Instant download pdf Precalculus with Limits 4th Edition Larson Solutions Manual full chapter

Precalculus with Limits 4th Edition
Larson Solutions Manual

Go to download the full and correct content document:
https://testbankfan.com/product/precalculus-with-limits-4th-edition-larson-solutions-m
anual/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...
Precalculus with Limits 3rd Edition Larson Solutions

Manual
https://testbankfan.com/product/precalculus-with-limits-3rd-
edition-larson-solutions-manual/
Precalculus with Limits A Graphing Approach Texas

Edition 6th Edition Larson Solutions Manual
https://testbankfan.com/product/precalculus-with-limits-a-
graphing-approach-texas-edition-6th-edition-larson-solutions-
manual/
Precalculus with Limits A Graphing Approach Texas

Edition 6th Edition Larson Test Bank
https://testbankfan.com/product/precalculus-with-limits-a-
graphing-approach-texas-edition-6th-edition-larson-test-bank/
Graphical Approach to Precalculus with Limits 7th

Edition Hornsby Solutions Manual
https://testbankfan.com/product/graphical-approach-to-
precalculus-with-limits-7th-edition-hornsby-solutions-manual/
Edition Hornsby Solutions Manual
precalculus-with-limits-6th-edition-hornsby-solutions-manual/
Calculus I with Precalculus 3rd Edition Larson

Solutions Manual
https://testbankfan.com/product/calculus-i-with-precalculus-3rd-
edition-larson-solutions-manual/

Edition Hornsby Test Bank
precalculus-with-limits-6th-edition-hornsby-test-bank/
Precalculus 10th Edition Larson Solutions Manual
https://testbankfan.com/product/precalculus-10th-edition-larson-
solutions-manual/
Precalculus 10th Edition Larson Test Bank
https://testbankfan.com/product/precalculus-10th-edition-larson-
test-bank/
C H A P T E R 7
Systems of Equations and Inequalities
Section 7.1 Linear and Nonlinear Systems of Equations .....................................556
Section 7.2 Two-Variable Linear Systems ...........................................................566
Section 7.3 Multivariable Linear Systems ............................................................577
Section 7.4 Partial Fractions ..................................................................................595
Section 7.5 Systems of Inequalities.......................................................................607
Section 7.6 Linear Programming...........................................................................617
Review Exercises ........................................................................................................626
Problem Solving .........................................................................................................643
Practice Test .............................................................................................................651
© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
C H A P T E R 7
Systems of Equations and Inequalities
Section 7.1 Linear and Nonlinear Systems of Equations
1. solution
(b) 4(1) + ( − 2) = 3
2 ?
2. substitution 4 − 2 ≠ 3
3. points; intersection (1, − 2) is not a solution.
( ) ( )
2
4. break-even (c) 4 − 32 + − 31
?
= 3
3
36 31
5. 2 x − y = 4 4
− 3
≠ 3

8 x + y = − 9
(− 32 , − 313 ) is not a solution.
(a) (0, − 4)
( ) ( )
2 ?
8(0) − 4 ≠ −9 (d) 4 − 74 + − 37
4
= 3
49 37
− = 3
(0, − 4) is not a solution. 4 4
(b) (3, −1) ( ) ( )

− − 74 − − 37
4
?
= 11
7 37
2(3) − ( −1) ≠ 4 4
+ 4
= 11
(3, −1) is not a solution. (− 74 , − 374 ) is a solution.

(c) ( 32 , −1) 7.  2 x + y = 6 Equation 1

8( 32 ) − 1 ≠ − 9 − x + y = 0 Equation 2
Solve for y in Equation 1: y = 6 − 2 x

( 32 , −1) is not a solution.
Substitute for y in Equation 2: − x + (6 − 2 x) = 0
(d) (− 12 , − 5) Solve for x: −3x + 6 = 0  x = 2
Back-substitute x = 2: y = 6 − 2( 2) = 2
( )
2 − 12 + 5 =
?
4
Solution: ( 2, 2)
−1 + 5 = 4
( )
8 − 12 − 5 = − 9
?
8. x − 4 y = −11

Equation 1
− 4 − 5 = −9 x + 3 y = 3 Equation 2
Solve for x in Equation 1: x = 4 y − 11
 1 
 − , − 5  is a solution. Substitute for x in Equation 2: ( 4 y − 11) + 3 y = 3
 2 
Solve for x: 4 y − 11 + 3 y = 3  7 y = 14  y = 2
6. 4 x 2 + y = 3
 Back-substitute y = 2: x − 4( 2) = −11  x = −3
 − x − y = 11
Solution: ( −3, 2)
(a) 4( 2) + ( −13) =
2 ?
3
16 − 13 = 3
− 2 − ( −13) = 11
?
− 2 + 13 = 11
(2, −13) is a solution.
556 © 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 7.1 Linear and Nonlinear Systems of Equations 557
9.  x − y = −4 Equation 1
 2
x − y = −2 Equation 2
Solve for y in Equation 1: y = x + 4
Substitute for y in Equation 2: x 2 − ( x + 4) = −2
Solve for x : x 2 − x − 2 = 0  ( x + 1)( x − 2) = 0  x = −1, 2

Back-substitute x = −1: y = −1 + 4 = 3
Back-substitute x = 2: y = 2 + 4 = 6
Solutions: ( −1, 3), ( 2, 6)
10. 3x + y = 2 Equation 1

 3
 x − 2 + y = 0 Equation 2
Solve for y in Equation 1: y = 2 − 3x

Substitute for y in Equation 2: x3 − 2 + ( 2 − 3x) = 0
x3 − 3x = 0
Solve for x: x 3 − 3 x = 0  x( x 2 − 3) = 0  x = 0, ± 3
Back-substitute x = 0: y = 2 − 3(0) = 2
Back-substitute x = 3: y = 2 − 3 3
Back-substitute x = − 3: y = 2 − 3 − ( )
3 = 2+3 3
Solutions: (0, 2), ( )(

3, 2 − 3 3 , − 3, 2 + 3 3 )
11. x 2 + y = 0 Equation 1 12.  x + y = 0 Equation 1
 2  3
x − 4 x − y = 0 Equation 2 x − 5 x − y = 0 Equation 2
Solve for y in Equation 1: y = − x 2
Solve for y in Equation 1: y = − x
Substitute for y in Equation 2: x − 4 x − ( − x
2 2
) = 0 Substitute for y in Equation 2: x3 − 5 x − ( − x) = 0
Solve for x: Solve for x:
2 x 2 − 4 x = 0  2 x( x − 2) = 0  x = 0, 2 x 3 − 4 x = 0  x( x 2 − 4) = 0  x = 0, ± 2
Back-substitute x = 0: y = −02 = 0 Back-substitute x = 0: y = −0 = 0

Back-substitute x = 2: y = −2
Back-substitute x = 2: y = −22 = −4
Back-substitute x = −2: y = −( −2) = 2
Solutions: (0, 0), ( 2, − 4)
Solutions: (0, 0), ( 2, − 2), ( −2, 2)
13.  y = x3 − 3 x 2 + 1 Equation 1
 2
 y = x − 3 x + 1 Equation 2
Substitute for y in Equation 2:
x3 − 3x 2 + 1 = x 2 − 3x + 1
x3 − 4 x 2 + 3x = 0
x( x − 1)( x − 3) = 0  x = 0, 1, 3
Back-substitute x = 0: y = 03 − 3(0) + 1 = 1
2
Back-substitute x = 1: y = 13 − 3(1) + 1 = −1
2
Back-substitute x = 3: y = 33 − 3(3) + 1 = 1
2
Solutions: (0, 1), (1, −1), (3, 1)
558 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Inequalities
14. − 12 x + y = − 52 Equation 1

 2
 x + y 2 = 25 Equation 2
Solve for x in Equation 1: − 12 x = − y − 5

2
 x = 2y + 5
Substitute for x in Equation 2: ( 2 y + 5) + y 2 = 25

2
Solve for 4 y 2 + 20 y + 25 + y 2 = 25  5 y 2 + 20 y = 0  5 y( y + 4) = 0  y = 0, y = −4
Back-substitute y = 0: − 12 x + 0 = − 52  x = 5
Back-substitute y = −4: − 12 x − 4 = − 52  x = −3
Solutions: ( −3, − 4), (5, 0)
15.  x − y = 2 Equation 1

6 x − 5 y = 16 Equation 2
Solve for x in Equation 1: x = y + 2

Substitute for x in Equation 2: 6( y + 2) − 5 y = 16  6 y + 12 − 5 y = 16  y = 4
Back-substitute y = 4: x − 4 = 2  x = 6
Solution: (6, 4)
16.  2 x + y = 9 Equation 1

3 x − 5 y = 20 Equation 2
Solve for y in Equation 1: y = 9 − 2 x

Substitute for y in Equation 2: 3 x − 5(9 − 2 x) = 20  3 x − 45 + 10 x = 20  13 x = 65  x = 5
Back-substitute x = 5: y = 9 − 2(5)  y = −1
Solution: (5, −1)
17. 2 x − y + 2 = 0 Equation 1 18. 6 x − 3 y − 4 = 0 Equation 1

 
4 x + y − 5 = 0 Equation 2  x + 2y − 4 = 0 Equation 2
Solve for y in Equation 1: y = 2 x + 2 Solve for x in Equation 2: x = 4 − 2 y

Substitute for y in Equation 2: 4 x + ( 2 x + 2) − 5 = 0 Substitute for x in Equation 1:
6( 4 − 2 y ) − 3 y − 4 = 0
Solve for x: 6 x − 3 = 0  x = 1
2
Solve for y:
Back-substitute x = 1
2
: y = 2x + 2 = 2 ()
1
2
+ 2 = 3 24 − 12 y − 3 y − 4 = 0  −15 y = −20  y = 4
3
Solution: ( 12 , 3) Back-substitute y = 4:
3
x = 4 − 2y = 4 − 2 ( 43 ) = 4
3
Solution: ( 43 , 43 )
19. 1.5 x + 0.8 y = 2.3 Equation 1


0.3x − 0.2 y = 0.1 Equation 2
Multiply the equations by 10.
15 x + 8 y = 23 Revised Equation 1
3x − 2 y = 1 Revised Equation 2
Solve for y in revised Equation 2: y = 3 1

2
x − 2
Substitute for y in revised Equation 1: 15 x + 8 32 x − ( 1

2 ) = 23
Solve for x: 15 x + 12 x − 4 = 23  27 x = 27  x = 1
Back-substitute x = 1: y = 3
2 (1) − 1
2
=1
Solution: (1, 1)
20. 0.5 x + y = − 3.5 Equation 1


 x − 3.2 y = 3.4 Equation 2
Multiply the equations by 10.
5 x + 10 y = − 35 Revised Equation 1
10 x − 32 y = 34 Revised Equation 2
Solve for x in revised Equation 2: 10 x − 32 y = 34  10 x = 32 y + 34  x = 16 17

5
y + 5
Substitute for x in revised Equation 1: 5 (165 y + 175 ) + 10 y = − 35
Solve for y: 16 y + 17 + 10 y = − 35  26 y = − 52  y = − 2
Back-substitute y = − 2: x = 16
5
( − 2) + 17
5
 x = − 32
5
+ 17
5
= −3
Solution: ( − 3, − 2)
21.  15 x + 1
y = 8 Equation 1 23.  6 x + 5 y = −3 Equation 1
2
  5
 x + y = 20 Equation 2 − x − 6 y = −7 Equation 2
Solve for x in Equation 2: x = 7 − 5

Solve for x in Equation 2: x = 20 − y 6
y
Substitute for x in Equation 1: 1

5
(20 − y) + 1
2
y = 8 Substitute for x in Equation 1: 6 7 −( 5
6
y ) + 5y = −3
3 40
Solve for y: 4 + 10
y = 8  y = 3 Solve for y: 42 − 5 y + 5 y = −3  42 = −3 (False)
Back-substitute y = 40 40 20 No solution
3
: x = 20 − y = 20 − 3
= 3
Solution: ( 203 , 403 ) 24. − 23 x + y = 2 Equation 1


 2 x − 3 y = 6 Equation 2
22.  12 x + 3
4
y = 10 Equation 1
3 Solve for y in Equation 1: y = 2
x + 2
 4 x − y = 4 Equation 2 3
Solve for y in Equation 2: y = 3

4
x − 4 (
Substitute for y in Equation 2: 2 x − 3 23 x + 2 = 6 )
Solve for x: 2 x − 2 x − 6 = 6  0 = 12 (False)
Substitute for y in Equation 1: 1
2
x + 3 3
4 4 (
x )
− 4 = 10
No solution
Solve for x:
1 9 17 208
2
x + 16 x − 3 = 10  16
x = 13  x = 17
17
: y = 4 17( ) − 4 = 1788
3 208
Solution: ( 208
17 17 )
, 88
25.  x + y = 12,000 26.  x + y = 12,000

 
0.02 x + 0.06 y = 500 0.04 x + 0.07 y = 630
Solve for y in Equation 1: y = 12,000 − x Solve for y in Equation 1: y = 12,000 − x

Substitute for y in Equation 2: Substitute for y in Equation 2:
0.02 x + 0.06(12,000 − x) = 500 0.04 x + 0.07(12,000 − x) = 630
Solve for x: 0.02 x + 720 − 0.06 x = 500 Solve for x: 0.04 x + 840 − 0.07 x = 630
− 0.04 x = − 220 − 0.03x = − 210
x = 5500 x = 7000
Back-substitute x = 5500: Back-substitute x = 7000:
y = 12,000 − 5500 = 6500 y = 12,000 − 7000 = 5000
So, $5500 is invested at 2% and $6500 is invested at 6%. So, $7000 is invested at 4% and $5000 is invested at 7%.
27.  x + y = 12,000

0.028 x + 0.038 y = 396
Solve for y in Equation 1: y = 12,000 − x

Substitute for y in Equation 2: 0.028 x + 0.038(12,000 − x) = 396
Solve for x: 0.028 x + 456 − 0.038 x = 396

− 0.01x = − 60
x = 6000
Back-substitute x = 6000: y = 12,000 − 6000 = 6000
So, $6000 is invested at 2.8% and $6000 is invested at 3.8%.
28.  x + y = 12,000

0.0175 x + 0.0225 y = 254
Solve for y in Equation 1: y = 12,000 − x

Substitute for y in Equation 2: 0.0175 x + 0.0225(12,000 − x) = 254
Solve for x: 0.0175 x + 270 − 0.0225 x = 254

− 0.005 x = −16
x = 3200
Back-substitute x = 3200: y = 12,000 − 3200 = 8800
So, $3200 is invested at 1.75% and $8800 is invested at 2.25%.
29.  x 2 − y = 0 Equation 1 30.  x − 2 y = 0 Equation 1

  2
2 x + y = 0 Equation 2 3 x − y = 0 Equation 2
Solve for y in Equation 2: y = −2 x Solve for x in Equation 1: x = 2 y
Substitute for y in Equation 1: x 2 − ( −2 x) = 0 Substitute for x in Equation 2: 3( 2 y ) − y 2 = 0
Solve for x: Solve for y:

x 2 + 2 x = 0  x( x + 2) = 0  x = 0, − 2 6 y − y 2 = 0  y (6 − y ) = 0  y = 0, 6
Back-substitute x = 0: y = −2(0) = 0 Back-substitute y = 0: x = 2(0) = 0
Back-substitute x = −2: y = −2( −2) = 4 Back-substitute y = 6: x = 2(6) = 12
Solutions: (0, 0), ( −2, 4) Solutions: (0, 0), (12, 6)
y
31.  x − y = −1 Equation 1 − x + 2 y = − 7
 2 36. 
x − y = −4 Equation 2  x − y = 2 −6 −4 −2 2
x
x − y = 2 −2
Solve for y in Equation 1: y = x + 1 Point of intersection:
( −3, − 5) −x + 2y = −7
Substitute for y in Equation 2: x 2 − ( x + 1) = −4
(−3, −5)
−6
Solve for x: x 2 − x − 1 = −4  x 2 − x + 3 = 0
−8
The Quadratic Formula yields no real solutions.
32.  y = − x Equation 1 y
  x + y = 4
3 2 37.  2
 y = x + 3x + 2 x Equation 2 2
6 x+y=4
x + y − 4 x = 0
4
Substitute for y in Equation 2: − x = x3 + 3x 2 + 2 x Points of intersection: (2, 2)
2
Solve for x: (2, 2), (4, 0) (4, 0)
x
x3 + 3x 2 + 3x = 0  x( x 2 + 3x + 3) = 0 −2
−2
2 6 8
−3 ± i 3 −4
 x = 0, x 2 + y 2 − 4x = 0
2
Back-substitute x = 0: y = 0 y
 −x + y = 3 −x + y = 3
The only real solution is (0, 0). 38.  2 12
x − 6 x − 27 + y 2 = 0 10
8
y Points of intersection: (3, 6)
− x + 2 y = − 2 (− 3, 0)
6
33.  6 −x + 2y = −2 (−3, 0), (3, 6)
 3x + y = 20
x
4
2 4 6 8 10 12
Point of intersection:
(6, 2) 2
(6, 2)
−6
x
2 4 6 8 10 x 2 − 6x − 27 + y 2 = 0
−2
−4 3x + y = 20 39. 3 x − 2 y = 0
 2 2
x − y = 4
y
34.  x + y = 0 y
3x − 2y = 0
 x+y=0
2 x − 7 y = −18 6 2x − 7y = − 18
2
4
Point of intersection: 1
(− 2, 2) (− 2, 2)
−4 −3 −1 1 3 4
x
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 −2
−2 −3
−4 −4 x 2 − y2 = 4
y
No points of intersection  No solution
 x − 3y = −3
35.  3
5 x + 3 y = − 6 x − 3y = − 3 40.  2 x − y + 3 = 0
2  2
Point of intersection: x + y 2 − 4 x = 0
(− 32 , 12 (
( − 32 , 12 ) −3 −2 1 2
x
y
5
4
5x + 3y = − 6 − 2
3 2x − y + 3 = 0
−3
1
x
−3 −1 1 2 3 5
−2
−3 x 2 + y 2 − 4x = 0
No points of intersection  No solution
41.  x 2 + y 2 = 25 45.  y = −2 + ln ( x − 1)
 2 
3x − 16 y = 0 2
3 y + 2 x = 9  y = − 3 x + 3
y
4
6
3x 2 − 16y = 0
4 −1 14
(− 4, 3) (4, 3)
2
x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 −6
−2
−4
Point of intersection: (5.31, − 0.54)
−6 x 2 + y 2 = 25
Points of intersection: ( −4, 3), ( 4, 3) 46.  x 2 + y 2 = 4  y1 = 4 − x 2 , y2 = − 4 − x2


2 x 2 − y = 2  y3 = 2 x 2 − 2
42.  x 2 + y 2 = 25 4

( x − 8) + y = 25
2 2
−6 6
Point of intersection: ( 4, − 3), ( 4, 3)

y −4
10
8 (x − 8) 2 + y2 = 25
Points of intersection: (0, − 2), (1.32, 1.5), ( −1.32, 1.5)
6 (4, 3)
4
2
x
47.  y = 2 x Equation 1
−6 −2 2 6 8 10 12 14  2
y = x + 1 Equation 2
−6 (4, − 3)
−8 Substitute for y in Equation 2: 2 x = x 2 + 1
− 10 x 2 + y 2 = 25
Solve for x: x 2 − 2 x + 1 = ( x − 1) = 0  x = 1
2
43.  y = e x
 Back-substitute x = 1 in Equation 1: y = 2 x = 2
x − y + 1 = 0  y = x + 1
Solution: (1, 2)
6
48. x 2 + y 2 = 9 Equation 1


−6 6
 x − y = − 3 Equation 2
−2 Solve for y in Equation 2: y = x + 3
Substitute for y in Equation 1: x 2 + ( x + 3) = 9

2
Point of intersection: (0, 1)
Solve for x: x 2 + ( x + 3) = 9
2
44.  y = −4e −x
 2 x2 + 6x + 9 = 9
 y + 3x + 8 = 0
2 x2 + 6x = 0
0
−7 8
2 x( x + 3) = 0
2x = 0  x = 0
x + 3 = 0  x = −3
− 10 Back-substitute x = 0: y = 0 + 3 = 3
Point of intersection: ( −0.49, − 6.53) Back-substitute x = − 3: y = − 3 + 3 = 0
Solutions: (0, 3), ( − 3, 0).
49.  x − 2 y = 4 Equation 1
 2
x − y = 0 Equation 2
Solve for y in Equation 2: y = x 2

Substitute for y in Equation 1: x − 2 x 2 = 4
1± 1 − 4( 2)( 4) 1± −31
Solve for x: 0 = 2 x 2 − x + 4  x =  x =
2( 2) 4
The discriminant in the Quadratic Formula is negative.
No real solution
50.  y = x3 − 2 x 2 + x − 1 Equation 1

 y = − x 2 + 3 x − 1 Equation 2
Substitute for y in Equation 1: − x 2 + 3 x − 1 = x3 − 2 x 2 + x − 1

Solve for x: 0 = x 3 − x 2 − 2 x
0 = x ( x 2 − x − 2)
0 = x( x − 2)( x + 1)  x = 0, 2, −1
Back-substitute x = 0 in Equation 2: y = −02 + 3(0) − 1 = −1

Back-substitute x = 2 in Equation 2: y = −22 + 3( 2) − 1 = 1
Back-substitute x = −1 in Equation 2: y = −( −1) + 3( −1) − 1 = −5
2
Solutions: (0, −1), ( 2, 1), ( −1, − 5)
51.  y − e − x = 1  y = e− x + 1 52. x 2 + y = 4  y = 4 − x 2

  x
 y − ln x = 3  y = ln x + 3  e − y = 0  y = e x
y y
Point of intersection: Points of intersection:
6
approximately (0.287), 5 approximately ( −1.96, 0.14),
5
4 (1.751) 3
(1.06, 2.88)
2
2
1
x x
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 −3 −1 1 3
−1
53.  xy − 1 = 0 Equation 1

2 x − 4 y + 7 = 0 Equation 2
1
Solve for y in Equation 1: y =
x
1
Substitute for y in Equation 2: 2 x − 4  + 7 = 0
 x
1
Solve for x: 2 x 2 − 4 + 7 x = 0  ( 2 x − 1)( x + 4) = 0  x = , −4
2
1 1
Back-substitute x = : y = = 2
2 12
1 1
Back-substitute x = −4: y = = −
−4 4
1   1
Solutions:  , 2 ,  −4, − 
2   4
x − 2 y = 1 Equation 1 55. C = 8650 x + 250,000, R = 9502 x

54. 
 y = x −1 Equation 2 R = C
Substitute for y in Equation 1: x − 2 x −1 =1 9502 x = 8650 x + 250,000
852 x = 250,000
Solve for x: x −1 = 2 x −1
x ≈ 293 units
(x − 1) = 4( x − 1)
2
x2 − 2x + 1 = 4x − 4
x2 − 6 x + 5 = 0
(x − 1)( x − 5) = 0  x = 1, 5
Back-substitute x = 1: y = 1−1 = 0
Back-substitute x = 5: y = 5 −1 = 2
Solutions: (1, 0), (5, 2)
56. C = 5.5 x + 10,000, R = 4.22 x

R = C
4.22 x = 5.5 x + 10,000
4.22 x − 5.5 x − 10,000 = 0
( x) ( x ) − 10,000 = 0
2
4.22 − 5.5
Let u = x.
2
4.22u − 5.5u − 10,000 = 0
(− 5.5) − 4( 4.22)( −10,000)

2
5.5 ±
u =
2( 4.22)
5.5 ±168,830.25
u =
8.44
u ≈ 49.335, − 48.032
Choosing the positive value for u.
x = u 2  x = ( 49.335) ≈ 2434 units.
2
57. C = 9.45 x + 16,000; R = 55.95 x 58. S = 0.06 x Straight comission


(a) R = C S = 500 + 0.03x Salary plus comission
55.95 x = 9.45 x + 16,000 0.06 x > 500 + 0.03 x
46.5 x = 16,000 0.03 x > 500
x ≈ 344 x > $16,666.67
About 344 units must be sold to break even. To make straight commission the better offer, you would
(b) P = R −C have to sell more than $16,666.67 per week.
100,000 = 55.95 x − (9.45 x + 16,000)
100,000 = 46.5 x − 16,000
116,000 = 46.5 x
x ≈ 2495
About 2495 units must be sold to earn a
$100,000 profit.
59. R = 360 − 24 x Equation 1


R = 24 + 18 x Equation 2
(a) Substitute for R in Equation 2: 360 − 24 x = 24 + 18 x
Solve for x: 336 = 42 x  x = 8 weeks
(b) Weeks, x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
R = 360 − 24 x 336 312 288 264 240 216 192 168 144 120
R = 24 + 18x 42 60 78 96 114 132 150 168 186 204
The rentals are equal when x = 8 weeks.
60. p = 1.45 + 0.00014 x 2

p = ( 2.388 − 0.007 x)
2
10
0 150
0
The market equilibrium (point of intersection) is approximately (99.99, 2.85).
61. The error was when the second equation was solved (d) Answers will vary. Sample Answer: Both models
for y. show that each type of energy consumption is
increasing. Wind at a great rate and geothermal also
x2 + 2x − y = 3
increasing but at a much slower rate. It is possible
2x − y = 2  y = 2x − 2 that the models could be used to predict the
consumption of geothermal and wind energy in
x + 2 x − ( 2 x − 2) = 3
2
future years if the trends of each continue.
x2 + 2x − 2x + 2 = 3 (e) Answers will vary.
x2 + 2 = 3
63. 2l + 2 w = 56  l + w = 28
x2 = 1
x = ±1 l = w + 4  ( w + 4) + w = 28
2w + 4 = 28
When x = 1, y = 2(1) − 2 = 0
2w = 24
When x = −1, y = 2( −1) − 2 = − 4 w = 12 meters
Solutions: (1, 0), ( −1, − 4). l = w + 4 = 12 + 4 = 16 meters
Dimensions: 12 meters × 16 meters
62. (a) Geothermal:
C = − 0.115t 3 + 2.97t 2 − 19.1t + 215 64. 2l + 2 w = 42  l + w = 21
3 3
w = l  l + l = 21
Wind energy: 4 4
7
C = −1.705t 3 + 55.03t 2 − 373.9t + 875 4
l = 21
1800
l = 12
(b)
3
w = 4
l = 9
Dimensions: 9 inches × 12 inches

4 14
100
(c) The point of intersection is approximately

(5.21, 180) which means that in the year 2005, the
consumption of geothermal and wind energy were
equal to approximately 180 trillion Btus.
65. 44 = 2l + 2 w 67. False. To solve a system of equations by substitution,

22 = l + w  l = 22 − w you can solve for either variable in one of the two
equations and then back-substitute.
A = lw
120 = lw 68. False. The system can have at most four solutions
because a parabola and a circle can intersect at most
120 = ( 22 − w) w
four times.
120 = 22w − w2
w2 − 22w + 120 = 0 69. Sample answer: If the result is a contradictory equation
such as 0 = N , then you know there are no solutions.
( w − 10)( w − 12) = 0
When solving a system of equations that is a nonlinear
w = 10, w = 12 system, there may be an equation with imaginary or
When w = 10, l = 22 − 10 = 12. extraneous solutions.
When w = 12, l = 22 − 12 = 10. 70. (a) The point of intersection is about ( 2500, 150,000)
Dimensions: 10 kilometers × 12 kilometers which is the break-even point.
(b) (i ) Overall loss: 0 ≤ x < 2500, since the cost is
1
66. A = 2
bh greater than the revenue.
1 2 (ii) Profit: x > 2500, since the revenue is greater
1= 2
a
2 than the cost.
a2 = 2 a
71. Answers will vary.
a = 2
The dimensions are a
2 inches × 2 inches × 2 inches.
Section 7.2 Two-Variable Linear Systems

1. elimination 6.  x + 3 y = 1 Equation 1

2. equivalent − x + 2 y = 4 Equation 2
Add to eliminate x: x + 3y = 1
3. consistent; inconsistent
−x + 2 y = 4
4. equilibrium point 5y = 5  y = 1
5. 2 x + y = 7 Equation 1 Substitute y = 1 in Equation 1:

 x + 3(1) = 1  x = −2
 x − y = −4 Equation 2
Add to eliminate y: 2 x + y = 7 Solution: ( −2, 1)
x − y = −4 y
3x = 3 x = 1 − x + 2y = 4
4
x + 3y = 1
Substitute x = 1 in Equation 2: 1 − y = − 4  y = 5
Solution: (1, 5)
x
y −6 −4 −2
7 −2
6
5
x − y = −4
4
3
2x + y = 7
2
1
x
−2 −1 1 2 3 5 6
−1
Section 7.2 Two-Variable Linear Systems 567
7.  x + y = 0 Equation 1 9.  x − y = 2 Equation 1
 
3 x + 2 y = 1 Equation 2 −2 x + 2 y = 5 Equation 2
Multiply Equation 1 by −2: −2 x − 2 y = 0 Multiply Equation 1 by 2: 2 x − 2 y = 4
Add this to Equation 2 to eliminate y: Add this to Equation 2: 2 x − 2 y = 4
−2 x − 2 y = 0 −2 x + 2 y = 5
3x + 2 y = 1 0 = 9
x = 1 There are no solutions.
y
Substitute x = 1 in Equation 1: 1 + y = 0  y = −1
4
Solution: (1, −1) − 2x + 2y = 5
y
1
4 x
3 −4 −2 −1 2 3 4
2 3x + 2y = 1 −2
x+y=0 x−y=2
x −4
−4 −3 −2 −1 2 3 4
−2
−3
10. 3 x + 2 y = 3 Equation 1
−4 
6 x + 4 y = 14 Equation 2
Multiply Equation 1 by −2: −6 x − 4 y = −6
8.  12 x − y = −2 y
 1
Add this to Equation 2:
 x + 3
y = 3
−6 x − 4 y = −6 6x + 4y = 14
Multiply Equation 1 by 2 and Equation 2 by 6 6 x + 4 y = 14
3x + 2y = 3
x − 2y = −4 0 = 8 x
−2 2 4
6 x + 2 y = 18
There are no solutions. −2
7x = 14  x = 2
−4
Substitute x = 2 in Equation 1:
1
2
(2) − y = −2  y = 3
11.  3x − 2 y = 5 Equation 1
Solution: ( 2, 3) 
−6 x + 4 y = −10 Equation 2
y
1 x − y = −2 Multiply Equation 1 by 2: 6 x − 4 y = 10
6
2
5 Add this to Equation 2: 6 x − 4 y = 10
4
3
−6 x + 4 y = −10
x + 1y = 3 0 = 0
3
1
x The equations are dependent. There are infinitely many
−2 −1 1 2 4 5 6
−1 solutions.
−2
3a − 5 3 5
Let x = a , then y = = a − .
2 2 2
 3 5
Solution:  a, a − , where a is any real number.
 2 2
y
3x − 2y = 5
4
3
2
1
x
−3 −2 −1 2 3 4 5
−2
− 6x + 4y = − 10
12.  9 x − 3 y = −15 Equation 1 15. 5 x + 3 y = 6 Equation 1

 
−3 x + y = 5 Equation 2 3x − y = 5 Equation 2
Multiply Equation 2 by 3: −9 x + 3 y = 15 Multiply Equation 2 by 3: 9 x − 3 y = 15
Add this to Equation 1: 9 x − 3 y = −15 Add this to Equation 1 to eliminate y:
5x + 3 y = 6
−9 x + 3 y = 15
9 x − 3 y = 15
0 = 0
3
14 x = 21  x = 2
There are infinitely many solutions. Let x = a.
3
−3a + y = 5  y = 3a + 5 Substitute x = 2
into Equation 1:
Solution: ( a, 3a + 5), where a is any real number. 5( 32 ) + 3 y = 6  y = − 12

y
−3x + y = 5 Solution: ( 32 , − 12 )
8
6
16.  x + 5 y = 10 Equation 1
9x − 3y = −15 
x
3x − 10 y = −5 Equation 2
−8 −6 −4 2 4 6 8
Multiply Equation 1 by 2: 2 x + 10 y = 20
−4
−6 Add this to Equation 2 to eliminate y:
−8 2 x + 10 y = 20
3 x − 10 y = −5
13. x + 2 y = 6 Equation 1 5x = 15  x = 3
 Substitute x = 3 into Equation 1: 3 + 5 y = 10
x − 2 y = 2 Equation 2
7
Add the equations to eliminate y: y = 5
x + 2y = 6 Solution: 3,( 75 )
x − 2y = 2
2x = 8 x = 4 17. 2u + 3v = −1 Equation 1

Substitute x = 4 into Equation 1: 7u + 15v = 4 Equation 2
4 + 2y = 6  y = 1 Multiply Equation 1 by − 5 and add to Equation 2.
Solution: ( 4, 1) −10u − 15v = 5

