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Chapter 07 - EVOLUTION - THE THEORY AND ITS SUPPORTING EVIDENCE
True / False
3. The phrase “survival of the fittest” has often been used to describe the theory of natural selection.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: Evolution: What Does It Mean?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.3 - In 1859, Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace published their views on
evolution and proposed natural selection as the mechanism to bring about change.
OTHER: Bloom's: Remember
5. The view that species change little during most of their existence and then evolve rapidly into new species is called
punctuated equilibrium.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: The Modern View of Evolution
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.6 - The fossil record provides many examples of macroevolution-that is,
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Chapter 07 - EVOLUTION - THE THEORY AND ITS SUPPORTING EVIDENCE
changes resulting in the origin of new species, genera, and so on-but these changes are
simply the cumulative effect of microevolution, which involves change within a species.
OTHER: Bloom's: Remember
6. Darwin’s studies of animals in the Galapagos Islands were important in the development of the theory of evolution.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: Introduction
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.3 - In 1859, Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace published their views on
evolution and proposed natural selection as the mechanism to bring about change.
OTHER: Bloom's: Remember
7. Most of the organisms that have ever existed are now extinct.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: Fossils: What Do We Learn From Them?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.7 - Several evolutionary trends, such as size increase or changing
configuration of shells, teeth or limbs, are well known for organisms for which sufficient
fossils are available.
OTHER: Bloom's: Remember
8. Punctuated equilibrium is the gradual accumulation of minor changes eventually resulting in the origin of a new
species.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: The Modern View of Evolution
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.6 - The fossil record provides many examples of macroevolution-that is,
changes resulting in the origin of new species, genera, and so on-but these changes are
simply the cumulative effect of microevolution, which involves change within a species.
OTHER: Bloom's: Remember
10. Growth and development by mitosis results in progeny that are genetically identical to the parent cell.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: Mendel and the Birth of Genetics
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.5 - In the modern view of evolution, variation is accounted for mostly by
sexual reproduction and mutations in sex cells. Furthermore, populations rather than
individuals evolve.
OTHER: Bloom's: Remember
11. Evolutionary change always occurs slowly, over long periods of time.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: The Modern View of Evolution
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.6 - The fossil record provides many examples of macroevolution-that is,
changes resulting in the origin of new species, genera, and so on-but these changes are
simply the cumulative effect of microevolution, which involves change within a species.
OTHER: Bloom's: Understand
13. Allopatric speciation occurs when organisms inherit two different alleles.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: The Modern View of Evolution
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.5 - In the modern view of evolution, variation is accounted for mostly by
sexual reproduction and mutations in sex cells. Furthermore, populations rather than
individuals evolve.
OTHER: Bloom's: Remember
14. Whether a mutation is harmful or beneficial can only be judged in respect to the environment.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: The Modern View of Evolution
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.1 - The central point of the theory of evolution is that today's organisms
descended, with modification, from ancestor's that lived during the past.
OTHER: Bloom's: Remember
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Chapter 07 - EVOLUTION - THE THEORY AND ITS SUPPORTING EVIDENCE
15. Populations that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring are called species.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: The Modern View of Evolution
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.5 - In the modern view of evolution, variation is accounted for mostly by
sexual reproduction and mutations in sex cells. Furthermore, populations rather than
individuals evolve.
OTHER: Bloom's: Remember
16. The fossil record shows no significant change in terms of the diversity of organisms through time.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: Fossils: What Do We Learn From Them?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.7 - Several evolutionary trends, such as size increase or changing
configuration of shells, teeth or limbs, are well known for organisms for which sufficient
fossils are available.
OTHER: Bloom's: Remember
17. A bat’s wing and a bird’s wing are examples of analogous structures.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: What Kinds of Evidence Support Evolutionary Theory?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.7 - Several evolutionary trends, such as size increase or changing
configuration of shells, teeth or limbs, are well known for organisms for which sufficient
fossils are available.
