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Chapter 6 The Definite Integral
6.1 Antidifferentiation  1   2 1 1
  x  2 x  dx    x  2 x    dx
2
17. 
3x 3 x
1 2
1. f  x   x  F ( x)  x C 1 1
2   xdx  2  x dx   dx
2
3 x
1 2 2 3 1
2. f  x   9 x 8  F ( x)  x 9  C  x  x  ln x  C
2 3 3
1
3. f  x   e 3 x  F ( x)  e 3 x  C  7  7 3 
3 18.   2 x 3  3 x  dx    2 x  x1 3  dx

1 7 3
f  x   e 3 x  F ( x)   e 3 x  C
2
4.  x dx   x1 3dx
3
7  1 1 43
5. f(x) = 3  F(x) = 3x + C     x 2  x C
2  2 1
1
6. f  x   4 x  F ( x)  2 x 2  C 3
7 2 3 4 3
  x  x C
4 4
 4x
3
7. dx  x 4  C
2 x 3
x 1 1 19.  3e dx   e 2 x  C
8.  dx   xdx  x 2  C 2
3 3 6
x
20. e dx   e  x  C
9.  7dx  7 x  C
21.  edx  ex  C
 k dx  k x  C
2 2
10.
7 7 2 x 7
x 1 1 2 22.  2e 2 x dx  2  e dx   e 2 x  C
11.  dx   xdx  x C 4
c c 2c
 2  e 
 1 dx  2 e 2 x dx  2 1dx
2x
23.
1
12.  x  x dx   x dx  x 4  C
2 3
1 
4  2  e 2 x   2 x  C
2 
2 x  1 1   e 2 x  2 x  C
13.   x  2  dx    2  x  2  x  dx
1 1  e 0.5 x 
 2 dx   xdx x
x 2
24. 
 3e  2 x 
2 
dx
1 2
 2 ln x  x  C 1 0.5 x
 3 e  x dx  2  xdx 
2
4 e dx
1 1 1 1 1  1  0.5 x
14.  7 x dx   7  x dx  7 ln x  C  3e  x  x 2   e C
2  0.5 
 3e  x  x 2  e 0.5 x  C
2
x xdx   x 32
15. dx  x 5 2  C
5 d  2t  5
25.  ke   2ke 2t  5e 2t  k  
dt 2
16.
 2
  x



 2 x  dx   2 x 1 2  2 x1 2 dx  d  t /10  1 t /10
26. ke   10 ke  3e t /10  k  30
 2  x 1 2 dx  2  x1 2 dx dt 
4 d  4 x 1  1
 4 x1 2  x 3 2  C 4 x 1
 2e 4 x 1  k 
3
27.
dx 
ke   4ke 2
4 32
 4 x  x C
3
194 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education Inc.

