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(Ebook PDF) (Ebook PDF) Study Guide For Stewart's Single Variable Calculus: Early Transcendentals, 8th 8th Edition All Chapter
(Ebook PDF) (Ebook PDF) Study Guide For Stewart's Single Variable Calculus: Early Transcendentals, 8th 8th Edition All Chapter
(Ebook PDF) (Ebook PDF) Study Guide For Stewart's Single Variable Calculus: Early Transcendentals, 8th 8th Edition All Chapter
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8 Further Applications of Integration
8.1 Arc Length 317
8.2 Area of a Surface of Revolution 322
8.3 Applications to Physics and Engineering 325
8.4 Applications to Economics and Biology 330
8.5 Probability 332
Practice Test for Chapter 8 337
9 Differential Equations
9.1 Modeling with Differential Equations 341
9.2 Direction Fields and Euler’s Method 344
9.3 Separable Equations 348
9.4 Models for Population Growth 351
9.5 Linear Equations 355
9.6 Predator-Prey Systems 357
Practice Test for Chapter 9 360
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Chapter 1 — Functions and Models
Section 1.1 Four Ways to Represent a Function
The concept of a function is central to all of calculus. This section defines what
is a function and several concepts that go along with that definition.
S(x) x
The value of S at x 25 is 5 because S(25) 25 5. S has no value at
7 because 7 is not a real number. Another way to say this is “7 is not
in the domain of S.”
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
2 Chapter 1 Functions and Models
r r r r r
4) Which of these is the graph of a function? <Apply the Vertical Line Test.>
a) y y
x x
Not a function.
b) y y
x x
Not a function.
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Section 1.1 Four Ways to Represent a Function 3
c) y Is a function.
B. The four ways to describe the rule of association for a function are
i. in words, a verbal description.
Page
12 ii. a table of values listing domain values and corresponding range values.
iii. the graph of y f (x); that is, all points (x, y) in the Cartesian plane
that make y f (x) true. The y-coordinate of a point on the graph of
function f is the value of f associated with the y
y = f(x)
x-coordinate.
iv. an algebraic formula or equation.
b Coordinates
It is important to remember that if (a, b) is a point on are (a, b),
the graph of y f (x), then b f (a). Conversely, so b = f (a).
if f (c) d, then (c, d) is on the graph of f. x
a
EXAMPLE. Here are four ways to represent the rule of association for the
square root function.
i. “to each nonnegative real number, associate its square root.”
ii. x 0 1 2 3 …
y 0 1 2
3
…
For this function with infinite domain, we can only list a few x-values with
corresponding y-values and hope that the meaning is clear.
iii. y
3
S
2
1
x
1 2 3 4
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
4 Chapter 1 Functions and Models
2
x
1 2 3
1
x
1 2 3 4 5
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Section 1.1 Four Ways to Represent a Function 5
4
3
1
x <Locate each x-value on the x-axis and use
1 2 3 4 the curve to determine the corresponding
y-value.>
a) f (2) 1 (because the pair (2, 1) is on the graph).
b) f (0) 3.
c) f (3) 2.
(–5, 3) (5, 3)
x
(–4, 0) (4, 0)
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
6 Chapter 1 Functions and Models
1
9) Find the domain of f (x) . <Look for where the denominator is not
x 1
zero.>
Because x 0 for all x, x 1 is never 0.
The domain is all real numbers.
10) What is the domain and range of the <Describe all the x-values used by points on
function whose graph is given below? the graph and all the y-values used.>
y The domain appears to be
(, 0) (0, 1) (2, ). This is all the
y = f(x) x-values for which there is a point (x, y) on
2
the graph. The range is (3, 2] (0, )—
1
x the set of all y-coordinates used in the graph.
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
–1
–2
–3
11) Write a rule for a function whose <Make sure that f (3) and f (6) cannot be
unspecified domain is all real numbers calculated.>
except 3 and 6. One such function is
1
f (x ) = . There are many
(x − 3)(x − 6)
other functions, such as
x3
g (x ) = .