OTHER: Bloom's: Remember
18. Members of a clade can have different derived and primitive characteristics.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: The Modern View of Evolution
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.7 - Several evolutionary trends, such as size increase or changing
configuration of shells, teeth or limbs, are well known for organisms for which sufficient
fossils are available.
OTHER: Bloom's: Remember
19. The fossil record contains a sequence from simple to more complex organisms through time.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: Fossils: What Do We Learn From Them?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.7 - Several evolutionary trends, such as size increase or changing
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Chapter 07 - EVOLUTION - THE THEORY AND ITS SUPPORTING EVIDENCE
configuration of shells, teeth or limbs, are well known for organisms for which sufficient
fossils are available.
OTHER: Bloom's: Remember
20. Sharks and dolphins show convergent evolution since they have similar features, yet are only distantly related.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: The Modern View of Evolution
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.7 - Several evolutionary trends, such as size increase or changing
configuration of shells, teeth or limbs, are well known for organisms for which sufficient
fossils are available.
OTHER: Bloom's: Remember
21. Mutations in sex cells can be induced by ultraviolet radiation or extreme temperature changes.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: Mendel and the Birth of Genetics
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.5 - In the modern view of evolution, variation is accounted for mostly by
sexual reproduction and mutations in sex cells. Furthermore, populations rather than
individuals evolve.
OTHER: Bloom's: Remember
22. The science of genetics was developed based on experimental studies using fruit flies.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: Mendel and the Birth of Genetics
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.4 - Gregor Mendel carried out experiments during the 1860s and
demonstrated that variations in populations are maintained during inheritance, rather than
blended, as previously thought, and that organisms receive one-half of their inheritance from
each parent.
OTHER: Bloom's: Remember
23. Divergent evolution results in descendants with characteristics that are very similar to their ancestors’ characteristics.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: The Modern View of Evolution
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.6 - The fossil record provides many examples of macroevolution-that is,
changes resulting in the origin of new species, genera, and so on-but these changes are
simply the cumulative effect of microevolution, which involves change within a species.
OTHER: Bloom's: Remember
24. When animal breeders select desirable traits and breed animals with these traits, they are practicing artificial selection.
a. True
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Chapter 07 - EVOLUTION - THE THEORY AND ITS SUPPORTING EVIDENCE
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: Introduction
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.1 - The central point of the theory of evolution is that today's organisms
descended, with modification, from ancestor's that lived during the past.
OTHER: Bloom's: Remember
25. The fossil record reveals that present-day organisms are better adapted to their environments than ancient organisms
were adapted to their environments.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: Fossils: What Do We Learn From Them?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.7 - Several evolutionary trends, such as size increase or changing
configuration of shells, teeth or limbs, are well known for organisms for which sufficient
fossils are available.
OTHER: Bloom's: Remember
Multiple Choice
26. What is the development of similar characteristics in distantly related organisms called?
a. analogous evolution
b. divergent evolution
c. homologous evolution
d. convergent evolution
e. parallel evolution
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: What Kinds of Evidence Support Evolutionary Theory?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.7 - Several evolutionary trends, such as size increase or changing
configuration of shells, teeth or limbs, are well known for organisms for which sufficient
fossils are available.
OTHER: Bloom's: Remember
27. Cell division resulting in two cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell is ____.
a. mitosis
b. meiosis
c. natural selection
d. divergent evolution
e. mutation
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Mendel and the Birth of Genetics
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.5 - In the modern view of evolution, variation is accounted for mostly by
sexual reproduction and mutations in sex cells. Furthermore, populations rather than
individuals evolve.
OTHER: Bloom's: Remember
29. According to Mendel’s work on inheritance, a flower with “Aa” alleles, where “A” is dominant over “a” and “A” is
red and “a” is white, will be ____.
a. red
b. white
c. pink
d. half red and half white
e. more red than white
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: Mendel and the Birth of Genetics
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.4 - Gregor Mendel carried out experiments during the 1860s and
demonstrated that variations in populations are maintained during inheritance, rather than
blended, as previously thought, and that organisms receive one-half of their inheritance from
each parent.