 7u + 15v = 4
14. 3 x − 5 y = 8 Equation 1
 Solve for u: − 3u = 9  u = − 3
2 x + 5 y = 22 Equation 2
Substitute u = − 3 in Equation 1:
Add the equations to eliminate y:
3x − 5 y = 8 5
2( − 3) + 3v = −1  v =
2 x + 5 y = 22 3
5x = 30  x = 6  5
Solution:  − 3, 
 3
Substitute x = 6 into Equation 2:
2(6) + 5 y = 22  y = 2
Solution: (6, 2)
18.  2r + 4 s = 5 Equation 1 21. 4b + 3m = 3 Equation 1

 
16r + 50 s = 55 Equation 2 3b + 11m = 13 Equation 2
Multiply Equation 1 by −8: −16r − 32 s = −40 Multiply Equation 1 by 3 and Equation 2 by − 4:
Add this to Equation 2 to eliminate r:  12b + 9m = 9
−16r − 32s = −40 
−12b − 44m = −52
16r + 50s = 55
43
18s = 15 Add to eliminate b: −35m = −43  m = 35
5
s = 6 Substitute m = 43
in Equation 1:
35
5
Substitute s = 6
in Equation 1: 4b + 3 ( 3543 ) = 3  b = − 356
2r + 4( )=5r
5
6
= 5
6 Solution: ( − 35 , 35 )
6 43
Solution: ( 56 , 56 )
22. 2 x + 5 y = 8 Equation 1
19. 3x + 2 y = 10 Equation 1 
 5 x + 8 y = 10 Equation 2
2 x + 5 y = 3 Equation 2
Multiply Equation 1 by 5 and Equation 2 by − 2:
Multiply Equation 1 by 2 and Equation 2 by − 3:
 10 x + 25 y = 40
 6 x + 4 y = 20 
 −10 x − 16 y = −20
−6 x − 15 y = −9
Add to eliminate x:
Add to eliminate x: −11 y = 11  y = −1
10 x + 25 y = 40
Substitute y = −1 in Equation 1:
−10 x − 16 y = −20
3 x − 2 = 10  x = 4 9y = 20  y = 20
9
Solution: ( 4, −1)
20
Substitute y = 9
in Equation 1:
20.  3 x + 11 y = 4 Equation 1

−2 x − 5 y = 9 Equation 2
2x + 5 ( 209 ) = 8  x = − 14
9
Multiply Equation 1 by 2 and Equation 2 by 3: Solution: ( − 14

9 9 )
, 20
 6 x + 22 y = 8
 23. 0.2 x − 0.5 y = −27.8 Equation 1
−6 x − 15 y = 27 
0.3 x + 0.4 y = 68.7 Equation 2
Add to eliminate x: 6 x + 22 y = 8
Multiply Equation 1 by 4 and Equation 2 by 5:
−6 x − 15 y = 27
0.8 x − 2 y = −111.2
7 y = 35  y = 5 
1.5 x + 2 y = 343.5
Substitute y = 5 in Equation 1:
Add these to eliminate y: 0.8 x − 2 y = −111.2
3x + 11(5) = 4  x = −17
1.5 x + 2 y = 343.5
Solution: ( −17, 5)
2.3 x = 232.3
x = 101
Substitute x = 101 in Equation 1:
0.2(101) − 0.5 y = −27.8  y = 96
Solution: (101, 96)
24. 0.5 x − 0.3 y = 6.5 Equation 1 28.  7 x + 8 y = 6 Equation 1

 
0.7 x + 0.2 y = 6.0 Equation 2 −14 x − 16 y = −12 Equation 2
Multiply Equation 1 by 20 and Equation 2 by 30: Multiply Equation 1 by 2:
10 x − 6 y = 130  14 x + 16 y = 12
 
21x + 6 y = 180 −14 x − 16 y = −12
Add to eliminate y: 31x = 310  x = 10 Add these two together: 0 = 0
Substitute x = 10 in Equation 2: The original equations are dependent. They have
infinitely many solutions.
0.7(10) + 0.2 y = 6.0  y = − 5
Let x = a in 7 x + 8 y = 6 and solve for y.
Solution: (10, − 5)
The points on the line have the form a, ( 3
4 )
− 78 a .
25. 3 x + 2 y = 4 Equation 1
 x + 3 y −1
9 x + 6 y = 3 Equation 2 29.  + = 1 Equation 1
 4 3
Multiply Equation 1 by − 3 and add to Equation 2.  Equation 2
 2 x − y = 12
− 9 x − 6 y = −12
 Multiply Equation 1 by 12 and Equation 2 by 4:
 9x + 6 y = 3
3 x + 4 y = 7
Add: 
8 x − 4 y = 48
− 9 x − 6 y = −12
Add to eliminate y: 11x = 55  x = 5
9x + 6 y = 3
Substitute x = 5 into Equation 2:
0 ≠ −9
2(5) − y = 12  y = −2
No solution.
26. − 6 x + 4 y = 7 Equation 1

 15 x − 10 y = −16 Equation 2 x − 1
30.  +
y + 2
= 4 Equation 1
Multiply Equation 1 by 5 and Equation 2 by 2:  2 3
 x − 2y = 5 Equation 2

− 30 x + 20 y = 35
 Multiply Equation 1 by 6:
 30 x − 20 y = − 32
Add: 3( x − 1) + 2( y + 2) = 24  3 x + 2 y = 23
− 30 x + 20 y = 35 Add this to Equation 2 to eliminate y:

30 x − 20 y = − 32 3x + 2 y = 23
0 ≠ 3 x − 2y = 5
No solution. 4x = 28
x = 7
27. −5 x + 6 y = −3 Equation 1
 Substitute x = 7 in Equation 2:
20 x − 24 y = 12 Equation 2
7 − 2y = 5  y = 1
Multiply Equation 1 by 4:
Solution: (7, 1)
−20 x + 24 y = −12

 20 x − 24 y = 12
Add these two together: 0 = 0
The equations are dependent. There are infinitely many
solutions.
Let x = a , then
5a − 3 5 1
−5 a + 6 y = −3  y = = a − .
6 6 2
 5 1 
Solution:  a, a − , where a is any real number
 6 2
31. −7 x + 6 y = −4 35. 3x − 5 y = 7 Equation 1

 
 14 x − 12 y = 8 2 x + y = 9 Equation 2
Multiply Equation 1 by 2: Multiply Equation 2 by 5:
−14 x + 12 y = −8 10 x + 5 y = 45

 14 x − 12 y = 8 Add this to Equation 1:
Add this to Equation 2: 0 = 0 13 x = 52  x = 4
The original equations are dependent. Back-substitute x = 4 into Equation 2:

Matches graph (a). 2( 4) + y = 9  y = 1
Number of solutions: Infinite Solution: ( 4, 1)
Consistent
36. − x + 3 y = 17 Equation 1
32. 2 x − 5 y = 0 
 4 x + 3 y = 7 Equation 2
2 x − 3 y = −4
Multiply Equation 1 by −1: Subtract Equation 2 from Equation 1 to eliminate y:
− x + 3 y = 17
−2 x + 5 y = 0
 −4 x − 3 y = −7
 2 x − 3 y = −4
−5 x = 10  x = −2
Add to eliminate x: 2 y = −4  y = −2
Matches graph (c). Back-substitute x = −2 in Equation 1:
Number of solutions: One −( −2) + 3 y = 17  y = 5

Consistent Solution: ( −2, 5)
33.  7 x − 6 y = −6
 37. − 2 x + 8 y = 20 Equation 1
−7 x + 6 y = −4 
 y = x − 5 Equation 2
Add the equations: 0 = −10
Substitute Equation 2 into Equation 1:
Inconsistent
− 2 x + 8( x − 5) = 20
Matches graph (d ).
− 2 x + 8 x − 40 = 20
Number of solutions: None 6 x = 60
Inconsistent x = 10
Back-substitute x = 10 into Equation 2:
34. 2 x − 5 y = 0
 y = 10 − 5 = 5
 x − y = 3
Solution: (10, 5)
Multiply Equation 2 by −5:
 2x − 5 y = 0 38. − 5 x + 9 y = 13 Equation 1
 
−5 x + 5 y = −15  y = x − 4 Equation 2
Add to eliminate y: −3 x = −15  x = 5 Substitute Equation 2 into Equation 1:
Matches graph ( b). − 5 x + 9( x − 4) = 13
Number of solutions: One − 5 x + 9 x − 36 = 13

Consistent 4 x = 49
49
x = 4
49
into Equation 2:
49 33
y = 4
−4 = 4
 49 33 
Solution:  , 
 4 4
39.  y = − 2 x − 17 Equation 1 43. Let x = the number of calories in a cheeseburger.


y = 2 − 3x Equation 2 Let y = the number of calories in a small order
Use substitution because both equations are solved for y, of french fries.
set them equal to one another and solve for x. 2 x + y = 1420 Equation 1

− 2 x − 17 = 2 − 3x 3 x + 2 y = 2290 Equation 2
x = 19 Multiply Equation 1 by − 2 and add this to Equation 2.
Back-substitute x = 19 into Equation 1:
− 4 x − 2 y = − 2840
y = − 2(19) − 17 = − 55
3x + 2 y = 2290
Solution: (19, −15) −x = − 550
x = 550 calories
40.  y = − 3 x − 8 Equation 1
 Back-substitute x = 550 into Equation 2:
 y = 15 − 2 x Equation 2
3(550) + 2 y = 2290
Use substitution because both equations are solved for y,
set them equal to one another and solve for x. 2 y = 640
− 3 x − 8 = 15 − 2 x y = 320 calories
− 23 = x The cheeseburger contains 550 calories and the fries
contain 320 calories.
Back-substitute x = − 23 into Equation 1:
44. Let x = the number of milligrams of vitamin C in an
y = − 3( − 23) − 8 = 61
8-ounce glass of apple juice.
Solution: ( − 23, 61) Let y = the number of milligrams of vitamin C in an
8-ounce glass of orange juice.
41. Let and r1 = the air speed of the plane and
 x + y = 179.2 Equation 1
r2 = the wind air speed. 
2 x + 3 y = 442.1 Equation 2
 3( r1 − r2 ) = 1800 Equation 1
 Multiply Equation 1 by − 2:
2.5( r1 + r2 ) = 1800 Equation 2
− 2 x − 2 y = − 358.4
r1 − r2 = 600 
 2 x + 3 y = 442.1
r1 + r2 = 720
2r1 = 1320 Add to eliminate x: y = 83.7
r1 = 660 Substitute y = 83.7 in Equation 1:

Back substitute into Equation 2 660 + r2 = 720 x + 83.7 = 179.2  x = 95.5
r2 = 60 Apple juice contains 95.5 mg of vitamin C in an 8-ounce

glass, and orange juice contains 83.7 mg in an 8-ounce
The air speed of the plane is 660 miles per hour and the glass.
speed of the wind is 60 miles per hour.
45. 500 − 0.4 x = 380 + 0.1x
42. Let x = the speed of the plane that leaves first and
120 = 0.5 x
y = the speed of the plane that leaves second.
x = 240 units
 y − x = 80 Equation 1
 3 p = $404
2 x + 2
y = 3200 Equation 2
Equilibrium point: ( 240, 404)
−2 x + 2 y = 160
3
2x + 2
y = 3200 46. 25 + 0.1x = 100 − 0.05 x
7
2
y = 3360 0.15 x = 75
y = 960 x = 500 units
960 − x = 80 p = $75
x = 880 Equilibrium point: (500, 75)
Solution: First plane: 880 kilometers per hour; Second
plane: 960 kilometers per hour
47. 140 − 0.00002 x = 80 + 0.00001x (c) Multiply Equation 1 by −87, then add the equations:
60 = 0.00003 x −87 x − 87 y = −43,500
x = 2,000,000 units 87 x + 92 y = 44,500
p = $100.00 5y = 1000
Equilibrium point: ( 2,000,000, 100) y = 200
x + 200 = 500
48. 225 + 0.0005 x = 400 − 0.0002 x x = 300
0.0007 x = 175
Solution: 87 octane: 300 gallons;
x = 250,000 units
92 octane: 200 gallons
p = $350
Equilibrium point: ( 250,000, 350) 51. Let x = the amount of money invested at 3.5%.
Let y = the amount of money invested at 5%.
49. (a) Let x = the number of liters at 25%.
 x + y = 24,000 Equation 1
Let y = the number of liters at 50%. 
0.035 x + 0.05 y = 930 Equation 2
0.25 x + 0.50 y = 12
 Solve Equation 1 for x: x = 24,000 − y
 x + y = 30
Substitute this into Equation 2 to eliminate x:
(b) 30
0.035( 24,000 − y ) + 0.05 y = 930
840 + 0.015 y = 930
y = $6000
0 50
0 Back-substitute y = 6000 into Equation 1:
As the amount of 25% solution increases, the x + 6000 = 24,000
amount of 50% solution decreases. x = $18,000
(c) 0.25 x + 0.50 y = 12 Equation 1 $18,000 should be invested in the 3.5% bond.

 x + y = 30 Equation 2
52. Let x = the amount invested at 5.75%; y = the amount
Solve Equation 2 for y: y = 30 − x invested at 6.25%.
Substitute this into Equation 1 to eliminate y:  x + y = 32,000 Equation 1
0.25 x + 0.50(30 − x) = 12 
0.0575 x + 0.0625 y = 1900 Equation 2
0.25 x + 15 − 0.50 x = 12
Multiply Equation 1 by −5.75 and multiply Equation 2
−0.25 x = −3 by 100; then add the two equations:
x = 12 liters −5.75 x − 5.75 y = −184,000
Back-substitute x = 12 into Equation 2: 5.75 x + 6.25 y = 190,000
12 + y = 30  y = 18 liters 0.5 y = 6000
The final mixture should contain 12 liters of the 25% y = 12,000
solution and 18 liters of the 50% solution. x + 12,000 = 32,000
50. Let x = the number of gallons of 87 octane gasoline; x = 20,000
y = the number of gallons of 92 octane gasoline.
The amount that should be invested in the bond that pays
(a)  x + y = 500 Equation 1 5.75% interest is $20,000.

87 x + 92 y = 44,500 Equation 2
500
(b)
0 500
0
As the amount of 87 octane gasoline increases, the

amount of 92 octane gasoline decreases.
53. (a) Pharmacy A: (b) y = − 44.21x + 89.53

y = − 44.21(1.75) + 89.53
23
y = 12.16
When the price is $1.75, the demand is about 12
11 17 units.
18
55.  5b + 10a = 20.2  b + 2a = 4.04

PA = 0.52t + 12.9 
10b + 30a = 50.1  − b − 3a = − 5.01
Pharmacy B:
23
− a = − 0.97
a = 0.97
b + 2a = 4.04
b + 2(0.97) = 4.04
11 17
18
b = 2.1
PB = 0.39t + 15.7 Least squares regression line: y = 0.97 x + 2.1
8
(b) To find when the prescriptions filled are equal, solve
the system of equations consisting of
P = 0.52t + 12.9 and P = 0.39t + 15.7.
P = 0.52t + 12.9
 0 5
P = 0.39t + 15.7
0
0.52t + 12.9 = 0.39t + 15.7

56.  6b + 15a = 23.6  3b + 7.5a = 11.8
0.13t = 2.8 
15b + 55a = 48.8  − 3b − 11a = − 9.76
2.8
t = ≈ 21.5 − 3.5a = 2.04
013
a ≈ − 0.58
The number of prescriptions filled at pharmacy A
will exceed the number of prescriptions filled at 3b + 7.5a = 11.8
pharmacy B during the year 2021. 3b + 7.5( − 0.58) = 11.8
54. (a) 3.00b + 3.70a = 105.00 Equation 1 3b = 16.15

 b ≈ 5.38
3.70b + 4.69a = 123.90 Equation 2
Least squares regression line:
3.70
Solve Equation 1 for b: b = 35 − a y = − 0.58 x + 5.4
3
8
Substitute this into Equation 2 to eliminate b:
 3.70 
3.70 35 − a  + 4.69a = 123.90
 3 
a ≈ − 44.21 0 5
0
Back-substitute a ≈ − 44.21 into Equation 1:
3.00b + 3.70( − 44.21) = 105.00  b ≈ 89.53

y = − 44.21x + 89.53
100
0 2
0
57. (a) 4b + 7.0a = 174  28b + 49.0a = 1218 (b) Substitute x = 1.6 into y = 14 x + 19.

7b + 13.5a = 322  − 28b − 54.0a = −1288 y = 14(1.6) + 19 = 41.4
− 5a = − 70 The wheat yield is about 41.4 bushels per acre.
a = 14
4b + 7.0a = 174
4b + 7.0(14) = 174
4b = 76
b = 19
y = 14 x + 19
58. (a)  7b + 84a = 112,104.5 Equation 1


84b + 1036a = 1,361,309.3 Equation 2
Multiply Equation 1 by −12 and add to Equation 2.
− 84b − 1008a = −1,345,254
84b + 1036a = 1,361,309.3
28a = 16,055.3
a ≈ 573.40
Back-substitute a ≈ 573.40 into Equation 1:
7b + 84a = 112,104.5
7b + 84(573.40) = 112,104.5
7b = 63,938.564
b ≈ 9,134.1
Least squares regression line: y = 573.40 x + 9,134.1
Using a graphing utility, the least squares regression line matches the equation found in (a) is y = 573.40t + 9,134.1.
(b)
Year 2009 2010 2011 2012
y 14,294.7 14,868.1 15,441.5 16,014.9
Year 2013 2014 2015

y 16,588.3 17,161.7 17,735.1
The estimated values are close to the actual values.

(c) Substitute t = 16 into y = 573.40 x + 9,134.1.
y = 573.40(16) + 9,134.1
= 18,308.5
The total national outlay for 2016 is $18,308.5 billion.
(d) Answers will vary.
(e) Answers will vary. Sample answer: No, the gross domestic product probably will not continue to increase at the same rate.
59. False. Two lines that coincide have infinitely many

points of intersection.
60. False. Solving a system of equations algebraically will

always give an exact solution.
61. 4 x − 8 y = −3 Equation 1 66. (a) The graphs seem to be of two parallel lines.

2 x + ky = 16 Equation 2 (b) No, because you do not know definitely that the
Multiply Equation 2 by –2: −4 x − 2ky = −32 slopes of the two lines are the same, and therefore
cannot assume the system is inconsistent.
Add this to Equation 1: 4x − 8 y = −3
67. 100 y − x = 200 Equation 1
−4 x − 2ky = −32 
−8 y − 2ky = −35  99 y − x = −198 Equation 2
Subtract Equation 2 from Equation 1 to eliminate x:
The system is inconsistent if −8 y − 2ky = 0.
100 y − x = 200
This occurs when k = −4.
−99 y + x = 198
62.  15 x + 3 y = 6  30 x + = 12 y = 398

−10 x + ky = 9  −30 x + 3ky = 27 Substitute y = 398 into Equation 1:
(6 + 3k ) y = 39 100(398) − x = 200  x = 39,600
If k = −2, then 0 = 39 and the system would be
Solution: (39, 600, 398)
inconsistent.
The lines are not parallel. The scale on the axes must be
63. No, it is not possible for a consistent system of linear changed to see the point of intersection.
equations to have exactly two solutions. Either the lines
will intersect once or they will coincide and then the 68. 21x − 20 y = 0 Equation 1
system would have infinite solutions. 
13 x − 12 y = 120 Equation 2
64. Answers will vary.
( )
Multiply Equation 2 by − 53 : − 65
3
x + 20 y = −200
(a) No solution
Add this to Equation 1 to eliminate y:
x + y = 10
 − 23 x = −200  x = 300
x + y = 20
Back-substitute x = 300 in Equation 1:
(b) Infinite number of solutions
21(300) − 20 y = 0  y = 315
 x + y = 3
 Solution: (300, 315)
2 x + 2 y = 6
The lines are not parallel. It is necessary to change the
65. 3 x + 2 y = 4 scale on the axes to see the point of intersection.

5 x − 2 y = 12
2 y = − 3x + 4
y = − 32 x + 2
( )
5 x − 2 − 32 x + 2 = 12
5 x + 3 x − 4 = 12
8 x = 16
x = 2
Back substitute x = 2: 3( 2) + 2 y = 4
6 + 2y = 4
2y = −2
y = −1
Solution: ( 2, −1)
Answers will vary: Sample answer: If the equations can
be added or subtracted without having to multiply by any
coefficient, elimination of variable may be preferred. If
one or both of the equations is already solved for one of
the variables, the method of substitution may be more
efficient.
Section 7.3 Multivariable Linear Systems 577
69. u sin x + v cos x = 0 Equation 1


 u cos x − v sin x = sec x Equation 2
Multiply Equation 1 by cos x and multiply Equation 2 by − sin x. Then add the equations to eliminate u.
u sin x cos x + v cos 2 x = 0

− u sin x cos x + v sin 2 x = − sin x sec x
v(sin 2 x + cos 2 x) = − sin x sec x
 1 
v = − sin x sec x = − sin x  = − tan x
 cos x 
Back substitute v into Equation 1
u sin x + ( − tan x) cos x = 0

 sin x 
u sin x −   cos x = 0
 cos x 
u sin x − sin x = 0
u sin x = sin x
u =1
The solution of this system is: u = 1, v = − tan x.
70. u cos 2x + v sin 2x = 0 Equation 1

u ( − 2 sin 2x) + v ( 2 cos 2x) = csc 2x Equation 2
Multiply Equation 1 by 2 cos 2x and Equation 2 by − sin 2x.
u ( 2 cos 2 2x) + v( 2 sin 2x cos 2x) = 0
u ( 2 sin 2 2x) + v( − 2 sin 2x cos 2x) = −1
u ( 2 sin 2 2 x + 2 cos 2 2x) = −1
u 2(sin 2 2 x + cos 2 2x) = −1

2u = −1
1
u = −
2
u cos 2x + v sin 2x = 0
1
− cos 2x + v sin 2x = 0
2
1
v sin 2x = cos 2x
2
1 cos 2x 1
v = = cot 2x
2 sin 2x 2
1 1
The solution of this system is u = − , v = cot 2x.
2 2
Section 7.3 Multivariable Linear Systems

1. row-echelon 4. row operation
2. ordered triple 5. nonsquare
3. Gaussian 6. position
7. 6 x − y + z = −1

(b) 4 ( 32 ) + (− 52 ) − ( 53 ) ≠ 0
4 x − 3 z = −19
 2 y + 5 z = 25
( 32 , − 52 , 53 ) is not a solution.

(c) 4( − 12 ) + ( 34 ) − ( − 54 ) = 0
(a) (0, 3, 1)
6(0) − (3) + (1) ≠ 1 − 8( − 12 ) − 6( 34 ) + ( − 54 ) = − 74
(0, 3, 1) is not a solution. 3( − 12 ) − ( 34 ) = − 94
(b) (− 3, 0, 5) (− 12 , 34 , − 54 ) is a solution.
6( − 3) − 0 + 5 ≠ −1
(d) 4( − 12 ) + ( 16 ) − ( − 34 ) ≠ 0
(− 3, 0, 5) is not a solution
(c) (0, −1, 4)
(− 12 , 16 , − 43 ) is not a solution.
4(0) − 3( 4) ≠ −19 10. − 4 x − y − 8 z = − 6

(0, −1, 4) is not a solution.  y + z = 0
 4x − 7 y = 6

(d) ( −1, 0, 5)
(a) − 4( − 2) − ( − 2) − 8( 2) = − 6
6( −1) − 0 + 5 = −1
−2 + 2 = 0
4( −1) − 3(5) = −19
4( − 2) − 7( − 2) = 6
2(0) + 5(5) = 25
(− 2, − 2, 2) is a solution.
( −1, 0, 5) is a solution.
( )
(b) − 4 − 33
2
− ( −10) − 8(10) ≠ − 6
8. 3 x + 4 y − z = 17

5 x − y + 2 z = − 2
(− 332 , −10, 10) is not a solution.
2 x − 3 y + 7 z = − 21
 (c) − 4( 18 ) − ( − 12 ) − 8( 12 ) ≠ − 6
(a) 3(3) + 4( −1) − 2 ≠ 17
( 18 , − 12 , 12 ) is not a solution.
(3, −1, 2) is not a solution.
(d) − 4( − 12 ) − ( − 2) − 8(1) ≠ − 6
(b) 3(1) + 4(3) − ( − 2) = 17
5(1) − 3 + 2( − 2) = − 2 (− 12 , − 2, 1) is not a solution.
2(1) − 3(3) + 7( − 2) = − 21
11. x − y + 5 z = 37 Equation 1
(1, 3, − 2) is a solution. 
 y + 2z = 6 Equation 2

(c) 3(1) + 4(5) − (6) = 17  z = 8 Equation 3
5(1) − 5 + 2(6) ≠ − 2 Back-substitute z = 8 into Equation 2:

y + 2(8) = 6
(1, 5, 6) is not a solution.
y = −10
(d) 3(1) + 4( − 2) − 2 ≠ 17
Back-substitute y = −10 and z = 8 into Equation 1:
(1, − 2, 2) is not a solution. x − ( −10) + 5(8) = 37
9.  4 x + y − z = 0 x + 10 + 40 = 37
 7 x = −13
− 8 x − 6 y + z = − 4
 3x − y = − 94 Solution: ( −13, −10, 8)

(a) 4 ( 12 ) + (− 34 ) − (− 74 ) ≠ 0
( 12 , − 34 , − 74 ) is not a solution.
12. x − 2 y + 2 z = 20 Equation 1

 y − z = 8 Equation 2
 z = −1 Equation 3

Back-substitute z = −1 into Equation 2:
y − ( −1) = 8
y = 7
Back-substitute z = − 2 and y = − 3 into Equation 1:
x − 2(7) + 2( −1) = 20
x − 16 = 20
x = 36
Solution: (36, 7, −1)
13. x + y − 3z = 7 Equation 1

 y + z = 12 Equation 2
 z = 2 Equation 3

Back-substitute z = 2 into Equation 2: y + 2 = 12  y = 10
Back-substitute y = 10 and z = 2 into Equation 1:
x + (10) − 3( 2) = 7
x + 4 = 7
x = 3
Solution: (3, 10, 2)
14. x − y + 2 z = 22 Equation 1 15. x − 2 y + z = − 14 Equation 1

 
 y − 8 z = 13 Equation 2  y − z = −4 Equation 2
 z = −3 Equation 3 
  z = 11 Equation 3
Back-substitute z = − 3 into Equation 2: Back-substitute z = 11 into Equation 2:
y − 8( − 3) = 13 y − 11 = − 4
y + 24 = 13 y = 7
y = −11 Back-substitute y = 7 and z = 11 into Equation 1:
Back substitute z = − 3 and y = −11 into Equation 1: x − 2(7) + (11) = − 14
x − ( −11) + 2( − 3) = 22 x − 3 = − 14
x + 5 = 22 x = 11
4
x = 17
Solution: (17, −11, − 3)
Solution: (114, 7, 11)
16. x − 8 z = 12 Equation 1 20.  x − y = 7

 
 y − 5 z = 22 Equation 2 2 x − y = 0

 z = −4 Equation 3 x − y = 7

Back –substitute z = − 4 into Equation 2:  y = −14 ( − 2)Eq.1 + Eq.2
y − 5( − 4) = 22  y = 2 x − ( −14) = 7
Back-substitute z = − 4 into Equation 1: x = −7
x − 8( − 4) = 1
 x = − 63 Solution: ( − 7, −14)
2 2
(
Solution: − 63
2
, 2, − 4 ) 21.  x − 2 y = − 2

3 x − y = 9
17.  x − 2 y + 3 z = 5 Equation 1
 x − 2 y = − 2
− x + 3 y − 5 z = 4 Equation 2 
2 x − 3z = 0 Equation 3
 5 y = 15 (− 3)Eq.1 + Eq.2

Add Equation 1 to Equation 2:  x − 2 y = − 2
 1
 y = 3 Eq.2
 x − 2 y + 3z = 5 5

 y − 2z = 9 x − 2(3) = − 2
2 x − 3z = 0
 x = 4
This is the first step in putting the system in row-echelon Solution: ( 4, 3)
form.
22.  x + 2 y = 1
18.  x − 2 y + 3z = 5 Equation 1 
 5 x − 4 y = − 23
− x + 3 y − 5 z = 4 Equation 2
2 x − 3z = 0 Equation 3 x + 2y = 1


Add −2 times Equation 1 to Equation 3:  − 14 y = − 28 (− 5)Eq.1 + Eq.2
 x − 2 y + 3z = 5 x + 2 y = 1
 
− x + 3 y − 5 z =

4
 y = 2 (− 141 )Eq.2
 4 y − 9 z = −10
x + 2( 2) = 1
This is the first step in putting the system in row-echelon
form. x = −3
Solution: ( − 3, 2)
19.  x + y = 0

− 2 x + 3 y = 10
x + y = 0

 5 y = 10 2 Eq.1 + Eq.2
x + y = 0
 1
 y = 2 5
Eq.2
x + ( 2) = 0
x = −2
Solution: ( − 2, 2)
23.  x + y + z = 7 Equation 1 25. 2 x + 4 y − z = 7

 
2 x − y + z = 9 Equation 2 2 x − 4 y + 2 z = − 6
3 x − z = 10 Equation 3  x + 4y + z = 0
 
 x + y + z = 7  x + 4y + z = 0 Interchange equations.
 
