry
weather.
A. has most lovely vegetable curries; plenty of boiled rice, with
four or five little dishes of different sorts of curried vegetables. This,
with fruit, forms our breakfast—at ten; and dinner at six or seven is
much the same, with perhaps an added soup or side-dish. His wife
sometimes joins us at dinner, which I take as an honor, as even with
those Hindu women who are emancipated there is often a little
reserve about eating with the foreigner. She has a very composed
and gentle manner, and speaks English prettily and correctly, though
slowly and with a little hesitation; approves of a good deal of the
English freedom for women, but says she cannot quite reconcile
herself to women walking about the streets alone, and other things
she hears they do in England. However, she would like to come to
England herself and see.
The children are very bright and charming. Mahéswari (three
years old) is the sweetest little dot, with big black eyes and a very
decided opinion about things. She comes into the room and lifts up
one arm and turns up her face and prophesies something in solemn
tones in Tamil, which turns out to be, “Father is very naughty to sit
down to dinner before mother comes.” Then she talks Cinghalese to
her nurse and English to me, which is pretty good for a beginner in
life. Mahadéva and Jayanta, the two boys (seven and nine
respectively), are in the bubbling-over stage, and are alternately fast
friends and fighting with each other two or three times a day, much
like English boys. They are dressed more after the English fashion,
though they are privileged to have bare knees and feet—at any rate
in the house; and Jayanta has a pony which he rides out every day.
A. sets apart a little room in this house as a “chapel.” It is quite
bare, with just a five-wicked lamp on a small table in one corner, and
flowers, fruit, etc., on the ground in front. I was present the other day
when the Brahman priest was performing a little service there. He
recited Sanskrit formulas, burned camphor, and gave us cowdung
ashes and sandalwood paste to put on our foreheads, consecrated
milk to drink, and a flower each. The cowdung ashes are a symbol.
For as cowdung, when burnt, becomes clean and even purifying in
quality, so must the body itself be consumed and purified in the
flame of Siva’s presence. A. says they use a gesture identifying the
light (of Siva) within the body with the light of the flame, and also with
that of the sun; and always terminate their worship by going out into
the open and saluting the sun. The Brahman priest, a man about
forty, and the boy of fifteen who often accompanies him, are
pleasant-faced folk, not apparently at all highly educated, wearing
but little in the way of clothes, and not specially distinguishable from
other people, except by the sacred thread worn over the shoulder,
and a certain alertness of expression which is often noticeable in the
Brahman—though the trouble is that it is generally alertness for gain.
The priests generally here, whether Buddhist or Hindu (and
Buddhism is of course the prevailing religion in Ceylon), occupy
much the same relation to the people which the priests occupy in the
country districts of France or Ireland—that is, whatever spiritual
power they claim, they do not arrogate to themselves any worldly
supremacy, and are always poor and often quite unlettered. In fact I
suppose it is only in the commercially religious, i.e. Protestant,
countries that the absurd anomaly exists of a priesthood which
pretends to the service of the Jesus who had not where to lay his
head, and which at the same time openly claims to belong to
“society” and the well-to-do classes, and would resent any
imputation to the contrary. There are indeed many points of
resemblance between the religions here—especially Hinduism—and
Roman Catholicism: the elaborate ceremonials and services, with
processions, incense, lights, ringing of bells, etc.; the many
mendicant orders, the use of beads and rosaries, and begging
bowls, the monasteries with their abbots, and so forth.
VEDDAHS.
(Aborigines of Ceylon.)
There is one advantage in a hot damp climate like this; namely
that things—books, furniture, clothes, etc.—soon get destroyed and
done with, so that there is little temptation to cumber up your house
with possessions. Some English of course try to furnish and keep
their rooms as if they were still living in Bayswater, but they are
plentifully plagued for their folly. The floors here are of some cement