OTHER: Bloom's: Apply
31. What has occurred when organisms of one species develop a resistance to pesticides?
a. microevolution
b. macroevolution
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Chapter 07 - EVOLUTION - THE THEORY AND ITS SUPPORTING EVIDENCE
c. homologous evolution
d. allopatric mutations
e. analogous evolution
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: The Modern View of Evolution
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.6 - The fossil record provides many examples of macroevolution-that is,
changes resulting in the origin of new species, genera, and so on-but these changes are
simply the cumulative effect of microevolution, which involves change within a species.
OTHER: Bloom's: Understand
configuration of shells, teeth or limbs, are well known for organisms for which sufficient
fossils are available.
OTHER: Bloom's: Understand
36. A population of similar individuals that in nature interbreed and produce fertile offspring:
a. genus
b. species
c. kingdom
d. class
e. order
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: The Modern View of Evolution
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.1 - The central point of the theory of evolution is that today's organisms
descended, with modification, from ancestor's that lived during the past.
OTHER: Bloom's: Remember
37. Charles Darwin did not use evidence from ____ to support the theory of evolution.
a. classification
b. geographic distribution
c. embryology
d. inheritance mechanisms
e. comparative anatomy
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: What Kinds of Evidence Support Evolutionary Theory?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.9 - Fossils are important as evidence for evolution, but additional
evidence comes from classification, biochemistry, molecular biology, genetics, and
biogeography.
OTHER: Bloom's: Remember
38. Structures like bat and fly wings have similar functions, but they evolved in different ways. What would these types of
structures be called?
a. homologous structures
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Chapter 07 - EVOLUTION - THE THEORY AND ITS SUPPORTING EVIDENCE
b. analogous structures
c. vestigial structures
d. equivalent structures
e. comparative structures
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: What Kinds of Evidence Support Evolutionary Theory?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.7 - Several evolutionary trends, such as size increase or changing
configuration of shells, teeth or limbs, are well known for organisms for which sufficient
fossils are available.
OTHER: Bloom's: Remember
39. Human wisdom teeth are examples of ____ since their functionality has changed over time.
a. homologous structures
b. analogous structures
c. vestigial structures
d. extra appendage
e. superfluous organs
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: What Kinds of Evidence Support Evolutionary Theory?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.7 - Several evolutionary trends, such as size increase or changing
configuration of shells, teeth or limbs, are well known for organisms for which sufficient
fossils are available.
OTHER: Bloom's: Remember
40. Which of the following is not a component of the Darwin-Wallace theory of natural selection?
a. All populations contain heritable variations.
b. Some variations are more favorable than others.
c. Not all young survive to maturity.
d. All organisms can knowingly select their genetic direction.
e. The parts of organisms are fully evolved and functional at any one time.
ANSWER: d
REFERENCES: Evolution: What Does It Mean?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.1 - The central point of the theory of evolution is that today's organisms
descended, with modification, from ancestor's that lived during the past.
OTHER: Bloom's: Understand
41. You have the most characteristics in common with members of your own ____.
a. kingdom
b. phylum
c. class
d. genus
e. species
ANSWER: e
REFERENCES: What Kinds of Evidence Support Evolutionary Theory?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.1 - The central point of the theory of evolution is that today's organisms
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 10
Chapter 07 - EVOLUTION - THE THEORY AND ITS SUPPORTING EVIDENCE
descended, with modification, from ancestor's that lived during the past.