3 x + 2 z = 16 Eq.2 + Eq.1 2 x − 4 y + 2 z = − 6
3 x − z = 10
2 x + 4 y − z = 7
 
 x + y + z = 7 x + 4y + z = 0
 
3 x + 2 z = 16  −12 y = −6 (− 2)Eq. 1 + Eq. 2
 
9 x = 36 Eq.2 + 2Eq.3  − 4 y − 3 z = 7 ( − 2)Eq. 1 + Eq. 3
 x + y + z = 7 x + 4 y + z = 0
 
3 x + 2 z = 16  y = 12 1 Eq. 2
− 12
 x = 4 1
Eq.3  − 4 y − 3z = 7
 4 
3( 4) + 2 z = 16 y = 1
2
2z = 4 −4( 12 ) − 3z = 7  z = −3
z = 2
x + 4( 12 ) + ( − 3) = 0
4+ y + 2 = 7
y =1 x =1
Solution: ( 4, 1, 2) Solution: 1, ( 1
2
, −3 )
24. x + y + z = 5 Equation 1 26.  x + y − z = −1 Interchange equations.
 
x − 2 y + 4 z = 13 Equation 2 2 x + 4y + z = 1
  x − 2 y − 3z = 2
 3 y + 4 z = 13 Equation 3 
x + y + z = 5  x + y − z = −1
 
 − 3 y + 3z = 8 − Eq.1 + Eq.2  2 y + 3z = 3 (−2)Eq.1 + Eq.2
 
 3 y + 4 z = 13  −3 y − 2 z = 3 (−1)Eq. 1 + Eq.3
x + y + z = 5  x + y − z = −1
 
 − 3 y + 3z = 8  2 y + 3z = 3
  −6 y − 4 z = 6 2Eq.3
 7 z = 21 Eq.2 + Eq.3 
x + y + z = 5  x + y − z = −1
 
 − 3 y + 3z = 8  2 y + 3z = 3
 1  5 z = 15 3Eq.2 + Eq.3
 z = 3 7
Eq. 3 
−3 y + 3(3) = 8  x + y − z = −1

y = 1
3

 y + 3
2
z = 3
2 ( 12 )Eq.2

x + 1
3
+3 = 5  z = 3 ( 15 )Eq.3
5
x = 3 y + 3
2
(3) = 3
2
 y = −3
x − 3 − 3 = −1  x = 5
Solution: ( 53 , 13 , 3)
Solution: (5, − 3, 3)
27.  x − 2 y + 2 z = −9 Interchange equations. 28.  x − 11 y + 4z = 3

 
2 x + y − z = 7 5 x − 3 y + 2z = 3 Interchange equations.
3 x − y + z = 5 2 x + 4 y − z = 7
 
 x − 2 y + 2 z = −9  x − 11 y + 4 z = 3
 
 5 y − 5 z = 25 −2Eq.1 + Eq.2  52 y − 18 z = −12 ( −5)Eq.1 + Eq.2
 
 5 y − 5 z = 32 −3Eq.1 + Eq.3  26 y − 9 z = 1 (−2)Eq.1 + Eq.3
 x − 2 y + 2 z = −9  x − 11y + 4 z = 3
 
 5 y − 5 z = 25 52 y − 18 z = −12


 0 = 7 − Eq.2 + Eq.3 
 0 = 7 (− 12 )Eq.2 + Eq.3
Inconsistent, no solution
Inconsistent, no solution
29. 3 x − 5 y + 5 z = 1 Equation 1

2 x − 2 y + 3 z = 0 Equation 2
7 x − y + 3 z = 0 Equation 3

 x − 3y + 2z = 1 Eq. 1 − Eq. 2

2 x − 2 y + 3z = 0
7 x − y + 3z = 0

 x − 3y + 2z = 1

 − 4y + z = 2 2Eq. 1 − Eq.2
7 x − y + 3 z = 0

x − 3y + 2z = 1

 −4y + z = 2
 − 20 y + 11z = 7 7Eq. 1 − Eq. 3

x − 3 y + 2 z = 1

 −4y + z = 2
 6z = − 3 − 5Eq. 2 + Eq. 3

6z = − 3  z = − 12
( )
− 4 y + − 12 = 2  −4y = 5
2
 y = − 58
x − 3( − 58 ) + 2( − 12 ) = 1  x + 7
8
= 1  x = 1
8
Solution: ( 18 , − 85 , − 12 )
30. 2 x + y + 3 z = 1 Equation 1

2 x + 6 y + 8 z = 3 Equation 2
6 x + 8 y + 18 z = 5 Equation 3

2 x + y + 3 z = 1

 5 y + 5z = 2 (−1)Eq.1 + Eq.2

 5 y + 9z = 2 (−3)Eq.1 + Eq.3
2 x + y + 3 z = 1

 5 y + 5z = 2

 4z = 0 (−1)Eq.2 + Eq.3
 x +

1y
2
+ 3
2
z = 1
2 ( 12 )Eq.1

 y + z = 2
5 ( 15 )Eq.2



z = 0 ( 14 )Eq.3
y + 0 = 2  y = 2
5 5
x + ( ) + 32 (0) =
1 2
2 5
1
2
 x = 3
10
Solution: ( 10 , 5 , 0)
3 2
31. 2 x + 3y = 0 Equation 1 32. 4 x + 3 y + 17 z = 0 Equation 1

 
4 x + 3y − z = 0 Equation 2 5 x + 4 y + 22 z = 0 Equation 2
8 x + 3 y + 3z = 0 Equation 3 4 x + 2 y + 19 z = 0 Equation 3
 
2 x + 3 y = 0 5 x + 4 y + 22 z = 0
 
 −3 y − z = 0 −2Eq.1 + Eq.2 4 x + 3 y + 17 z = 0 Interchange equations.
 −9 y + 3 z = 0 −4Eq.1 + Eq.3 4 x + 2 y + 19 z = 0
 
2 x + 3 y = 0  x + y + 5z = 0 (−1)Eq.2 + Eq.1
 
 −3 y − z = 0 4 x + 3 y + 17 z = 0
 6z = 0 −3Eq.2 + Eq.3 
 4 x + 2 y + 19 z = 0
6z = 0  z = 0  x + y + 5z = 0
−3 y − 0 = 0  y = 0 
 − y − 3z = 0 (−4)Eq.1 + Eq.2
2 x + 3(0) = 0  x = 0 
 −2 y − z = 0 (−4)Eq.1 + Eq.3
Solution: (0, 0, 0)  x + y + 5z = 0

 y + 3z = 0 (−1)Eq.2

 5z = 0 (−2)Eq.2 + Eq.3
 x + y + 5z = 0

 y + 3z = 0

 z = 0 ( 15 )Eq.3
y + 3(0) = 0  y = 0
x + 0 + 5(0) = 0  x = 0
Solution: (0, 0, 0)
33.  x + 4z = 1 Equation 1 35. 3 x − 3y + 6z = 6 Equation 1

 
 x + y + 10 z = 10 Equation 2  x + 2y − z = 5 Equation 2
2 x − y + 2 z = −5 Equation 3 5 x − 8 y + 13z = 7 Equation 3
 
x + 4z = 1  x − y + 2z = 2 1 Eq.1
 3

 y + 6z = 9 −Eq.1 + Eq.2  x + 2y − z = 5
 −y − 6 z = −7 −2Eq.1 + Eq.3 
 5 x − 8 y + 13 z = 7
x + 4z = 1  x − y + 2z = 2
 
 y + 6z = 9 3 y − 3z = 3 −Eq.1 + Eq.2

 
 0 = 2 Eq.2 + Eq.3 −3 y + 3 z = −3 −5Eq.1 + Eq.3

No solution, inconsistent
 x − y + 2z = 2
 1
34.  2 x − 2 y − 6 z = −4 Equation 1  y − z = 1 3
Eq.2
 
−3 x + 2 y + 6 z = 1 Equation 2  0 = 0 Eq.2 + Eq.3
 x − y − 5 z = −3 Equation 3
 x + z = 3 Eq.2 + Eq.1

 x − y − 5 z = −3  y − z = 1

−3 x + 2 y + 6 z = 1 Interchange equations. Let z = a, then:
 2 x − 2 y − 6 z = −4
 y = a +1
 x − y − 5 z = −3 x = −a + 3

 − y − 9 z = −8 3Eq.1 + Eq.2 Solution: ( −a + 3, a + 1, a)

 4z = 2 (−2)Eq.1 + Eq.3
36.  x + 2z = 5 Equation 1
 x − y − 5 z = −3 
 3 x − y − z = 1 Equation 2
 y + 9z = 8 (−1)Eq.2 6 x − y + 5 z =
 16 Equation 3

 z = 1
2 ( 14 )Eq.3  x + 2z = 5

y +9 () 1
2
= 8  y = 7
2  − y − 7 z = −14 ( −3)Eq.1 + Eq.2

x − 72 − 5( 12 ) = −3  x = 3  − y − 7 z = −14 ( −6)Eq.1 + Eq.3
 x + 2z = 5
Solution: (3, 72 , 12 ) 
 − y − 7 z = −14

 0 = 0 ( −1)Eq.2 + Eq.3
 x + 2z = 5

 y + 7z = 14 ( −1)Eq.2
Let z = a, then:
y + 7 a = 14  y = −7 a + 14
x + 2a = 5  x = −2a + 5
Solution: ( −2a + 5, − 7 a + 14, a )
37.  x + 2 y − 7z = −4 Equation 1 39.  x + 3w = 4 Equation 1

 
2 x + y + z = 13 Equation 2  2y − z − w = 0 Equation 2
3 x + 
 9 y − 36 z = −33 Equation 3  3y − 2w = 1 Equation 3
2 x − y + 4 z = 5 Equation 4
 x + 2 y − 7 z = −4 

 −3 y + 15 z = 21 −2Eq.1 + Eq.2  x + 3w = 4
 
 3 y − 15 z = −21 −3Eq.1 + Eq.3  2y − z − w = 0

 3y − 2w = 1
 x + 2 y − 7 z = −4
  − y + 4 z − 6w = −3 −2Eq.1 + Eq.4
 −3 y + 15 z = 21 
  x + 3w = 4
 0 = 0 Eq.2 + Eq.3

 y − 4 z + 6w = 3 −Eq.4 and interchange
 x + 2 y − 7 z = −4 
 2y − z − w = 0 the equations.
 y − 5 z = −7 − 13 Eq.2 
 3y − 2w = 1

 x + 3 z = 10 −2Eq.2 + Eq.1
 x + 3w = 4
 y − 5 z = −7 
 y − 4z + 6w = 3
Let z = a, then: 
 7 z − 13w = −6 −Eq.2 + Eq.3
y = 5a − 7  12 z − 20w = −8 −3Eq.2 + Eq.4

x = −3a + 10
x + 3w = 4
Solution: ( −3a + 10, 5a − 7, a) 
 y − 4z + 6w = 3

 z − 3w = −2 − 12 Eq.4 + Eq.3
38.  2 x + y − 3 z = 4 Equation 1 
  12 z − 20 w = −8
 4x + 2 z = 10 Equation 2
 x + 3w = 4
−2 x + 3 y − 13 z = −8 Equation 3

 y − 4z + 6w = 3
2 x + y − 3z = 4 (−2)Eq.1 + Eq.2 
z − 3w = −2
 
 −2 y + 8 z = 2 Eq.1 + Eq.3 
  16w = 16 −12Eq.3 + Eq.4
 4 y − 16 z = −4
16 w = 16  w = 1
2 x + y − 3z = 4
z − 3(1) = −2  z = 1

 −2 y + 8 z = 2
y − 4(1) + 6(1) = 3  y = 1
 0 = 0 2Eq.2 + Eq.3
 x + 3(1) = 4  x = 1
2 x

+ z = 5 ( )Eq.2 + Eq.1
1
2 Solution: (1, 1, 1, 1)
 −2 y + 8z = 2
 x

+ 1z
2
= 5
2 ( 12 )Eq.1



y − 4 z = −1 (− 12 )Eq.2
Let z = a, then:
y − 4 a = −1  y = 4 a − 1
x + 1
a = 5  x = − 1a + 5
2 2 2 2
(
Solution: − 12 a + 52 , 4a − 1, a )
40.  x + y + z + w = 6 Equation 1 42.  x − 3 y + 2 z = 18 Equation 1

 
 2x + 3y − w = 0 Equation 2 5 x − 13 y + 12 z = 80 Equation 2

−3 x + 4y + z + 2w = 4 Equation 3  x − 3 y + 2 z = 18
 x + 2y − z + w = 0 Equation 4 
  2 y + 2 z = −10 (−5)Eq.1 + Eq.2
 x + y + z + w = 6
  x − 3y + 2z = 18
 y − 2z − 3w = −12 (−2)Eq.1 + Eq.2 

7y + 4z + 5w = 22 3Eq.1 + Eq.3  y + z = −5 ( 12 )Eq.2

 y − 2z = −6 ( −1)Eq.1 + Eq.4  x + 5z = 3 3Eq.2 + Eq.1


 y + z = −5
 x + y + z + w = 6
 Let z = a , then: y + a = −5  y = −a − 5
 y − 2z − 3w = −12
 x + 5a = 3  x = −5a + 3
 18 z + 26 w = 106 ( −7)Eq.2 + Eq.3
 3w = 6 (−1)Eq.2 + Eq.4 Solution: ( −5a + 3, − a − 5, a )

 x + y + z + w = 6 43.  2 x − 3 y + z = −2 Equation 1
 
 y − 2z − 3w = −12
−4 x + 9 y = 7 Equation 2


z + 13
9
w = 53
9 ( )Eq.3
1
18  2 x − 3 y + z = −2
 
 w = 2 ( 13 )Eq.4  3 y + 2z = 3 2Eq.1 + Eq.2
z + ( 2)
13 = 53  z = 3  2x + 3z = 1 Eq.2 + Eq.1
9 9 
 3 y + 2z = 3
y − 2(3) − 3( 2) = −12  y = 0
x +0+3+ 2 = 6  x = 1 Let z = a, then:
Solution: (1, 0, 3, 2) y = − 23 a + 1
x = − 32 a + 1
2
41.  x − 2 y + 5 z = 2

4 x − z = 0 (
Solution: − 32 a + 12 , − 32 a + 1, a )
1
Let z = a, then: x = a.
4 44. 2 x + 3 y + 3z = 7 Equation 1
1a 
4
− 2 y + 5a = 2 4 x + 18 y + 15 z = 44 Equation 2
a − 8 y + 20a = 8
2 x + 3 y + 3z = 7
−8 y = −21a + 8 
 12 y + 9 z = 30 (−2)Eq.1 + Eq.2
y = 21 a −1
(− 14 )Eq.2 + Eq.1
8
2 x + 3
z = − 12
Answer: ( 14 a, 218 a − 1, a) 

4
12 y + 9 z = 30
To avoid fractions, we could go back and let
z = 8a, then 4 x − 8a = 0  x = 2a.  x +

3
8
z = − 14 ( 12 )Eq.1

2a − 2 y + 5(8a) = 2 

y + 3
4
z = 5
2 (121 )Eq.2
−2 y + 42a = 2
Let z = a, then:
y = 21a − 1
3 5
y + a =  y = − 34 a + 5
Solution: ( 2 a , 21a − 1, 8a ) 4 2 2
3
x + 8
a = 1
−4  x = − 83 a − 1
4
(
Solution: − 83 a − 14 , − 34 a + 52 , a )
45. s = 1 2
2
at + v0t + s0 47. y = ax 2 + bx + c passing through (0, 0), ( 2, − 2), ( 4, 0)
(1, 128), (2, 80), (3, 0) (0, 0): 0 = c
128 = 1
a + v0 + s0  a + 2v0 + 2s0 = 256 (2, − 2): −2 = 4 a + 2b + c  −1 = 2a + b
2
80 = 2a + 2v0 + s0  2a + 2v0 + s0 = 80 (4, 0): 0 = 16a + 4b + c  0 = 4 a + b
9
0 = 2
a + 3v0 + s0  9a + 6v0 + 2s0 = 0 Solution: a = 1, b = −2, c = 0
2
Solving this system yields a = −32, v0 = 0, s0 = 144. 1 2
The equation of the parabola is y = 2
x − 2 x.
So, s = 1
2
(−32)t 2 + (0)t + 144 = −16t 2 + 144. 5
1 at 2
46. s = 2
+ v0t + s0 −4 8
(1, 132), (2, 100), (3, 36)

−3
132 = 1 a + v0 + s0 Equation 1
 2 48. y = ax 2 + bx + c passing through (0, 3), (1, 4), ( 2, 3)
100 = 2a + 2v0 + s0 Equation 2
 36 = 9 a + 3v + s Equation 3
(0, 3): 3 = c
 2 0 0
(1, 4): 4 = a + b + c  1 = a + b
 a + 2v0 + 2 s0 = 264 2Eq.1
 (2, 3): 3 = 4a + 2b + c  0 = 2a + b
2a + 2v0 + s0 = 100

9a + 6v0 + 2s0 = 72 2Eq.3 Solution: a = −1, b = 2, c = 3
 a + 2v0 + 2s0 = 264 The equation of the parabola is y = − x 2 + 2 x + 3.

 −2v0 − 3s0 = −428 (−2)Eq.1 + Eq.2 5

 −12v0 − 16s0 = −2304 (−9)Eq.1 + Eq.3
 a + 2v0 + 2 s0 = 264 −5 7

 −2v0 − 3s0 = −428
−3

 2 s0 = 264 (−6)Eq.2 + Eq.3
49. y = ax 2 + bx + c passing through
a + 2v0 + 2 s0 = 264
 (2, 0), (3, −1), (4, 0)
 v0 + 1.5s0 = 214 (−0.5)Eq.2
 s0 = 132 (0.5)Eq.3 (2, 0): 0 = 4 a + 2b + c

v0 + 1.5(132) = 214  v0 = 16 (3, −1): −1 = 9 a + 3b + c
a + 2(16) + 2(132) = 264  a = −32 (4, 0): 0 = 16a + 4b + c
So, s = 1
2
(−32)t 2 + 16t + 132  0 = 4a + 2b + c

= −16t 2 + 16t + 132. −1 = 5a + b −Eq.1 + Eq.2
 0 = 12a + 2b −Eq.1 + Eq.3

 0 = 4a + 2b + c

−1 = 5a + b
 2 = 2a −2Eq.2 + Eq.3

Solution: a = 1, b = −6, c = 8
The equation of the parabola is y = x 2 − 6 x + 8.

10
−6 12
−2
50. y = ax 2 + bx + c passing through 51. y = ax 2 + bx + c passing through ( 12 , 1), (1, 3), (2, 13)
(1, 3), ( 2, 2), (3, − 3)
( 12 , 1): 1 = a( 12 ) ( 12 ) + c
2
4 +b
(1, 3): 3 = a + b + c
(1, 3): 3 = a(1) + b(1) + c
2
(2, 2): 2 = 4 a + 2b + c −4 8
16
(2, 13): 13 = a( 2) + b( 2) + c
2
(3, − 3): −3 = 9a + 3b + c
−4
 a + b + c = 3  a + 2b + 4c = 4
 
3a + b = −1 (−1)Eq.1 + Eq.2  a + b + c = 3 −3 3
8a + 2b 4a + 2b + c = 13
 = −6 (−1)Eq.1 + Eq.3  −2
 a + b + c = 3 Solution: a = 4, b = −2, c = 1

3a + b = −1 The equation of the parabola is y = 4 x 2 − 2 x + 1.
2a
 = −4 (−2)Eq.2 + Eq.3
Solution: a = −2, b = 5, c = 0
The equation of the parabola is y = −2 x 2 + 5 x.
52. y = ax 2 + bx + c passing through ( −2, − 3), ( −1, 0), ( 12 , − 3)

(−2, − 3): −3 = a( −2) + b( −2) + c
2 1
−5 4
(−1, 0): 0 = a( −1) + b( −1) + c

2
( 12 , − 3): −3 = a( 12 ) ( 12 ) + c
2
+ b
−5
4a − 2b + c = −3

 a − b + c = 0

 a + 2b + 4 c = −12
Solution: a = −2, b = −3, c = −1
The equation of the parabola is y = −2 x 2 − 3 x − 1.
53. x 2 + y 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 passing through (0, 0), (5, 5), (10, 0) 8
(0, 0): 02 + 02 + D(0) + E (0) + F = 0  F = 0 −8 16
(5, 5): 52 + 52 + D(5) + E (5) + F = 0  5D + 5E + F = −50

−8
(10, 0): 102 + 02 + D(10) + E (0) + F = 0  10 D + F = −100
Solution: D = −10, E = 0, F = 0
The equation of the circle is x 2 + y 2 − 10 x = 0. To graph, complete the square first, then solve for y.
( x2 − 10 x + 25) + y 2 = 25
(x − 5) + y 2 = 25
2
y 2 = 25 − ( x − 5)
2
25 − ( x − 5)
2
y = ±
25 − ( x − 5) and y2 = − 25 − ( x − 5) .
2 2
Let y1 =
7
54. x 2 + y 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 passing through (0, 0), (0, 6), (3, 3)
(0, 0): F = 0
(0, 6): 36 + 6 E + F = 0  E = −6 −6 6
(3, 3): 18 + 3D + 3E + F = 0  D = 0 −1
The equation of the circle is x 2 + y 2 − 6 y = 0. To graph, complete the square first, then solve for y.
x 2 + ( y 2 − 6 y + 9) = 9
x 2 + ( y − 3) = 9
2
(y − 3) = 9 − x 2
2
y −3 = ± 9 − x2
y = 3± 9 − x2
Let y1 = 3 + 9 − x 2 and y2 = 3 − 9 − x2.
55. x 2 + y 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 passing through ( −3, −1), ( 2, 4), ( −6, 8) 10
(−3, −1): 10 − 3D − E + F = 0  10 = 3D + E − F
(2, 4): 20 + 2D + 4E + F = 0  20 = −2D − 4E − F − 12 6
(−6, 8): 100 − 6D + 8E + F = 0  100 = 6D − 8E − F −2
Solution: D = 6, E = −8, F = 0
The equation of the circle is x 2 + y 2 + 6 x − 8 y = 0. To graph, complete the squares first, then solve for y.
( x2 + 6 x + 9) + ( y 2 − 8 y + 16) = 0 + 9 + 16
(x + 3) + ( y − 4) = 25
2 2
(y − 4) = 25 − ( x + 3)
2 2
25 − ( x + 3)
2
y − 4 = ±
25 − ( x + 3)
2
y = 4±
25 − ( x + 3) and y2 = 4 − 25 − ( x + 3) .
2 2
Let y1 = 4 +
56. x 2 + y 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 passing through (0, 0), (0, − 2), (3, 0) 1
−2 4
(0, 0): F = 0
(0, − 2): 4 − 2 E + F = 0  E = 2
(3, 0): 9 + 3D + F = 0  D = −3 −3
The equation of the circle is x 2 + y 2 − 3x + 2 y = 0. To graph, complete the squares first, then solve for y.
(x 2
− 3x + 9
4 ) + (y 2
+ 2 y + 1) = 9
4
+1
( x − 32 )
2
+ ( y + 1) =
2 13
4
( )
2
(y + 1) =
2 13 3
4
− x − 2
( )
2
13 3
y +1 = ± 4
− x − 2
( )
2
13 3
y = −1 ± 4
− x − 2
( ) ( ).
2 2
13 3 13 3
Let y1 = −1 + 4
− x − 2
and y2 = −1 − 4
− x − 2
57. The leading coefficient of the third equation is not 1, so 60. Let x = number of television ads.
the system is not in row-echelon form. Let y = number of radio ads.
x − 2 y + 3 x = 12 Let z = number of local newspaper ads.

 y + 3z = 5 x+ y+ z=
 60
 z = 2 
 1000 x + 200 y + 500 z = 42,000
 x− y− z= 0
58. Let x = pounds of brand X. 
Let y = pounds of brand Y.  x+ y+ z= 60

Let z = pounds of brand Z.  − 800 y − 500 z = −18,000 −1000Eq.1 + Eq.2
 −2y − 2z = −60 − Eq.1 + Eq.3.
Fertilizer A: 1
y + 2
z = 5 
3 9
Fertilizer B: 1
x + 2
y + 5
z = 13  x+ y+ z= 60
2 3 9

Fertilizer C: 1
x + 2
z = 4  −2y − 2z = −60 Interchange
2 9 
 −800 y − 500 z = −18,000 Eq.2 and Eq.3
1 x + 2y + 5
z = 13 Interchange Eq.1 and Eq.2.
 2 3 9
 x+ y+ z= 60
1 2
 y + z = 5 
1
3 9  −2y − 2z = −60
 2 x + 2
z = 4  300 z = 6000 − 400Eq.2 + Eq.3
9 
1 x + 2y + 5
z = 13 z = 20
 2 3 9

1
y + 2
z = 5 −2 y − 2( 20) = −60  y = 10
3 9
 2 1 x + 10 + 20 = 60  x = 30
 − 3
y − 3
z = −9 − Eq.1 + Eq.3
30 television ads, 10 radio ads, and 20 newspaper ads
1 x + 2y + 5
z = 13 can be run each month.
 2 3 9
1 2
 y + z = 5
3 9 61.  x + y + z = 180
 1 
 z = 1 2Eq.2 + Eq.3
9 2 x + 7 + z = 180
 y + 2 x − 7 = 180
z = 9 
1y
3
+ 2
9 (9) = 5  y = 9  x + y + z = 180

1x
2
+ 2
3 (9) + 59 (9) = 13  x = 4 2 x + z = 173
2 x + y = 187
4 pounds of brand X, 9 pounds of brand Y, and 9 pounds 
of brand Z are needed to obtain the desired mixture. − x + y = 7 −Eq.2 + Eq.1

59. Let x = amount at 8%. 2 x + z = 173
2 x + y = 187
Let y = amount at 9%. 
Let z = amount at 10%. − x + y = 7

 x + y + z = 775,000  2 x + z = 173
  3x = 180 −Eq.1 + Eq.3
0.08 x + 0.09 y + 0.10 z = 67,500 
 x = 4z
 x = 60°
 y + 5 z = 775,000 2(60) + z = 173  z = 53°

0.09 y + 0.42 z = 67,500 −60 + y = 7  y = 67°
z = 75,000
y = 775,000 − 5 z = 400,000
x = 4 z = 300,000
$300,000 was borrowed at 8%.
62.  x + y + z = 180 63. Let x = the longest side (hypotenuse).

 Let y = leg.
 x + 1.5 z + 3 = 180
 y + 1.5 z − 11 = 180 Let z = shortest leg.

x + y + z = 180  x + y + z = 180
 
+ 1.5 z = 177  x = 2z − 9
x
  y + z = 30 + x
 y + 1.5 z = 191 
 y − 0.5 z = 3 − Eq.2 + Eq.1  x + y + z = 180

 
+ 1.5 z = 177  x − 2 z = −9
x
 − x + y + z = 30
 y + 1.5 z = 191 
 y − 0.5 z = 3  y + 3 z = 189 − Eq.2 + Eq.1

 
+ 1.5 z = 177  x − 2 z = −9
x
 
2 z = 188 −Eq.1 + Eq.3  y − z = 21 Eq.2 + Eq.3

z = 94°  4 z = 168 −Eq.3 + Eq.1

x + 1.5(94) = 177  x = 36°  x − 2 z = −9
 y − z = 21
y − 0.5(94) = 3  y = 50° 
z = 42
x − 2( 42) = −9  x = 75
y − 42 = 21  y = 63
So, the longest side measures 75 feet, the shortest side
measures 42 feet, and the third side measures 63 feet.
64. (a) To use 2 liters of the 50% solution: (b) To use as little of the 50% solution as possible,
Let x = amount of 10% solution. the chemist should use no 10% solution.
Let y = amount of 20% solution. Let x = amount of 20% solution.
Let y = amount of 50% solution.
x + y = 8  y = 8− x
x + y = 10  y = 10 − x
x(0.10) + y (0.20) + 2(0.50) = 10(0.25)
x(0.20) + y (0.50) = 10(0.25)
0.10 x + 0.20(8 − x) + 1 = 2.5
x(0.20) + (10 − x)(0.50) = 10(0.25)
0.10 x + 1.6 − 0.20 x + 1 = 2.5
−0.10 x = −0.1 x(0.20) + 5 − 0.50 x = 2.5
x = 1 liter of 10% solution −0.30 x = −2.5
y = 7 liters of 20% solution x = 8 13 liters of 20% solution
Given: 2 liters of 50% solution y = 1 23 liters of 50% solution
(c) To use as much of the 50% solution as possible, the chemist should use no 20% solution.
Let x = amount of 10% solution.
Let y = amount of 50% solution.
x + y = 10  y = 10 − x
x(0.10) + y(0.50) = 10(0.25)
0.10 x + 0.50(10 − x) = 2.5
0.10 x + 5 − 0.50 x = 2.5
−0.40 x = −2.5
x = 6 14 liters of 10% solution
y = 3 34 liters of 50% solution
65.  I1 − I 2 + I3 = 0 Equation 1 66. t1 − 2t2 = 0

 
3I1 + 2 I 2 = 7 Equation 2 t1 − 2a = 128  2t2 − 2a = 128
  t + a = 32  −2t2 − 2a = −64
 2I 2 + 4I3 = 8 Equation 3  2
− 4a = 64
 I1 − I 2 + I3 = 0
 a = −16
 5I 2 − 3I 3 = 7 (−3)Eq.1 + Eq.2
 t2 = 48
 2 I2 + 4I3 = 8
t1 = 96
I1 − I 2 + I3 = 0 So, t1 = 96 pounds

 10 I 2 − 6 I 3 = 14 2Eq.2 t2 = 48 pounds

 10 I 2 + 20 I 3 = 40 5Eq.3 a = −16 feet per second squared.
I1 − I 2 + I3 = 0

 10 I 2 − 6 I 3 = 14

 26 I 3 = 26 (−1)Eq.2 + Eq.3
26 I 3 = 26  I 3 = 1
10 I 2 − 6(1) = 14  I 2 = 2
I1 − 2 + 1 = 0  I1 = 1
Solution: I1 = 1, I 2 = 2, I 3 = 1
67.  4c + 9b + 29a = 20

 9c + 29b + 99a = 70
29c + 99b + 353a = 254

 9c + 29b + 99a = 70 Interchange equations.

 4c + 9b + 29a = 20
29c + 99b + 353a = 254

 c + 11b + 41a = 30 −2Eq.2 + Eq.1

 −35b − 135a = −100 −4Eq.1 + Eq.2
 −220b − 836a = −616 −29Eq.1 + Eq.3

 c + 11b + 41a = 30

 1540b + 5940a = 4400 −44Eq.2
 −1540b − 5852a = −4312 7Eq.3

 c + 11b + 41a = 30

 1540b + 5940a = 4400

 88a = 88 Eq.2 + Eq.3
88a = 88  a = 1
1540b + 5940(1) = 4400  b = −1
c + 11( −1) + 41(1) = 30  c = 0
Least squares regression parabola: y = x 2 − x
68.  4c + 40a = 19

 40b = −12
40c + 544a = 160

 4c + 40a = 19

 40b = −12
 144 a = −30 −10Eq.1 + Eq.3

5
144a = −30  a = − 24
3
40b = −12  b = − 10
5
4c + 40 − 24 = ( ) 19  c = 41
6
Least squares regression parabola:

5 2 3 41
y = − 24 x − 10
x + 6
69. (a)  5c + 250b + 13,500a = 923


 250c + 13,500b + 775,000 a = 52,170
13,500c + 775,000b + 46,590,000a = 3,101,300

5c + 250b + 13,500a = 923


 1000b + 100,000a = 6020 ( − 50)Eq. 1 + Eq. 2

 100,000b + 10,140,000 a = 609,200 (− 2700)Eq. 1 + (3)Eq. 3
5c + 250b + 13,500a = 923

 1000b + 100,000a = 6020

 140,000a = 7200 ( −100)Eq. 2 + Eq. 3
140,000a = 7200  a ≈ 0.0514

1000b + 100,000(0.0514) = 6020  b ≈ 0.8771
5c + 250(0.8771) + 13,500(0.0514) = 923  c ≈ 1.8857
Least-squares regression parabola: y = 0.0514 x 2 + 0.8771x + 1.8857

350
(b)
20 80
50
The model fits the data well.
(c) When x = 75, y = 0.0514(75) + 0.8771(75) + 1.8857 ≈ 356 feet.