(x − 3)2 (6 − x )
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Section 1.1 Four Ways to Represent a Function 7
D. A piecewise defined function has its domain divided into disjoint (nonoverlapping)
parts and uses a different formula on each part. For example:
Page ⎧ 3x if x 1
15 ⎪
f (x ) = ⎨ 1
⎪ x if x 1
⎩
has a domain of all real numbers split up into (, 1) and [1, ). Use the
appropriate rule to draw the graph over each part.
y
3
2
1
1 y= x
x
1 2 3
y = 3x
12) The cell phone company charges a base rate <Separately find the rates with less than and
of $42.60 per month with an additional with more than 400 minutes.>
charge of $0.09 per minute after Let x the number of minutes. Then
400 minutes. Express the monthly bill as a
function of the number of minutes. M(x) 42.60
if x [0, 400]
42.60 + 0.09(x – 400) if x (400, )
y y=3
−
x
3
2
1 x
1 2 3
(3, −2)
x
1 2 3 y = 7 − x2
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
8 Chapter 1 Functions and Models
An even function is symmetric about the y-axis—if the point (a, b) is on the
graph of f, then so is the point (–a, b).
y f (x) is odd means f (x) f (x) for all x in the domain.
An odd function is symmetric about the origin—if the point (a, b) is on the
graph of f, then so is the point (–a, –b).
14) If (7, 3) is on the graph of an odd function, (7, 3). This is because
what other point must also be on the 3 f (7) f (7), so f (7) 3.
graph?
3
2
1
x
1 2 3 4 5 6
3 3
2 2
1 1
x –6 –4 –2
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
–2
–3
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Section 1.1 Four Ways to Represent a Function 9
x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
18) Is f (x) x 2 4x increasing on [1, 2]? <Graph the function and observe whether it
is increasing or decreasing.>
Yes. The graph of f is given below. As x
increases from 1 to 2, f (x) increases from
3 to 12.
y
x
–1 1 2
19) Find where f (x) 1 x is increasing and <Sketch the graph.>
where it is decreasing. The graph of f (x) 1 x is
y
1
x
–1 1
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
10 Chapter 1 Functions and Models
20) Can a function be both increasing and No, not as we have defined the terms:
decreasing on an interval? If x1 < x2, we cannot have both f (x1) < f (x2)
and f (x1) > f (x2).
T 10
t
t1 t2
(0,210)
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Section 1.2 Mathematical Models 11
This section describes several types of functions that are useful in describing
(modeling) real-world phenomenon.
EXAMPLE. If a hardware store makes a profit of $1.38 for each latch hasp
it sells, then P(x) 1.38x models the profit on selling x hasps.
EXAMPLE. The radius (r) of a spherical balloon is related to the volume (V)
of air in the balloon by V = 43r3. The volume of a balloon with radius
3 inches is V(3) = 43(3)3 = 36 in.3
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
12 Chapter 1 Functions and Models
Rational P (x)
f (x) 7x 6
f (x)
Q(x) , 2 x 10
3
where P, Q are polynomials f (x)
2x
1
A special case of a rational function is the reciprocal function f (x) = x.
P( x )
2) True or False: <Rewrite in the form .>
Q(x )
f (x) x 1x is a rational function.
True. x 1x
x 1 2
x .
3) True or False:
a) Every rational function is an algebraic True.
function.
b) Every linear function is a polynomial. True.
4) f (x) = 6x 10 12x 4 x 11 has degree _____. <Look for the largest exponent.>
11.
6) Which functions are not algebraic? a) and c). (f is trigonometric and h has an
a) f (x) sin 2x exponential term.)
b) g(x)
1 x
c) h(x) 2x x2
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Section 1.2 Mathematical Models 13
B. Success fitting models to given problems comes with practice and gaining
insight into how variables and data values are related. Sometimes the graph of
Page a phenomenon initially given in tabular data will look rather like a certain
23
type of model. For example, if the data appears to be periodic, a trigonometric
function will likely be involved. Something that seems to grow very rapidly
may involve an exponential or a polynomial of a high degree.
50
30
10
days
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Using a calculator or software, a quadratic that best fits the data (quadratic
regression) is y 2.55x2 20.48x + 65.03.
For the missing day, x 4, we estimate that the amount of sulfur dioxide is
y(4) 2.55(4)2 20.48(4) 65.03 23.91 parts per million. Estimations for
values of x much beyond day 7 would involve a great deal of uncertainty.