OTHER: Bloom's: Remember
42. One important conclusion of Mendel's genetic studies with pea plants is ____.
a. mutation is the only important factor in change
b. genes controlling traits do not blend during inheritance, but are transmitted as discrete entities
c. the traits that an organism inherits are the average of the two alleles
d. if particular traits do not appear in each generation, they are lost from the species
e. once a trait becomes recessive, it is lost to the population forever
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: Mendel and the Birth of Genetics
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.4 - Gregor Mendel carried out experiments during the 1860s and
demonstrated that variations in populations are maintained during inheritance, rather than
blended, as previously thought, and that organisms receive one-half of their inheritance from
each parent.
OTHER: Bloom's: Understand
45. _____ structures probably indicate descent from a common ancestor with modifications for different functions.
a. Homologous
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Chapter 07 - EVOLUTION - THE THEORY AND ITS SUPPORTING EVIDENCE
b. Analogous
c. Vestigial
d. Derived
e. Primitive
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: What Kinds of Evidence Support Evolutionary Theory?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.7 - Several evolutionary trends, such as size increase or changing
configuration of shells, teeth or limbs, are well known for organisms for which sufficient
fossils are available.
OTHER: Bloom's: Remember
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.8 - The theory of evolution is truly scientific, because we can think of
experiments and observations that would support it or render it incorrect.
OTHER: Bloom's: Understand
49. The binomial species name is composed of the ____ name first, followed by the ____ name.
a. genus; species
b. family; species
c. species; order
d. phyla; order
e. species; class
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: What Kinds of Evidence Support Evolutionary Theory?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.6 - The fossil record provides many examples of macroevolution-that is,
changes resulting in the origin of new species, genera, and so on-but these changes are
simply the cumulative effect of microevolution, which involves change within a species.
OTHER: Bloom's: Remember
50. The development of similar characteristics in distantly related organisms is called ____.
a. divergent evolution
b. allopatric speciation
c. convergent evolution
d. parallel speciation
e. parallel evolution
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: The Modern View of Evolution
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.7 - Several evolutionary trends, such as size increase or changing
configuration of shells, teeth or limbs, are well known for organisms for which sufficient
fossils are available.
OTHER: Bloom's: Remember
Completion
51. The type of cell division in which resulting cells contain one chromosome from each pair of the parent cell is called
____________________.
ANSWER: meiosis
REFERENCES: Mendel and the Birth of Genetics
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.5 - In the modern view of evolution, variation is accounted for mostly by
sexual reproduction and mutations in sex cells. Furthermore, populations rather than
individuals evolve.
OTHER: Bloom's: Remember
52. Strong evidence for evolution comes from the field of ____________________, which studies the geographic
distribution of ancient and present-day organisms.
ANSWER: biogeography
REFERENCES: What Kinds of Evidence Support Evolutionary Theory?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.9 - Fossils are important as evidence for evolution, but additional
evidence comes from classification, biochemistry, molecular biology, genetics, and
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Chapter 07 - EVOLUTION - THE THEORY AND ITS SUPPORTING EVIDENCE
biogeography.
OTHER: Bloom's: Remember
53. Traits like eye color are controlled by ____________________, the basic unit of inheritance.
ANSWER: genes
REFERENCES: Mendel and the Birth of Genetics
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.4 - Gregor Mendel carried out experiments during the 1860s and
demonstrated that variations in populations are maintained during inheritance, rather than
blended, as previously thought, and that organisms receive one-half of their inheritance from
each parent.
OTHER: Bloom's: Remember
54. Changes that occur in genes and are then passed from one generation to another are called ____________________.
ANSWER: mutations
REFERENCES: Mendel and the Birth of Genetics
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.4 - Gregor Mendel carried out experiments during the 1860s and
demonstrated that variations in populations are maintained during inheritance, rather than
blended, as previously thought, and that organisms receive one-half of their inheritance from
each parent.
OTHER: Bloom's: Remember
55. The gradual accumulation of minor changes that bring about a transition from one species to another is a process
called ____________________.
ANSWER: phyletic gradualism
REFERENCES: The Modern View of Evolution
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.7 - Several evolutionary trends, such as size increase or changing
configuration of shells, teeth or limbs, are well known for organisms for which sufficient
fossils are available.