Section 6.1 Antidifferentiation 195
d  k  d   (3 x 1)  1 5
  (3 x 1) f (t )  t 2  5t  7  f (t )  t 3  t 2  7t  C
  3ke
28. ke 40.
dx  e 3 x 1  dx  3 2
4
3ke  (3 x 1)  4e  (3 x 1)  k   41. f ( x)  0.5e 0.2 x  f ( x)  2.5e 0.2 x  C
3
f (0)  0  2.5e 0.20  C  0  C  2.5
d 
29. k (5 x  7) 1    k (5 x  7) 2 (5) Thus, f ( x)  2.5e 0.2 x  2.5.
dx 
 5k (5 x  7) 2  (5 x  7) 2 42. f ( x)  2 x  e  x  f ( x)  x 2  e  x  C
1
k f (0)  1  0 2  e 0  C  1  C  0
5
Thus, f ( x)  x 2  e  x .
d  3
30.  k ( x  1) 3 / 2   k ( x  1)1/ 2  ( x  1)1/ 2 
dx 2 1 2
2 43. f  ( x)  x  f ( x)  x C
k 2
3 1 2
f (0)  3  0  C  3  C  3
d k k 1 2
31.  k ln 4  x   (1)    1
dx 4 x 4 x 4 x Thus, f ( x)  x 2  3 .
k  1 2
d  k  d  44. f ( x)  8 x1/ 3  f ( x)  6 x 4 / 3  C
32.   k (8  x) 3 
dx  (8  x) 3  dx  f (1)  4  6  14 / 3  C  4  C  2
 3k (8  x) 4 (1) Thus, f ( x)  6 x 4 / 3  2 .
 3k (8  x) 4  7(8  x) 4 
7 2 3/ 2
k 45. f ( x)  x1/ 2  1  f ( x)  x  xC
3 3
2 3/ 2
f (4)  0  4 4C  0
d  3
33. k (3 x  2) 5   5k (3x  2) 4 (3)
dx  2
8  4  C  0  C  
28
 15k (3x  2) 4  (3x  2) 4  3 3
1 2 3/ 2 28
k Thus, f ( x)  x x .
15 3 3
d  1 3 2 3/ 2
34. k (2 x  1) 4   4k (2 x  1) 3  2  8k (2 x  1) 3 46. f ( x)  x 2  x1/ 2  f ( x)  x  x C
dx  3 3
1 1 3 2 3/ 2
 (2 x  1) 3  k  f (1)  3  1  1  C  3  C  2
8 3 3
1 3 2 3/ 2
d k 3 Thus, f ( x)  x  x 2.
35. [k ln 2  x ]   k 3 3 3
dx 2 x 2 x
2
d k 47. f ( x)   dx  2 ln x  C
36.  k ln 2  3 x   (3) x
dx  2  3x
3k 5 5 f (1)  2  2 ln 1  C  2  C  2
  k
2  3x 2  3x 3 Thus, f ( x)  2 ln x  2.
2 5/ 2 1 1
37. f (t )  t 3 / 2  f (t )  t C 48. f ( x)   dx  x  C
5 3 3
4 1
38. f (t )   f (t )  4 ln 6  t  C f (6)  3  (6)  C  3  C  1
6t 3
1
39. f (t )  0  f (t )  C Thus, f ( x)  x  1.
3
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education Inc.

196 Chapter 6 The Definite Integral
d 1  1 c. Since s  (t )  96  32t , s(t) has a

49.   C    2  ln x maximum when
dx x x
d s  (t )  0  96  32t  0  t  3.
 x ln x  x  C   (ln x  1)  1  ln x
dx The ball will reach a maximum height of
d 1 2  ln x s(3) = 400 ft.
 (ln x)  C    ln x
dx 2 x
 32t dt  16t
2
56. a. C
The answer is (b).
s(0) = 400 = –16(0) + C  C = 400
d 2 2 
50.  ( x  1)
5/ 2
 ( x  1) 3 / 2  C  Thus, s (t )  16t 2  400 .
dx  5 3 
 ( x  1) 3/ 2
 ( x  1)1/ 2 b. The rock hits the ground when
 x  1( x  1  1)  x x  1 s (t )  16t 2  400  0  16t 2  400 
d 1 2 2 3/ 2  t 2  25  t = 5 seconds.
 x  ( x  1)  C
dx  2 3 
c. v(5) = –32(5) = –160 ft/sec
2 3/ 2 1 2
 x( x  1)  x ( x  1)1/ 2  x x  1
3 2  1 
57. P (t )    60  2t  t 2  dt
The answer is (a).  4 
1
51.  60t  t 2  t 3  C
12
1
P (0)  0  60  0  0 2   0 3  C  0 
12
C0
1
Thus, P (t )  60t  t 2  t 3 .
12
 1 
58. P (t )    40  2t  t 2  dt
52.  5 
1
 40t  t 2  t 3  C
15
Assuming the output is 0 at time t = 0, we
have
1
P (0)  0  40  0  0 2   0 3  C  0 
15
53. g(x) = f(x) + 3 C0
1 1
g  ( x)  f  ( x)  g  (5)  f  (5)  Thus, P (t )  40t  t 2  t 3 .
4 15
54. h(x) = g(x) – f(x) = f(x) + 2 – f(x) = 2 
100 0.4t
h ( x)  0 59. f (t )   10e 0.4t dt   e C
4
 25e 0.4t  C
 (96  32t )dt  96t  16t
2
55. a. C
f (0)  5  25e 0.40  C  5  C  20
The initial height is 256 feet, so C = 256.
Thus, s (t )  16t 2  96t  256 . Thus, f (t )  25e 0.4t  20 and the
temperature at time t is 25e 0.4t  20 C.
b. Setting s(t) = 0, 16t 2  96t  256  0 
t 2  6t  16  0  (t – 8)(t + 2) = 0. The 60. P (t )   (120t  3t 2 ) dt  60t 2  t 3  C
only solution that is sensible is t = 8
seconds. P (0)  100  60  0 2  0 3  C  100  C  100
Thus, P (t )  60t 2  t 3  100 .