or concrete material, which prevents the white ants surging up
through them, as they infallibly would through boards, and which is
nice and cool to the feet; carpets, cupboards, and all collections of
unremoved things are discountenanced. A chest of drawers or a
bookcase stands out a foot or two from the wall, so that the servants
can sweep behind it every day. Little frogs, lizards, scorpions, and
other fry, which come hopping and creeping in during or after heavy
rain can then be gently admonished to depart, and spiders do not
find it easy to establish a footing. The greatest harbor for vermin is
the big roof, which is full of rats. In pursuit of these come the rat-
snakes, fellows five or six feet long, but not venomous, and wild cats;
and the noises at night from them, the shuffling of the snakes, and
the squeals of the poor little rats, etc., I confess are trying.
We have three or four male servants about the house and
garden, and there are two ayahs, who look after the children and the
women’s apartments. I believe many of these Indian and Cinghalese
races love to be servants (under a tolerably good master); their
feminine sensitive natures, often lacking in enterprise, rather seek
the shelter of dependence. And certainly they make, in many
instances and when well treated, wonderfully good servants, their
tact and affectionateness riveting the bond. I know of a case in which
an English civilian met with an accident when 200 miles away from
his station, and his “bearer,” when he heard the news, in default of
other means of communication, walked the whole distance, and
arrived in time to see him before he died. At the same time it is a
mistake to suppose they will do anything out of a sense of duty. The
word duty doesn’t occupy an important place in the Oriental
vocabulary, no more than it does among the Celtic peoples of
Europe. This is a fruitful source of misunderstanding between the
races. The Britisher pays his Indian servant regularly, and in return
expects him to do his duty, and to submit to kicks when he doesn’t.
He, the Britisher, regards this as a fair contract. But the oyster
doesn’t understand it in the least. He would rather receive his pay
less regularly, and be treated as “a man and a brother.” Haeckel’s
account of the affection of his Rodiya servant-lad for him, and of the
boy’s despair when Haeckel had to leave him, is quite touching; but
it is corroborated by a thousand similar stories. But if there is no
attachment, what is the meaning of duty? The oyster, in keeping with
his weaker, more dependent nature, is cunning and lazy—his vices
lie in that direction rather than in the Western direction of brutal
energy. If his attachment is not called out, he can make his master
miserable in his own way. And he does so; hence endless strife and
recrimination.
The Arachchi here, a kind of official servant of A.’s, is a most
gentle creature, with remarkable tact, but almost too sensitive; one is
afraid of wounding him by not accepting all his numerous attentions.
He glides in and out of the room—as they all do—noiselessly, with
bare feet; and one never knows whether one is alone or not. The
horse-keeper and I are good friends, though our dialogues are
limited for want of vocabulary! He is a regular dusky demon, with his
look of affectionate bedevilment and way of dissolving in a grin
whenever he sees one. A. says that he thinks the pariahs, or
outcastes—and the horse-keepers are pariahs—are some of the
most genuine and good-hearted among the people; and I see that
the author of Life in an Indian Village says something of the same
kind. “As a class, hardworking, honest, and truthful,” he calls them;
and after describing their devotion to the interests of the families to
whom they are often hereditarily attached, adds, “Such are the
illiterate pariahs, a unique class, whose pure lives and noble traits of
character are in every way worthy of admiration.”
It is curious, but I am constantly being struck by the resemblance
between the lowest castes here and the slum-dwellers in our great
cities—resemblance in physiognomy, as well as in many
unconscious traits of character, often very noble; with the brutish
basis well-marked, the unformed mouth, and the somewhat heavy
brows, just as in Meunier’s fine statue of the ironworker (“puddleur”),
but with thicker lips.
CHAPTER IV.
ADAM’S PEAK AND THE BLACK RIVER.
January 1st, 1891.—Sitting by an impromptu wood-fire in a little hut on

