CaLlons na

+
k
+
nP
4
+
Ca
2+
Mg
2+
Al
3+
Zn
2+
Cu
2+
Ag
+
Anlons Cl

nC
3

SC
4
2
PSC
4

CP

CC
3
2
PCC
3

C
2
S
2
/PS


llame 1esL
a ?ellow na
+
presenL
b urple k
+
presenL no na
+

c 8ed Ca
+
presenL no k
+
or na
+

d Creen Cu
2+
presenL no na k or Ca
e no color no na k Ca or Cu
nP
4
+
1esL 1ake porLlon of sample and add 6M naCP uo snlff/red llLmus LesL
CC
3
2
1esL Add 6M PnC
3
Lo sample lf bubbles CC
3
2+
presenL use pP Lo dlfferenLlaLe beLween CC
3
2
and
PCC
3

S
2
1esL 1reaL sample wlLh P
2
SC
4
lf smell S
2
/PS

presenL
pP
1 PSC
4

(no CarbonaLe or CP

)
3 Al(CP
2
)
6
3+
(no CarbonaLe or CP

)
3 nP
4
+
or Mg
2+

7 Cl

nC
3

SC
4
2
k
+
na
+
Ca
2+

8 PCC
3

(no PSC
4

Al
3+
CP

)
12 CC
3
2
(no PSC
4

Al
3+
nP
4
+
)
13 CP

presenL (no PSC

4

Al
3+
nP
4
+
PCC
3

)
SupernaLanL llquld pP
7 CaSC
4
*2P
2
C
93 MgCC
3

10 CaCC
3

103 Mg(CP)
2

126 Ca(CP)
2






9A
lf soluble perform soluble LesL only
lf lnsoluble dlscard supernaLanL llquld and do lnsoluble LesL
98
lf soluble do soluble LesL only
lf lnsoluble separaLe and LesL separaLely

Inso|ub|e 1est
8lack CuC CuS Ag
2
C Ag
2
S
8lue CuCC
3

uark Creen Ag
2
CC
3

WhlLe AgCl Ag
2
SC
4
Ca(CP)
2
Mg(CP)
2
CaCC
3
CaSC
4
*2P
2
C

nonWhlLe
ulssolves C2
presenL
8lue soluLlon
Cu2+
Clear use 1M
naCl Lo check for
Ag+
ulssolves w/
8ubbles CC32
presenL
?ellow soluLlon
Ag2CC3 (check
wlLh naCl)
8lue CuCC3
noLhlng S2
presenL
Clear/?ellow
Ag2S
8lue CuS
Add 2M PnC3 ln
a hoL waLer baLh

WhlLe preclplLaLe
8ed llame
ulssolves
Ca(CP)2
ulssolves w/
8ubbles CaCC3
noLhlng
CaSC4*2P2C
Add 1M PCl
no Color
ulssolves
Mg(CP)2
Zn(CP)2
Add 24 mL 1AA
and naAc and
heaL lf ppL Zn2+
ulssolves w/
8ubbles MgCC3
ZnCC3
Add 24 mL 1AA
and naAc and
heaL lf ppL Zn2+
ulssolves w/ Lgg
smell ZnS
ulssolves AgSC4
noLhlng AgCl
Add 2M P2SC4
erform llame
1esL
o|ub|e 1est

CaLlons na+ k+
nP4+ Ca2+ Mg2+
Al3+ Zn2+ Cu2+ Ag+
SupernaLanL lluld
na+ k+ nP4+ Ca2+
Mg2+ Al3+ Zn2+
Cu2+
SoluLlon na+ k+
nP4+ Ca2+ Zn2+
Cu2+
SoluLlon na+ k+
nP4+ Ca2+
reclplLaLe Ca2+
SoluLlon na+ k+
nP4+
na+ k+
Add 6M PAc and
CobalLnlLrlLe
lf ppL k+
Add 2M naCP and
heaL off nP4+
Add 03 na2CC3
reclplLaLe Zn2+
(black) Cu2+ (whlLe)
SoluLlon Zn2+ odor
verlfy w/ na2CC3 lf
ppL Zn2+
8lack preclplLaLe
Cu2+
lf 8lack Add 2M
P2SC4
Add 24 mL 1AA
naAc and heaL
reclplLaLe Al3+
Mg2+
reclplLaLe Mg2+
SoluLlon Al3+
(posslble)
verlfy by addlng SaLd
nP4Cl lf ppL Al3+
Add 2M naCP
Add 6M nP
3
reclplLaLe AgCl Ag+
presenL
Add 1M naCl
Anlons
Cl

Add 23 drops of 6M PnC

3
Lo sample soluLlon unLll acldlc (LesL wlLh 8lue llLmus) Add a few drops of
002M AgnC
3
lf a preclplLaLe forms Cl

presenL
SC
4
2
Add 23 drops of 6M PnC
3
Lo sample soluLlon unLll acldlc (LesL wlLh 8lue llLmus) Add a few drops
of 023M 8a(nC
3
)
2
lf preclplLaLe SC
4
2
presenL use pP Lo dlfferenLlaLe
nC
3

lace lerrous Ammonlum SulfaLe crysLal lnLo spoL plaLe Cover wlLh soluLlon Lhen 18M P
2
SC
4
lf
crysLal Lurns brown nC
3

presenL