Section 6.2 The Definite Integral and Net Change of a Function 197
61. P ( x)   (1.30  .06 x  .0018 x 2 ) dx  C ( x)dx  C ( x)  1000 x  25 x

2
65.  C1
2 3
 1.30 x  .03 x  .0006 x  C C (0)  C1  fixed cost  10, 000 
P (0)  95  1000  0  25  0 2  C1  10, 000  C1  10, 000
1.30  0  .03  0 2  .0006  0 3  C  95 
C ( x)  25 x 2  1000 x  10, 000
C  95
Thus, P ( x)  .0006 x 3  .03 x 2  1.30 x  95 . 66. F ( x)  x 2  50e 0.02 x
62. C ( x)   (.2 x  100) dx  .1x 2  100 x  C

C (0)  200  .1  0 2  100 0  C  200 
C  200
Thus, C ( x)  .1x 2  100 x  200 .
[−10, 10] by [−20, 100]
94 0.016t
63. f (t )   94e 0.016t dt  e C
.016 1 2x 1
67. F ( x)  e  e x  x3
 5875e 0.016t  C 2 6
Since consumption is reckoned from 1980, we
have f(0) = 0 = 5875(1) + C  C = –5875.
Thus,
f (t )  5875e 0.016t  5875  5875 e 0.016t  1 .  
17.04 0.016t [−2.4, 1.7] by [−10, 10]
64. T (t )   17.04e 0.016 x dt  e
0.016 68.
 1065e 0.016t  C
Since consumption is reckoned from 1987, we
have f (0)  0  1065e 0.016t  C  C = –1065.
Thus,
f (t )  1065e 0.016t  1065  1065 e 0.016t  1   [−2, 6] by [−1, 1]
6.2 The Definite Integral and Net Change of a Function

1
1 3  2 3   2 3   2 3  1
1. 0  2 x  4  dx   x  4 x   1  4 1    0  4 0   4
0
2
 x2 2   x3 1 2    23 1   13 1  4  2  6 2
2 2
2.    x  dx    x       2      1         
2
1  3 9   9 9  1   9 9   9 9   9  9  9 3
 3   3t      2  4     48  4  44
4 4 4
 2  4  2 1  2 1
12 32 2 32 2
3. t  4t dt   4t dt  2t 3 2  2t 2
1 1 1
1
 
9 9 9
   2 9   2 1
12 12
4. dx  x 1 2 dx  2 x1 2  62 4
1 x 1 1
 3x  dx  3x 
2 3  2 2 3 3 3

2 1
5.   2  dx      3 
 x 1 2
1 x 1 1 2

8
 x 2 3x4 3   82 3 84 3   12 3 14 3 
   
8 8
13
6.  x  x dx 
3
 x  x dx            
1 1  2 4   2 4   2 4 
1
1 81
 20   
4 4
25 2 x3  2
5 2 x3 
   
2 2
7. 
1

 x6 
 dx  
1 x 6
 6  dx 
x  1
5 x 6  2 x 3 dx   x 5  x 2
1
 1 1   1 1 1 1 7
  5  2    5  2     
 2 2   1 1  32 4 32
4
4 x2  x  4 x 2 x1 2   x2 
 x  x 
4
 
1 2
8.   dx   x  x  dx  dx    2 x1 2 
1  x  1   1  2 1
 42 1 2  1
2
12 1 
   2  4     2 1   8  4    2 
 2   2   2 
 3  11
 4    
 2 2
0
 3 0 02   3 1  1 
2
 t2 
  
0  1 1 1 1
9. 3e  t dt   e3t     e       e   
3t
  1  3     3
1  2  2   2  e 2 2 e
1
2
2  1 
 