the summit of Adam’s Peak—nearly midnight—a half-naked Caliban
out of the woods squatting beside me, and Kalua and the guide
sleeping on the floor. But I find it too cold to sleep, and there is no
furniture in the hut.
Altogether an eventful New Year’s day. Last night I spent at Kandy
with Kalua and his brother in their little cabin. They were both very
friendly, and I kept being reminded of Herman Melville and his
Marquesas Island experiences—so beautiful the scene, the moon
rising about ten, woods and valleys all around—the primitive little hut,
Kirrah cooking over a fire on the ground, etc. We were up by moon and
starlight at 5 a.m., and by walking, driving, and the railway, reached
Muskeliya at the foot of the peak by 2.30 p.m. There we got a guide—a
very decent young Tamil—and reached here by 7.30 or 8 p.m. Our
path lay at first through tea-gardens, and then leaving them, it went in
nearly a direct line straight up the mountain side—perhaps 3,000 feet
—through dense woods, in step-like formation, over tree-roots and up
the rocks, worn and hacked into shape through successive centuries
by innumerable pilgrims, but still only wide enough for one. Night came
upon us on the way, and the last hour or two we had to light torches to
see our route. Elephant tracks were plentiful all round us through the
woods, even close to the summit. It is certainly extraordinary on what
steep places and rock sides these animals will safely travel; but we
were not fortunate enough to see any of them.
This is a long night trying to sleep. It is the wretchedest hut, without
a door, and unceiled to the four winds! Caliban makes the fire for me
as I write. He has nothing on but a cotton wrap and a thin jersey, but
does not seem to feel the cold much; and the guide is even more thinly
clad, and is asleep, while I am shivering, bundled in cloth coats. There
is something curious about the way in which the English in this country
feel the cold—when it is cold—more than the natives; though one
might expect the contrary. I have often noticed it. I fancy we make a
great mistake in these hot lands in not exposing our skins more to the
sun and air, and so strengthening and hardening them. In the great
heat, and when constantly covered with garments, the skin perspires
terribly, and becomes sodden and enervated, and more sensitive than
it ought to be—hence great danger of chills. I have taken several sun-
baths in the woods here at different times, and found advantage from
doing so.
[Since writing the above, I have discovered the existence of a little
society in India—of English folk—who encourage nudity, and the
abandonment as far as possible of clothes, on three distinct grounds—
physical, moral, and æsthetic—of Health, Decency, and Beauty. I wish
the society every success. Its chief object, as given in its rules, is to
urge upon people “to be and go stark naked whenever suitable,” and it
is a sine quâ non that members should appear at all its meetings
without any covering Passing over the moral and æsthetic
considerations—which are both of course of the utmost importance in
this connection—there is still the consideration of physical health and
enjoyment, which must appeal to everybody. In a place like India,
where the mass of the people go with very little covering, the spectacle
of their ease and enjoyment must double the discomforts of the
unfortunate European who thinks it necessary to be dressed up to the
eyes on every occasion when he appears in public. It is indeed
surprising that men can endure, as they do, to wear cloth coats and
waistcoats and starched collars and cuffs, and all the paraphernalia of
propriety, in a severity of heat which really makes only the very lightest
covering tolerable; nor can one be surprised at the exhaustion of the
system which ensues, from the cause already mentioned. In fact the
direct stimulation and strengthening of the skin by sun and air, though
most important in our home climate, may be even more indispensable
in a place like India, where the relaxing influences are so terribly
strong. Certainly, when one considers this cause of English enervation
in India, and the other due to the greatly mistaken diet of our people
there, the fearful quantities of flesh consumed, and of strong liquors—
both things which are injurious enough at home, but which are ruinous
in a hot country—the wonder is not that the English fail to breed and
colonise in India, but that they even last out their few years of
individual service there.]
There is a lovely view of cloudland from the summit now the moon
has risen. All the lower lands and mountains are wrapped in mist, and
you look down upon a great white rolling sea, silent, remote from the
world, with only the moon and stars above, and the sound of the
Buddhist priests chanting away in a low tone round the fire in their own
little cabin or pansela.
This is a most remarkable mountain. For at least 2,000 years, and
probably for long enough before that, priests of some kind or another
have kept watch over the sacred footmark on the summit; for
thousands of years the sound of their chanting has been heard at night
between the driven white plain of clouds below and the silent moon
and stars above; and by day pilgrims have toiled up the steep sides to