2
70. (a)  4c + 520b + 69,600a = 228


 520c + 69,600b + 9,568,000a = 28,160
69,600c + 9,568,000b + 1,346,880,000a = 3,575,200

4c + 520b + 69,600a = 228

 2000b + 520,000a = −1480 (−130)Eq. 1 + Eq. 2

 520,000b + 135,840,000 a = − 392,000 (−17400)Eq. 1 + Eq. 3
4c + 520b + 69,600a = 228

 2000b + 520,000a = −1480

 640,000 = − 7200 (− 260)Eq. 2 + Eq. 3
640,000a = − 7200  a = − 0.01125

2000b + 520,000( − 0.01125) = −1480  b = 2.185
4c + 520( 2.185) + 69,600( − 0.01125) = 228  c = − 31.3
Least squares regression parabola: y = − 0.01125 x 2 − 31.3

(b) 80
(c) Let x = 170 and find y.
y = − 0.01125(170) + 2.185(170) − 31.3 ≈ 15.025%

2
The percent of females that had offspring when there were 170 females
90
20
170 was approximately 15.025%.
The model fits the data well.
(d) Let y = 42 and solve for x.
40 = − 0.01125 x 2 + 2.185 − 31.3
2
0.01125 x − 2.185 x + 71.3 = 0
x ≈ 153 females
71.  2 x − 2 xλ = 0  2 x(1 − λ ) = 0  λ = 1 or x = 0

−2 y + λ = 0
 2
 y − x = 0
1
If λ = 1: 2 y = λ  y =
2
1 2
x2 = y  x = ± = ±
2 2
If x = 0: x 2 = y  y = 0
2y = λ  λ = 0
2
Solution: x = ± or x = 0
2
1
y = y = 0
2
λ =1 λ = 0
Section 7.4 Partial Fractions 595
72. 2 + 2 y + 2λ = 0

2 x + 1 + λ = 0  λ = −2 x − 1
2 x + y − 100 = 0

2 + 2 y + 2( −2 x − 1) = 0  −4 x + 2 y = 0  −4 x + 2 y = 0
2 x + y − 100 = 0  2 x + y = 100  4 x + 2 y = 200
4 y = 200
y = 50
x = 25
λ = −2( 25) − 1 = −51
73. False. For example, refer to Example 6 on page 655, 74. True. If a system of three linear equations is inconsistent,
then no ordered triple satisfies all equations.
 x − 2y + z = 2

2 x − y − z = 1 75. No, they are not equivalent. There are two arithmetic
errors. The constant in the second equation should be
has the solution set of all ordered triples of the form
−11 and the coefficient of z in the third equation should
( a, a − 1, a ) where a is a real number. Therefore, it is be 2.
not an unique solution.
76. When x = 3, y = 3: 3 = a(3) + b(3) + c  9a + 3b + c = 3

2
When x = 4, y = 6: 6 = a( 4) + b( 4) + c  16a + 4b + c = 6
2
When x = 5, y = 10: 10 = a(5) + b(5) + c  25a + 5b + c = 10

2
The system of linear equations is as follows.

 9a + 3b + c = 3

16a + 4b + c = 6
25a + 5b + c = 10

77. Answers will vary. Sample answer: 79. Answers will vary. Sample answer:
 x + y + z = 1  2x + y + z = − 2
 
(2, 0, −1) is a solution to  3x + y + z = 5 ( 1,
2 )
− 3, 0 is a solution to  4 x + y + z = −1
− x + 2 y + 3 z = − 5 − 2 x + 2 y + 3 z = − 7
 
78. Answers will vary. Sample answer: 80. Answers will vary. Sample answer:
 x + y + z = −4  x + 5 y + 2z = 7
 
(− 5, 3, − 2) is a solution to 2 x + y + z = − 9 (4, 2 1
,
5 2 ) is a solution to  x − 5 y + 2 z = 3
 x + 2 y + z = −1 − x + 10 y − 4 z = − 2
 
Section 7.4 Partial Fractions

1. partial fraction decomposition 3x − 1 A B C
6. = + 2 +
x 2 ( x − 4) x x x − 4
2. improper
Matches (c).
3. partial fraction
3x − 1 A Bx + C
4. basic equation 7. = + 2
x( x 2 + 4) x x + 4
3x − 1 A B Matches (d).
5. = +
x( x − 4) x x − 4
Matches (b).
3x − 1 3x − 1 3 A B
8. = 18. = +
x ( x − 4)
2
x( x − 2)( x + 2) x 2 − 3x x −3 x
3 = Ax + B ( x − 3)
A B C
= + +
x x − 2 x + 2 Let x = 3: 3 = 3 A  A = 1
Matches (a). Let x = 0: 3 = −3B  B = −1
3 3 A B 3 1 1
9. = = + = −
x2 − 2x x ( x − 2) x x − 2 x 2 − 3x x −3 x
x − 2 x − 2 A B 3 A B
10. = = + 19. = +
2
x + 4x + 3 ( x + 3)( x + 1) x + 3 x + 1 x2 + x − 2 x −1 x + 2
3 = A( x + 2) + B ( x − 1)
6x + 5 6x + 5 Let x = 1: 3 = 3 A  A = 1
11. =
( x + 2) 4
( x + 2)( 2)( x + 2)( x + 2)
x +
Let x = −2: 3 = −3B  B = −1
A B C D
= + + + 3 1 1
x + 2 ( x + 2)2 ( x + 2)3 ( x + 2)4 = −
x2 + x − 2 x −1 x + 2
5x2 + 3 A B C D x +1 A B
12. = + 2 + + 20. = +
x ( x − 4) x − 4 ( x − 4)2
2
2 x x x2 − x − 6 x −3 x + 2
x + 1 = A( x + 2) + B ( x − 3)
2x − 3 2x − 3 A Bx + C
13. = = + 2 4
x3 + 10 x x( x 2 + 10) x x + 10 Let x = 3: 4 = 5 A  A =
5
x −1 A Bx + C Dx + E 1
14. = + 2 + Let x = −2: −1 = −5 B  B =
5
x( x 2 + 1) ( x2 + 1)
2 2
x x +1
x +1 1 4 1 
=  + 
8x A B Cx + D Ex + F x2 − x − 6 5 x − 3 x + 2
15. = + 2 + 2 +
x ( x + 3) ( x 2 + 3)
2 2
2 2 x x x + 3
1 A B
21. = +
x2 − 1 x +1 x −1
x2 − 9 A B C Dx + E Fx + G 1 = A( x − 1) + B( x + 1)
16. = + 2 + 3 + 2 +
x ( x + 2) ( x 2 + 2)
2 2
2 2 x x x x +2
1
Let x = −1: 1 = −2 A  A = −
2
1 A B
17. = + 1
x2 + x x x +1 Let x = 1: 1 = 2 B  B =
1 = A( x + 1) + Bx 2
1 12 12 1 1 1 
Let x = 0: 1 = A = − =  − 
x2 − 1 x −1 x +1 2  x − 1 x + 1
Let x = −1: 1 = − B  B = −1
1 1 1 1 A B
= − 22. = +
x2 + x x x +1 4 x2 − 9 2x + 3 2x − 3
1 = A( 2 x − 3) + B ( 2 x + 3)
3 1
Let x = − : 1 = −6 A  A = −
2 6
3 1
Let x = : 1 = 6B  B =
2 6
1 1 1 1 
=  − 
4 x2 − 9 6 2x − 3 2x + 3 
x 2 + 12 x + 12 A B C
23. = + +
x3 − 4 x x x + 2 x − 2
x 2 + 12 x + 12 = A( x + 2)( x − 2) + Bx( x − 2) + Cx( x + 2)
Let x = 0: 12 = −4 A  A = −3
Let x = −2: −8 = 8B  B = −1
Let x = 2: 40 = 8C  C = 5
x 2 + 12 x + 12 3 1 5
= − − +
x3 − 4 x x x + 2 x − 2
x + 2 A B C
24. = + +
x( x − 9)
2
x x +3 x −3
x + 2 = A( x + 3)( x − 3) + B( x)( x − 3) + C ( x)( x + 3)
2
Let x = 0: 2 = −9 A  A = −
9
5
Let x = 3: 5 = 18C  C =
18
1
Let x = −3: −1 = 18 B  B = −
18
x + 2 1 4 1 5 
= − − + 
x( x 2 − 9) 18  x x +3 x − 3
3x A B 4 x2 + 2x − 1 A B C
25. = + 27. = + 2 +
(x − 3) x − 3 ( x − 3)2 x 2 ( x + 1)
2
x x x +1
3 x = A( x − 3) + B 4 x 2 + 2 x − 1 = Ax( x + 1) + B( x + 1) + Cx 2
Let x = 3: 9 = B Let x = 0: −1 = B
Let x = 0: 0 = −3 A + B Let x = −1: 1 = C
0 = −3 A + 9 Let x = 1: 5 = 2 A + 2 B + C
3 = A 5 = 2A − 2 + 1
3x 3 9 6 = 2A
= +
(x − 3) x − 3 ( x − 3)2
2
3 = A
4 x2 + 2 x − 1 3 1 1
2x − 3 A B = − 2 +
26. = + x 2 ( x + 1) x x x +1
(x − 1) x − 1 ( x − 1)2
2
2 x − 3 = A( x − 1) + B
Let x = 1: −1 = B
Let x = 0: −3 = − A + B
−3 = − A − 1
2 = A
2x − 3 2 1
= −
(x − 1)
2
x − 1 ( x − 1)2
6 x2 + 1 A B C D
28. = + 2 + +
x ( x − 1) x − 1 ( x − 1)2
2
2 x x
6 x 2 + 1 = Ax( x − 1) + B( x − 1) + Cx 2 ( x − 1) + Dx 2
2 2
Let x = 0: 1 = B
Let x = 1: 7 = D
Substitute B and D into the equation, expand the binomials, collect like terms, and equate the coefficients of like terms.
−2 x 2 + 2 x = ( A + C ) x3 + ( −2 A − C ) x 2 + Ax
A = 2
−2 A − C = −2  C = −2 or
A + C = 0  C = −2
6x2 + 1 2 1 2 7
= + 2 − +
x ( x − 1) ( x − 1)
2 2
2 x x x − 1
x2 + 2 x + 3 A Bx + C 2x A Bx + C
29. = + 2 30. = + 2
x3 + x x x +1 x3 − 1 x −1 x + x +1
x 2 + 2 x + 3 = A( x 2 + 1) + ( Bx + C )( x) 2 x = A( x 2 + x + 1) + ( Bx + C )( x − 1)
x 2 + 2 x + 3 = x 2 ( A + B ) + Cx + A 2 x = ( A + B) x 2 + ( A − B + C ) x + ( A − C )
Equating coefficients of like terms gives Equating coefficients of like terms gives A + B = 0,
A − B + C = 2 and A − C = 0.
A + B = 1, C = 2, and A = 3.
Let x = 1:
So, A = 3, B = −2, and C = 2. 2
3A = 2  A =
2
x + 2x + 3 3 2x − 2 3
= − 2
x3 + x x x +1 2 2
A − C = 0  − C = 0  C =
3 3
2 2
A + B = 0  + B = 0  B = −
3 3
2x 2 1 x −1 
=  − 
x3 − 1 3  x − 1 x2 + x + 1
x x A Bx + C
31. = = +
x3 − x 2 − 2 x + 2 ( x − 1)( x 2 − 2) x − 1 x 2 − 2
x = A( x 2 − 2) + ( Bx + C )( x − 1)
= Ax 2 − 2 A + Bx 2 − Bx + Cx − C
= ( A + B ) x 2 + (C − B ) x − ( 2 A + C )
Equating coefficients of like terms gives 0 = A + B, 1 = C − B, and 0 = 2 A + C . So, A = −1, B = 1, and C = 2.
x 1 x + 2
= − + 2
x3 − x 2 − 2 x + 2 x −1 x − 2
x + 6 x + 6 A B C
32. = = + +
x3 − 3x 2 − 4 x + 12 ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )( x − 3) x + 2 x − 2 x −3
x + 6 = A( x − 2)( x − 3) + B( x + 2)( x − 3) + C ( x + 2)( x − 2)
9
Let x = 3: 9 = 5C  = C
5
1
Let x = −2: 4 = 20 A  = A
5
Let x = 2: 8 = −4B  −2 = B
1 9
x + 6 5 −2 1 1 10 9 
= + + 5 =  − + 
x3 − 3 x 2 − 4 x + 12 x + 2 x − 2 x −3 5 x + 2 x − 2 x − 3
x x x A B Cx + D
33. = = = + +
4
16 x − 1 (4 x 2
− 1)( 4 x + 1)
2
(2 x + 1)( 2 x − 1)( 4 x + 1)
2
2 x + 1 2x − 1 4x2 + 1
x = A( 2 x − 1)( 4 x + 1) + B( 2 x + 1)( 4 x 2 + 1) + (Cx + D)( 2 x + 1)( 2 x − 1)

2
= A(8 x3 − 4 x 2 + 2 x − 1) + B(8 x3 + 4 x 2 + 2 x + 1) + (Cx + D)( 4 x 2 − 1)

= 8 Ax3 − 4 Ax 2 + 2 Ax − A + 8 Bx3 + 4 Bx 2 + 2 Bx + B + 4Cx3 + 4 Dx 2 − Cx − D
= (8 A + 8 B + 4C ) x3 + ( −4 A + 4 B + 4 D) x 2 + ( 2 A + 2 B − C ) x + ( − A + B − D)
Equating coefficients of like terms gives 0 = 8 A + 8B + 4C , 0 = −4 A + 4B + 4D, 1 = 2 A + 2B − C, and
0 = − A + B − D.
1
Using the first and third equations, 2 A + 2 B + C = 0 and 2 A + 2 B − C = 1; by subtraction, 2C = −1, so C = − .
2
Using the second and fourth equations, − A + B + D = 0 and − A + B − D = 0; by subtraction 2 D = 0, so D = 0.
1 1 1
Substituting − for C and 0 for D in the first and second equations, 8 A + 8 B = 2 and −4 A + 4 B = 0, so A = and B = .
2 8 8
1 1  1
x − x 1 1 x 1 1 1 4x 
= 8 + 8 +  2 = + − =  + − 
4
16 x − 1 2x + 1 2x − 1 4x + 1 2
8( 2 x + 1) 8( 2 x − 1) 2( 4 x + 1)
2 2
8 2 x + 1 2 x − 1 4 x + 1
3 3 3 A B Cx + D
34. = = = + + 2
x4 + x x( x 3 + 1) x( x + 1)( x 2 − x + 1) x x +1 x − x +1
3 = A( x + 1)( x 2 − x + 1) + B( x)( x 2 − x + 1) + (Cx + D)( x)( x + 1)

Let x = 0: A = 3
Let x = −1: −3B = 3  B = −1
Let x = 1: C + D = −1
Let x = 2: 2C + D = −3  D = 1, C = −2
3 3 1 2x − 1
= − − 2
x4 + x x x +1 x − x +1
x2 + 5 A Bx + C
35. = +
( x + 1)( x 2 − 2 x + 3) x + 1 x 2 − 2 x + 3
x 2 + 5 = A( x 2 − 2 x + 3) + ( Bx + C )( x + 1) = Ax 2 − 2 Ax + 3 A + Bx 2 + Bx + Cx + C
= ( A + B ) x 2 + ( −2 A + B + C ) x + (3 A + C )
Equating coefficients of like terms gives 1 = A + B, 0 = −2 A + B + C, and 5 = 3 A + C.
Subtracting both sides of the second equation from the first gives 1 = 3 A − C ; combining this with the third equation gives
A = 1 and C = 2. Because A + B = 1, B = 0.
x2 + 5 1 2
= + 2
(x + 1)( x − 2 x + 3)
2
x + 1 x − 2x + 3
x2 − 4x + 7 A Bx + C
36. = +
( x + 1)( x 2 − 2 x + 3) x + 1 x 2 − 2 x + 3
x 2 − 4 x + 7 = A( x 2 − 2 x + 3) + ( Bx + C )( x + 1) = Ax 2 − 2 Ax + 3 A + Bx 2 + Bx + Cx + C
= ( A + B ) x 2 + ( −2 A + B + C ) x + (3 A + C )
Equating coefficients of like terms gives 1 = A + B, − 4 = −2 A + B + C, and 7 = 3 A + C.
Adding the second and third equations, and subtracting the first, gives 2 = 2C , so C = 1. So, A = 2, B = −1, and C = 1.
x2 − 4 x + 7 2 x −1
= −
(x + 1)( x 2 − 2 x + 3) x + 1 x2 − 2x + 3
2x2 + x + 8 Ax + B Cx + D 3x 2 + 1 Ax + B Cx + D
37. = + 38. = +
( x2 + 4) ( x 2 + 4) ( x2 + 2) ( x2 + 2)
2 2 2 2
x2 + 4 x2 + 2
2 x 2 + x + 8 = ( Ax + B)( x 2 + 4) + Cx + D 3 x 2 + 1 = ( Ax + B )( x 2 + 2) + Cx + D
2 x 2 + x + 8 = Ax3 + Bx 2 + ( 4 A + C ) x + ( 4 B + D) 3 x 2 + 1 = Ax3 + Bx 2 + ( 2 A + C ) x + ( 2 B + D)
Equating coefficients of like terms gives Equating coefficients of like terms gives
0 = A
0 = A
2 = B
3 = B
1 = 4A + C  C = 1
0 = 2A + C  C = 0
8 = 4B + D  D = 0
1 = 2B + D  D = − 5
2x2 + x + 8 2 x
= +
3x 2 + 1
(x + 4) ( x + 4) 3 5
2 2
2 x2 + 4 2
= −
(x + 4) x 2 + 2 ( x 2 + 2) 2
2
2
5x2 − 2 Ax + B Cx + D Ex + F
39. = + +
(x + 3) ( x + 3) ( x2 + 3)
3 2 2 3
2 x +3 2
5 x 2 − 2 = ( Ax + B )( x 2 + 3) + (Cx + D)( x 2 + 3) + Ex + F
2
= Ax5 + 6 Ax3 + 9 Ax + Bx 4 + 6 Bx 2 + 9 B + Cx3 + 3Cx + Dx 2 + 3D + F + Ex

= Ax5 + Bx 4 + (6 A + C ) x3 + (6 B + D) x 2 + (9 A + 3C + E ) x + (9 B + 3D + F )
Equating coefficients of like terms gives
0 = A
0 = B
0 = 6A + C  C = 0
5 = 6B + D  D = 5
0 = 9 A + 3C + E  E = 0
− 2 = 9 B + 3D + F  F = −17
5x2 − 2 5 17
= −
(x + 3) (x + 3) (x + 3)
3 2 3
2 2 2
x2 − 4x + 6 Ax + B Cx + D Ex + F
40. = + +
(x + 4) ( x + 4) ( x 2 + 4)
3 2 3
2 x2 + 4 2
x 2 − 4 x + 6 = ( Ax + B)( x 2 + 4) + (Cx + D)( x 2 + 4) + Ex + F

2
= Ax5 + 8 Ax3 + 16 Ax + Bx 4 + 8Bx 2 + 16 B + Cx3 + 4Cx + Dx 2 + 4 D + F + Ex

= Ax5 + Bx 4 + (8 A + C ) x3 + (8B + D) x 2 + (16 A + 4C + E ) x + (16 B + 4 D + F )
0 = A
0 = B
0 = 8A + C  C = 0
1 = 8B + D  D = 1
− 4 = 16 A + 4C + E  E = − 4
6 = 16 B + 4 D + F  F = 2
2
x − 4x + 6 1 − 4x + 2 1 4x − 2
= + = −
(x + 4) (x + 4) (x + 4) (x + 4) ( x2 + 4)
3 2 3 2 3
2 2 2 2
8 x − 12 A B Cx + D Ey + F
41. = + 2 + 2 +
x ( x + 2) ( x2 + 2)
2 2
2 2 x x x + 2
8 x − 12 = Ax( x 2 + 2) + B( x 2 + 2) + (Cx + D) x 2 ( x 2 + 2) + ( Ex + F ) x 2
2 2
= Ax5 + 4 Ax3 + 4 Ax + Bx 4 + 4 Bx 2 + 4 B + Cx5 + 2Cx3 + Dx 4 + 2 Dx 2 + Ex3 + Fx 2

= ( A + C ) x5 + ( B + D) x 4 + ( 4 A + 2C + E ) x3 + ( 4 B + 2 D + F ) x 2 + 4 Ax + 4 B
A + C = 0,
B + D = 0,
4 A + 2C + E = 0,
4 B + 2 D + F = 0,
4 A = 8, and
4 B = −12.
So, A = 2, B = − 3, C = − 2, D = 3, E = − 4, and F = 6.
8 x − 12 2 −3 − 2x + 3 − 4x + 6
= + 2 + 2 +
x ( x + 2) ( x 2 + 2)
2 2
2 2 x x x + 2
x +1 A B C Dx + E Fx + G
42. = + 2 + 3 + 2 +
x ( x + 1) ( x2 + 1)
2 2
3 2 x x x x +1
x + 1 = Ax 2 ( x 2 + 1) + Bx( x 2 + 1) + C ( x 2 + 1) + ( Dx + E ) x3 ( x 2 + 1) + ( Fx + G ) x3
2 2 2
= Ax 6 + 2 Ax 4 + Ax 2 + Bx5 + 2 Bx3 + Bx + Cx 4 + 2Cx 2 + C + Dx 6 + Dx 4 + Ex5 + + Ex3 + Fx 4 + Gx3

= ( A + D) x 6 + ( B + E ) x5 + ( 2 A + D + C + F ) x 4 + ( 2 B + E + G ) x3 + ( A + 2C ) x 2 + Bx + C
A + D = 0,
B + E = 0,
2 A + D + C + F = 0,
2 B + E + G = 0,
A + 2C = 0,
B = 1, and
C = 1.
So, A = − 2, B = 1, C = 1, D = 2, E = −1, F = 1, and G = −1.
x +1 2 1 1 2x − 1 x −1
= − + 2 + 3 + 2 +
x ( x + 1) x + 1 ( x 2 + 1) 2
2
3 2 x x x
x2 − x −2 x − 1 2x + 1 2 x3 − x 2 + x + 5 18 x + 19
43. = 1+ 2 = 1− 2 45. = 2x − 7 +
2
x + x +1 x + x +1 x + x +1 x 2 + 3x + 2 ( x + 1)( x + 2)
18 x + 19 A B
x2 − 4x = +
44.
x2 + x + 6
(x + 1)( x + 2) x +1 x + 2
Using long division gives 18 x + 19 = A( x + 2) + B( x + 1)

x2 − 4 x 5x + 6 Let x = −1: 1 = A
2
= 1− 2 .
x + x + 6 x + x + 6
Let x = −2: −17 = − B  B = 17
2 x3 − x 2 + x + 5 1 17
2
= 2x − 7 + +
x + 3x + 2 x +1 x + 2
x3 + 2 x 2 − x + 1 6x − 3 6x − 3
46. = x −1+ 2 = x −1+
x 2 + 3x − 4 x + 3x − 4 ( x + 4)( x − 1)
6x − 3 A B
= +
(x + 4)( x − 1) x + 4 x −1
6 x − 3 = A( x − 1) + B( x + 4)
27
Let x = − 4: − 27 = − 5 A  A =
5
3
Let x = 1: 3 = 5B  B =
5
 27 3 
x3 + 2 x 2 − x + 1  5 5  1  27 3 
2
= x −1+  +  = x −1+  + 
x + x −
3 4  x + 4 x − 
1 5 x + 4 x − 1

 
x4 x4 6x2 − 8x + 3
47. = = x +3+
(x − 1) ( x − 1)
3 3 2 3
x − 3x + 3x − 1
2
6x − 8x + 3 A B C
= + +
(x − 1) x − 1 ( x − 1) ( x − 1)
3 2 3
6 x 2 − 8 x + 3 = A( x − 1) + B( x − 1) + C
2
Let x = 1: 1 = C
Let x = 0: 3 = A − B + 1 A − B = 2

Let x = 2: 11 = A + B + 1 A + B = 10
So, A = 6 and B = 4.
x4 6 4 1
= x +3+ + +
(x − 1) x − 1 ( x − 1)2 ( x − 1)
3 3
16 x 4 16 x 4 24 x 2 − 16 x + 3
48. = = 2x + 3 +
(2 x − 1) (2 x − 1)
3 3 2 3
8 x − 12 x + 6 x − 1
2
24 x − 16 x + 3 A B C
= + +
(2 x − 1) 2 x − 1 ( 2 x − 1) (2 x − 1)
3 2 3
24 x 2 − 16 x + 3 = A( 2 x − 1) + B( 2 x − 1) + C
2
1
Let x = :1 = C
2
24 x 2 − 16 x + 3 = 4 Ax 2 − 4 Ax + A + 2Bx − B + 1
24 x 2 − 16 x + 3 = 4 Ax 2 + ( −4 A + 2 B) x + ( A − B + 1)
6 = A, 3 = A − B + 1
3 = 6 − B + 1
4 = B.
4
16 x 6 4 1
= 2x + 3 + + +
(2 x − 1) 2 x − 1 ( 2 x − 1)2 (2 x − 1)
3 3
x 4 + 2 x3 + 4 x 2 + 8 x + 2 3x 2 + 8 x + 2 3x 2 + 8 x + 2
49. = x + 3 = x +
x( x + 1)
3 2 2 2
x + 2x + x x + 2x + x
3x 2 + 8 x + 2 A B C
= + +
x( x + 1) x + 1 ( x + 1)2
2
x
3x 2 + 8 x + 2 = A( x + 1) + B( x)( x + 1) + C ( x)
2
3x 2 + 8 x + 2 = Ax 2 + 2 Ax + A + Bx 2 + Bx + Cx
3x 2 + 8 x + 2 = ( A + B) x 2 + ( 2 A + B + C ) x + A
Equating coefficients of like terms gives A + B = 3, 2 A + B + C = 8, and A = 2.
So, A = 2, B = 1, and C = 3.
x 4 + 2 x3 + 4 x 2 + 8 x + 2 2 1 3
= x + + +
3 2
x + 2x + x x x + 1 ( x + 1)2
2 x 4 + 8 x3 + 7 x 2 − 7 x − 12 − x 2 − 7 x − 12 − x 2 − 7 x − 12
50. = 2x + 3 = 2x +
x( x + 2)
3 2 2 2
x + 4x + 4x x + 4x + 4x
− x 2 − 7 x − 12 A B C
= + +
x( x + 2) x + 2 ( x + 2)2
2
x
− x 2 − 7 x − 12 = A( x + 2) + B( x)( x + 2) + Cx
2
− x 2 − 7 x − 12 = Ax 2 + 4 Ax + 4 A + Bx 2 + 2 Bx + Cx
− x 2 − 7 x − 12 = ( A + B) x 2 + ( 4 A + 2 B + C ) x + 4 A
4 A = −12  A = −3
A + B = −1  −3 + B = −1  B = 2
4 A + 2 B + C = −7  −12 + 4 + C = −7  C = 1.
2 x 4 + 8 x3 + 7 x 2 − 7 x − 12 3 2 1
= 2x − + +
x3 + 4 x 2 + 4 x x x + 2 ( x + 2)2
5− x A B 4x2 − 1 A B C
51. 2
= + 52. = + +
2x + x − 1 2x − 1 x +1 2 x( x + 1)
2
2x x + 1 ( x + 1)2
− x + 5 = A( x + 1) + B ( 2 x − 1)
4 x 2 − 1 = A( x + 1) + 2 Bx( x + 1) + 2Cx
2
1 9 3
Let x = : = A  A = 3 Let x = 0: −1 = A
2 2 2
Let x = −1: 6 = −3B  B = −2 3
Let x = −1: 3 = −2C  C = −
2
5− x 3 2
= − Let x = 1: 3 = 4 A + 4 B + 2C
2 x2 + x − 1 2x − 1 x +1
2
3 = −4 + 4 B − 3
5
−6 6 = B
2
4x2 − 1 1 1 5 3 
= − + − 
2 x( x + 1) x + 1 ( x + 1)2 
2
2 x
−6
 
4
−6 6
−4
3x 2 − 7 x − 2 A B C x2 + x + 2 Ax + B Cx + D
53. = + + 55. = +
( x 2 + 2) ( x 2 + 2)
3 2 2
x − x x x +1 x −1 x2 + 2
3x 2 − 7 x − 2 = A( x 2 − 1) + Bx( x − 1) + Cx( x + 1)
x 2 + x + 2 = ( Ax + B)( x 2 + 2) + Cx + D
Let x = 0: −2 = − A  A = 2
x 2 + x + 2 = Ax3 + Bx 2 + ( 2 A + C ) x + ( 2 B + D)
Let x = −1: 8 = 2B  B = 4
Let x = 1: −6 = 2C  C = −3
0 = A
3x 2 − 7 x − 2 2 4 3 1 = B
= + −
x3 − x x x +1 x −1
1 = 2A + C  C = 1
4
2 = 2B + D  D = 0
x2 + x + 2 1 x
−6 6 = +
(x + 2) ( x + 2)
2 2
2 x2 + 2 2
−4 2
3x + 6 3x + 6 A Bx + C
54. = = + 2 −3 3
x3 + 2 x x( x 2 + 2) x x + 2
3 x + 6 = A( x 2 + 2) + ( Bx + C ) x −2
3 x + 6 = Ax 2 + 2 A + Bx 2 + Cx
3 x + 6 = ( A + B ) x 2 + Cx + 2 A
2A = 6  A = 3
C = 3
A + B = 0  B = −3
3x + 6 3x + 6 3 − 3x + 3 3 3x − 3
= = + 2 = − 2
x3 + 2 x x( x 2 + 2) x x +2 x x +2
4
−6 6
−4
x3 A B C D
56. = + + +
(x + 2) ( x − 2) ( x + 2) ( x − 2)
2 2 2 2
x + 2 x − 2
x 3 = A( x + 2)( x − 2) + B( x − 2) + C ( x + 2) ( x − 2) + D( x + 2)
2 2 2 2
1
Let x = −2: −8 = 16 B  B = −
2
1
Let x = 2: 8 = 16 D  D =
2
1 1
x 3 = A( x + 2)( x − 2) − ( x − 2) + C ( x + 2 ) ( x − 2 ) + ( x + 2 )
2 2 2 2
2 2
x 3 − 4 x = ( A + C ) x 3 + ( −2 A + 2C ) x 2 + ( −4 A − 4C ) x + (8 A − 8C )
0 = −2 A + 2C  A = C
1= A+C
1 1
1 = 2A  A =  C =
2 2
x3 1 1 1 1 1 
=  − + + 
(x + 2) ( x − 2) 2  x + 2 ( x + 2) 2 ( x − 2) 
2 2 2
x − 2

4
−6 6
−4
2 x 3 − 4 x 2 − 15 x + 5 x +5 x3 − x + 3 2x + 1
57. = 2x + 58. = x −1+
x2 − 2 x − 8 ( x + 2)( x − 4) x2 + x − 2 ( x + 2)( x − 1)
x +5 A B 2x + 1 A B
= + = +
(x + 2)( x − 4) x + 2 x − 4 (x + 2)( x − 1) x + 2 x −1
x + 5 = A( x − 4) + B( x + 2) 2 x + 1 = A( x − 1) + B( x + 2)
1 Let x = −2: −3 = −3 A  A = 1
Let x = −2: 3 = −6 A  A = −
2 Let x = 1: 3 = 3B  B = 1
3
Let x = 4: 9 = 6 B  B = x3 − x + 3 1 1
2 = x −1+ +
x2 + x − 2 x + 2 x −1
2 x3 − 4 x 2 − 15 x + 5 1 3 1 
= 2x +  −  5
x2 − 2x − 8 2 x − 4 x + 2
20 −9 9
−6 6
−7
−20
120 p 120 p A B
59. C = = = +
10,000 − p 2
(100 + p)(100 − p) 100 + p 100 − p
120 p = A(100 − p ) + B(100 + p )
Let p = 100: 200 B = 12,000
B = 60
Let p = −100: 200 A = −12,000
A = − 60
120 p 60 60
C = = − +
10,000 − p 2 100 + p 100 − p
120 p 60 60
Let y1 = and y2 = − + .
10,000 − p 2 100 + p 100 − p
5000( 4 − 3 x)
60. R =
(11 − 7 x)(7 − 4 x)
5000( 4 − 3 x) A B 1800
(a) = + (c)
(11 − 7 x)(7 − 4 x) 11 − 7 x 7 − 4 x Ymax
5000( 4 − 3 x) = A(7 − 4 x) + B(11 − 7 x)

Ymin
20,000 − 15,000 x = 7 A − 4 Ax + 11B − 7 Bx
0 1
−15,000 x + 20,000 = ( −4 A − 7 B) x + (7 A + 11B) 200
−4 A − 7 B = −15,000

 7 A + 11B = 20,000 5000 5000 2
(d) Min = = = 666 °F
 B = 5000, A = −5000 11 − 7 x 11 − 7(0.5) 3
5000( 4 − 3 x) 5000 5000 5000 5000

= − ,0 < x ≤1 Max = = = 1000°F
(11 − 7 x)(7 − 4 x) 7 − 4 x 11 − 7 x 7 − 4x 7 − 4(0.5)
5000
(b) Ymin =
11 − 7 x
5000
Ymax =
7 − 4x
61. False. The partial fraction decomposition is
A B C
+ + .
x + 10 x − 10 ( x − 10)2
62. True. The expression is an improper rational expression.
63. False. The degrees could be equal. For example,

x2 + x + 2 1 x
Exercises #55: = 2 + .
( x + 2) ( x + 2)
2 2
2 x + 2 2
Section 7.5 Systems of Inequalities 607
x − 12 3 2 x2 + 1 x2 + 1
64. (a) y = y = , y = − 65. The expression is improper, = 2 so first
x ( x − 4) x x − 4 x( x − 1) x − x
y y
divide the denominator into the numerator to obtain
8 8
x2 + 1 x +1 x +1
6 =1+ 2 =1+ .
y = 3x 2
x − x x − x x( x − 1)
4 y=− 2
x−4
2 2
x x Then find the partial fraction decomposition of
−6 − 4 2 8 10 −6 2 8 10
x +1 A B
y=− 2 = +
y = 3x x−4 x( x − 1) x x −1
−8 −8
66. Answers will vary. Sample answer: One way to find the
3 2 constants is to choose values of the variable that eliminate
y = is the light gray graph, y = is the
x x − 4 one or more of the constants in the basic equation so that
x − 12 you can solve for another constant. If necessary, you can
blue graph, and y = is the black graph.
x( x − 4) then use these constants with other chosen values of the
variable to solve for any remaining constants. Another
The vertical asymptotes of the partial fraction
way is to expand the basic equation and collect like terms.
decomposition are the same as the original rational
Then you can equate coefficients of the like terms on each
function.
side of the equation to obtain simple equations involving
2( 4 x − 3) 3 5 the constants. If necessary, you can solve these equations
(b) y = y = ,
x2 − 9 x −3 x +3 using substitution.
y y
8 8
6 6
5 y= 3
4 y= x−3
x+3
x x
−4 4 6 8 −4 2 4 6 8
−4 5 −4 3
y= y=
−6
x+3 −6 x−3
−8 −8
3 5
y = is the light gray graph, y = is
x −3 x + 3
2( 4 x − 3)
the blue graph, and y = is the black
x2 − 9
graph. The vertical asymptotes of the partial fraction
decomposition are the same as the original rational
function.
Section 7.5 Systems of Inequalities

1. solution 5. y < 5 − x 2
2. graph Using a dashed line, graph y = 5 − x 2 , and shade the
region inside the parabola.
3. solution
y
4. solution set 6
4
3
2
1
x
−4 −3 −1 1 2 3 4
−1
−2
6. y 2 − x < 0 10. 10 ≥ y
Using a dashed line, graph the parabola y 2 − x = 0, Using a solid line, graph the horizontal line y = 10, and
shade below the line.
and shade the region inside this parabola. (Use (1, 0) as
y
a test point.)
14
y
12
3
8
2
6
1 4
x 2
−1 1 2 3 4 5
x
−1 −8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
−2
−2
−3
11. y < 2 − x
7. x ≥ 6 Using a dashed line, graph y = 2 − x, and then shade
Using a solid line, graph the vertical line x = 6, and below the line. (Use (0, 0) as a test point.)
shade to the right of this line. y
y
4
6 3
4 2
2 1
x x
−2 2 4 1 8 10 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−2
−4 −2
−6
12. y > 4 x − 3
8. x < −4
Using a dashed line, graph y = 4 x − 3, and then shade
Using a dashed line, graph the vertical line x = −4, and above the line. (Use (0, 0) as a test point.)
shade to the left of this line.
y
y
2
4
1
3
x
2 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1
1
−2
x
−7 −6 −5 −3 −2 −1 1 −3
−1
−2
−3
−4
13. 2 y − x ≥ 4
9. y > −7
Using a dashed line, graph the horizontal line y = −7, Using a solid line, graph 2 y − x = 4, and then shade
and shade above the line. above the line. (Use (0, 0) as a test point.)
y y
2 4
x 3
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−2
−4 1
−6 x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1
−8
−10 −2
14. 5 x + 3 y ≥ −15 2
17. y > − 2
Using a solid line, graph 5 x + 3 y = −15, and shade x +1
above the line. (Use (0, 0) as a test point.) 2
Using a solid line, graph y = − . Use (0, 0) as a
2
y x +1
test point. Then shade above the curve.
2
y
x
5
−6 −4 2 4
4
3
2
1
−6 x
−5 −4 −3 3 4 5
−8 −2
−3
−4
−5
15. x 2 + ( y − 3) < 4
2
3
18. y ≤ 2
Using a dashed line, sketch the circle x + x +1
x 2 + ( y − 3) = 4.
2
3
Using a dashed line, graph y = . Use (0, 0)
Center: (0, 3) x2 + x + 1
as a test point. Then shade below the curve.
Radius: 2 y
Test point: (0, 0) 8

7
6
Shade the inside of the circle. 5
y
3
7
2
6 1
x
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
4
−2
3
2 19. y ≥ − ln ( x − 1)
5
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1
(x + 2) + y 2 > 9
2 −2 8
16.
Using a dashed line, graph the circle
−5
(x + 2) + y 2 = 9 and shade the exterior.