2 2 2
10. 
2 e 2t
dt  2  2
e 2t dt  2   e2t   e2t
 2  2 2
 e4  e4
2 2

2
11. dx  2 ln x  2 ln 2  2 ln1  2 ln 2  0  ln 22  ln 4
1 x 1
1  1 
x 1  1 1
12.    dx     1 dx  ln x  x   ln 1  1  ln 2  2  1  ln 2  2  1  ln 2
2  x  
2 x  2
1
1 ex  e0.5 x 1e x e0.5 x   e1.5 x 
 e 
1
 
x 1.5 x
13. dx    2 x  dx  e dx    e x 
0 e2 x 0  e2 x e  0  1.5 
0
 e1.5   0 e0  1 e1.5  1 
  e 1     e       1  
 1.5   1.5  e 1.5  1.5
1 2e1.5 5
  
e 3 3
ln 2
ln 2 e x  e x ln 2  e xe x   e x e x   eln 2 e ln 2   e0 e 0 
14. 
0 2
dx   0
 2


2 
dx   2  2 
 0

 2
  
2   2 2 

2 1  1 1 3
    
 2 2  2   2 2 4
4 1 4
15. 
0
f  x  dx  
0
f  x  dx   1
f  x  dx  3.5  5  8.5
10 10 1
16. 
1
f  x  dx   1
f  x  dx   1
f  x  dx  4  0  4

3 3 3 3 3
17.  2 f  x  3g  x dx   2 f  x dx   3g  x dx  2
1 1 1 1
f  x  dx  3  1
g  x  dx  2 3  3  1  9
3 3 3 3 3
18.  2 g  x  f  x dx   2 g  x dx  
0.5 0.5 0.5
f  x  dx  2  0.5
g  x  dx   0.5
f  x  dx 
3 3
4  2 g  x  dx  0   g  x  dx  2
0.5 0.5
 x   6 x  x  2 x  dx   3x  6 x  21 dx
2 1 2 3
2 2 2

2 2 3 2
19. 2  3 x  x  x  dx  3  2 x  7 dx 
1 2 1 1 1
  6 x  x  2 x  3 x  6 x  21 dx
2
2 3 2
1
2
   2 x  4 x  21 dx    x  x  21x 
2
3  1 24  4 3
1  2 3  1
 1 4 4 3   1 4 4 3 
    2   2  21 2     1  1  211 
 2 3   2 3 
134 131 137
  
3 6 6
1 1 1 1
20. 0
4 x  2 dx  3  x  1 dx   4 x  2 dx   3x  3 dx
0 0 0
1 1
 
0
4 x  2  3x  3 dx   7 x  5 dx
0
1
 7x   7 12
2   7 02 
  5x     5 1     5 0 
 2  0  2   2 
7 3
 5 
2 2
1
 14 13    1 13 
4
 x 4 x3 
 x      
0 1 1
3 2 3 2 3 2
21.  x dx  x  x dx  x  x dx            
1 0 1  4 3  4 3   4 3 
1
7 1 2
  
12 12 3
1 2 1 1 2 2
22.  7 x  4 dx  
0 1
7 x  5 dx  
0  4 dx   7 x dx  
7 x dx 
0 1 1
5 dx
1 2 1 2
  7 x dx   7 x dx   4 dx   5 dx
0 1 0 1
2 1 2
  7 x dx   4 dx   5 dx
0 0 1
2 2  7  2 2 7  0 2 
7x
   4 1  4 0  5  2  5 1  23
1 2
  4 x 0  5x 1   
2  2 2 
0
2 x  3 dx   x 2  3x     
3 3
23. f 3  f 1  
1 1
 32  3 3  12  3 1  2
4
f  4  f  2   73 dx  73 x 2  73  4  73  2  146
4
24.
2

 .5t  e 
1  1 1   1 2 1 2 1   1 1 2 1 
f 1  f  1  dt    t 2  e2t     1  e        1  e   
2t 2
25.
1  4 2  1
 4 2   4 2 
1 e 2  1 e 2  e2  e2
     
4 2  4 2  2
3
3 1  2 1  1  1 1 1
f 3  f 0    12t  t  dt   6t  t    6 3  3    6 0  0   54  3  1  55  3
2 2
26.
0 e e 0 e e e e
2
2 1 2 1 2 x2 1 5
 f  x  dx   f  x  dx   f  x  dx   
1
27. 1 dx  x dx  x 0   1 2  
0 0 1 0 1 2 2 2
1
 1  x  dx   1  x x  3 dx