strew flowers, and to perform some kind of worship to their gods, on
this high natural altar. The peak is 7,400 feet high, and though not
quite the highest point in the island, is by far the most conspicuous. It
stands like a great outpost on the south-west edge of the mountain
region of Ceylon, and can be seen from far out to sea—a sugar-loaf
with very precipitous sides. When the Buddhists first came to Ceylon,
about the 4th century b.c., they claimed the footmark as that of
Buddha. Later on some Gnostic Christian sects attributed it to the
primal man; the Mahomedans, following this idea, when they got
possession of the mountain, gave it the name of Adam’s Peak; the
Portuguese consecrated it to S. Eusebius; and now the Buddhists are
again in possession—though I believe the Mahomedans are allowed a
kind of concurrent right. But whatever has been the nominal dedication
of this ancient “high place,” a continuous stream of pilgrims—mainly of
course the country folk of the island—has flowed to it undisturbed
through the centuries; and even now they say that in the month of May
the mountain side is covered by hundreds and even thousands of folk,
who camp out during the night, and do poojah on the summit by day.
Kalua says that his father—the jolly old savage—once ascended
“Samantakuta,” and like the rest of the Cinghalese thinks a great deal
of the religious merit of this performance.
Ratnapura, Jan. 3rd.—Sunrise yesterday on the peak was fine,
though “sunrises” are not always a success. The great veil of clouds
gradually dissolved, and a long level “rose of dawn” appeared in the
eastern sky—Venus brilliant above it, the Southern Cross visible, and
one or two other crosses which lie near it, and the half moon overhead;
a dark, peaked and castellated rampart of lower mountains stretched
around us, and far on the horizon were masses of cumulus cloud rising
out of the lowland mists, and catching the early light; while the lower
lands themselves remained partly hidden by irregular pools and rivers
of white fog, which looked like water in the first twilight. A great fan-like
crown of rays preceded the sun, very splendid, of pearly colors, with
great beams reaching nearly to the zenith. We could not see the sea,
owing to mists along the horizon, nor was any habitation visible, but
only the great jungle-covered hills and far plains shrouded in the green
of coco-nut groves.
The shadow of the peak itself, cast on the mists at sunrise, is a
very conspicuous and often-noted phenomenon. Owing to the sun’s
breadth, the effect is produced of an umbra and penumbra; and the
umbra looks very dark and pointed—more pointed even than the peak
itself. I was surprised to see how distant it looked—a shadow-mountain
among the far crags. It gradually fell and disappeared as the sun rose.
There is another phenomenon which I have somewhere seen
described as peculiar to Adam’s Peak; though this must be a pious
fraud, or one of those cases of people only being able to see familiar
things when they are in unfamiliar surroundings, since it is a
phenomenon which can be witnessed any day at home. It is that if
when there is dew or rain upon the grass, and the sun is not too high in
the heavens, you look at the shadow of your head on the grass, you
will see it surrounded by a white light, or ‘glory.’ It arises, I imagine,
from the direct reflection of the sunlight on the inner surfaces of the
little globules of water which lie in or near the line joining the sun and
the head, and is enhanced no doubt by the fact that the light so
reflected shows all the clearer from having to pass through a column of
shadow to the eye. Anyhow, whatever the cause, it is quite a flattering
appearance, all the more so because if you have a companion you do
not see the ‘glory’ round his head, but only round your own! I once
nearly turned the strong brain of a Positivist by pointing out to him this
aureole round his head, and making as if I could see it. He of course,
being unable to see a similar light round mine, had no alternative but to
conclude that he was specially overshadowed by the Holy Ghost!
The sripada—“sacred foot”—is better than I expected: a natural
1
depression in the rock, an inch or so deep, five feet long, of an oblong
shape, and distantly resembling a foot; but they have “improved” it in
parts by mortaring bits of tile along the doubtful edges! There are no
toes marked, though in “copies” of it that I have seen in some Buddhist
shrines the toes are carefully indicated. The mark is curiously situated
at the very summit of the rock—which is only a few feet square, only
large enough, in fact, to give space for the foot and for a little pavilion,
open to the winds, which has been erected over it; and on the natural
platform just below—which (so steep is the mountain) is itself encircled
by a wall to prevent accidents—are some curious bits of furniture: four
old bronze standard lamps, of lotus-flower design, one at each corner
of the platform, a bell, a little shrine, and the priests’ hut before
mentioned. Looking into the latter after dawn, I beheld nothing
resembling furniture, but a pan in the middle with logs burning, and
three lean figures squatted round it, their mortal possessions tied in
handkerchiefs and hanging from the roof.