2
20. y < ln ( x + 3) − 1
Center: ( − 2, 0)
4
Radius: 3
Test point: (0, 0) −5 5
Shade outside of the circle.

y −6
5
4 21. y < 2 x
2 6
1
x
−7 −6 −4 −3 −2 −1 2 3
−2
−5 5
−4
−5 −2
22. y ≤ 3− x − 2 28. The parabola through ( −2, 0), (0, − 4), ( 2, 0) is

4 y = x 2 − 4. The shaded region inside the parabola
gives y ≥ x 2 − 4.
−4 6
29. The line through (0, 2) and (3, 0) is y = − 23 x + 2.
−4
The shaded region above the line gives y ≥ − 23 x + 2.
30. The circle shown is x 2 + y 2 = 5. The shaded region

23. y ≤ 2 − 15 x
inside the circle gives x 2 + y 2 < 25.
6
y
31.  x + y ≤ 1
 3
− x + y ≤ 1
−5 5
 y ≥ 0
 2
−2
First, find the points of (0, 1)
24. y > − 2.4 x + 3.3 intersection of each pair (−1, 0) (1, 0)

x
6
of equations. −2 1 2
−1
Vertex A Vertex B Vertex C

−4 6
x + y =1 x + y =1 −x + y = 1
−2
−x + y = 1 y = 0 y = 0
25. 2y
3
2
+ 2x − 5 ≥ 0 (0, 1) (1, 0) (−1, 0)
2y ≥ 5 − 2 x2 y
3 32. 3 x + 4 y < 12

y ≥ 3
2 (5 − 2 x 2 )  x > 0 4
 (0, 3)
y ≥ 15
− 3x 2  y > 0 3
2
8 First, find the points of 2
intersection of each pair

1
of equations.
(0, 0) (4, 0)
x
1 2 3 4
−6 6
−2
Vertex A Vertex B
26. − 16 x 2 − 2
7
y < − 13 3x + 4 y = 12, x = 0 3 x + 4 y = 12, y = 0
− 72 y < − 13 + 1 x2 4 y = 12 3 x = 12
6
y = 3 x = 4
y < − 72 − 13 + ( 1 x2
6 ) (0, 3) (4, 0)
7 7 2
y < 6
− 12
x Vertex C
4 x = 0, y = 0
−6 6 (0, 0)
−6
27. The line through ( −5, 0) and ( −1, 0) is y = 5 x + 5.

The shaded region below the line gives y < 5 x + 5.
y
33. −3 x + 2 y < 6 35. 2 x + y > 2
 5 
 x − 4 y > −2 6 x + 3 y < 2
 2x + y < 3 3
 The graphs of 2 x + y = 2 and 6 x + 3 y = 2 are
( 109 , 79 (
First, find the points of (−2, 0)
1 parallel lines. The first inequality has the region above
intersection of each pair −3 −1 1 3 4
x the line shaded. The second inequality has the region
of equations. below the line shaded. There are no points that satisfy
−2
both inequalities.
−3
No solution
y
Vertex A Vertex B
−3 x + 2 y = 6 −3x + 2 y = 6 4
x − 4 y = −2 2x + y = 3
(−2, 0) (0, 3) 1
Vertex C −2 −1 2 3 4
x
x − 4 y = −2 −1
−2
2x + y = 3
(109 , 79 ) 36.  x − 2 y < −6


Note that B is not a vertex of the solution region. 5 x − 3 y > −9
y Point of intersection:
34.  x − 7 y > −36
 (6, 6) (0, 3)
5 x + 2 y > 5 6
6 x − 5 y > 6
 37. 2 x − 3 y > 7

First, find the points of 5 x + y < 9
intersection of each pair 2
(1, 0)
2x − 3y = 7
of equations.
x 5x + y = 9  y = − 5x + 9
2 4 6
2 x − 3( − 5 x + 9) = 7
Vertex A Vertex B
2 x + 15 x − 27 = 7
x − 7 y = −36 5x + 2 y = 5
17 x = 34
5x + 2 y = 5 6x − 5 y = 6
x = 2
( −1, 5) (1, 0) y = − 5( 2) + 9 = −1
Vertex C ( 2, −1)
x − 7 y = −36
Point of intersection: ( 2, −1)
6x − 5 y = 6
y
(6, 6) 10
8
Note that A is not a vertex of the solution region.
6
4 (2, − 1)
2
x
−6 −4 −2 4 6 8 10
−2
−4
−6
y
38. The graphs of 4 x − 6 y = 2  y = 2
3
x − 1
3
and 40. 4 x 2 + y ≥ 2
 ( 12 , 1(
− 2x + 3y = 5  y = 2 5  x ≤ 1
3
x + 3
are parallel lines since
 ( − 1, 1
2 ( (1, 1)
 y ≤ 1
their slopes are equal. The first inequality has the region
above the line shaded. The second inequality has the First, find the points of x
−2 −1 2
region below the line shaded. There are no points that intersection of each pair
−1
satisfy both inequalities. Therefore, there are no of equations.
solutions. −2
(1, −2)
y
7
6 Vertex A Vertex B
5
4 2
4 x + y = 2, x = 1 4 x 2 + y = 2, y = 1
3
2 4+ y = 2 4x2 + 1 = 2
x y = −2 4x2 = 1
−5 −2 1 2 3 4 5
−2 (1, − 2) x = ± 12
−3
y
(± 12 , 1)
39. x + y ≤ 7
2
Vertex C

x ≥ −2 6 x = 1, y = 1

 y ≥ 0 5
4 (1, 1)
(− 2, 3)
First, find the points of 3
intersection of each pair (− 2, 0) 2

x − y 2 > 0
41. 
y
of equations. 1
( 7, 0)  (4, 2)
−4 −3 −1 1 2 3 4
x  x − y > 2 2
−1
Points of intersection: 1
2
Vertex A Vertex B y = y + 2 1 2 3 4
x
2
x 2 + y = 7, x = −2 x 2 + y = 7, y = 0 y − y − 2 = 0 −1
(1, − 1)
4+ y = 7 2
x = 7 (y + 1)( y − 2) = 0 −2
y = 3 x = 7 y = −1, 2
(−2, 3) ( 7, 0 ) (1, −1), ( 4, 2)

y
Vertex C  x 2 + y 2 ≤ 25
42. 
 6
x = −2, y = 0 4 x − 3 y ≤ 0
4 (3, 4)
(−2, 0) Points of intersection: 2
( )
2 x
2 4
x + 3
x = 25 −6 −2 2 4 6
25 2
9
x = 25 (− 3, − 4) −4
x = ±3 −6
(−3, − 4), (3, 4)
5
43. 3x + 4 ≥ y 2 y
 1
49.  x 2 y ≥ 1  y ≥ 2
x − y < 0 4
(4, 4)  x
3 0 < x ≤ 4
Points of intersection: 2 
1
 y ≤ 4 −2 7
x − y = 0  y = x x −1
1 2 3 4 5
3y + 4 = y2 (−1, −1)
3
50.  y ≤ e − x 2
2
0 = y2 − 3y − 4 −3

0 = ( y − 4)( y + 1) −4  y ≥ 0

y = 4 or y = −1 −2 ≤ x ≤ 2 −3 3
x = 4 x = −1 −1
(4, 4) and (−1, −1)

51. Line through points (6, 0) and (0, 6): y = 6 − x
y
44. 
x < 2 y − y
2
 (−3, 3)
3
x ≥ 0
0 < x + y 
y ≥ 0
Points of intersection: y ≤ 6 − x

1
− y = 2 y − y2
x 52. Line through points (0, 4) and ( 4, 0): y = 4 − x
y2 − 3y = 0 −3 −2 1
(0, 0)
y ( y − 3) = 0 −1 Line through points (0, 2) and (8, 0) : y = 2 − 1x
4
y = 0, 3
y ≥ 4 − x
(0, 0), ( −3, 3)  1x
y ≥ 2 − 4

45.  y ≤ 3x + 1
7
x ≥ 0
 y ≥ 0
 y ≥ x2 + 1 
−5 7 53. (8, 0), (0, 8)

−1
 x ≥ 0
46.  y < 2 x − 1 
 y ≥ 0
  2
 y ≥ x2 + 1 2
x + y < 64
4
54. (0, 0), (0, 4), ( 8, 8 )

−4 4
x 2 + y 2 ≤ 16

−2  x ≤ y

5  x ≥ 0
 y < − x2 + 2 x + 3
47. 
 55. Rectangular region with vertices at
 y > x 2 − 4 x + 3
−4 8
( 4, 3), (9, 3), (9, 9), ( 4, 9) y
10
(4, 9) (9, 9)
−3 x ≥ 4
 8
x ≤ 9
2  6
48.  4
y ≥ x − 2x + 1
2
y ≥ 3
 y ≤ 9
4
 y ≤ 1 − x 2  (4, 3) (9, 3)
−3 3 2
This system may be x
written as: 2 4 6 8 10
−2
4 ≤ x ≤ 9

3 ≤ y ≤ 9
56. Parallelogram with vertices at (0, 0), ( 4, 0), (1, 4), (5, 4) 58. Triangle with vertices at ( −1, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1)
y
(0, 0), (4, 0): y ≥ 0
y
(−1, 0), (1, 0): y ≥ 0
6
(4, 0), (5, 4): 4 x − y ≤ 16 5
(−1, 0), (0, 1): y ≤ x +1
3
(1, 4) (5, 4)
(1, 4), (5, 4): y ≤ 4 4 (0, 1), (1, 0): y ≤ −x + 1 2
3 (0, 1)
(0, 0), (1, 4): 4 x − y ≥ 0 2 y ≤ x + 1 (− 1, 0) (1, 0)
 x
4 x − y ≥ 0
1
y ≤ −x + 1 −2 −1 1 2

x 
4 x − y ≤ 16
(0, 0) 1 2 3 (4, 0) 6 y ≥ 0 −1
 0 ≤ y ≤ 4

57. Triangle with vertices at (0, 0), (6, 0), (1, 5)

y
(0, 0), (6, 0): y = 0
7
(0, 0), (1, 5): y = 5x 6
(1, 5)
(6, 0), (1, 5):
5
y = −x + 6 4
3
y ≥ 0 2

 y ≤ 5x 1
(6, 0)
y ≤ −x + 6 x
 (0, 0) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
59. (a) Demand = Supply (b) The consumer surplus is the area of the triangular region
defined by
50 − 0.5 x = 0.125 x
50 = 0.625 x  p ≤ 50 − 0.5 x

80 = x  p ≥ 10
 x ≥ 0.
10 = p 
Point of equilibrium: (80, 10) Consumer surplus = 1
2
(base)( height) = 1
2
(80)( 40) = $1600
p
Consumer Surplus The producer surplus is the area of the triangular region
Producer Surplus defined by
50
p = 50 − 0.5x  p ≥ 0.125 x
40

30
p = 0.125x
 p ≤ 10
x ≥ 0.
20 
10
(80, 10)
Producer surplus = 1
2 (base)(height ) = 1
2 (80)(10) = $400
x
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
60. (a) Demand = Supply (b) The consumer surplus is the area of the triangular region
defined by
100 − 0.05 x = 25 + 0.1x
75 = 0.15 x  p ≤ 100 − 0.05 x

500 = x  p ≥ 75

75 = p  x ≥ 0.
Point of equilibrium: (500, 75) Consumer surplus = 1
2
( base)(height) = 1
2
(500)(25) = $6250
p
The producer surplus is the area of the triangular region
Consumer Surplus
200 Producer Surplus
defined by
150  p ≤ 25 + 0.1x
p = 100 − 0.05x 
 p ≤ 75
100 (500, 75)  x ≥ 0.

50
p = 25 + 0.1x
x
2
( base)(height ) = 1
2
(500)(50) = $12,500
200 400 600
61. (a) Demand = Supply (b) The consumer surplus is the area of the triangular region defined by
140 − 0.00002 x = 80 + 0.00001x  p ≤ 140 − 0.00002 x
60 = 0.00003x 
 p ≥ 100
2,000,000 = x  x ≥ 0.

100 = p
Consumer surplus = 1
2 (base)(height )
Point of equilibrium: ( 2,000,000, 100)
= 1
2 ( 2,000,000)(40)
p
Consumer Surplus
Producer Surplus = $40,000,000
160
p = 140 − 0.00002x The producer surplus is the area of the triangular region defined by
140
120 (2,000,000, 100)

 p ≥ 80 + 0.00001x

100
 p ≤ 100
 x ≥ 0.
80 
p = 80 + 0.00001x
1,000,000 2,000,000
x Producer surplus = 1
2 (base)(height )
= 1
2 (2,000,000)(20)
= $20,000,000
62. (a) Demand = Supply (b) The consumer surplus is the area of the triangular region defined by
400 − 0.0002 x = 225 + 0.0005 x  p ≤ 400 − 0.0002 x
175 = 0.0007 x 
 p ≥ 350
250,000 = x  x ≥ 0.

350 = p
Consumer surplus = 1
2
( base)( height) = 1
2
( 250,000)(50) = $6,250,000
Point of equilibrium: ( 250,000, 350)
The producer surplus is the area of the triangular region defined by
p Consumer Surplus
Producer Surplus  p ≥ 225 + 0.0005 x
600 
500
p = 400 − 0.0002x  p ≤ 350
(250,000, 350)  x ≥ 0.
400 
300
2
( base)( height ) = 1
2
( 250,000)(125) = $15,625,000
200 p = 225 + 0.0005x
100
x
200,000 400,000
63. x = amount in smaller account 64. x = number of $30 tickets

y = amount in larger account y = number of $20 tickets
y
Account constraints:  x + y ≤ 3000

 x + y ≤ 20,000 15,000
 30 x + 20 y ≥ 75,000
 
 y ≥ 2x  x ≤ 2000
 10,000

 x ≥ 5,000  x ≥ 0
 y ≥ 5,000  y ≥ 0

y
x
10,000 15,000 4500
3500
2500
1500
500
x
500 1500 2500 3500 4500
y
65. x = number of tables 66. x = number of model A
24
y = number of chairs y = number of model B
20
 x + 3
y ≤ 12 Assembly center  x ≥ 2y 16
2
4 
3 x +
3
y ≤ 15 Finishing center 8 x + 12 y ≤ 200 12

2  8
 x ≥ 0  x ≥ 4
  y ≥ 2
4
 y ≥ 0  x
8 12 16 20 24
y
12
10
x
2 4 6 8 10
y
67. (a) x = number of ounces of food X
y = number of ounces of food Y 18
180 x + 100 y ≥ 1000 (calcium)


 6x + y ≥ 18 (iron ) 10
8

 220 x + 40 y ≥ 400 ( magnesium) 6
4

 x ≥ 0 2
x
 y ≥ 0
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 4 5 7
(b) Answers will vary. Some possible solutions which would satisfy the minimum daily requirements for calcium, iron, and
magnesium:
(5, 10)  5 ounces of food X and 10 ounces of food Y
(4, 12)  4 ounces of food X and 12 ounces of food Y
Either of these will satisfy the minimum daily requirements of the dietician’s special dietary diet plan.
68. (a)  y ≥ 0.5( 220 − x) y

(b) Answers will vary. Sample answer: The

y ≤ 0.85( 220 − x) 200 points ( 24, 98) and ( 24, 167 ) are on the

x ≥ 20 150
boundary of the solution set; a person who
x ≤ 70 is 24 years old should have a heart rate

100 between 98 and 167.
50
x
20 40 60 80 100
y
69. (a) Let x = number of bags of gravel
120
Let y = number of bags of stone.
100
The delivery requirements are: 80
 x ≥ 50 60

 y ≥ 40
 20
55 x + 70 y ≤ 7500
x
20 40 60 80 100 120
(b) The points (60, 60) and (70, 52) lie in the solution region. These values would represent the number of bags of each type
of fill while maintaining the maximum weight capacity of the truck. The first (60, 60) is to ship 60 bags of gravel and 60
bags of stone. The second (70, 52) is to is to ship 70 bags of gravel and 52 bags of stone.
Section 7.6 Linear Programming 617
y
70. (a)  xy ≥ 500 exercise equipment space

2 x + π y ≥ 125 Track (Two semi-circles and two lengths) 60
 50
 x ≥ 0
 y ≥ 0
 30
20
10
x
10 20 30 40 50 60
(b) The points (50, 30) and ( 40, 40) lie in the solution region. These values would represent the dimensions of the interior
exercise equipment area. The first (50, 30) is to make the rectangular region 50 meters wide by 30 meters deep. The
second ( 40, 40) is to make the rectangular region 40 meters wide by 40 meters deep. Each of these dimensions satisfy the
constraints given to create the physical fitness facility.
71. True. The figure is a rectangle with a length of 9 units (c) x 2 + y 2 ≥ 16  region outside the circle
and a width of 11 units. 
x + y ≥ 4  region above the line
72. False. The graph shows the solution of the system Matches graph (iii).
 y < 6 (d) x 2 + y 2 ≥ 16  region outside the circle
 
−4 x − 9 y < 6 x + y ≤ 4  region below the line
 3x + y 2 ≥ 2.
 Matches graph (i).
73. Test a point on each side of the line y = − x + 3. 76. x = radius of smaller circle
Because the origin (0, 0) satisfies the inequality, the y = radius of larger circle
solution set of the inequality lies below the dashed line. (a) Constraints on circles:
74. (a) The boundary would be included in the solution. π y 2 − π x 2 ≥ 10


(b) The solution would be the half-plane on the opposite  y > x
side of the boundary.  x > 0

(b) 4
75. (a) x 2 + y 2 ≤ 16  region inside the circle

x + y ≥ 4  region above the line −6 6
Matches graph (iv).

(b) x 2 + y 2 ≤ 16  region inside the circle −4

x + y ≤ 4  region below the line (c) The line is an asymptote to the boundary. The larger
the circles, the closer the radii can be and the
Matches graph (ii). constraint still be satisfied.
Section 7.6 Linear Programming

1. optimization 7. z = 4 x + 3 y
2. linear programming At (0, 5): z = 4(0) + 3(5) = 15
3. objective At (0, 0): z = 4(0) + 3(0) = 0
4. constraints; feasible solutions At (5, 0): z = 4(5) + 3(0) = 20
5. inside; on The minimum value is 0 at (0, 0).
6. vertex The maximum value is 20 at (5, 0).
618 Chapter 7 Systems of Equations and Linear Inequalities
8. z = 2 x + 8 y 13. z = 3 x + 2 y
At (0, 4): z = 2(0) + 8( 4) = 32 At (3, 0): z = 3(3) + 2(0) = 9
At (0, 0) : z = 2(0) + 8(0) = 0 The minimum value is 9 at (3, 0).
At ( 2, 0): z = 2( 2) + 8(0) = 4 The maximum value is 24 at any point on the line
The minimum value is 0 at (0, 0). 3 x + 2 y = 24, that is any point on the line segment
between (0, 12) and (8, 0).
The maximum value is 32 at (0, 4).
y
9. z = 2 x + 5 y
12 (0, 12)
At (1, 0): z = 2(1) + 5(0) = 2 10
8
At ( 4, 0): z = 2( 4) + 5(0) = 8 6
4
At (3, 4): z = 2(3) + 5( 4) = 26 2
(3, 0) (8, 0)
x
At (0, 5): z = 2(0) + 5(5) = 25 −2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
The minimum value is 2 at (1, 0). 1y

14. z = 5 x + 2
At (0, 8) : z = 5(0) + 1
2
(8) = 4
10. z = 4 x + 5 y
At (16, 0): z = 5(16) + 1
2
(0) = 80
At (0, 2): z = 4(0) + 5( 2) = 10
At ( 4, 0): z = 5( 4) + 1
(0) = 20
At (0, 4): z = 4(0) + 5( 4) = 20 2
The minimum value is 4 at (0, 8).

At (3, 0): z = 4(3) + 5(0) = 12
At ( 4, 3): z = 4( 4) + 5(3) = 31
y
8
(0, 8)
The maximum value is 31 at ( 4, 3).
6
11. z = 10 x + 7 y 4
At (0, 20): z = 10(0) + 7( 20) = 140

2
At (30, 45): z = 10(30) + 7( 45) = 615 (4, 0) (16, 0)

x
8 12
At (60, 20): z = 10(60) + 7( 20) = 740
At (60, 0): z = 10(60) + 7(0) = 600 15. z = 4 x + 5 y
At (0, 45): z = 10(0) + 7( 45) = 315 At (10, 0): z = 4(10) + 5(0) = 40
The minimum value is 140 at (0, 20). At (5, 3): z = 4(5) + 5(3) = 35
The maximum value is 740 at (60, 20). At (0, 8): z = 4(0) + 5(8) = 40
12. z = 40 x + 45 y
The region is unbounded. There is no maximum.
At (0, 400): z = 40(0) + 45( 400) = 18,000 y
At ( 450, 0): z = 40( 450) + 45(0) = 18,000 10
At (900, 0): z = 40(900) + 45(0) = 36,000 (0, 8)
At (0, 800): z = 40(0) + 45(800) = 36,000

4
The minimum value is 18,000 at any point along the line (5, 3)
2
segment connecting (0, 400) and ( 450, 0).
x
2 4 6 8
The maximum value is 36,000 at any point along the line (10, 0)
segment connecting (0, 800) and (900, 0).
16. z = 5 x + 4 y 19. z = x
At ( 4, 1) : z = 5( 4) + 4(1) = 24 At (60, 0) : z = 60
At (0, 5): z = 5(0) + 4(5) = 20 At (7.2, 13.2): z = 7.2

At (6, 0): z = 5(6) + 4(0) = 30 At (16, 0): z = 16
The minimum value is 20 at (0, 5). The minimum value is 7.2 at (7.2, 13.2).
The region is unbounded. There is no maximum. The maximum value is 60 at (60, 0).
y
18
7
6
(0, 5)
5
4
− 10 70
2 −3
(4, 1)
1
(6, 0)
x 20. z = y
−1 1 2 3 4 5
−1
At (0, 0): z = 0
17. z = 3 x + y At (12, 0): z = 0
At (16, 0): z = 3(16) + 0 = 48
At (10, 8): z = 8
At (60, 0): z = 3(60) + 0 = 180
At (6, 16): z = 16
At (7.2, 13.2): z = 3(7.2) + 13.2 = 34.8
At (0, 20): z = 20
The minimum value is 34.8 at (7.2, 13.2).
The minimum value is 0 at any point along the line
The maximum value is 180 at (60, 0). segment connecting (0, 0) and (12, 0).
18 The maximum value is 20 at (0, 20).
25
− 10 70
−3 −5 40
−5
18. z = 6 x + 3 y
y
At (0, 0): z = 6(0) + 3(0) = 0 25
At (0, 20): z = 6(0) + 3( 20) = 60

15
At (12, 0): z = 6(12) + 3(0) = 72 (223 , 196 )
10
At (6, 16): z = 6(6) + 3(16) = 84 (212 , 0)

(0, 5)
x
At (10, 8): z = 6(10) + 3(8) = 84 (0, 0) 10 15
The minimum value is 0 at (0, 0). Figure for Exercises 21–24

The maximum value is 84 at any point on the line 21. z = x + 5 y
segment joining (10, 8) and (6, 16).
At (0, 5): z = 0 + 5(5) = 25
25
At ( 223 , 196 ): z = 223 + 5(196 ) = 1396

At ( 21
2
, 0): z = 21 2
+ 5(0) = 21 2
−5 40
−5
At (0, 0): z = 0 + 5(0) = 0
22. z = 2 x + 4 y 26. z = 5 x + 3 y
At (0, 5): z = 2(0) + 4(5) = 20 At ( 4, 3) : z = 5( 4) + 3(3) = 29
At ( 223 , 196 ): z = 2( 223 ) + 4(196 ) = 823 At (12, 5): z = 5(12) + 3(5) = 75
At ( 21
2
, 0) : z = 2( 21
2)
+ 4(0) = 21 The minimum value is 29 at ( 4, 3).
At (0, 0): z = 2(0) + 4(0) = 0 There is no maximum value.

The minimum value is 0 at (0, 0). 27. z = x − y
The maximum value is 82

3
at ( 223 , 196 ). At ( 4, 3): z = 4 − 3 = 1
At (12, 5): z = 12 − 5 = 7
23. z = 4 x + 5 y
There is no minimum value.
At (0, 5): z = 4(0) + 5(5) = 25
At ( 223 , 196 ): z = 4( 223 ) + 5(196 ) = 2716
28. z = y − x
At ( 21
2
, 0) : z = 4( 21
2)
+ 5(0) = 42
At ( 4, 3): z = 3 − 4 = −1
At (0, 0): z = 4(0) + 5(0) = 0
At (12, 5): z = 5 − 12 = − 7
The minimum value is − 7 at (12, 5).
The maximum value is 271
6
at ( 223 , 196 ). There is no maximum value.
24. z = 4 x + y 29. Objective function: z = 2.5 x + y
At (0, 5): z = 4(0) + 5 = 5 Constraints:
At ( ) : z = 4( ) + =
22 , 19
3 6
22
3
19
6
65
2
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, 3x + 5 y ≤ 15, 5 x + 2 y ≤ 10
At (0, 0): z = 0
At ( 21
2
, 0): z = 4( 21
2)
+ 0 = 42
At ( 2, 0): z = 5
At (0, 0): z = 4(0) + 0 = 0
The minimum value is 0 at (0, 0). At ( 1920 , 1945 ): z = 95
19
= 5
The maximum value is 42 at ( 212, 0). At (0, 3): z = 3

y
8
The maximum value of 5 occurs at any point on the line
6
4 (12, 5)
segment connecting ( 2, 0) and ( 1920 , 1945 ).
(4, 3) y
x
−2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
−2
−4
(0, 3)
( 2019 , 4519 (
−6 2
−8
1
Figure for Exercises 25–28 (2, 0)

x
(0, 0) 1 3
25. z = x + 2 y
At ( 4, 3): z = 4 + 2(3) = 10
At (12, 5): z = 12 + 2(5) = 22
The minimum value is 10 at ( 4, 3).

There is no maximum value, the region is unbounded.
30. Objective function: z = x + y 33. Objective function: z = 3 x + 4 y

Constraints: x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, − x + y ≤ 1, − x + 2 y ≤ 4 Constraints: x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, x + y ≤ 1, 2 x + y ≥ 4
At (0, 0): z = 0 + 0 = 0 The feasible set is empty.
y
At (0, 1): z = 0 + 1 = 1
5
At ( 2, 3): z = 2 + 3 = 5 4
The constraints do not form a closed set of points. 3
So, z = x + y is unbounded. 2
The minimum value is 0 at (0, 0). 1
y x
1 2 3 4 5
(2, 3) 34. Objective function: z = x + 2 y

3
Constraints: x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, x + 2 y ≤ 4, 2 x + y ≤ 4
(0, 1) At (0, 0): z = 0 + 2(0) = 0
x
At (0, 2): z = 0 + 2( 2) = 4
(0, 0) 1 2 3 4
At ( 43 , 43 ): z = 4
3
+ 2 ( 43 ) = 4
31. Objective function: z = − x + 2 y At ( 2, 0): z = 2 + 2(0) = 2
Constraints: x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, x ≤ 10, x + y ≤ 7
At (0, 0) : z = −0 + 2(0) = 0
The maximum value is 4 at any point along the line
At (0, 7): z = −0 + 2(7) = 14 segment connecting (0, 2) and ( 43 , 43 ).
At (7, 0) : z = −7 + 2(0) = −7 y
The constraint x ≤ 10 is extraneous. (0, 2)

The minimum value is −7 at (7, 0).
( 43 , 43 (
The maximum value is 14 at (0, 7). 1
y
(2, 0)
10 x
(0, 0) 1
(0, 7)
6
2
(7, 0)
x
(0, 0) 2 4 6
32. Objective function: z = x + y

Constraints: x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, − x + y ≤ 0, − 3x + y ≥ 3
The feasible set is empty.
y
x
−3 −2 1 2
−1
−2
35. Objective function: z = x + y 37. x = number of $225 models

Constraints: x ≥ 9, 0 ≤ y ≤ 7, − x + 3 y ≤ − 6 y = number of $250 models
At (9, 0): z = 9 + 0 = 9 Constraints:

225 x + 250 y ≤ 63,000
At (9, 1): z = 9 + 1 = 10
x + y ≤ 275
At ( 27, 7): z = 27 + 7 = 34 x ≥ 0
The solution region is unbounded. y ≥ 0
The minimum value is 9 at (9, 0). Objective function: P = 30 x + 31 y
There is no maximum value. Vertices: (0, 0), (0, 252), ( 230, 45) and ( 275, 0)
y
At (0, 0) : P = 30(0) + 31(0) = 0
9
8
7
(27, 7) At (0, 252): P = 30(0) + 31( 252) = 7812
6
5
At ( 230, 45): P = 30( 230) + 31( 45) = 8295
4
3 At ( 275, 0) : P = 30( 275) + 31(0) = 8250
2
(9, 1)
1 An optimal profit of $8295 occurs when 230 units of the
x $225 model and 45 units of the $250 model are stocked
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
(9, 0) in inventory.
y
36. Objective function: z = 2 x − y
350
Constraints: 0 ≤ x ≤ 9, 0 ≤ y ≤ 11, 5 x + 2 y ≤ 67
250 (0, 252)
At (0, 0): z = 2(0) − 0 = 0 200
150
At (0, 11): z = 2(0) − 11 = −11 100
50
(230, 45)
At (9, 0): z = 2(9) − 0 = 18 x
(0, 0) 50 100 150 200 250 350
(275, 0)
At (9, 11): z = 2(9) − 11 = 7
The constraint 5 x + 2 y ≤ 67 is extraneous.
The minimum value is −11 at (0, 11).
The maximum value is 1 at (9, 0)

y
20
18
16
14
12 (0, 11) (9, 11)
10
8
6
4
2
x
(0, 0) 2 4 6 8 (9, 0) 16 18 20
38. x = number of model X

y
y = number of model Y
Constraints: 1500 (0, 1500)
(400, 1200)
3 x + 4 y ≤ 6000 Assembling
1000
3x + 2.5 y ≤ 4200 Finishing
(868.75, 637.5)
0.8x + 0.4 y ≤ 950 Packaging 500
x ≥ 0 (1187.5, 0)
x
(0, 0)
y ≥ 0 500 1000 1500
Objective function: P = 300 x + 375 y

Vertices: (0, 0), (1187.5, 0), (868.75, 637.5), ( 400, 1200), (0, 1500)
At (0, 0): P = 300(0) + 375(0) = 0

At (1187.5, 0): P = 300(1187.5) + 375(0) = 356,250
At (868.75, 637.5): P = 300(868.75) + 375(637.5) = 499,687.5
At ( 400, 1200): P = 300( 400) + 375(1200) = 570,000
At (0, 1500): P = 300(0) + 375(1500) = 562,500
For a maximum profit of $570,000, the company should produce 400 units of model X and 1200 units of model Y.
39. x = number of bags of Brand X 40. x = number of hours at Factory X

y = number of bags of Brand Y y = number of hours at Factory Y
y
Constraints: 3 x + 9 y ≥ 30
3 x + 2 y ≥ 16
(0, 13)
7 x + 2 y ≥ 24
x ≥ 0 9
(1, 9)
y ≥ 0 6
(6, 4)
3
Objective function: C = 25 x + 15 y (16, 0)
x
Vertices: (0, 12), ( 4, 2), ( 2, 5), (10, 0) 3 6 9 15
At (0, 12): C = 25(0) + 15(12) = 180 Constraints: 2 x + 5 y ≥ 32