OTHER: Bloom's: Remember
56. The concept of ____________________ proposes that species change little or gradually over long periods of time and
then evolve quickly to give rise to new species.
ANSWER: punctuated equilibrium
REFERENCES: The Modern View of Evolution
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.7 - Several evolutionary trends, such as size increase or changing
configuration of shells, teeth or limbs, are well known for organisms for which sufficient
fossils are available.
OTHER: Bloom's: Remember
58. The development of similar characteristics in separate but closely related organisms is called
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Chapter 07 - EVOLUTION - THE THEORY AND ITS SUPPORTING EVIDENCE
____________________.
ANSWER: parallel evolution
REFERENCES: The Modern View of Evolution
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.7 - Several evolutionary trends, such as size increase or changing
configuration of shells, teeth or limbs, are well known for organisms for which sufficient
fossils are available.
OTHER: Bloom's: Remember
60. ____________________ illustrate the relationships among members in a group of organisms, including the group’s
most recent common ancestor.
ANSWER: cladograms
REFERENCES: The Modern View of Evolution
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.8 - The theory of evolution is truly scientific, because we can think of
experiments and observations that would support it or render it incorrect.
OTHER: Bloom's: Remember
Essay
61. Explain how Darwin’s observations during his 5-year voyage on the Beagle led him to change his mind about the
fixity of species.
ANSWER: Fossils of mammals Darwin collected in South America were similar to modern llamas,
sloths, and armadillos, but also differed from them. Darwin also observed 13 species of
finches living on the Galapagos Islands, and he postulated that they evolved from a single
species now living on South America’s Pacific Coast. Darwin suggested that these organisms
adapted to changing environmental conditions in much the same way that humans for
millennia had introduced desirable characteristics into breeds of domesticated plants and
animals by artificial selection.
REFERENCES: Introduction
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.3 - In 1859, Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace published their views on
evolution and proposed natural selection as the mechanism to bring about change.
OTHER: Bloom's: Analyze
62. Discuss the difficulties of applying the concept of species to a fossil organism.
ANSWER: A species is a population of similar individuals that in nature interbreed and produce fertile
offspring. However, it is often unclear whether all members of a similar group of fossils were
able to interbreed. Hence, for fossil organisms, morphology has often been used to define
species.
REFERENCES: The Modern View of Evolution
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.7 - Several evolutionary trends, such as size increase or changing
configuration of shells, teeth or limbs, are well known for organisms for which sufficient
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Chapter 07 - EVOLUTION - THE THEORY AND ITS SUPPORTING EVIDENCE
63. Using the Darwin-Wallace mechanism of natural selection, describe how the long necks of giraffes evolved.
ANSWER: In the population of ancestral giraffes there was some natural variation; some of the animals
had longer necks than others. Those with longer necks could reach higher into trees and eat
leaves that their competitors couldn’t reach. These longer-necked animals were more
successful, so they survived and reproduced. Finally, after many generations, the animals
looked like modern giraffes.
REFERENCES: Evolution: What Does It Mean?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.3 - In 1859, Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace published their views on
evolution and proposed natural selection as the mechanism to bring about change.
OTHER: Bloom's: Analyze
64. Compare and contrast the Darwin-Wallace mechanisms of natural selection and evolution with Lamarck’s theory of
inheritance of acquired characteristics. Explain how both of these concepts might apply to the development of long necks
in giraffes.
ANSWER: In the case of Darwin-Wallace’s ideas: In the population of ancestral giraffes there was some
natural variation; some of the animals had longer necks than others. Those with longer necks
could reach higher into trees and eat leaves that their competitors couldn’t reach. These
longer-necked animals were more successful, so they survived and reproduced. Finally, after
many generations, the animals looked like modern giraffes.
In the case of Lamarck’s ideas: During periods of drought, ancestral giraffes had to reach
higher in the trees for nourishment. This activity stretched the giraffes’ necks and they passed
this acquired characteristic directly to their progeny.