1
Captain Knox, above quoted, speaks of it as
“about two feet long”; but he does not appear to
have actually seen it.
The priests were horribly on the greed for money, and made it
really unpleasant to stay on the top; but I delayed a little in order to
watch Caliban doing poojah at the little shrine I have mentioned. He
brought a hot ember from the fire, sprinkled frankincense on it, burned
camphor and something that looked like saltpetre, also poured some
kind of scented water on the ember, causing fragrance. Very ancient
gnarled rhododendron trees, twenty or thirty feet high, rooting in clefts
and hollows, were in flower (carmine red) all round the top of the rock.
No snow ever falls here, they say; but there are sometimes hoar frosts,
which the natives mistake for snow. I don’t suppose the temperature
that night was below 50° Fahr., but it felt cold, very cold, after the heat
of the lowlands.
The sun rose soon after six, and at 7.30 we started downwards, on
the great pilgrim-track towards Ratnapura. The final cone, for about
1,500 feet, is certainly a steep bit of rock. I have seen it from several
points of view, but the summit angle was always under 90°. Steps are
cut nearly all down this part, and chains hang alongside in all places of
possible difficulty—chains upon chains, things with links six inches
long, all shapes and curiously wrought, centuries and centuries old—
the pious gifts of successive generations of pilgrims. Here and there
are long inscriptions, in Cinghalese characters, on the rock-faces; and
everywhere signs of innumerable labor of successive travelers in
hewing and shaping the path all the way—not to mention resting-sheds
and cabins built in convenient spots lower down. These however are
largely fallen to decay; and indeed the whole place gives one the
impression that the sripada has come somewhat into disrepute in
these modern times, and is only supported by the poorer and more
ignorant among the people.
Ratnapura is only 150 feet or so above the sea; and for twenty-four
miles the path to it from the summit—well-marked but single file—goes
down over rocks and through vast woods, without coming to anything
like a road. Nearly the whole, however, of this great descent of 7,000
feet is done in the first twelve miles to Palábaddala—a tiny hamlet at
the very foot of the mountains—and I don’t know that I ever felt a
descent so fatiguing as this one, partly no doubt owing to the
experiences of the day and night before, and partly no doubt to the
enervation produced by the climate and want of exercise; but the path
itself is a caution, and the ascent of it must indeed be a pilgrimage,
with its huge steps and strides from rock to rock and from tree-root to
tree-root, and going, as it does, almost straight up and down the
mountain side, without the long zigzags and detours by which in such
cases the brunt is usually avoided. All the same it was very interesting;
the upper jungle of rhododendrons, myrtles, and other evergreen
foliage forming a splendid cover for elephants, and clothing the
surrounding peaks and crags for miles in grey-green wrinkles and
folds, with here and there open grassy spaces and glades and
tumbling watercourses; then the vegetation of the lower woods, huge
trees 150 or even 200 feet high, with creepers, orchids, and tree-ferns;
the occasional rush of monkeys along the branches; butterflies and
birds; thick undergrowth in parts of daturas, pointsettias, crotons, and
other fragrant and bright-colored shrubs; down at last into coco-nut
plantations and to the lovely Kaluganga, or Black river, which we
forded twice; and ultimately along its banks, shadowed by bamboos
and many flowering trees.
Although, curiously enough, the fig is not grown as a fruit in
Ceylon, yet the ficus is one of the most important families of trees
here, and many of the forest trees belong to it. There is one very
handsome variety, whose massive grey stem rises unbroken to a great
height before it branches, and which in order to support itself throws
out great lateral wings or buttresses, reaching to a height of twelve or
twenty feet from the ground, and spreading far out from the base of the
trunk,—each buttress perhaps three or four inches thick, and perfectly
shaped, with plane and parallel sides like a sawn plank, so as to give
the utmost strength with least expenditure of material. This variety has
small ovate evergreen leaves. Then there are two or three varieties, of
which the banyan (ficus Indica) is one, which are parasitic in their
habit. The banyan begins existence by its seed being dropped in the
fork of another tree—not unfrequently a palm—from which point its
rootlets make their way down the stem to the ground. With rapid
growth it then encircles the victim tree, and throwing out great lateral
branches sends down from these a rain of fresh rootlets which, after
swinging in air for a few weeks, reach the ground and soon become
sturdy pillars. I have thus seen a banyan encircling with its central
trunk the stem of a palm, and clasping it so close that a knife could not
be pushed between the two, while the palm, which had grown in height
since this accident happened to it, was still soaring upwards, and
feebly endeavoring to live. There is a very fine banyan tree at Kalutara,