8 x + 2 y ≥ 26
At ( 4, 2): C = 25( 4) + 15( 2) = 130
3x + 3 y ≥ 30
At ( 2, 5): C = 25( 2) + 15(5) = 125 x ≥ 0
At (10, 0): C = 25(10) + 15(0) = 250 y ≥ 0
To minimize cost, use two bags of Brand X and five bags Objective function: H = 120 x + 80 y
of Brand Y for a minimal cost of $125. Vertices: (0, 13), (16, 0), (6, 4), (1, 9)
y
At (0, 13): C = 120(0) + 80(13) = 1040
12 (0, 12)
10 At (16, 0): C = 120(16) + 80(0) = 1920
8
6
At (6, 4): C = 120(6) + 80( 4) = 1040
(2, 5)
4 At (1, 9): C = 120(1) + 80(9) = 840
(4, 2)
2
(10, 0) To minimize labor, Brand X factory operates for one
x
2 8 10 employee-hour and factory Brand Y operates for nine
employee-hours for a minimum of 840 employee-hours.
y
41. x = number of audits 43. x = acres of crop A
y = number of tax returns y = acres of crop B
Constraints: Constraints: x + y ≤ 150, x + 2 y ≤ 240,
(0, 68)
60
60 x + 10 y ≤ 780 (5, 48) 0.3x + 0.1y ≤ 30
40
16 x + 4 y ≤ 272 Objective function: z = 300 x + 500 y
20 (13, 0) y
x ≥ 0 (0, 0)
x 300
y ≥ 0 −5 5 10
250
Objective function: 200 (0, 120)
R = 1600 x + 250 y 150 (60, 90)
Vertices: (0, 0), (13, 0), (5, 48), (0, 68) 100 (75, 75)
50
(100, 0)
At (0, 0): R = 1600(0) + 250(0) = 0
x
At (13, 0) : R = 1600(13) + 250(0) = 20,800
50 100 150 200 250 300
At (5, 48) : R = 1600(5) + 250( 48) = 20,000 At (0, 0) : z = 300(0) + 500(0) = 0

At (0, 20): z = 300(0) + 500(120) = 60,000
At (0, 68): R = 1600(0) + 250(68) = 17,000
At (60, 90): z = 300(60) + 500(90) = 63,000
A maximum revenue of $20,800 occurs when the firm
conducts 13 audits and 0 tax returns. At (75, 75): z = 300(75) + 500(75) = 60,000
y At (100, 0): z = 300(100) + 500(0) = 30,000
42. x = number of audits
y = number of tax returns So, 60 acres of crop A and 90 acres of crop B yield
63,000 bushels.
Constraints: (0, 68)
60
60 x + 10 y ≤ 780 (5, 48)
44. Objective function: z = 185 x + 245 y
40
16 x + 4 y ≤ 272 At (0, 0): z = 185(0) + 245(0) = $0
20 (13, 0)
x ≥ 0 (0, 0) At (0, 120) : z = 185(0) + 245(120) = $29,400
x
y ≥ 0 −5 5 10
At (60, 90): z = 185(60) + 245(90) = $33,150
Objective function:
C = 1400 x + 250 y At (75, 75): z = 185(75) + 245(75) = $32,250
Vertices: (0, 0), (13, 0), (5, 48), (0, 68) At (100, 0): z = 185(100) + 245(0) = $18,500
At (0, 0): C = 1400(0) + 250(0) = 0 So, 60 acres of crop A and 90 acres of crop B yield a
$33,150 profit.
At (13, 0) : C = 1400(13) + 250(0) = 18,200
At (5, 48) : C = 1400(5) + 250( 48) = 19,000
At (0, 68): C = 1400(0) + 250(68) = 17,000

The optimal revenue of $19,000 occurs when the firm
conducts 5 audits and 48 tax returns.
45. x = number of TV ads

y = number of newspaper ads
y
Constraints: 100,000 x + 20,000 y ≤ 1,000,000
60
100,000 x ≤ 800,000
50 (0, 50)
x ≥ 0
40
y ≥ 0
30 (8, 0)
Objective function: A = 20 x + 5 y (A in millions) 20
Vertices: (0, 0), (0, 50), (8, 10), (8, 0) 10 (8, 10)
(0, 0)
At (0, 0): A = 20(0) + 5(0) = 0 x
−2 2 4 6 10 12
At (0, 50): A = 20(0) + 5(50) = 250 million
At (8, 10): A = 20(8) + 5(10) = 210 million
At (8, 0): A = 20(8) + 5(0) = 160 million
The company should spend $0 on television ads and $1,000,000 on newspaper ads. The optimal total audience
is 250 million people.
y
46. x = amount in investment of type A; y = amount in investment of type B
Constraints: x + y ≤ 450,000 400,000
x ≥ 225,000 300,000
y ≥ 112,500 (225,000, 225,000)

200,000
Objective function: R = 0.06 x + 0.1 y (337,500, 112,500)
Vertices: ( 225,000, 112,500), (337,500, 112,500), ( 225,000, 225,000)

x
At ( 225,000, 112,500) : R = 0.06( 225,000) + 0.1(112,500) = 24,750 100,000 400,000
(225,000, 112,500)
At (337,500, 112,500): R = 0.06(337,500) + 0.1(112,500) = 31,500
At ( 225,000, 225,000): R = 0.06( 225,000) + 0.1( 225,000) = 36,000
The optimal return of $36,000 occurs for an investment of $225,000 to type A and $225,000 to type B.
47. True. The objective function has a maximum value at any 49. False. In Exercise 27 the constraint region lies in the first
point on the line segment connecting the two vertices. quadrant and is unbounded, but the objective function
Both of these points are on the line y = − x + 11 and lie has a maximum value. It will depend upon the objective
between ( 4, 7 ) and (8, 3). function. For example, if the objection function is
z = x − y, as y values increase, the objective function
48. False. You cannot conclude that it also has a minimum approaches very large negative values. Therefore, there
value at (0, 0). You would have to evaluate the objective would have existed a maximum for small values of y.
function at the points (0, 0) and ( 20, 0) in order to

determine whether the values are equal.
50. (i) z = 2 x + y (ii) z = 2x − y (iii) z = − x + 2 y

At (0, 0): z = 2(0) + 0 = 0 At (0, 0): z = 2(0) − 0 = 0 At (0, 0): z = − 0 + 2(0) = 0
At (5, 0): z = 2(5) + 0 = 10 At (5, 0): z = 2(5) − 0 = 10 At (5, 0): z = −5 + 2(0) = −5
At ( 4, 3): z = 2( 4) + 3 = 11 At ( 4, 3): z = 2( 4) − 3 = 5 At ( 4, 3) : z = −4 + 2(3) = 2
At (0, 4): z = 2(0) + 4 = 4 At (0, 4): z = 2(0) − 4 = − 4 At (0, 4): z = −0 + 2( 4) = 8
(a) Maximum at vertex A, (0, 4): (iii) (b) Maximum at vertex B, ( 4, 3) : (i)
(c) Maximum at vertex C, (5, 0): (ii) (d) Minimum at vertex C, (5, 0): (iii)
51. If a linear programming problem has an objective function z = 3 x + 5 y and an infinite number of optimal solutions then the
3 3 1
slope of the line connecting two points is m = − , that is z = 3 x + 5 y  y = − x − z.
5 5 5
Review Exercises for Chapter 7

1. x + y = 2 5.  0.5 x + y = 0.75  y = 0.75 − 0.5 x
 
x − y = 0  x = y 1.25 x − 4.5 y = −2.5
x + x = 2 1.25 x − 4.5(0.75 − 0.5 x ) = −2.5
2x = 2 1.25 x − 3.375 + 2.25 x = −2.5
x =1 3.50 x = 0.875
y =1 x = 0.25
Solution: (1, 1) y = 0.625
Solution: (0.25, 0.625)
2. 2 x − 3 y = 3

 x − y = 0  x = y 6. − x + 2y
5
= 3
5
2 y − 3y = 3  1y
− x + 5
= − 54
−y = 3
Multiply both equations by 5 to clear the denominators.
y = −3
−5 x + 2 y = 3
x = −3 
−5 x + y = −4  −5 x = −4 − y
Solution: ( −3, − 3)
(−4 − y) + 2 y = 3
3. 4 x − y − 1 = 0  y = 4 x − 1 −4 + y = 3
 y = 7
8 x + y − 17 = 0
−5 x = −4 − 7
8 x + ( 4 x − 1) − 17 = 0 −5 x = −11
12 x = 18 x = 11
5
3
x = 2 Solution: (115, 7)
4 () 3
2
− y −1 = 0
−y + 5 = 0 7.  x 2 − y 2 = 9

y = 5  x − y = 1  x = y + 1
( 32 , 5) (y + 1) − y 2 = 9
2
Solution:
2y + 1 = 9
4. 10 x + 6 y + 14 = 0 y = 4
 x = 5
 x + 9 y + 7 = 0  x = −9 y − 7
Solution: (5, 4)
10( −9 y − 7) + 6 y + 14 = 0
−84 y = 56 8.  x 2 + y 2 = 169
y = − 23 
3 x + 2 y = 39  x =
1
3
(39 − 2 y)
( )
x + 9 − 23 + 7 = 0 2
 1 (39 − 2 y ) + y 2 = 169
3 
x = −1 1
(1521 − 156 y + 4 y 2 ) + y 2 = 169
( )
9
Solution: −1, − 23
1521 − 156 y + 4 y 2 + 9 y 2 = 1521
13 y 2 − 156 y = 0
13 y ( y − 12) = 0  y = 0, 12
y = 0: x = 1
3 (39 − 2(0)) = 13
y = 12: x = 1
3 (39 − 2(12)) = 5
Solution: (13, 0), (5, 12)
Review Exercises for Chapter 7 627
9.  y = 2 x 2 12. 8 x − 3 y = −3
 
 y = x 4 − 2 x 2  2 x 2 = x 4 − 2 x 2 2 x + 5 y = 28
0 = x4 − 4x2 Point of intersection: (1.5, 5)
0 = x ( x − 4)
2 2 y
0 = x 2 ( x + 2)( x − 2)  x = 0, − 2, 2
8
7
x = 0: y = 2(0) = 0
2
5
(1.5, 5)
x = − 2: y = 2( − 2) = 8
2 4
3
x = 2: y = 2( 2) = 8
2 2
1
x
Solutions: (0, 0), ( −2, 8), ( 2, 8) −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
10. x = y + 3
 13.  y = 2 x 2 − 4 x + 1
2
x = y + 1 
 y = x 2 − 4 x + 3
y + 3 = y2 + 1 Points of intersection: (1.41, − 0.66), ( −1.41, 10.66)
0 = y2 − y − 2 y
0 = ( y − 2)( y + 1)  y = 2, −1 21
18
y = 2: x = 2 +3 = 5 15
y = −1: x = −1 + 3 = 2 12
(− 1.41, 10.66) 9
Solution: (5, 2), ( 2, −1)
x
11. 2 x − y = 10 −3 −2 −1
−3
3
(1.41, − 0.66)
4 5

 x + 5 y = −6
Point of intersection: ( 4, − 2)
y
6
4
2
x
−6 6 8 10
−2
−4 (4, −2)
−6
−8
−10
14. y 2 − 2 y + x = 0  ( y − 1) = 1 − x  y = 1 ±
2
1− x
x + y = 0  y = −x
Points of intersection: (0, 0) and ( −3, 3)
y
4
(− 3, 3)
3
1
(0, 0)
x
−5 −4 −3 1 2
−1
−2
15.  y = −2 e − x 20. Let x = total sales (in dollars).

 x
2e + y = 0  y = −2e x  y = 55,000 + 0.015 x First offer

Point of intersection: (0, − 2)  y = 52,000 + 0.02 x Second offer
2 52,000 + 0.02 x > 55,000 + 0.015 x
−6 6 0.005 x > 3,000
x > 600,000
For the second offer to be better, you would have to sell
−6 more than $600,000 per year.
16.  x 2 + y 2 = 100 21. 2l + 2 w = 68

 
2 x − 3 y = −12  w = 89 l
Points of intersection: (6, 8), ( −9.69, − 2.46) 2l + 2 ( 89 )l = 68

12
34
9
l = 68
− 18 18
l = 18
8
w = 9
l = 16
− 12
The width of the rectangle is 16 feet, and the length is
18 feet.
17.  y = 2 + log x 7
 3 22. 20 = l + w  w = 20 − l
 y = 4 x + 5 
96 = lw
No Solution −8 7
96 = l ( 20 − l )
−3
0 = 20l − l 2 − 96
0 = l 2 − 20l + 96
 y = ln ( x − 1) − 3
18. 
 1 0 = (l − 8)(l − 12)
 y = 4 − 2 x
l = 8, l = 12
Point of intersection: (9.68, − 0.84)
When l = 8, w = 20 − 8 = 12.
4
When l = 12, w = 20 − 12 = 8.
0 12 Dimensions: 12 inches × 8 inches
23. 2 x − y = 2  16 x − 8 y = 16
−4 
6 x + 8 y = 39  6 x + 8 y = 39
19.
30 22 x = 55
55 5
x = 22
= 2
5
into Equation 1.
0 26
( 52 ) − y
8
2 = 2
0.68a + 13.5 > 0.78a + 11.7 y = 3
1.8 > 0.1a
18 > a
Solution: ( 52 , 3)
The BMI for males exceeds the BMI for females after
age 18.
24. 12 x + 42 y = −17  36 x + 126 y = −51 29. x + 5 y = 4  x + 5 y = 4

 
30 x − 18 y = 19  210 x − 126 y = 133  x − 3 y = 6  − x + 3 y = −6
246 x = 82 8 y = −2  y = − 14
1
x = 3
Matches graph (d). The system has one solution and is
1
in Equation 1. consistent.
12 ( 13 ) + 42 y = −17 30. −3 x + y = −7  −3 x + y = −7


42 y = −21  9 x − 3 y = 21  3 x − y = 7
0 = 0
y = − 12
Matches graph (c). The system has infinitely many
Solution: ( 13 , − 12 ) solutions and is consistent.
25. 3x − 2 y = 0 31.  3 x − y = 7  6 x − 2 y = 14

 
3x + 2 y = 0 −6 x + 2 y = 8  −6 x + 2 y = 8
0 ≠ 22
Add the equations 6 x = 0  x = 0.
Back substitute into Equation 1. Matches graph (b). The system has no solution and is
inconsistent.
3(0) − 2 y = 0
2y = 0 32. 2 x − y = −3  10 x − 5 y = −15

y = 0  x + 5y = 4  x + 5y = 4
Solution: (0, 0) 11x = −11  x = −1
Matches graph (a). The system has one solution and is

26. 7 x + 12 y = 63  − 7 x − 12 y = − 63 consistent.

2 x + 3 y = 15  8 x + 12 y = 60
33. 22 + 0.00001x = 43 − 0.0002 x
x = −3
0.00021x = 21
Back-substitute x = − 3 in Equation 1.
x = 100,000, p = 23
7( − 3) + 12 y = 63 Point of Equilibrium: (100,000, 23)
12 y = 84
y = 7 34. 45 + 0.0002 x = 120 − 0.0001x
0.0003 x = 75
Solution: ( − 3, 7 )
x = 250,000 units
27. 1.25 x − 2 y = 3.5  5 x − 8 y = 14 p = $95.00

 5 x − 8 y = 14  −5 x + 8 y = −14 Point of equilibrium: ( 250,000, 95)
0 = 0
35. x − 4 y + 3z = 3
There are infinitely many solutions. 
8 14  − y + z = −1
Let y = a, then 5 x − 8a = 14  x = a + . 
5 5
 z = −5
Solution: ( 85 a + 145 , a) where a is any real number. − y + ( −5) = −1  y = −4
x − 4( −4) + 3( −5) = 3  x = 2
28. 1.5 x + 2.5 y = 8.5  3 x + 5 y = 17
 Solution: ( 2, − 4, − 5)
 6 x + 10 y = 24  −3 x − 5 y = −12
0 = 5
The system is inconsistent. There is no solution.
36. x − 7 y + 8 z = 85 40.  x − 2 y + z = − 6 Equation 1

 
 y − 9 z = −35  2x − 3y = −7 Equation 2
 z = 3 − x + 3 y − 3 z = 11
  Equation 3
y − 9(3) = −35  y = −8  x − 2y + z = −6

x − 7( −8) + 8(3) = 85  x = 5  y − 2z = 5 −2Eq.1 + Eq.2
 y − 2z = 5
Solution: (5, − 8, 3)  Eq.1 + Eq.3
 x − 2y + z = −6
37. 4 x − 3 y − 2 z = −65 
 y − 2z = 5

 8 y − 7 z = −14 
 0 = 0 − Eq.2 + Eq.3
 z = 10
 Let z = a, then:
8 y − 7(10) = −14  y = 7 y = 2a + 5
4 x − 3(7) − 2(10) = −65  x = −6 x − 2( 2a + 5) + a = − 6
Solution: ( −6, 7, 10) x − 3a − 10 = − 6
x = 3a + 4
38. 5 x − 7z = 9 Solution: (3a + 4, 2 a + 5, a ) where a is any real

 3 y − 8 z = −4 number.

 z = −7
41.  2 x + 6z = −9 Equation 1
3 y − 8( −7) = −4  y = −20 
 3x − 2 y + 11z = −16 Equation 2
5 x − 7 ( −7 ) = 9  x = −8  3x −
 y + 7 z = −11 Equation 3
Solution: ( −8, − 20, − 7 )
− x + 2 y − 5z = 7 (−1)Eq.2 + Eq.1

39.  x + 2y + 6z = 4 Equation 1  3x − 2 y + 11z = −16
  3x − y + 7 z = −11
−3 x + 2y − z = −4 Equation 2 
 4x + 2 z = 16 Equation 3
 − x + 2 y − 5z = 7

 x + 2y + 6z = 4  4 y − 4z = 5 3Eq.1 + Eq.2
  5 y − 8z = 10 3Eq.1 + Eq.3
 8 y + 17 z = 8 3Eq.1 + Eq.2 
 −8 y − 22 z = 0 −4Eq.1 + Eq.3
 − x + 2 y − 5 z = 7

 x + 2y + 6z = 4  4 y − 4z = 5
 
 8 y + 17 z = 8  − 3y = 0 (−2)Eq.2 + Eq.3

 −5 z = 8 Eq.2 + Eq.3 − x + 2 y − 5z = 7



x + 2y + 6z = 4 
 y − z = 5
4 ( 14 )Eq.2
8 y + 17 z = 8 

 z = − 85 − 15 Eq.3
 y = 0 (− 13 )Eq.3

5
0 − z =  z = − 54
( )
8 y + 17 − 85 = 8  y = 22 4
( )
5
− x + 2(0) − 5 − 54 = 7  x = − 43
x + 2( 22
5)
+ 6( − 85 ) = 4  x = 24
5
Solution: ( 24 , 22 , − 58 )
(
Solution: − 34 , 0, − 54 )
5 5
42.  x + 4w = 1 Equation 1

 3y + z − w = 4 Equation 2

 2y − 3w = 2 Equation 3
4 x − y + 2 z = 5 Equation 4

 x + 4w = 1

 3y + z − w = 4

 2y − 3w = 2
 − y + 2z − 16 w = 1 −4Eq.1 + Eq.4

 x + 4w = 1

 3y + z − w = 4

 2y − 3w = 2
 4z − 35w = 4 Eq.3 + 2Eq.4

 x + 4w = 1

 3y + z − w = 4

 −2 z − 7 w = −2 −2Eq.2 + 3Eq.3
 4z − 35w = 4

 x + 4w = 1

 3y + z − w = 4

 −2 z − 7 w = −2
 − 49 w = 0 2Eq.3 + Eq.4

w = 0
− 2 z − 7 ( 0 ) = −2  z = 1
3y + 1 − 0 = 4  y =1
x + 4(0) = 1  x = 1
Solution: (1, 1, 1, 0)
43. 5 x − 12 y + 7 z = 16   15 x − 36 y + 21z = 48
 
3 x − 7 y + 4 z = 9   −15 x + 35 y − 20 z = −45
−y + z = 3
Let z = a. Then y = a − 3 and 5 x − 12( a − 3) + 7 a = 16  x = a − 4.
Solution: ( a − 4, a − 3, a ) where a is any real number.
44. 2 x + 5 y − 19 z = 34  6 x + 15 y − 57 z = 102

3x + 8 y − 31z = 54  −6 x − 16 y + 62 z = −108
− y + 5z = −6
Let z = a. Then:
− y + 5a = −6  y = 5a + 6
2 x + 5(5a + 6) − 19a = 34  x = −3a + 2
Solution: ( −3a + 2, 5a + 6, a ) where a is any real number.
45. y = ax 2 + bx + c through (0, − 5), (1, − 2), and ( 2, 5). 46. y = ax 2 + bx + c through ( −5, 6), (1, 0), ( 2, 20).
(0, − 5): −5 = c  c = −5 (−5, 6): 6 = 25a − 5b + c

(1, − 2): −2 = a +b + c  a + b = 3 (1, 0): 0 = a + b + c  c = −a − b

(2, 5): 5 = 4a + 2b + c  2a + b = 5 (2, 20): 20 = 4a + 2b + c
 2a + b = 5 24a − 6b = 6  24a − 6b = 6
 
− a − b = −3  3a + b = 20  −24a − 8b = −160
a = 2 −14b = −154
b = 1 b = 11
The equation of the parabola is y = 2 x 2 + x − 5. 3a + 11 = 20  a = 3
10 c = −3 − 11  c = −14
The equation of the parabola is y = 3x 2 + 11x − 14.

−5 5
24
− 10
− 12 12
− 24
47. x 2 + y 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 through ( −1, − 2), (5, − 2), and ( 2, 1).
(−1, − 2): 5− D − 2E + F = 0   D + 2E − F = 5

(5, − 2): 29 + 5D − 2 E + F = 0  5D − 2 E + F = −29
(2, 1): 5 + 2 D + E + F = 0  2 D + E + F = −5
From the first two equations
6 D = −24
D = −4.
Substituting D = −4 into the second and third equations yields:
−20 − 2 E + F = −29  −2 E + F = −9

−8 + E + F = −5   − E − F = −3
−3E = −12
E = 4
F = −1
The equation of the circle is x 2 + y 2 − 4 x + 4 y − 1 = 0.

To verify the result using a graphing utility, solve the equation for y.
( x2 − 4 x + 4) + ( y 2 + 4 y + 4) = 1 + 4 + 4
(x − 2) + ( y + 2) = 9
2 2
(y + 2) = 9 − ( x − 2)
2 2
9 − ( x − 2)
2
y = −2 ±
9 − ( x − 2) and y2 = −2 − 9 − ( x − 2) .
2 2
Let y1 = −2 +
4
−6 9
−6
48. x 2 + y 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 through 49. From the following chart we obtain our system of
equations.
(1, 4), ( 4, 3), ( −2, − 5).
(1, 4): 17 + D + 4 E + F = 0 A B C
(4, 3): 25 + 4 D + 3E + F = 0 Mixture X
1
5
2
5
2
5
(−2, − 5): 29 − 2 D − 5E + F = 0 Mixture Y 0 0 1
1 1 1
 D + 4E + F = −17 Equation 1 Mixture Z 3 3 3

4 D + 3E + F = −25 Equation 2
Desired Mixture
6 8 13
2 D + 5E − F = 29 Equation 3
27 27 27

1x 6 
 D + 4E + F = −17 5
+ 13 z = 27  10 12
 x = , z =
 − 13 E − 3F = 43 ( −4)Eq.1 + Eq.2 2
5
x + 13 z = 8
27 

27 27

 − 3E − 3F = 63 (−2)Eq.1 + Eq.3 2
x + y + 13 z = 13
 y = 5
5 27 27
 D + 4 E + F = −17 To obtain the desired mixture, use 10 gallons of spray X,

 − 3E − 3F = 63 Interchange equations. 5 gallons of spray Y, and 12 gallons of spray Z.
 − 13E − 3F = 43

50. Let x = number of par-3 holes
 D + 4 E + F = −17 y = number of par-4 holes


 − 3E − 3F = 63 z = number of par-5 holes.

 10 F = −230 ( )Eq.2 + Eq.3
− 13
3
x + y + z = 18

Equation 1
 y − 7z = 0 Equation 2
F = −23, E = 2, D = −2
x + z = 4 Equation 3

The equation of the circle is
x 2 + y 2 − 2 x + 2 y − 23 = 0. Solve Equation 3 for x : x = 4 − z
To verify the result using a graphing utility, solve the Solve Equation 2 for y : y = 7 z
equation for y.
Substitute x = 4 − z and y = 7 z into Equation 1.
( x2 − 2 x + 1) + ( y 2 + 2 y + 1) = 23 + 1 + 1 (4 − z ) + 7 z + z = 18
( x − 1) + ( y + 1) = 25
2 2
7 z = 14
( y + 1) = 25 − ( x − 1)
2 2
z = 2
x = 4− 2 = 2
25 − ( x − 1)
2
y = −1 ±
y = 7( 2) = 14
25 − ( x − 1) and
2
Let y1 = −1 + So, there are 2 par-3 holes, 14 par-4 holes, and 2 par-5
7
holes.
25 − ( x − 1) .
2
y2 = −1 −
51. Let x = amount invested at 7%
− 10 11
y = amount invested at 9%
z = amount invested at 11%.
−7
y = x − 3000 and
z = x − 5000  y + z = 2 x − 8000
 x + y + z = 40,000

0.07 x + 0.09 y + 0.11z = 3500
 y + z = 2 x − 8000

x + ( 2 x − 8000) = 40,000  x = 16,000
y = 16,000 − 3000  y = 13,000
z = 16,000 − 5000  z = 11,000
So, $16,000 was invested at 7%, $13,000 at 9%, and
$11,000 at 11%.
52. Let x = amount invested at 5%

y = amount invested at 7%
z = amount invested at 8%.
y = x − 2000 and z = x − 3000
Add the two equations.
 y = x − 2000

 z = x − 3000
 y + z = 2 x − 5000

Add Equation 1 to Equation 3, and solve for x.
 x + y + z = 46,000

0.05 x + 0.07 y + 0.8 z = 3020
 2x − y − z = 5000

x + 2 x = 51,000  3 x = 51,000  x = 17,000
y = 17,000 − 2000  y = 15,000
z = 17,000 − 3000  z = 14,000
So, $17,000 was invested at 5%, $15,000 at 7%, and $14,000 at 8%.
1 2
53. s = 2
at + v0t + s0
When t = 1: s = 134: 12 a(1) + v0 (1) + s0 = 134  a + 2v0 + 2 s0 = 268

2
When t = 2: s = 86: 12 a( 2) + v0 ( 2) + s0 = 86  2a + 2v0 + s0 = 86

2
When t = 3: s = 6: 12 a(3) + v0 (3) + s0 = 6  9a + 6v0 + 2 s0 = 12

2
 a + 2v0 + 2 s0 = 268

2a + 2v0 + s0 = 86
9a + 6v0 + 2 s0 = 12

a + 2v0 + 2 s0 = 268

 − 2v0 − 3s0 = −450 (−2)Eq.1 + Eq.2

 − 12v0 − 16 s0 = −2400 (−9)Eq.1 + Eq.3
a + 2v0 + 2 s0 = 268

 − 2v0 − 3s0 = −450

 3v0 + 4 s0 = 600 (− 14 )Eq.3
a + 2v0 + 2 s0 = 268

 − 2v0 − 3s0 = −450

 − s0 = −150 3Eq.2 + 2Eq.3
− s0 = −150  s0 = 150
−2v0 − 3(150) = −450  v0 = 0
a + 2(0) + 2(150) = 268  a = −32
The position equation is s = 1

2
(−32)t 2 + (0)t + 150, or s = −16t 2 + 150.
54. When t = 1: s = 184: 12 a(1) + v0 (1) + s0 = 184  a + 2v0 + 2 s0 = 368

2
When t = 2: s = 116: 12 a( 2) + v0 ( 2) + s0 = 116  2a + 2v0 + s0 = 116

2
When t = 3: s = 16: 12 a(3) + v0 (3) + s0 = 16  9a + 6v0 + 2 s0 = 32

2
 a + 2v0 + 2 s0 = 368

2a + 2v0 + s0 = 116
9a + 6v0 + 2 s0 = 32

a + 2v0 + 2 s0 = 368

 − 2v0 − 3 s0 = −620 ( −2)Eq.1 + Eq.2

 − 12v0 − 16 s0 = −3280 (−9)Eq.1 + Eq.3
a + 2v0 + 2 s0 = 368

 − 2v0 − 3s0 = − 620

 3v0 + 4 s0 = 820 (− 14 )Eq.3
a + 2v0 + 2 s0 = 368

 − 2v0 − 3s0 = −620
 − s0 = − 220 3Eq.2 + 2Eq.3

− s0 = −220  s0 = 220
−2v0 − 3( 220) = −620  v0 = −20
a + 2( −20) + 2( 220) = 368  a = −32
The position equation is s = 1
2
(−32)t 2 + ( −20)t + 220, or s = −16t 2 − 20t + 220.
3 3 A B x2 2 x − 15
55. = = + 61. =1− 2
x 2 + 20 x x( x + 20) x x + 20 2
x + 2 x − 15 x + 2 x − 15
−2 x + 15 A B
x −8 x −8 A B = +
56. = = + ( x + 5)( x − 3) x + 5 x − 3
x 2 − 3 x − 28 ( x − 7)( x + 4) x − 7 x + 4
−2 x + 15 = A( x − 3) + B( x + 5)
3x − 4 3x − 4 A B C
57. 3 = 2 = + 2 + 25
x − 5x2 x ( x − 5) x x x −5 Let x = −5: 25 = −8 A  A = −
8
x − 2 A Bx + C Dx + E 9
58. = + 2 + Let x = 3: 9 = 8 B  B =
x ( x + 2) ( x 2 + 2)
2 2
2 x x + 2 8
x2 25 9
4− x A B =1− +
59. 2 = +
2
x + 2 x − 15 8( x + 5) 8( x − 3)
x + 6x + 8 x + 2 x + 4
4 − x = A( x + 4) + B( x + 2) 9 A B
62. = +
Let x = −2: 6 = 2 A  A = 3 x2 − 9 x −3 x +3
Let x = −4: 8 = −2B  B = −4 9 = A( x + 3) + B( x − 3)
4 − x 3 4 3
= − Let x = 3: 9 = 6 A  A =
x2 + 6x + 8 x + 2 x + 4 2
−x A B 3
Let x = −3: 9 = −6 B  B = −
60. 2
= + 2
x + 3x + 2 x +1 x + 2
− x = A( x + 2) + B( x + 1) 9 1 3
=  −
3 

x2 − 9 2 x − 3 x + 3
Let x = −1: 1 = A
Let x = −2: 2 = − B  B = −2
−x 1 2
2
= −
x + 3x + 2 x +1 x + 2
x2 + 2x x2 + 2x 4x2 A Bx + C
63. = 66. = +
x − x + x − 1 ( x − 1)( x 2 + 1)
3 2
( x − 1)( x 2 + 1) x − 1 x 2 + 1
=
A Bx + C
+ 2 4 x 2 = A( x 2 + 1) + ( Bx + C )( x − 1)
x −1 x +1
= Ax 2 + A + Bx 2 − Bx + Cx − C
x 2 + 2 x = A( x 2 + 1) + ( Bx + C )( x − 1)
= ( A + B) x 2 + ( − B + C ) x + ( A − C )
= Ax 2 + A + Bx 2 − Bx + Cx − C
Equating coefficients of like terms gives 4 = A + B,
= ( A + B) x 2 + (− B + C ) x + ( A − C )
0 = − B + C , and 0 = A − C. Adding both sides of all
Equating coefficients of like terms gives 1 = A + B, three equations gives 4 = 2 A, so A = 2. Then
2 = − B + C , and 0 = A − C. Adding both sides of all B = 2 and C = 2.
3 1 4 x2 2 2x + 2
three equations gives 3 = 2 A. So, A = ,B = − , = + 2
2 2 ( x − 1)( x + 1) x − 1 x + 1
2
3
and C = .  1 x +1
2 = 2 + 2 
 x − 1 x + 1
3 1 3
− x +
x2 + 2x 2 2 2 67. y ≥ 5
= +
x3 − x 2 + x − 1 x −1 x2 + 1 y
1 3 x − 3 8
=  − 
2  x − 1 x2 + 1 6
4
4x A B
64. = +
3( x − 1) x − 1 ( x − 1)2
2
2
4 x
x = A( x − 1) + B −4 −2 2 4
3 −2
4
Let x = 1: = B
3 68. x < − 3
y
8 4 4
Let x = 2: = A +  A =
3 3 3
4
4x 4 4
= +
3( x − 1)
2 2 2
3( x − 1) 3( x − 1)
x
−6 −4 −2 2
2
3x + 4 x Ax + B Cx + D −2
65. = +
(x + 1) ( x2 + 1)
2 2
2 x2 + 1 −4
3 x 2 + 4 x = ( Ax + B)( x 2 + 1) + Cx + D
69. y ≤ 5 − 2 x
= Ax3 + Bx 2 + ( A + C ) x + ( B + D)
y