REFERENCES: Evolution: What Does It Mean?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.2 - In 1809, Jean Baptiste Lamarck proposed his theory of inheritance of
acquired characteristics, which was the first widely accepted theory to account for evolution.
OTHER: Bloom's: Analyze
65. Discuss how the concept of punctuated equilibrium is compatible with the fossil record. How does this concept adapt
Darwin’s original concepts of natural selection and evolution to agree more closely with what we see in nature?
ANSWER: The fossil record is incomplete with few gradual transitions from one species to another.
Some of this may be caused by the process of fossilization, which does not happen equally to
all creatures at all times. Some of it also may be due to the absence of rocks that cover all of
geologic time. However, some of the absence of intermediate forms is probably real and can
be explained by punctuated equilibrium.
REFERENCES: The Modern View of Evolution
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.7 - Several evolutionary trends, such as size increase or changing
configuration of shells, teeth or limbs, are well known for organisms for which sufficient
fossils are available.
OTHER: Bloom's: Analyze
66. Why might an organism such as Lingula show little evidence for change over great amounts of geologic time? What
are these types of organisms called?
ANSWER: Living fossils are organisms that show little evidence for change through time. These
organisms are generalized animals, meaning that they can live under a wide variety of
environmental conditions and therefore are not so sensitive to environmental changes.
REFERENCES: The Modern View of Evolution
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Chapter 07 - EVOLUTION - THE THEORY AND ITS SUPPORTING EVIDENCE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.6 - The fossil record provides many examples of macroevolution-that is,
changes resulting in the origin of new species, genera, and so on-but these changes are
simply the cumulative effect of microevolution, which involves change within a species.
OTHER: Bloom's: Analyze
67. Discuss biologists’ definition of “species.” What does this definition imply? Give an example of a species and discuss
binomial species names.
ANSWER: The term “species” is a biologic term for a population of similar individuals that in nature
interbreed and produce fertile offspring. A species is reproductively isolated from other
species. If two related species interbreed, the result commonly is a sterile offspring. An
example of a binomial species name is Homo sapiens. Homo is the genus of hominids, which
includes modern humans and other species closely related to them.
REFERENCES: The Modern View of Evolution
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.5 - In the modern view of evolution, variation is accounted for mostly by
sexual reproduction and mutations in sex cells. Furthermore, populations rather than
individuals evolve.
OTHER: Bloom's: Analyze
68. Explain why critics did not readily accept the Darwin-Wallace theory of natural selection.
ANSWER: Although Darwin and Wallace presented a well thought-out idea with good observational
support, critics noted that any less-than-perfect structure would be useless. Critics
presupposed that existing structures were always used exactly as they are now, which is not
necessarily true.
REFERENCES: Evolution: What Does It Mean?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.3 - In 1859, Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace published their views on
evolution and proposed natural selection as the mechanism to bring about change.
OTHER: Bloom's: Analyze
69. What role does the process of mass extinction play in the evolution of life?
ANSWER: When one species becomes extinct, that group’s habitat becomes available for another
organism. After mass extinctions, surviving organisms can rapidly expand and diversify,
occupying the niches that were temporarily vacant. A good example of this is the
diversification of mammals after the demise of dinosaurs at the end of the Mesozoic.
REFERENCES: The Modern View of Evolution
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: HGEO.WICA.16.7.7 - Several evolutionary trends, such as size increase or changing
configuration of shells, teeth or limbs, are well known for organisms for which sufficient
fossils are available.
OTHER: Bloom's: Analyze
Sillä aikaa kuin Klara Gulla auttoi tavaroita alas kärryiltä, huomasi
hän, että kuusi, seitsemän lasta lähestyi veräjää ja kurkisti pihalle.
He eivät sanoneet mitään, nauroivat vain, osoittivat häntä sormella ja
juoksivat tiehensä.