which spans the great high-road from Colombo to Galle, all the traffic
passing beneath it and between its trunks.
Some of the figs fasten parasitically on other trees, though without
throwing out the pillar-like roots which distinguish the banyan; and it is
not uncommon to see one of these with roots like a cataract of snakes
winding round the trunk of an acacia, or even round some non-
parasitic fig, the two trees appearing to be wrestling and writhing
together in a fierce embrace, while they throw out their separate
branches to sun and air, as though to gain strength for the fray. The
parasite generally however ends by throttling its adversary.
There is also the bo-tree, or ficus religiosa, whose leaf is of a
thinner texture. One of the commonest plants in open spots all over
Ceylon is the sensitive plant. Its delicately pinnate leaves form a bushy
growth six inches to a foot in depth over the ground; but a shower of
rain, or nightfall, or the trampling of animals through it causes it to
collapse into a mere brown patch—almost as if a fire had passed over.
In a few minutes however after the disturbance has ceased it regains
its luxuriance. There are also some acacia trees which droop their
leaves at nightfall, and at the advent of rain.
There are two sorts of monkeys common in these forests—a small
brown monkey, which may be seen swinging itself from tree to tree, not
unfrequently with a babe in its arms; and the larger wanderoo monkey,
which skips and runs on all fours along the ground, and of which it is
said that its devotion to its mate is life-long. Very common all over
Ceylon is a little grey-brown squirrel, with three yellow longitudinal
stripes on its back; almost every tree seems to be inhabited by a pair,
which take refuge there at the approach of a stranger, and utter a
sharp little whistle like the note of an angry bird. They are very tame
however, and will often in inhabited places run about the streets, or
even make their appearance in the houses in search of food.
The Hindus take no pleasure in killing animals—even the boys do
not, as a rule, molest wild creatures—and the consequence is that
birds and the smaller four-footed beasts are comparatively bold. Not
that the animals are made pets of, but they are simply let alone—in
keeping with the Hindu gentleness and quiescence of disposition.
Even the deadly cobra—partly no doubt from religious associations—is
allowed to go its way unharmed; and the people have generally a good
word for it, saying it will not attack any one unless it be first injured.
On the whole the trouble about reptiles in this country seems to me
to be much exaggerated. There are some places in the forests where
small leeches—particularly in the wet seasons—are a great pest.
Occasionally a snake is to be seen, but I have been rather
disappointed at their rarity; or a millipede nine inches long. The larger
scorpion is a venomous-looking creature, with its blue-black lobster-
like body and claws, and slender sting-surmounted tail, five inches
long in all; but it is not so venomous as generally supposed, and most
of these creatures, like the larger animals—the chetah, the elk, the
bear, the elephant, etc.—keep out of the way of man as well as they
can. Of course native woodmen and others tramping bare-legged
through the tangles occasionally tread on a snake and get bitten; but
the tale of deaths through such casualties, though it may seem
numerically large, taken say throughout Ceylon and India, is in
proportion to the population but a slight matter—about 1 in 15,000 per
annum.
There are many handsome butterflies here, especially of the
swallow-tail sort—some of enormous size—and a number of queer
insects. I saw a large green mantis, perhaps six inches long—a most
wicked-looking creature. I confess it reminded me of a highly
respectable British property owner. It sits up like a beautiful green leaf,
with its two foreclaws (themselves flattened out and green to look like
lesser leaves) held up as if it were praying—perfectly motionless—
except that all the time it rolls its stalked eyes slowly around, till it sees
a poor little insect approach, when it stealthily moves a claw, and
pounces.
The birds are not so numerous as I expected. There are some
bright-colored kinds and a few parrots, but the woods seem quiet on
the whole. The barbet, a green bird not quite so big as a pigeon, goes
on with its monotonous bell-like call—like a cuckoo that has lost its
second note—on and on, the whole day long; the lizards cluck and
kiss, full of omens to the natives, who call them “the crocodile’s little
brothers”—and say “if you kill a little lizard the crocodile will come and
kill you”; the grasshoppers give three clicks and a wheeze; the small
grey squirrels chirrup; the frogs croak; and the whole air is full of
continuous though subdued sound.
At Palábaddala, the tiny little hamlet at the foot of the mountains, I
was dead-beat with the long jolting downhill, and if it had not been for
the faithful Kalua, who held my hand in the steeper parts, I should fairly
have fallen once or twice. Here we stopped two hours at a little cabin.
Good people and friendly—a father and mother and two lads—the
same anxious, tender mother-face that is the same all over the world.