0 = A
4
3 = B
4 = 0 +C  C = 4 2
0 = B + D  D = −3 x
−4 −2 2 4
3x 2 + 4 x 3 4x − 3 −2
= +
( x2 + 1) x + 1 ( x 2 + 1)2
2 2
y
70. 3 y − x ≥ 7 73.  x + 2 y ≤ 2
8 
− x + 2 y ≤ 2
6  y ≥ 0

4 y
5
4
x
−6 −4 −2 2 3
−2 2
(0, 1)
y
(− 2, 0) (2, 0)
x
(x − 1) + ( y − 3) < 16
2 2
71. −2 −1 1 2 4
8
−2
6 −3
4
Vertex A
2
−4 −2 4 6
x  x + 2y = 2

−2
− x + 2 y = 2
4y = 4  y = 1
72. x + ( y + 5) > 1
2 2 y
x + 2(1) = 2  x = 0
1
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
x (0, 1)
−1
−2 Vertex B
−3
x + 2 y = 2

 y = 0
−7 x + 2(0) = 2
x = 2
(2, 0)
Vertex C
− x + 2 y = 2

 y = 0
− x + 2(0) = 2
x = −2
(− 2, 0)
y y
74. 2 x + 3 y < 6 76. 3x − 2 y > − 4
 5 
 x > 0
4
6 x − y < 5 4
 
 y ≥ 0 3  y < 1 (− 2, 1
3 ( (1, 1)
(0, 2) 1
2
x
−4 2 4
(0, 0) (3, 0)
x −2
−2 −1 1 2 3 5
−1
−4
−2
Vertex A Vertex A
2 x + 3 y = 6 3x − 2 y = − 4
 
 x = 0  y = 1
2(0) + 3 y = 6  y = 2 3x − 2(1) = − 4  3x = − 2
(0, 2) (− 23 , 1)
Vertex B Vertex B
2 x + 3 y = 6 6 x − y = 5
 
 y = 0 y = 1

2 x + 3(0) = 6  x = 3 6 x − (1) = 5  6 x = 6  x = 1
(3, 0) (1, 1)
Vertex C
77.  y < x + 1
x = 0 
 2
y > x − 1
y = 0
(0, 0) Vertices:
y
x + 1 = x2 − 1
75.  2 x − y < −1
0 = x 2 − x − 2 = ( x + 1)( x − 2)
 6
− 3 x + 2 y > 4 5 y
 (2, 5) x = −1 or x = 2
 y > 0 4
6
3 y = 0 y = 3 5
2
(− 43 , 0( (−1, 0) (2, 3) 4
(2, 3)
3
x
−4 −3 1 2 3 4 2
−2 (− 1, 0)
x
−4 −3 1 2 3 4
Vertex A −2
 2 x − y = −1  4 x − 2 y = − 2

− 3 x + 2 y = 4  − 3x + 2 y = 4 78.  y ≤ 6 − 2 x − x 2

x = 2  y ≥ x + 6
2( 2) − y = −1  − y = − 5  y = 5 Vertices: x + 6 = 6 − 2 x − x2
( 2, 5) x 2 + 3x = 0
Vertex B x( x + 3) = 0  x = 0, − 3
y
− 3 x + 2 y = 4 (0, 6), ( −3, 3)
 8
 y = 0
(0, 6)
− 3 x + 2(0) = 4  x = − 43 4
(−3, 3)
( − 43 , 0 ) 2
x
−6 −2 4
−2
79.  x 2 + y 2 > 4  y 2 > 4 − x 2 : The region outside the circle centered at (0, 0) with radius of 2.
 2
 x + y ≤ 9  y ≤ 9 − x : The region inside and on the circle centered at ( 0, 0) with radius of 3.
2 2 2
Vertices: 4 − x 2 = 9 − x 2 4
0 ≠ 5
The circles do not intersect, so there are no vertices. 1
x
−4 −1 1 4
−4
y
80.  x 2 + y 2 ≤ 169 82.
 7
 x + y ≤ 7 6
5 (0, 5)
 x + y = 169  x + y = 169
2 2 2 2 4
 3
 x + y = 7  y = 7 − x 2
1
(5, 0)
x 2 + (7 − x) = 169
2 x
Vertices: (0, 0) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
x 2 + x 2 − 14 x + 49 = 169 −2
2 x 2 − 14 x − 120 = 0
Line through (0, 0) and (5, 0), y = 0.
x 2 − 7 x − 60 = 0
Line through (0, 0) and (0, 5), x = 0.
(x − 12)( x + 5) = 0
x = 12, x = − 5 Line through (5, 0) and (0, 5)
x = 12  y = 7 − 12  y = − 5 5− 0
m = = −1
0 −5
x = − 5  y = 7 − ( − 5)  y = 12
y = −x + 5
(12, − 5), (− 5, 12)
x + y ≤ 5
y 
 x ≥ 0
(− 5, 12)
15
 y ≥ 0

5
83. (a) p Consumer Surplus
x Producer Surplus
− 15 −5 5 15 175
−5 (12, − 5) p = 160 − 0.0001x
150
− 10
125
− 15
100 (300,000, 130)
75
81. Rectangular region with vertices at: 50 p = 70 + 0.0002x
(3, 1), (7, 1), (7, 10), and (3, 10)

100,000 200,000 300,000
x
y
x ≥ 3
 10
(3, 10) (7, 10) 160 − 0.0001x = 70 + 0.0002 x
x ≤ 7
 8
90 = 0.0003 x
y ≥1
x = 300,000 units
y ≤ 10
6
 p = $130
4
This system may be Point of equilibrium: (300,000, 130)
2
written as: (3, 1) (7, 1)
x (b) Consumer surplus: 1
2
(300,000)(30) = $4,500,000
3 ≤ x ≤ 7 2 4 6 8 10
 Producer surplus: 1
(300,000)(60) = $9,000,000
1 ≤ y ≤ 10 2
p
84. (a) Consumer Surplus 87. Objective function: z = 3 x + 4 y
Producer Surplus
200
p = 130 − 0.0002x Constraints:  x ≥ 0
150 
(200,000, 90)  y ≥ 0
100 
2 x + 5 y ≤ 50
50 4 x + y ≤ 28
p = 30 + 0.0003x 
y
100,000 300,000
x
At (0, 0): z = 0
15
At (0, 10): z = 40
130 − 0.0002 x = 30 + 0.0003 x 12
(0, 10)
100 = 0.0005 x At (5, 8) : z = 47 9 (5, 8)
x = 200,000 units
At (7, 0): z = 21 6
p = $90 3
The minimum value
Point of equilibrium: ( 200,000, 90) (0, 0) (7, 0)
is 0 at (0, 0). 3 6 9 12 15
x
(b) Consumer surplus: 1

2 ( 200,000)( 40) = $4,000,000
The maximum value is
Producer surplus: 1
2 ( 200,000)(60) = $6,000,000 47 at (5, 8).
85. x = number of units of Product I 88. z = 10 x + 7 y

y = number of units of Product II At (0, 100): z = 10(0) + 7(100) = 700
y
20 x + 30 y ≤ 24,000 At ( 25, 50): z = 10( 25) + 7(50) = 600
 1600
12 x + 8 y ≤ 12,400
 At (75, 0): z = 10(75) + 7(0) = 750
 x ≥ 0 1200
 y ≥ 0 The minimum value is 600 at ( 25, 50).

 800
400
There is no maximum value.
y
x
400 800 100 (0, 100)
75
86. (a) x = amount of food X 50

(25, 50)
y = amount of food Y 25
(75, 0)
x
200 x + 150 y ≥ 800 25 75 100

 3 x + 2 y ≥ 10
 89. Objective function: z = 1.75 x + 2.25 y
100 x + 80 y ≥ 200
 x ≥ 0
 Constraints:  x ≥ 0
 y ≥ 0 
 y ≥ 0
y 
 2x + y ≥ 25
7 3 x + 2 y ≥ 45

5
At (0, 25): z = 56.25
4 y
At (5, 15): z = 42.5 27
2 (0, 25)
24
1 At (15, 0): z = 26.25 21
x 18
1 2 3 5 6 7 (5, 15)
−1 The minimum value is 15
(b) Answers will vary. For example, (5, 5) or (6, 4) 26.25 at (15, 0). 12
9
6
represent acceptable quantities ( X , Y ) for foods X Because the region is 3 (15, 0)
unbounded, there is no x
and Y. 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
maximum value.
90. z = 50 x + 70 y
At (0, 0): z = 50(0) + 70(0) = 0
At (0, 750): z = 50(0) + 70(750) = 52,500
At (500, 500): z = 50(500) + 70(500) = 60,000
At (700, 0): z = 50(700) + 70(0) = 35,000
The maximum value is 60,000 at (500, 500) .
y
(0, 750)
600
(500, 500)
400
200
(0, 0) (700, 0)
x
200 400 600 800
91. x = number of haircuts

y = number of permanents
Objective function: Optimize R = 25 x + 70 y subject to the following constraints:
y
 x ≥ 0
 25
 y ≥ 0
(0, 1447)

( )x + ( ) y
20
20 70
 60 60
≤ 24  2 x + 7 y ≤ 144
15
At (0, 0): R = 0 10
At (72, 0) : R = 1800 5
(0, 0) (72, 0)
( )
x
At 0, 144
7
: R = 1440 20 40 60
The revenue is optimal if the student does 72 haircuts and no permanents. The maximum revenue is $1800.
92. x = number of model A

y = number of model B
2 x + 2.5 y ≤ 4000

4 x + y ≤ 4800

Constraints:  x + 0.75 y ≤ 1500
 x ≥ 0

 y ≥ 0
Objective function: P = 45 x + 50 y
y
Vertices: (0, 0), (0, 1600), (750, 1000), (1050, 600), (1200, 0)
5000
At (0, 0): P = 45(0) + 50(0) = 0 4000
At (0, 1600): P = 45(0) + 50(1600) = 80,000 3000

(0, 1600)
(750, 1000)
At (750, 1000): P = 45(750) + 50(1000) = 83,750 2000
(1050, 600)
At (1050, 600): P = 45(1050) + 50(600) = 77,250 1000 (1200, 0)
x
At (1200, 0): P = 45(1200) + 50(0) = 54,000 (0, 0) 500 1000 1500 2000
The optimal profit of $83,750 occurs when 750 units of model A and 1000 units of model B are produced.
93. True. Because y = 5 and y = − 2 are horizontal lines, 98. There are an infinite number of linear systems with the
exactly one pair of opposite sides are parallel. The (
solution −2, 11
5 )
. One possible system is:
non-parallel sides of the trapezoid are equal in length.
Therefore, the trapezoid is isosceles as shown below. x + 5 y = 9
y 
x + 10 y = 20
12
8
99. There are an infinite number of linear systems with the
(4, 5) (6, 5) solution ( 4, −1, 3). One possible system is as follows:
4
−2 2 4 6 8 10
x x + y + z = 6

−4 (2, −2) (8, −2) x + y − z = 0
x − y − z = 2
−8 
The distance from ( − 4, 5) to ( 2, − 2) is equal to the 100. There are an infinite number of linear systems with the
distance from (6, 5) to (8, − 2). solution ( −3, 5, 6). One possible system is:
2  x − 2 y + z = −7
(4 − 2) + 5 − ( − 2)
2
d1 = = 53 
 2 x + y − 4 z = −25
− x + 3 y − z = 12
d2 = (8 − 6)2 + ( − 2 − 5) =
2
53 
94. False. The correct form of the partial fraction 101. There are an infinite number of linear systems with the
decomposition is
A B
+ 2 +
C
+
D
. ( )
solution 5, 32 , 2 . One possible system is:
( x + 2)
2
x x x + 2
2 x + 2 y − 3z = 7

95. There are an infinite number of linear systems with the  x − 2y + z = 4
solution ( −8, 10). One possible system is: − x + 4 y − z = −1

 4 x + y = −22
1 102. There are an infinite number of linear systems with the
 2 x + y = 6
( )
solution − 12 , − 2, − 34 . One possible system is:
96. There are an infinite number of linear systems with the
 2 x + y + 4 z = −6
solution (5, − 4) . One possible system is: 
−4 x + 2 y + 4 z = −5
 x − y = 9  4x − y + z = − 3
  4
3x + y = 11
103. A system of linear equations is inconsistent if it has no
97. There are infinite linear systems with the solution ( )
4
3
, 3 . solution.
One possible system is: 104. The lines are distinct and parallel.
 3x + y = 7  x + 2y = 3
 
−6 x + 3 y = 1 2 x + 4 y = 9
Problem Solving for Chapter 7 643
Problem Solving for Chapter 7

1. The longest side of the triangle is a diameter of the circle and has a length of 20.
The lines y = 1
2
x + 5 and y = −2 x + 20 intersect at the point (6, 8).
The distance between ( −10, 0) and (6, 8) is: y
12 (6, 8)
(− 10, 0)
(6 − (−10))
2
+ (8 − 0)
2
d1 = = 320 = 8 5 8
a b
The distance between (6, 8) and (10, 0) is: c (10, 0)
x
−8 −4 4 8
d2 = (10 − 6) 2
+ (0 − 8) =
2
80 = 4 5 −4
−8
( ) ( )
2 2
= ( 20)
2
Because 320 + 80 − 12
400 = 400,
the sides of the triangle satisfy the Pythagorean Theorem. So, the triangle is a right triangle.
2. The system will have infinite solutions when the lines coincide, or are identical.
3x − 5 y = 8  6 x − 10 y = 16

2 x + k1 y = k2  6 x + 3k1 y = 3k2
3k1 = −10  k1 = − 10
3
3k2 = 16  k2 = 16
3
3. The system will have exactly one solution when the slopes of the line are not equal.
 a e
ax + by = e  y = − b x + b

 cx + dy = f  y = − c x + f
 d d
a c
− ≠ −
b d
a c
≠
b d
ad ≠ bc
4. Reducing the system to row-echelon form produces the following.

 x + y = 2

 y + z = 2

 x + z = 2
ax + by + cz = 0

x + y = 2

 y + z = 2

 y − z = 0 Eq.1 − Eq.3
 (b − a ) y + cz = − 2a − a Eq.1 + Eq.4

x + y = 2

 y + z = 2

 2z = 2 Eq.2 − Eq.3
 ( a − b + c )z = − 2b − (b − a ) Eq.2 − Eq.4

x + y = 2

 y + z = 2
 z = 1 1
 2
Eq.3

 ( a − b + c) z = − 2b
x + y = 2

 y + z = 2

 z = 1
 0 = a +b + c (a − b + c) Eq.3 − Eq.4

Use back-substitution to yield the following.
z = 1, y + 1 = 2  y = 1, x + 1 = 2  x = 1, and a + b + c = 0.
Therefore, the system will have
(a) a unique solution when a + b + c = 0, such as a = 1, b = 1, c = − 2,
(b) no solutions if a + b + c ≠ 0 (Sample answer : a = 1, b = 1, c = 2),
(c) not possible to have an infinite number of solutions.
5. (a)  x − 4 y = −3 Eq. 1 (b)  2x − 3 y = 7 Eq. 1

 
5 x − 6 y = 13 Eq. 2 −4 x + 6 y = −14 Eq. 2
y y
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
x x
−2 −1 1 3 4 5 6 −2 −1 1 2 4 5 6
−1 −1
−2 −2
−4 −4
x − 4 y = −3 2 x − 3 y = 7
 
 14 y = 28 −5Eq.1 + Eq.2  0 = 0 2Eq.1 + Eq.2
 x − 4 y = −3 The lines coincide. Infinite solutions.

 1
 y = 2 14
Eq.2 3 7
y
Let y = a, then 2 x − 3a = 7  x = a +
2 2
4
3 7 
3 Solution:  a + , a 
2 2 
1
x
The solution(s) remain the same at each step of the process.
− 2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1
−2
−3
−4
x = 5 4Eq.2 + Eq.1

y = 2
y
4
3
1
x
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 6
−1
−2
−3
−4
Solution: (5, 2)
6. There are a finite number of solutions.

(a) If both equations are linear, (b) If one equation is linear (c) If both equations are quadratic,
then the maximum number and the other is quadratic, then the maximum number
of solutions to a finite system then the maximum number of solutions to a finite system
is one. of solutions is two. is four.
7. The point where the two sections meet is at a depth of 10.1 feet. The distance between (0, −10.1) and ( 252.5, 0) is:
+ (0 − ( −10.1))
2
( 252.5 − 0)
2
d = = 63,858.26
d ≈ 252.7
Each section is approximately 252.7 feet long.
y
10
(− 252.5, 0) (252.5, 0)
x
− 250 − 50 50 250
(0, − 10.1)
2x − 50y = 505
2x + 50y = − 505 − 20
8. Let C = weight of a carbon atom.

Let H = weight of a hydrogen atom.
2C + 6 H = 30.069  8C + 24 H = 120.276

3C + 8 H = 44.096  − 9C − 24 H = −132.288
−C = −12.012
C = 12.012 u
H = 1.0075 u
9. Let x = cost of the cable, per foot.

Let y = cost of a connector.
6 x + 2 y = 15.50  6 x + 2 y = 15.50

3 x + 2 y = 10.25  −3 x − 2 y = −10.25
3x = 5.25
x = 1.75
y = 2.50
For a four-foot cable with a connector on each end, the cost should be 4(1.75) + 2( 2.50) = $12.00.
10. (a) Let t = time that the 9:00 A.M. bus is on the road.
1
Then t − 4
= time that the 9:15 A.M. bus is on the road.
d1 = 30t

d 2 = 40 t − ( 1
4 )
( ) = 30t
d
1
(b) 40 t − 4
40
40t − 10 = 30t
30
10t = 10
20
t =1
10
d = 30 t
1 2
Solution: (1, 30)
1 1 3
−2 2 2
(c) The 9:15 A.M. bus will catch up with the 9:00 A.M. bus in one hour. At that point both buses have traveled 30 miles and are
5 miles from the airport.
1 1 1
11. Let X = , Y = , and Z = .
x y z
12 12
 x − y = 7  12 X − 12Y = 7  12 X − 12Y = 7

 3 4
 − = 0  3X + 4Y = 0  9 X + 12Y = 0
 x y
(a)  21X = 7

 1
X =
 3

 1
Y = −
 4
1 1 1 1
So, =  x = 3 and = −  y = −4.
x 3 y 4
 2 1 3
(b)  + − = 4  2 X + Y − 3Z = 4 Eq.1
x y z

 4 2
 + = 10  4 X + 2Z = 10 Eq.2
 x z
 2 3 13
− + − = −8  −2 X + 3Y − 13Z = −8 Eq.3
 x y z
2 X + Y − 3Z = 4

 −2Y + 8Z = 2 −2Eq.1 + Eq.2

 4Y − 16 Z = −4 Eq.1 + Eq.3
2 X + Y − 3Z = 4

 −2Y + 8Z = 2
 0 = 0 2Eq.2 + Eq.3

The system has infinite solutions.
−a + 5
Let Z = a, then Y = 4a − 1 and X = .
2
1 1 1 1 1 −a + 5 2
Then = a  z = , = 4a − 1  y = , and =  x = .
z a y 4a − 1 x 2 −a + 5
 2 1 1 1
Solution:  , , , a ≠ 5, , 0
 − a + 5 4a − 1 a  4
12. Solution: ( −1, 2, − 3)
x + 2 y − 3 z = a  ( −1) + 2( 2) − 3( −3) = 12 = a
− x − y + z = b  −( −1) − 2 + ( −3) = −4 = b
2 x + 3 y − 2 z = c  2( −1) + 3( 2) − 2( −3) = 10 = c
So, a = 12, b = −4, and c = 10.
13. Solution: (1, −1, 2)
 4 x − 2 y + 5 z = 16 Equation 1

 x + y = 0 Equation 2
− x − 3 y + 2 z = 6 Equation 3

(a) 4 x − 2 y + 5 z = 16

 x + y = 0
 x + y = 0 Interchange the equations.


4 x − 2 y + 5 z = 16
x + y = 0

 −6 y + 5 z = 16 −4Eq.1 + Eq.2
5a − 16 −5a + 16
Let z = a, then y = and x = .
6 6
 −5a + 16 5a − 16 
Solution:  , , a
 6 6 
When a = 2, we have the original solution.
(b)  4 x − 2 y + 5 z = 16

− x − 3 y + 2z = 6
− x − 2 y + 2z = 6 Interchange the equations.


 4x − 3 y + 5 z = 16
− x − 3y + 2z = 6 4Eq.1 + Eq.2

 −14 y + 13z = 40
13a − 40 −11a + 36
Let z = a, then y = and x = .
14 14
 −11a + 36 13a − 40 
Solution:  , , a
 14 14 
(c)  x + y = 0

− x − 3y + 2z = 6
 x + y = 0

 − 2 y + 2 z = 6 Eq.1 + Eq.2
Let z = a, then y = a − 3 and x = − a + 3.
Solution: ( − a + 3, a − 3, a )
(d) Each of these systems has infinite solutions.
14.  x1 − x2 + 2 x3 + 2 x4 + 6 x5 = 6
3 x − 2 x2 + 4 x3 + 4 x4 + 12 x5 = 14
 1
 − x2 − x3 − x4 − 3 x5 = −3
2 x − 2 x2 + 4 x3 + 5 x4 + 15 x5 = 10
 1
2 x1 − 2 x2 + 4 x3 + 4 x4 + 13 x5 = 13
 x1 − x2 + 2 x3 + 2 x4 + 6 x5 = 6
 x = 2 −2Eq.1 + Eq.2
 1
 − x2 − x3 − x4 − 3x5 = −3
2 x − 2 x + 4 x + 5 x + 15 x5 = 10
 1 2 3 4
2 x1 − 2 x2 + 4 x3 + 4 x4 + 13x5 = 13
 x1 − 3x2 = 0 Eq.1 + 2Eq.3

 x = 2
 1
 − x2 − x3 − x4 − 3 x5 = −3
2 x − 2 x + 4 x + 5 x + 15 x = 10
 1 2 3 4 5
2 x1 − 2 x2 + 4 x3 + 4 x4 + 13 x5 = 13
 −3 x2 = −2 Eq.1 − Eq.2

 x1 = 2

 − x2 − x3 − x4 − 3 x5 = −3
2 x − 2 x + 4 x + 5 x + 15 x = 10
 1 2 3 4 5
2 x1 − 2 x2 + 4 x3 + 4 x4 + 13 x5 = 13
Substitute into the subsequent equations and simplify:
 x1 = 2
 2
 x2 = 3

 − 23 − x3 − x4 − 3x5 = −3

2 2 − 2 2 + 4 x + 5 x + 15 x
 ( ) 3 () 3 4 5 = 10
 2
()
2( 2) − 2 3 + 4 x3 + 4 x4 + 13x5 = 13
x1 = 2
 2
 x2 = 3

 − x3 − x4 − 3 x5 = − 73
 22
 4 x3 + 5 x4 + 15 x5 = 3
 31
 4 x3 + 4 x4 + 13 x5 = 3
x1 = 2
 2
 x2 = 3

 x3 + x4 + 3x5 = 7 −Eq.3
3
 Eq.4 + ( 4)Eq.3
 x4 + 3x5 = −2
 x5 = 1 Eq.5 + ( 4)Eq.3

x1 = 2
 2
 x2 = 3

 x3 = 13 Eq.3 − Eq.4
3
 Eq.4 − (3)Eq.5
 x4 = −5
 x5 = 1

t
15. t = amount of terrestrial vegetation in kilograms
a = amount of aquatic vegetation in kilograms
30
25
 a + t ≤ 32 20

 0.15 a ≥ 1.9 10
193a + 772t ≥ 11,000
 5
a
−5 5 10 15 20 25 30
−5
16. x = number of inches by which a person’s height exceeds 4 feet 10 inches.

y = person’s weight in pounds
(a)  y ≥ 91 + 3.6 x (b) 200

y ≤ 115 + 4.5 x

x ≥ 0
y ≥ 91
 0 20
90
12 in.
(c) 6 ft × = 72 in.  use x = 72 − 58 = 14
1 ft
Minimum Weight: 91 + 3.6(14) = 141.4 pounds
Maximum Weight: 115 + 4.5(14) = 178 pounds

141.4 lb ≤ y ≤ 178 lb
17. x = milligrams of HDL cholestrol

y = milligrams of LDL/VLDL cholestrol
(a) 0 < y < 130

x ≥ 60
x + y ≤ 200

y
(b)
200
150
(70, 130)
100
50 (60, 130)
x
50 100 150 200
(c) y = 120 is in the region because 0 < y < 130.

x = 90 is in the region because 60 ≤ x ≤ 200.
x + y = 210 is not the region because x + y ≤ 200.
(d) Sample answer: If the LDL/VLDL reading is 135 and the HDL reading is 65, then x ≥ 60 and x + y ≤ 200, but
y < 130.
x + y
(e) < 4
x
x + y < 4x
y < 3x
165
Sample answer: The point (75, 90) is in the region, and = 2.2 < 4.
75
Practice Test for Chapter 7 651
Practice Test for Chapter 7

For Exercises 1– 3, solve the given system by the method of substitution.
1.  x + y = 1

3x − y = 15
2.  x − 3 y = −3
 2
x + 6 y = 5
3.  x + y + z = 6

2 x − y + 3 z = 0
5 x + 2 y − z = −3

4. Find the two numbers whose sum is 110 and product is 2800.
5. Find the dimensions of a rectangle if its perimeter is 170 feet and its area is 1500 square feet.
For Exercises 6– 8, solve the linear system by elimination.
6. 2 x + 15 y = 4

 x − 3 y = 23
7.  x + y = 2

38 x − 19 y = 7
8. 0.4 x + 0.5 y = 0.112


0.3x − 0.7 y = −0.131
9. Herbert invests $17,000 in two funds that pay 11% and 13% simple interest, respectively. If he receives $2080 in yearly
interest, how much is invested in each fund?
10. Find the least squares regression line for the points ( 4, 3), (1, 1), ( −1, − 2), and ( −2, −1).
For Exercises 11 –12, solve the system of equations.
11.  x + y = −2

2 x − y + z = 11
 4 y − 3 z = −20

12. 3 x + 2 y − z = 5

6 x − y + 5 z = 2
13. Find the equation of the parabola y = ax 2 + bx + c passing through the points (0, −1), (1, 4) and ( 2, 13).
For Exercises 14 –15, write the partial fraction decomposition of the rational functions.
10 x − 17
14.
x2 − 7 x − 8
x2 + 4
15.
x4 + x2
16. Graph x 2 + y 2 ≥ 9.
17. Graph the solution of the system.

x + y ≤ 6

 x ≥ 2
 y ≥ 0

18. Derive a set of inequalities to describe the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (0, 7), and ( 2, 3).
19. Find the maximum value of the objective function, z = 30 x + 26 y , subject to the following constraints.
 x ≥ 0

 y ≥ 0

2 x + 3 y ≤ 21
5 x + 3 y ≤ 30

20. Graph the system of inequalities.

 x2 + y2 ≤ 4
 2 +
( x − 2) y2 ≥ 4
For Exercises 21–22, write the partial fraction decomposition for the rational expression.
1 − 2x
21.
x2 + x
6 x − 17
22.
(x − 3)
2
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
flickering flame, before an image of the Virgin. At sight of it she
repressed a sob.
“You see, my child,” said the Mother Superior poetically, “it must
have been waiting for you. Anyhow it is empty. Perhaps it may have
known you were coming.”
She spoke softly so that the long rows of sleepers might not be
disturbed, then proceeded to turn down the coverlets.
“Oh, Mother,” Madeleine suddenly whispered softly as she stood
by the bed, “won’t you let me stay always? I never want to go out
any more. I have had such a hard time. I will work so hard for you if
you will let me stay!”
The experienced Sister looked at her curiously. Never before had
she heard such a plea.
“Why, yes, my child,” she said. “If you wish to stay I’m sure it can
be arranged. It is not as we usually do, but you are not the only one
who has gone out in the past and come back to us. I am sure God
and the Blessed Virgin will hear your prayer for whatever is right. But
now go to bed and sleep. You need rest. I can see that. And to-
morrow, or any time, or never, as you choose, you may tell me what
has happened.”
She urged her very gently to enter and then tucked the covers
about her, laying finally a cool, wrinkled hand on her forehead. For
answer Madeleine seized and put it to her lips, holding it so.
“Oh, Mother,” she sobbed as the Sister bent over her, “don’t ever
make me go out in the world again, will you? You won’t, will you? I’m
so tired! I’m so tired!”
“No dear, no,” soothed the Sister, “not unless you wish it. And now
rest. You need never go out in the world again unless you wish.”
And withdrawing the hand from the kissing lips, she tiptoed silently
from the room.
II
THE HAND
D AVIDSON could distinctly remember that it was between two

and three years after the grisly event in the Monte Orte range—
the sickening and yet deserved end of Mersereau, his quondam
partner and fellow adventurer—that anything to be identified with
Mersereau’s malice toward him, and with Mersereau’s probable
present existence in the spirit world, had appeared in his life.
He and Mersereau had worked long together as prospectors,
investors, developers of property. It was only after they had struck it
rich in the Klondike that Davidson had grown so much more apt and
shrewd in all commercial and financial matters, whereas Mersereau
had seemed to stand still—not to rise to the splendid opportunities
which then opened to him. Why, in some of those later deals it had
not been possible for Davidson even to introduce his old partner to
some of the moneyed men he had to deal with. Yet Mersereau had
insisted, as his right, if you please, on being “in on” everything—
everything!
Take that wonderful Monte Orte property, the cause of all the
subsequent horror. He, Davidson—not Mersereau—had discovered
or heard of the mine, and had carried it along, with old Besmer as a
tool or decoy—Besmer being the ostensible factor—until it was all
ready for him to take over and sell or develop. Then it was that
Mersereau, having been for so long his partner, demanded a full half
—a third, at least—on the ground that they had once agreed to work
together in all these things.
Think of it! And Mersereau growing duller and less useful and
more disagreeable day by day, and year by year! Indeed, toward the
last he had threatened to expose the trick by which jointly, seven
years before, they had possessed themselves of the Skyute Pass
Mine; to drive Davidson out of public and financial life, to have him
arrested and tried—along with himself, of course. Think of that!
But he had fixed him—yes, he had, damn him! He had trailed
Mersereau that night to old Besmer’s cabin on the Monte Orte, when
Besmer was away. Mersereau had gone there with the intention of
stealing the diagram of the new field, and had secured it, true
enough. A thief he was, damn him. Yet, just as he was making safely
away, as he thought, he, Davidson, had struck him cleanly over the
ear with that heavy rail-bolt fastened to the end of a walnut stick, and
the first blow had done for him.
Lord, how the bone above Mersereau’s ear had sounded when it
cracked! And how bloody one side of that bolt was! Mersereau
hadn’t had time to do anything before he was helpless. He hadn’t
died instantly, though, but had turned over and faced him, Davidson,
with that savage, scowling face of his and those blazing, animal
eyes.
Lying half propped up on his left elbow, Mersereau had reached
out toward him with that big, rough, bony right hand of his—the right
with which he always boasted of having done so much damage on
this, that, and the other occasion—had glared at him as much as to
say:
“Oh, if I could only reach you just for a moment before I go!”
Then it was that he, Davidson, had lifted the club again. Horrified
as he was, and yet determined that he must save his own life, he
had finished the task, dragging the body back to an old fissure
behind the cabin and covering it with branches, a great pile of pine
fronds, and as many as one hundred and fifty boulders, great and
small, and had left his victim. It was a sickening job and a sickening
sight, but it had to be.
Then, having finished, he had slipped dismally away, like a jackal,
thinking of that hand in the moonlight, held up so savagely, and that
look. Nothing might have come of that either, if he hadn’t been
inclined to brood on it so much, on the fierceness of it.
No, nothing had happened. A year had passed, and if anything
had been going to turn up it surely would have by then. He,
Davidson, had gone first to New York, later to Chicago, to dispose of
the Monte Orte claim. Then, after two years, he had returned here to
Mississippi, where he was enjoying comparative peace. He was
looking after some sugar property which had once belonged to him,
and which he was now able to reclaim and put in charge of his sister
as a home against a rainy day. He had no other.
But that body back there! That hand uplifted in the moonlight—to
clutch him if it could! Those eyes.
II—June, 1905
Take that first year, for instance, when he had returned to