Kun joukko oli ennättänyt aivan tuvan ovelle, huudahti Klara Gulla
ja pakeni Katrinan luo.
»Minunko tähteni?»
Klara Gulla oli asettunut äidin viereen seisomaan. Näytti siltä kuin
hän olisi yrittänyt piiloutua, hiipiä äidin taakse piiloon. Tähän saakka
hän oli ollut ääneti, mutta kun Janne alkoi laulaa, huudahti hän
kauhusta ja yritti estää häntä.
Janne näytti hiukan nololta, mutta tyyntyi pian. Olihan hän suuri
keisarinna! Mitä ikänä hän teki, oli hyvin tehty. Kaikki mitä hän sanoi
oli hunajaa ja palsamia. Janne oli ilossaan aivan unohtanut katsoa,
oliko hänellä kultakruunua ja kultaista valtaistuinta sekä
kultapukuisia sotaherroja mukanansa. Jos keisarinna tahtoi tekeytyä
köyhäksi ja avuttomaksi tullessaan heidän luokseen, niin oli se
hänen oma asiansa. Olihan siinä jo iloa, että hän oli palannut
takaisin kotiin.
PAKO.
Katrina oli koettanut järjestää asiat siten, että hän ja Janne olisivat
jääneet edelleen asumaan Skrolyckaan. Jos tytär vain olisi lähettänyt
heille hiukan rahoja, vaikkapa kymmenen riksiä kuussa, niin olisivat
he joten kuten voineet tulla toimeen. Mutta turhaan hän oli puhunut
Klara Gullan kanssa tästä asiasta. Tytär ei tahtonut antaa heille
ainoatakaan äyriä, jollei Katrina tulisi hänen mukanaan.
Klara Gulla puhui yhä lukkarin kanssa. Nyt hän kertoi hänelle,
miten heidän oli ollut pakko salaa lähteä kotoa, ettei Janne saisi vihiä
heidän matkastaan.
»Kyllä minä sen ymmärrän, että se voi olla vaikeata», sanoi hän,
»mutta sinun ja sinun isäsi välillä on ollut niin läheinen suhde. Älä
usko, että sinä voit sitä niin helposti vain hävittää.»
»Pelkäättekö te, että isä tulee?» kysyi Klara Gulla ja astui lukkarin
luota äidin rinnalle. — »Pelkäänkö!» sanoi Katrina. »Minä vain
rukoilen Jumalaa, että hän ehtisi tänne, ennenkuin olen päässyt
lähtemään.» Hän kokosi kaiken rohkeutensa ja jatkoi: »Minusta
tuntuu, tiedätkö, ikäänkuin olisin tehnyt jotakin pahaa. Luullakseni
saan kärsiä tämän johdosta kaiken ikäni.»
»Älä ole niin varma siitä», sanoi Katrina. »Janne tietää mitä hänen
tarvitsee tietää. Sellaista se on ollut siitä saakka kun sinä meiltä
hävisit, ja vuosi vuodelta se on vain lisääntynyt. Herra Jumala arveli
kai, että kun hän oli kadottanut järkensä, niin piti hänen saada uutta
valoa millä valaista itseänsä.»
Laiva oli varmaan myöhästynyt, koska sillä oli niin kova kiire
päästä taas liikkeeseen. Ei ennätetty edes laskea laivaporrasta
maihin. Laivamiehet miltei heittivät sillalle pari matkustajaa, joiden oli
määrä nousta maihin. Klara Gulla tarttui Katrinaa käsipuoleen, eräs
mies otti hänet vastaan, ja niin hän oli laivassa. Hän itki ja tahtoi
palata maihin, mutta armoa ei ollut.
»Se on Janne!» sanoi hän. »Voi, voi, mitä hän nyt tekee? Kunhan
hän ei vain heittäytyisi järveen!»