3 1 3 1 3
 f  x  dx   f  x  dx   f  x  dx  2
28.
0 0 1 0 1
1 3
 x3   x3 
 1  x  dx    
1 3
2
  x 2  4 x  3 dx   x       2 x2  3x 
0 1  3  3 1
0
 1   0     33   13 
  1     0         2 3  3 3      2 1  3 1  
2 2
 3   3     3   3  
2   4 
  0      2
3   3 
1 0 1 0 1
29. 1
f t  dt  
1
f t  dt  0
f t  dt   1
1  t  dt   1  t  dt
0
0 1
 t2   t2   1  1
  t     t      1    1    1
 2  1  2 0  2  2
 t 
2 1 2 1 2
 f t  dt   f t  dt   f t  dt   t  1 dt
2
30.  1 dt 
1 1 1 1 1
1 2
 t3   t2   1   1   4   1  4 1 5
   t     t      1     1      2     1      
3  1  2 1  3   3    2    2   3 2 6
31. Let s t  represent the position function. We know that s  t   v t   32t , so the change in position is given
32t  dt  16t 2     192.

4 4
by s  4  s  2    16  4  16  2
2 2
2 2
The rock fell 192 feet during the time interval 2  t  4.
32. a. Let s t  represent the position function. We know that s  t   v t   32t  75, so the change in
position is given by
32t  75 dt  16t 2  75t     
3 3
s 3  s 0    16 3  75 3  16 0  75 0  81.
2 2
0 0
The ball rose 81 feet during the time interval 0  t  3.
b. s 3  s 0   s 3  s 0  6  81  87

The ball was 87 feet high at time t = 3.

33. a. Let s t  represent the position function. We know that s  t   v t   32t  75, so the change in
position is given by
32t  75 dt  16t 2  75t     
3 3
s 3  s 1    16 3  75 3  16 1  75 1  81  59  22.
2 2
1 1
b. During the time interval 1  t  3, the ball rose 22 feet. Therefore, at time t = 3, the ball is 22 feet higher
than its position at time t = 1.
32t  75 dt  16t 2  75t     

5 5
s 5  s 1    16 5  75 5  16 1  75 1  25  59  84
2 2
c.
1 1
During the time interval 1  t  5, the ball fell 84 feet. Therefore, at time t = 5, the ball is 84 feet lower
than its position at time t = 1.
34. Let s t  represent the position function. We know that s  t   v t   45  45e0.2t , so the distance traveled
during the first nine seconds is given by
         
9 9  9
s 9   s  0   45  45e0.2t dt  45 1  e t 5 dt  45  t  5e t 5   45  9  5e9 5  0  5e0 5 
0 0  0  
 45 9  5e 9 5
 5  45  4  5e   217.2 9 5
The skydiver fell about 217.2 feet during the first nine seconds.
35. a. Let C  x  represent the cost function. The cost increase is given by
3
 x3 x 2 
 
3 3
C 3  C 1   C   x  dx  2
.1x  x  12 dx     12 x 
1 1  30 2 1
 33 32   13 12 
   12 3      12 1   32.4  11.53  20.87
 30 2   30 2 
The cost will increase $20.87 if the company goes from a production level of 1 to 3 items per day.
b. C 3  C 1  C 3  C 1  15  20.87  35.87

The cost of producing three items is $35.87.
36. Let C  x  represent the cost function. The cost increase is given by
20
20 x   20  x2   202   152 
C  20  C 15 
15 
C   x  dx  
15  20  
32   dx   32 x     32  20 
 40 
15


40  
32 15  
40 
 650  485.625  164.375
The cost will increase $164,375 if the company goes from a production level of 15 to 20 items per day.
37. Let T t  represent the value of the investment during a given time interval. Then T  t   R t  , and the
increase in value is given by
 700e 
10 10 10
T 10  T 0   T  t  dt   R t  dt  0.07 t
 1000 dt
0 0 0
10
 700 0.07t 
 
10
 e  1000t   10, 000e0.07t  1000t
 .07 0 0

 10, 000e 0.07(10)
 1000 10  10, 000e   0.07 0
 1000 0 
 30137.50  10, 000  20137.50
The investment increased by $20,137.50.

38. Let T t  represent the value of the property during a given time interval. Then T  t   R t  , and the
decrease in value from 2015 (t = 0) to 2021 (t = 6) is given by
 8e  dt
6 6 6
T 6   T 0    T  t  dt   R t  dt  0.04t
0 0 0
6
 8 0.04t 
   200e   200e   157.326  200  42.674
6
0.04t 0.04 6 0.04 0
 e   200e
 0.04 0
0
The property decreased in value by $42,674.