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
14 Chapter 1 Functions and Models
8) Which type of function model is associated <Know the general shapes of the graphs of the
with each scatter diagram? various functions in this section.>
a) y Logarithmic, such as y log2x, for x 1.
x
1
1
b) y Rational, such as y 10 1x
10x
x ,
for x > 0.
10
5
x
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Section 1.2 Mathematical Models 15
b) Assuming a linear model, find the <Find the slope and then the equation of the
model that passes through the 2006 line.>
and 2012 data points. The slope of the line through (2006, 1.912)
and (2012, 1.915) is
1.915 − 1.912 .003
= = .0005.
2012 − 2006 6
The equation is
y 1.915 .0005(x 2012)
or
y .0005x .909.
d) Does using the model to estimate the No. Pennies in the future will probably have
weight of a 2025 penny with the the same weight as new ones do today.
function in part b) seem reasonable?
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
16 Chapter 1 Functions and Models
10) In light traffic it takes Karen about 20 <It takes longer to get home during rush hour
minutes to get home from work. Sketch a so the graph must show those trip starting
graph of a model of the duration of her trip times correspond to larger trip durations.>
home from work (in minutes) as a function
minutes
of the starting time of the trip—4:00, 4:30,
5:00, 5:30, 6:00, 6:30. 60
30
t
4:00 4:30 5:00 5:30 6:00 6:30
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Section 1.3 New Functions from Old Functions 17
y y y y y
x x x x 2 x
2 –2 –2
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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Az igazságügyminiszter és államügyész jajongásai nem igen
látszanak előttem igazoltnak. A miniszter csak azért panaszolkodik,
mert 9000 ügydarab van keze alatt. Ezt könnyen elvégezhetné, akár
az általános elv szerint, hogy t. i. a jelöltek közül azokat nevezné ki,
akik neki legkontárabbaknak látszanak, akár a szokáshoz híven
azokat, akik neki leginkább be vannak ajánlva.
Ami pedig az államügyészt illeti, – ő kissé ironikus, ami neki
szellemességnek látszik, de amely a legmulattatóbb naivitás jegyét
viseli magán. Azt mondja az államügyész: «Úgy látszik meg van
engedve, hogy a választás útján betöltött hivatalok minden
hivatalnoki képesség nélkülszolgáljanak azon utként, amelyen a
díjazott hivatalokhoz rendszerint eljutni lehet. Hát aztán! Kiválólag
demokratikus irány az, hogy minden szakszerű képesség hiánya
jelöl a hivatalokra, minthogy ez a szelleme magának a
demokráciának. Hát a törvényhozói vagy kormányzói képesség tesz
bennünket választóvá?
Az is kiválólag demokratikus irány, hogy a választás útján
betöltött tisztségek a díjazott hivatalokhoz vezetnek, minthogy
demokratikus elvek szerint, az összes díjazott hivatalokat s végül az
összes hivatalokat választás útján kellene betölteni. Ez az
államügyész arisztokrata.
Ami pedig azon kölcsönös szolgálatokat illeti, melyeket a
békebíró, mint maire a képviselőnek és amelyeket a képviselő a
békebírónak tesz, egyszerűen az egész államrendszer. A rendszer
ebben áll: a képviselők kegyeket osztogatnak azért, hogy
megválasztassanak és újból megválasztassanak; a befolyásos
választók pedig részint személyes, részint hivatalos befolyásukat a
képviselők szolgálatára bocsájtják, hogy kegyekben részesüljenek;
tehát együtt bloc-ot képeznek.
De hát mit akarna az államügyész? Más rendszert? De kérem
szépen ez a másik rendszer bármilyen lenne is, nem lenne
demokrácia vagy legalább is nem lenne demokratikus demokrácia.
És azt sem tudom, hogy az államügyész, mit ért a köztársasági
uralom jó hírneve alatt. A köztársasági uralom jó hírneve abban áll,
hogy a köztársaság úgy tekintessék, mint amely megvalósítja az
összes demokratikus elveket; hát a demokratikus elvek sohasem
voltak tökéletesebben megvalósítva, mint a fenti példában, amely
nagyon érdekes, hogy felkeltse és felhívja a szociológusok
elmélkedéseit.
VIII.
EGYÉB KONTÁRSÁG.