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Solve the triangle.

A) B = 55°, a = 4.32, c = 6.01 B) B = 55°, a = 6.01, c = 4.32

A) C = 20°, a = 10, c = 4.17 B) C = 20°, a = 4.17, c = 10

6) A = 11.2°, C = 131.6°, a = 84.9

4) B = 26°, b = 6.7, a = 7.64

6) C = 35°, a = 18.7, c = 16.1

3 Find the Area of an Oblique Triangle Using the Sine Function

2) A = 37°, b = 18 meters, c = 11 meters

4) B = 20°, a = 4 feet, c = 8 feet

4 Solve Applied Problems Using the Law of Sines

Solve the problem.

Find a. If necessary, round your answer to the nearest hundredth.

6.2 The Law of Cosines

2 Solve Applied Problems Using the Law of Cosines

Solve the problem.

3 Use Heron's Formula to Find the Area of a Triangle

2) a = 10 inches, b = 14 inches, c = 6 inches

3) a = 10 meters, b = 14 meters, c = 6 meters

6.3 Polar Coordinates

Match the point in polar coordinates with either A, B, C, or D on the graph.

Solve the problem.

2 Find Multiple Sets of Polar Coordinates for a Given Point

3 Convert a Point from Polar to Rectangular Coordinates

4 Convert a Point from Rectangular to Polar Coordinates

5 Convert an Equation from Rectangular to Polar Coordinates

Convert the rectangular equation to a polar equation that expresses r in terms of θ.

C) 8 cos θ - 9 sin θ = -1 D) 8 cos θ - 9 sin θ = 1

6 Convert an Equation from Polar to Rectangular Coordinates

Convert the polar equation to a rectangular equation.

Solve the problem.

8 Tech: Polar Coordinates

4) (-16, -12) Express θ to three decimal places.

5) (3, 6) Express both r and θ to two decimal places.

A) y = x 3 - 2; slope: 3; y-intercept: -2 B) y = -x 3 - 2; slope: - 3; y-intercept: -2

A) r = 3 B) r = 6 cos θ C) r = 6 sin θ D) r sin θ = 3

A) r = -4 sin θ B) r = -4 cos θ C) r = -2 D) r sin θ = -2

A) r = 4 cos θ B) r = 4 sin θ C) r = 2 D) r sin θ = 2

A) r = 2 + sin θ B) r = 4 cos θ C) r = 4 sin θ D) r = 2 + cos θ

A) r = 4 + cos θ B) r = 8 cos θ C) r = 8 sin θ D) r = 4 + sin θ

A) r = 2 cos(2θ) B) r = 2 sin(2θ) C) r = 2 D) r = 2 + cos(2θ)

3) r = -4 sin θ; the pole

4) r = 4 + 4 cos θ; polar axis

7) r = 6 + 2 cos θ; the pole

8) r = 3 - 6 sin θ; the polar axis

9) r2 = sin 2θ; the pole

11) r cos θ = 4 ; the polar axis

Graph the polar equation.

Solve the problem.

A) 3 knots B) 2 knots C) 4 knots D) 5 knots

A) 120°; 7 knots B) 90°; 7 knots C) 120°; 8 knots D) 90°; 5 knots

Use a graphing utility to graph the polar equation.

Graph the polar equation.

Plot the complex number.