Gatchard in Mississippi, whence both he and Mersereau had
originally issued. After looking after his own property he had gone
out to a tumble-down estate of his uncle’s in Issaqueena County—a
leaky old slope-roofed house where, in a bedroom on the top floor,
he had had his first experience with the significance or reality of the
hand.
Yes, that was where first he had really seen it pictured in that
curious, unbelievable way; only who would believe that it was
Mersereau’s hand? They would say it was an accident, chance, rain
dropping down. But the hand had appeared on the ceiling of that
room just as sure as anything, after a heavy rain-storm—it was
almost a cyclone—when every chink in the old roof had seemed to
leak water.
During the night, after he had climbed to the room by way of those
dismal stairs with their great landing and small glass oil-lamp he
carried, and had sunk to rest, or tried to, in the heavy, wide, damp
bed, thinking, as he always did those days, of the Monte Orte and
Mersereau, the storm had come up. As he had listened to the wind
moaning outside he had heard first the scratch, scratch, scratch, of
some limb, no doubt, against the wall—sounding, or so it seemed in
his feverish unrest, like some one penning an indictment against him
with a worn, rusty pen.
And then, the storm growing worse, and in a fit of irritation and
self-contempt at his own nervousness, he had gone to the window,
but just as lightning struck a branch of the tree nearest the window
and so very near him, too—as though some one, something, was
seeking to strike him—(Mersereau?) and as though he had been
lured by that scratching. God! He had retreated, feeling that it was
meant for him.
But that big, knotted hand painted on the ceiling by the dripping
water during the night! There it was, right over him when he awoke,
outlined or painted as if with wet, gray whitewash against the
wretched but normally pale-blue of the ceiling when dry. There it was
—a big, open hand just like Mersereau’s as he had held it up that
night—huge, knotted, rough, the fingers extended as if tense and
clutching. And, if you will believe it, near it was something that
looked like a pen—an old, long-handled pen—to match that scratch,
scratch, scratch!
“Huldah,” he had inquired of the old black mammy who entered in
the morning to bring him fresh water and throw open the shutters,
“what does that look like to you up there—that patch on the ceiling
where the rain came through?”
He wanted to reassure himself as to the character of the thing he
saw—that it might not be a creation of his own feverish imagination,
accentuated by the dismal character of this place.
“’Pears t’ me mo’ like a big han’ ’an anythin’ else, Marse Davi’son,”
commented Huldah, pausing and staring upward. “Mo’ like a big fist,
kinda. Dat air’s a new drip come las’ night, I reckon. Dis here ole
place ain’ gonna hang togethah much longah, less’n some repairin’
be done mighty quick now. Yassir, dat air’s a new drop, sho’s yo’
bo’n, en it come on’y las’ night. I hain’t never seed dat befo’.”
And then he had inquired, thinking of the fierceness of the storm:
“Huldah, do you have many such storms up this way?”
“Good gracious, Marse Davi’son, we hain’t seed no sech blow en
—en come three years now. I hain’t seed no sech lightnin’ en I doan’
know when.”
Wasn’t that strange, that it should all come on the night, of all
nights, when he was there? And no such other storm in three years!
Huldah stared idly, always ready to go slow and rest, if possible,
whereas he had turned irritably. To be annoyed by ideas such as
this! To always be thinking of that Monte Orte affair! Why couldn’t he
forget it? Wasn’t it Mersereau’s own fault? He never would have
killed the man if he hadn’t been forced to it.
And to be haunted in this way, making mountains out of mole-hills,
as he thought then! It must be his own miserable fancy—and yet
Mersereau had looked so threateningly at him. That glance had
boded something; it was too terrible not to.
Davidson might not want to think of it, but how could he stop?
Mersereau might not be able to hurt him any more, at least not on
this earth; but still, couldn’t he? Didn’t the appearance of this hand
seem to indicate that he might? He was dead, of course. His body,
his skeleton, was under that pile of rocks and stones, some of them
as big as wash-tubs. Why worry over that, and after two years? And
still—
That hand on the ceiling!
III—December, 1905
Then, again, take that matter of meeting Pringle in Gatchard just at

that time, within the same week. It was due to Davidson’s sister. She
had invited Mr. and Mrs. Pringle in to meet him one evening, without
telling him that they were spiritualists and might discuss spiritualism.
Clairvoyance, Pringle called it, or seeing what can’t be seen with
material eyes, and clairaudience, or hearing what can’t be heard with
material ears, as well as materialization, or ghosts, and table-
rapping, and the like. Table-rapping—that damned tap-tapping that
he had been hearing ever since!
It was Pringle’s fault, really. Pringle had persisted in talking. He,
Davidson, wouldn’t have listened, except that he somehow became
fascinated by what Pringle said concerning what he had heard and
seen in his time. Mersereau must have been at the bottom of that,
too.
At any rate, after he had listened, he was sorry, for Pringle had
had time to fill his mind full of those awful facts or ideas which had
since harassed him so much—all that stuff about drunkards,
degenerates, and weak people generally being followed about by
vile, evil spirits and used to effect those spirits’ purposes or desires
in this world. Horrible!
Wasn’t it terrible? Pringle—big, mushy, creature that he was, sickly
and stagnant like a springless pool—insisted that he had even seen
clouds of these spirits about drunkards, degenerates, and the like, in
street-cars, on trains, and about vile corners at night. Once, he said,
he had seen just one evil spirit—think of that!—following a certain
man all the time, at his left elbow—a dark, evil, red-eyed thing, until
finally the man had been killed in a quarrel.
Pringle described their shapes, these spirits, as varied. They were
small, dark, irregular clouds, with red or green spots somewhere for
eyes, changing in form and becoming longish or round like a jellyfish,
or even like a misshapen cat or dog. They could take any form at will
—even that of a man.
Once, Pringle declared, he had seen as many as fifty about a
drunkard who was staggering down a street, all of them trying to
urge him into the nearest saloon, so that they might re-experience in
some vague way the sensation of drunkenness, which at some time
or other they themselves, having been drunkards in life, had
enjoyed!
It would be the same with a drug fiend, or indeed with any one of
weak or evil habits. They gathered about such an one like flies, their
red or green eyes glowing—attempting to get something from them,
perhaps, if nothing more than a little sense of their old earth-life.
The whole thing was so terrible and disturbing at the time,
particularly that idea of men being persuaded or influenced to
murder, that he, Davidson, could stand it no longer, and got up and
left. But in his room upstairs he meditated on it, standing before his
mirror. Suddenly—would he ever forget it—as he was taking off his
collar and tie, he had heard that queer tap, tap, tap, right on his
dressing-table or under it, and for the first time, which Pringle said,
ghosts made when table-rapping in answer to a call, or to give
warning of their presence.
Then something said to him, almost as clearly as if he heard it:
“This is me, Mersereau, come back at last to get you!
Pringle was just an excuse of mine to let you know I was
coming, and so was that hand in that old house, in
Issaqueena County. It was mine! I will be with you from
now on. Don’t think I will ever leave you!”
It had frightened and made him half sick, so wrought up was he.
For the first time he felt cold chills run up and down his spine—the
creeps. He felt as if some one were standing over him—Mersereau,
of course—only he could not see or hear a thing, just that faint tap at
first, growing louder a little later, and quite angry when he tried to
ignore it.
People did live, then, after they were dead, especially evil people
—people stronger than you, perhaps. They had the power to come
back, to haunt, to annoy you if they didn’t like anything you had done
to them. No doubt Mersereau was following him in the hope of
revenge, there in the spirit world, just outside this one, close at his
heels, like that evil spirit attending the other man whom Pringle had
described.
IV—February, 1906
Take that case of the hand impressed on the soft dough and
plaster of Paris, described in an article that he had picked up in the
dentist’s office out there in Pasadena—Mersereau’s very hand, so
far as he could judge. How about that for a coincidence, picking up
the magazine with that disturbing article about psychic
materialization in Italy, and later in Berne, Switzerland, where the
scientists were gathered to investigate that sort of thing? And just
when he was trying to rid himself finally of the notion that any such
thing could be!
According to that magazine article, some old crone over in Italy—
spiritualist, or witch, or something—had got together a crowd of
experimentalists or professors in an abandoned house on an almost
deserted island off the coast of Sardinia. There they had conducted
experiments with spirits, which they called materialization, getting the
impression of the fingers of a hand, or of a whole hand and arm, or
of a face, on a plate of glass covered with soot, the plate being
locked in a small safe on the center of a table about which they sat!
He, Davidson, couldn’t understand, of course, how it was done,
but done it was. There in that magazine were half a dozen pictures,
reproductions of photographs of a hand, an arm and a face—or a
part of one, anyhow. And if they looked like anything, they looked
exactly like Mersereau’s! Hadn’t Pringle, there in Gatchard, Miss.,
stated spirits could move anywhere, over long distances, with the
speed of light. And would it be any trick for Mersereau to appear
there at Sardinia, and then engineer this magazine into his presence,
here in Los Angeles? Would it? It would not. Spirits were free and
powerful over there, perhaps.
There was not the least doubt that these hands, these partial
impressions of a face, were those of Mersereau. Those big knuckles!
That long, heavy, humped nose and big jaw! Whose else could they
be?—they were Mersereau’s, intended, when they were made over
there in Italy, for him, Davidson, to see later here in Los Angeles.
Yes, they were! And looking at that sinister face reproduced in the
magazine, it seemed to say, with Mersereau’s old coarse sneer:
“You see? You can’t escape me! I’m showing you how
much alive I am over here, just as I was on earth. And I’ll
get you yet, even if I have to go farther than Italy to do it!”
It was amazing, the shock he took from that. It wasn’t just that
alone, but the persistence and repetition of this hand business. What
could it mean? Was it really Mersereau’s hand? As for the face, it
wasn’t all there—just the jaw, mouth, cheek, left temple, and a part of
the nose and eye; but it was Mersereau’s, all right. He had gone
clear over there into Italy somewhere, in a lone house on an island,
to get this message of his undying hate back to him. Or was it just
spirits, evil spirits, bent on annoying him because he was nervous
and sensitive now?
V—October, 1906
Even new crowded hotels and new buildings weren’t the protection
he had at first hoped and thought they would be. Even there you
weren’t safe—not from a man like Mersereau. Take that incident
there in Los Angeles, and again in Seattle, only two months ago
now, when Mersereau was able to make that dreadful explosive or
crashing sound, as if one had burst a huge paper bag full of air, or
upset a china-closet full of glass and broken everything, when as a
matter of fact nothing at all had happened. It had frightened him
horribly the first two or three times, believing as he did that
something fearful had happened. Finding that it was nothing—or
Mersereau—he was becoming used to it now; but other people,
unfortunately, were not.
He would be—as he had been that first time—sitting in his room
perfectly still and trying to amuse himself, or not to think, when
suddenly there would be that awful crash. It was astounding! Other
people heard it, of course. They had in Los Angeles. A maid and a
porter had come running the first time to inquire, and he had had to
protest that he had heard nothing. They couldn’t believe it at first,
and had gone to other rooms to look. When it happened the second
time, the management had protested, thinking it was a joke he was
playing; and to avoid the risk of exposure he had left.
After that he could not keep a valet or nurse about him for long.
Servants wouldn’t stay, and managers of hotels wouldn’t let him
remain when such things went on. Yet he couldn’t live in a house or
apartment alone, for there the noises and atmospheric conditions
would be worse than ever.
VI—June, 1907
Take that last old house he had been in—but never would be in
again!—at Anne Haven. There he actually visualized the hand—a
thing as big as a washtub at first, something like smoke or shadow in
a black room moving about over the bed and everywhere. Then, as
he lay there, gazing at it spellbound, it condensed slowly, and he
began to feel it. It was now a hand of normal size—there was no
doubt of it in the world—going over him softly, without force, as a
ghostly hand must, having no real physical strength, but all the time
with a strange, electric, secretive something about it, as if it were not
quite sure of itself, and not quite sure that he was really there.
The hand, or so it seemed—God!—moved right up to his neck and
began to feel over that as he lay there. Then it was that he guessed
just what it was that Mersereau was after.
It was just like a hand, the fingers and thumb made into a circle
and pressed down over his throat, only it moved over him gently at
first, because it really couldn’t do anything yet, not having the
material strength. But the intention! The sense of cruel, savage
determination that went with it!
And yet, if one went to a nerve specialist or doctor about all this,
as he did afterward, what did the doctor say? He had tried to
describe how he was breaking down under the strain, how he could
not eat or sleep on account of all these constant tappings and
noises; but the moment he even began to hint at his experiences,
especially the hand or the noises, the doctor exclaimed:
“Why, this is plain delusion! You’re nervously run down, that’s all
that ails you—on the verge of pernicious anemia, I should say. You’ll
have to watch yourself as to this illusion about spirits. Get it out of
your mind. There’s nothing to it!”
Wasn’t that just like one of these nerve specialists, bound up in
their little ideas of what they knew or saw, or thought they saw?
VII—November, 1907
And now take this very latest development at Battle Creek recently
where he had gone trying to recuperate on the diet there. Hadn’t
Mersereau, implacable demon that he was, developed this latest
trick of making his food taste queer to him—unpalatable, or with an
odd odor?
He, Davidson, knew it was Mersereau, for he felt him beside him
at the table whenever he sat down. Besides, he seemed to hear
something—clairaudience was what they called it, he understood—
he was beginning to develop that, too, now! It was Mersereau, of
course, saying in a voice which was more like a memory of a voice
than anything real—the voice of some one you could remember as
having spoken in a certain way, say, ten years or more ago:
“I’ve fixed it so you can’t eat any more, you—”
There followed a long list of vile expletives, enough in itself to
sicken one.
Thereafter, in spite of anything he could do to make himself think
to the contrary, knowing that the food was all right, really, Davidson
found it to have an odor or a taste which disgusted him, and which
he could not overcome, try as he would. The management assured
him that it was all right, as he knew it was—for others. He saw them
eating it. But he couldn’t—had to get up and leave, and the little he
could get down he couldn’t retain, or it wasn’t enough for him to live
on. God, he would die, this way! Starve, as he surely was doing by
degrees now.
And Mersereau always seeming to be standing by. Why, if it
weren’t for fresh fruit on the stands at times, and just plain, fresh-
baked bread in bakers’ windows, which he could buy and eat quickly,
he might not be able to live at all. It was getting to that pass!
VIII—August, 1908
That wasn’t the worst, either, bad as all that was. The worst was
the fact that under the strain of all this he was slowly but surely
breaking down, and that in the end Mersereau might really succeed
in driving him out of life here—to do what, if anything, to him there?
What? It was such an evil pack by which he was surrounded, now,
those who lived just on the other side and hung about the earth, vile,
debauched creatures, as Pringle had described them, and as
Davidson had come to know for himself, fearing them and their ways
so much, and really seeing them at times.
Since he had come to be so weak and sensitive, he could see
them for himself—vile things that they were, swimming before his
gaze in the dark whenever he chanced to let himself be in the dark,
which was not often—friends of Mersereau, no doubt, and inclined to
help him just for the evil of it.
For this long time now Davidson had taken to sleeping with the
light on, wherever he was, only tying a handkerchief over his eyes to
keep out some of the glare. Even then he could see them—queer,
misshapen things, for all the world like wavy, stringy jellyfish or coils
of thick, yellowish-black smoke, moving about, changing in form at
times, yet always looking dirty or vile, somehow, and with those
queer, dim, reddish or greenish glows for eyes. It was sickening!
IX—October, 1908
Having accomplished so much, Mersereau would by no means be

content to let him go. Davidson knew that! He could talk to him
occasionally now, or at least could hear him and answer back, if he
chose, when he was alone and quite certain that no one was
listening.
Mersereau was always saying, when Davidson would listen to him
at all—which he wouldn’t often—that he would get him yet, that he
would make him pay, or charging him with fraud and murder.
“I’ll choke you yet!” The words seemed to float in from somewhere,
as if he were remembering that at some time Mersereau had said
just that in his angry, savage tone—not as if he heard it; and yet he
was hearing it of course.
“I’ll choke you yet! You can’t escape! You may think you’ll die a
natural death, but you won’t, and that’s why I’m poisoning your food
to weaken you. You can’t escape! I’ll get you, sick or well, when you
can’t help yourself, when you’re sleeping. I’ll choke you, just as you
hit me with that club. That’s why you’re always seeing and feeling
this hand of mine! I’m not alone. I’ve nearly had you many a time
already, only you have managed to wriggle out so far, jumping up,
but some day you won’t be able to—see? Then—”
The voice seemed to die away at times, even in the middle of a

sentence, but at the other times—often, often—he could hear it
completing the full thought. Sometimes he would turn on the thing
and exclaim:
“Oh, go to the devil!” or, “Let me alone!” or, “Shut up!” Even in a
closed room and all alone, such remarks seemed strange to him,
addressed to a ghost; but he couldn’t resist at times, annoyed as he
was. Only he took good care not to talk if any one was about.
It was getting so that there was no real place for him outside of an
asylum, for often he would get up screaming at night—he had to, so
sharp was the clutch on his throat—and then always, wherever he
was, a servant would come in and want to know what was the
matter. He would have to say that it was a nightmare—only the
management always requested him to leave after the second or third
time, say, or after an explosion or two. It was horrible!
He might as well apply to a private asylum or sanatorium now,
having all the money he had, and explain that he had delusions—
delusions! Imagine!—and ask to be taken care of. In a place like that
they wouldn’t be disturbed by his jumping up and screaming at night,
feeling that he was being choked, as he was, or by his leaving the
table because he couldn’t eat the food, or by his talking back to
Mersereau, should they chance to hear him, or by the noises when
they occurred.
They could assign him a special nurse and a special room, if he
wished—only he didn’t wish to be too much alone. They could put
him in charge of some one who would understand all these things, or
to whom he could explain. He couldn’t expect ordinary people, or
hotels catering to ordinary people, to put up with him any more.
Mersereau and his friends made too much trouble.
He must go and hunt up a good place somewhere where they
understood such things, or at least tolerated them, and explain, and
then it would all pass for the hallucinations of a crazy man,—though,
as a matter of fact, he wasn’t crazy at all. It was all too real, only the
average or so-called normal person couldn’t see or hear as he could
—hadn’t experienced what he had.
X—December, 1908
“The trouble is, doctor, that Mr. Davidson is suffering from the
delusion that he is pursued by evil spirits. He was not committed
here by any court, but came of his own accord about four months
ago, and we let him wander about here at will. But he seems to be
growing worse, as time goes on.
“One of his worst delusions, doctor, is that there is one spirit in
particular who is trying to choke him to death. Dr. Major, our
superintendent, says he has incipient tuberculosis of the throat, with
occasional spasmodic contractions. There are small lumps or
calluses here and there as though caused by outside pressure and
yet our nurse assures us that there is no such outside irritation. He
won’t believe that; but whenever he tries to sleep, especially in the
middle of the night, he will jump up and come running out into the
hall, insisting that one of these spirits, which he insists are after him,
is trying to choke him to death. He really seems to believe it, for he
comes out coughing and choking and feeling at his neck as if some
one has been trying to strangle him. He always explains the whole
matter to me as being the work of evil spirits, and asks me to not pay
any attention to him unless he calls for help or rings his call-bell; and
so I never think anything more of it now unless he does.
“Another of his ideas is that these same spirits do something to his
food—put poison in it, or give it a bad odor or taste, so that he can’t
eat it. When he does find anything he can eat, he grabs it and almost
swallows it whole, before, as he says, the spirits have time to do
anything to it. Once, he says, he weighed more than two hundred
pounds, but now he only weighs one hundred and twenty. His case
is exceedingly strange and pathetic, doctor!
“Dr. Major insists that it is purely a delusion, that so far as being
choked is concerned, it is the incipient tuberculosis, and that his
stomach trouble comes from the same thing; but by association of
ideas, or delusion, he thinks some one is trying to choke him and
poison his food, when it isn’t so at all. Dr. Major says that he can’t
imagine what could have started it. He is always trying to talk to Mr.
Davidson about it, but whenever he begins to ask him questions, Mr.
Davidson refuses to talk, and gets up and leaves.
“One of the peculiar things about his idea of being choked, doctor,
is that when he is merely dozing he always wakes up in time, and
has the power to throw it off. He claims that the strength of these
spirits is not equal to his own when he is awake, or even dozing, but
when he’s asleep their strength is greater and that then they may
injure him. Sometimes, when he has had a fright like this, he will
come out in the hall and down to my desk there at the lower end,
and ask if he mayn’t sit there by me. He says it calms him. I always
tell him yes, but it won’t be five minutes before he’ll get up and leave
again, saying that he’s being annoyed, or that he won’t be able to
contain himself if he stays any longer, because of the remarks being
made over his shoulder or in his ear.
“Often he’ll say: ‘Did you hear that, Miss Liggett? It’s astonishing,
the low, vile things that man can say at times!’ When I say, ‘No, I
didn’t hear,’ he always says, ‘I’m so glad!’”
“No one has ever tried to relieve him of this by hypnotism, I
suppose?”
“Not that I know of, doctor. Dr. Major may have tried it. I have only
been here three months.”
“Tuberculosis is certainly the cause of the throat trouble, as Dr.
Major says, and as for the stomach trouble, that comes from the
same thing—natural enough under the circumstances. We may have
to resort to hypnotism a little later. I’ll see. In the meantime you’d
better caution all who come in touch with him never to sympathize,
or even to seem to believe in anything he imagines is being done to
him. It will merely encourage him in his notions. And get him to take
his medicine regularly; it won’t cure, but it will help. Dr. Major has
asked me to give especial attention to his case, and I want the
conditions as near right as possible.”
“Yes, sir.”
XI—January, 1909
The trouble with these doctors was that they really knew nothing of
anything save what was on the surface, the little they had learned at
a medical college or in practise—chiefly how certain drugs, tried by
their predecessors in certain cases, were known to act. They had no
imagination whatever, even when you tried to tell them.
Take that latest young person who was coming here now in his
good clothes and with his car, fairly bursting with his knowledge of
what he called psychiatrics, looking into Davidson’s eyes so hard
and smoothing his temples and throat—massage, he called it—
saying that he had incipient tuberculosis of the throat and stomach
trouble, and utterly disregarding the things which he, Davidson,
could personally see and hear! Imagine the fellow trying to persuade
him, at this late date, that all that was wrong with him was
tuberculosis, that he didn’t see Mersereau standing right beside him
at times, bending over him, holding up that hand and telling him how
he intended to kill him yet—that it was all an illusion!
Imagine saying that Mersereau couldn’t actually seize him by the
throat when he was asleep, or nearly so, when Davidson himself,
looking at his throat in the mirror, could see the actual finger prints,—
Mersereau’s,—for a moment or so afterward. At any rate, his throat
was red and sore from being clutched, as Mersereau of late was
able to clutch him! And that was the cause of these lumps. And to
say, as they had said at first, that he himself was making them by
rubbing and feeling his throat, and that it was tuberculosis!
Wasn’t it enough to make one want to quit the place? If it weren’t
for Miss Liggett and Miss Koehler, his private nurse, and their
devoted care, he would. That Miss Koehler was worth her weight in
gold, learning his ways as she had, being so uniformly kind, and
bearing with his difficulties so genially. He would leave her something
in his will.
To leave this place and go elsewhere, though, unless he could
take her along, would be folly. And anyway, where else would he go?
Here at least were other people, patients like himself, who could
understand and could sympathize with him,—people who weren’t
convinced as were these doctors that all that he complained of was
mere delusion. Imagine! Old Rankin, the lawyer, for instance, who
had suffered untold persecution from one living person and another,
mostly politicians, was convinced that his, Davidson’s, troubles were
genuine, and liked to hear about them, just as did Miss Koehler.
These two did not insist, as the doctors did, that he had slow
tuberculosis of the throat, and could live a long time and overcome
his troubles if he would. They were merely companionable at such
times as Mersereau would give him enough peace to be sociable.
The only real trouble, though, was that he was growing so weak
from lack of sleep and food—his inability to eat the food which his
enemy bewitched and to sleep at night on account of the choking—
that he couldn’t last much longer. This new physician whom Dr.
Major had called into consultation in regard to his case was insisting
that along with his throat trouble he was suffering from acute
anemia, due to long undernourishment, and that only a solution of
strychnin injected into the veins would help him. But as to Mersereau
poisoning his food—not a word would he hear. Besides, now that he
was practically bedridden, not able to jump up as freely as before, he
was subject to a veritable storm of bedevilment at the hands of
Mersereau. Not only could he see—especially toward evening, and
in the very early hours of the morning—Mersereau hovering about
him like a black shadow, a great, bulky shadow—yet like him in
outline, but he could feel his enemy’s hand moving over him. Worse,
behind or about him he often saw a veritable cloud of evil creatures,
companions or tools of Mersereau’s, who were there to help him and
who kept swimming about like fish in dark waters, and seemed to
eye the procedure with satisfaction.
When food was brought to him, early or late, and in whatever form,
Mersereau and they were there, close at hand, as thick as flies,
passing over and through it in an evident attempt to spoil it before he
could eat it. Just to see them doing it was enough to poison it for
him. Besides, he could hear their voices urging Mersereau to do it.
“That’s right—poison it!”
“He can’t last much longer!”
“Soon he’ll be weak enough so that when you grip him he will
really die!”
It was thus that they actually talked—he could hear them.
He also heard vile phrases addressed to him by Mersereau, the
iterated and reiterated words “murderer” and “swindler” and “cheat,”
there in the middle of the night. Often, although the light was still on,
he saw as many as seven dark figures, very much like Mersereau’s,
although different, gathered close about him,—like men in
consultation—evil men. Some of them sat upon his bed, and it
seemed as if they were about to help Mersereau to finish him,
adding their hands to his.
Behind them again was a complete circle of all those evil,
swimming things with green and red eyes, always watching—
helping, probably. He had actually felt the pressure of the hand to
grow stronger of late, when they were all there. Only, just before he
felt he was going to faint, and because he could not spring up any
more, he invariably screamed or gasped a choking gasp and held his
finger on the button which would bring Miss Koehler. Then she would
come, lift him up, and fix his pillows. She also always assured him
that it was only the inflammation of his throat, and rubbed it with
alcohol, and gave him a few drops of something internally to ease it.
After all this time, and in spite of anything he could tell them, they
still believed, or pretended to believe, that he was suffering from
tuberculosis, and that all the rest of this was delusion, a phase of
insanity!
And Mersereau’s skeleton still out there on the Monte Orte!
And Mersereau’s plan, with the help of others, of course, was to
choke him to death, there was no doubt of that now; and yet they
would believe after he was gone that he had died of tuberculosis of
the throat. Think of that.
XII—Midnight of February 10, 1909
The Ghost of Mersereau (bending over Davidson): “Softly!

Softly! He’s quite asleep! He didn’t think we could get him—that I
could! But this time,—yes. Miss Koehler is asleep at the end of the
hall and Miss Liggett can’t come, can’t hear. He’s too weak now. He
can scarcely move or groan. Strengthen my hand, will you! I will grip
him so tight this time that he won’t get away! His cries won’t help him
this time! He can’t cry as he once did! Now! Now!”
A Cloud of Evil Spirits (swimming about): “Right! Right! Good!
Good! Now! Ah!”
Davidson (waking, choking, screaming, and feebly striking out):
“Help! Help! H-e-l-p! Miss—Miss—H—e—l—p!”
Miss Liggett (dozing heavily in her chair): “Everything is still. No
one restless. I can sleep.” (Her head nods.)
The Cloud of Evil Spirits: “Good! Good! Good! His soul at last!
Here it comes! He couldn’t escape this time! Ah! Good! Good! Now!”
Mersereau (to Davidson): “You murderer! At last! At last!”
XIII—3 A.M. of February 17, 1909
Miss Koehler (at the bedside, distressed and pale): “He must
have died some time between one and two, doctor. I left him at one
o’clock, comfortable as I could make him. He said he was feeling as
well as could be expected. He’s been very weak during the last few
days, taking only a little gruel. Between half past one and two I
thought I heard a noise, and came to see. He was lying just as you
see here, except that his hands were up to his throat, as if it were
hurting or choking him. I put them down for fear they would stiffen
that way. In trying to call one of the other nurses just now, I found
that the bell was out of order, although I know it was all right when I

Instant download pdf Precalculus with Limits 4th Edition Larson Solutions Manual full chapter

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Instant download pdf Precalculus with Limits 4th Edition Larson Solutions Manual full chapter

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Precalculus with Limits 4th Edition

Larson Solutions Manual

Precalculus with Limits 3rd Edition Larson Solutions

Precalculus with Limits A Graphing Approach Texas

Precalculus with Limits A Graphing Approach Texas

Graphical Approach to Precalculus with Limits 7th

Calculus I with Precalculus 3rd Edition Larson

Graphical Approach to Precalculus with Limits 6th

Precalculus 10th Edition Larson Solutions Manual

Precalculus 10th Edition Larson Test Bank

Section 7.1 Linear and Nonlinear Systems of Equations .....................................556

Section 7.2 Two-Variable Linear Systems ...........................................................566

Section 7.3 Multivariable Linear Systems ............................................................577

Section 7.4 Partial Fractions ..................................................................................595

Section 7.5 Systems of Inequalities.......................................................................607

Section 7.6 Linear Programming...........................................................................617

Review Exercises ........................................................................................................626

Problem Solving .........................................................................................................643

Practice Test .............................................................................................................651

3. points; intersection (1, − 2) is not a solution.

(b) (3, −1) ( ) ( )

(3, −1) is not a solution. (− 74 , − 374 ) is a solution.

Solve for y in Equation 1: y = 6 − 2 x

Solve for x : x 2 − x − 2 = 0  ( x + 1)( x − 2) = 0  x = −1, 2

10. 3x + y = 2 Equation 1

Solve for y in Equation 1: y = 2 − 3x

Solutions: (0, 2), ( )(

Back-substitute x = 0: y = −02 = 0 Back-substitute x = 0: y = −0 = 0

Solutions: (0, 1), (1, −1), (3, 1)

14. − 12 x + y = − 52 Equation 1

Solve for x in Equation 1: − 12 x = − y − 5

Substitute for x in Equation 2: ( 2 y + 5) + y 2 = 25

Solutions: ( −3, − 4), (5, 0)

Solve for x in Equation 1: x = y + 2

Solve for y in Equation 1: y = 9 − 2 x

Solution: (5, −1)

17. 2 x − y + 2 = 0 Equation 1 18. 6 x − 3 y − 4 = 0 Equation 1

Solve for y in Equation 1: y = 2 x + 2 Solve for x in Equation 2: x = 4 − 2 y

19. 1.5 x + 0.8 y = 2.3 Equation 1

Solve for y in revised Equation 2: y = 3 1

Substitute for y in revised Equation 1: 15 x + 8 32 x − ( 1

20. 0.5 x + y = − 3.5 Equation 1

Solve for x in revised Equation 2: 10 x − 32 y = 34  10 x = 32 y + 34  x = 16 17

Substitute for x in revised Equation 1: 5 (165 y + 175 ) + 10 y = − 35

Solve for x in Equation 2: x = 7 − 5

Substitute for x in Equation 1: 1

Solution: ( 203 , 403 ) 24. − 23 x + y = 2 Equation 1

Solve for y in Equation 2: y = 3

25.  x + y = 12,000 26.  x + y = 12,000

Solve for y in Equation 1: y = 12,000 − x Solve for y in Equation 1: y = 12,000 − x

Solve for y in Equation 1: y = 12,000 − x

Solve for x: 0.028 x + 456 − 0.038 x = 396

Solve for y in Equation 1: y = 12,000 − x

Solve for x: 0.0175 x + 270 − 0.0225 x = 254

29.  x 2 − y = 0 Equation 1 30.  x − 2 y = 0 Equation 1

Solve for y in Equation 2: y = −2 x Solve for x in Equation 1: x = 2 y

Substitute for y in Equation 1: x 2 − ( −2 x) = 0 Substitute for x in Equation 2: 3( 2 y ) − y 2 = 0

Solve for x: Solve for y:

Back-substitute x = 0: y = −2(0) = 0 Back-substitute y = 0: x = 2(0) = 0

Back-substitute x = −2: y = −2( −2) = 4 Back-substitute y = 6: x = 2(6) = 12

Solutions: (0, 0), ( −2, 4) Solutions: (0, 0), (12, 6)

No points of intersection  No solution

Points of intersection: ( −4, 3), ( 4, 3) 46.  x 2 + y 2 = 4  y1 = 4 − x 2 , y2 = − 4 − x2

Point of intersection: ( 4, − 3), ( 4, 3)