Mutta muuta ei tarvittu, kuin että Katrina näki hänet, niin hän sai
voimaa vastustaa tyttären tahtoa. »Sinä saat matkustaa», sanoi hän,
»mutta minä nousen maihin ensi sillalla ja menen kotiin.»
»Te saatte tehdä niinkuin tahdotte, äiti», sanoi Klara Gulla
pahoillaan. Hän käsitti kai, ettei hän voinut sitä estää. Ehkäpä
hänelle selvisi sekin, että he olivat olleet liian julmia isälle.
Siellä hän istui, Portugallian keisari. Hän istui kivellä kädet polvien
ympärillä ja silmät tuijottivat harmaanvihreään veteen odottaen Klara
Gullaa.
Täydellä syyllä hän oli nimittänyt itseään keisariksi. Niin suuri valta
oli hänellä elämässä ollut, että se vihollinen, jota hän oli vihannut, oli
tullut tuhotuksi, ja hänen ystävänsä autetuiksi. Se voima oli hänellä
yhä vieläkin tallessa. Se ei jättänyt häntä, vaikka hän olikin kuollut.
Vain kaksi ihmistä oli tehnyt hänelle vääryyttä. Toiselle hän oli jo
saanut kostetuksi. Toinen oli Klara Gulla, hänen tyttärensä, joka
ensin oli ollut syynä hänen mielenhäiriöönsä ja sitten hänen
kuolemaansa. Häntä hän nyt odotti alhaalla syvyydessä.
*****
Eräs asia viekotteli Klara Gullaa. Hän olisi tahtonut poistaa suuren,
raskaan kannen arkusta ja laskea sen veteen kuin veneen tähän
laiturin edustalle. Sitten hän olisi tahtonut itse astua siihen, työntää
sen vesille ja laskeutua varovaisesti lastuvuoteelle.
Hän arveli myöskin, ettei hän ehkä lainkaan vajoaisi, vaan joutuisi
vain järven selälle ja ajautuisi maihin johonkin vihantaan niemeen.
Hän tunsi suurta kiusausta koettaa sitä. Hän aikoi maata aivan
hiljaa koko ajan, olla liikuttamatta jäsentäkään. Hän ei aikonut
käyttää käsiään eikä käsivarsiaan saadakseen arkkua liikkeelle,
vaan heittäytyisi kokonaan tuomarinsa valtaan. Hän saisi vetää
hänet alas luokseen tai antaa hänen pelastua, ihan niinkuin hänen
mielensä teki.
*****
Eräs Klara Gullan vanha tuttava ja ystävä tuli näinä päivinä häntä
tervehtimään. Hänen nimensä oli August ja hän asui yhä edelleen
Nolin talossa Prästerudissa vanhempiensa luona.
Hän oli levollinen ja viisas mies, jonka kanssa Klara Gullan oli
hyvä puhua. Hän kehoitti Klara Gullaa matkustamaan pois ja
ryhtymään entiseen työhönsä. Hänen ei ollut hyvä kulkea tällä
yksinäisellä laiturilla ja odottaa kuollutta. Klara Gulla vastasi, ettei
hän uskaltanut matkustaa, ennenkuin isä oli päässyt vihittyyn
maahan, mutta sitä ei August tahtonut ottaa uskoakseen.
Jos August olisi niin tehnytkin, niin ehkäpä kaikki olisi käynyt
hyvin. Mutta hän ei voinut itse tulla, vaan lähetti renkipojan hevosen
mukana. Klara Gulla kävi kuitenkin rattaille istumaan ja läksi
matkaan. Mutta tiellä hän alkoi jutella renkipojan kanssa isästään ja
kehoitti häntä kertomaan isän näyistä, samoja juttuja, joita Katrinakin
oli kertonut laiturilla, ja vielä useita muitakin.
Hän astui jalkaisin kotiin, sillä se oli mukavin kulkuneuvo sille, joka
oli menossa Askedaliin, ja hän kulki tavallista tietä Lobyn kautta ja
sieltä korpimetsän ja Snipavaaran halki.