10
10 
1 t 16   7 t 25 1 t 16 
7 t
P 10  P 0  
25
39. a. e  e
 e  e  
0 80   12
300 5 0
 7 1   7 1  7 1   7 1
  e10 25  e10 16    e0 25  e0 16    e10 25  e10 16     
 12 5   12 5   12 5   12 5 

1
60
25 58

35e  12e  23  .11325 
The population increased about .11325 million or 113,250 from 2000 to 2010.
40
40 
1  7
7 t 1 
P  40  P 10  
25
b.  et 16    et 25  et 16 
 e
10 80  
300 12 5  10
7 1  7 1  7 1  7 1 
  e 40 25  e 40 16    e10 25  e10 16    e8 5  e5 2    e2 5  e5 8 
 12 5   12 5   12 5   12 5 
 e
7 25
12
65 1 52
35e  1  e  e
5
 58
 .0438182   
The population will decrease by about .043812 million or about 43,812 people due to emigration.
20
20  4.1107 0.03t  4.1107 0.0320 4.1107
40. a. P  20  P 0   0
4.1107e0.03t dt   
 .03
e   
0
.03
e 
.03
 112.649
In twenty years you will have paid $112,649 towards the loan.
b. P  20  P 0   P  20  P 0  200, 000  112, 649  87, 351
$87,351 is still remaining on the loan.
30
30  4.1107 0.03t  4.1107 0.0330 4.1107
P 30  P 0  
0.03t
c. 4.1107e dt    e    e   200
0  .03 0
.03 .03
Thus, the principal has been repaid.
t
t  4.1107 0.03t  4.1107 0.03t 4.1107
41. P t   P 0   4.1107e
0.03t
dt  200    e   200  e 
0  .03 0
.03 .03
 337.023  137.023e0.03t thousand dollars
42. Let T t  represent the amount of radioactive material in grams during a given time interval. Then
T  t   R t  , and the decrease in the amount of radioactive material in the first ten years is given by
 e  dt
10 10 10
T 10  T 0   T  t  dt   R t  dt  .1t
0 0 0
 10e  
10
  
10
 10e    10e   
.1 10
.1t .1 0
 10  6.321
0 e
The radioactive material decayed by 6.321 grams during the first ten years.

Section 6.3 The Definite Integral and Area Under a Graph 203
43. Let T t  represent the amount of salt in grams during a given time interval. Then T  t   r t  , and the
amount of salt that was eliminated during the first two minutes is given by
2 2 2  1  2 1
0  0 
0   2  
T  2  T 0  T  t  dt  r t  dt     t    dt   t   dt
0  2 
2
 t2 1   22 1   02 1 
   t      2      0   3
 2 2 0  2 2   2 2 
Three grams of salt were eliminated in the first two minutes.
44. Let h t  represent the depth of the water in the tank during a given time interval. The decrease in the depth
of the water in the tank during the time interval 2  t  4 is given by
4
4 4 t  t2   42   22 
h  4  h  2   2
h  t  dt   2
  
2
dt  
 4

         3
2  4   4 
The water level dropped by three inches.
1 2
6.3 The Definite Integral and Area
Under a Graph
b. A  0
1  x  dx    x  1 dx
1
1 2
 x2   x2 
1. a. A  lw  3  2  6   x      x
2 
 0
 2 1
4
1   22   12  1 1
 2 dx  2 x 1  2  4  2 1  6
4
b. A      2     1     1
1 2   2  2   2 2
2. a. A  lw  3 1  3
1 1
6. a. A h b1  b2    23  2  5
2 2 2
 1 dx  x 1  2   1  3
2
b. A
1 2 3
1 1
b. A  0
2 dx   2
6  2 x  dx
3. a. A bh   22  2
 
2 3
2 2  2 x 0  6 x  x2
2
0 2 0
x  4  6 3  3   6  2  2 
2 2
b. A 2
 x  dx  
2
2
 0   2  2 
 4 1  5

2 1 3
4. a. A
1
2
1
bh   4 4  8
2
7. 1 x
dx 8.   x x  3 dx
0
2 2
  e  x dx
2
2  x2  9. ln x dx 10.
b. A
2 
 x  2 dx    2 x 
 2  2
1 1
3 1
 22    2
   2  2   
2 
 2  2 
11. 1
 x   dx
x
 2   2  1 2
 6   2  8 12.   x  1 dx  
0 1
3  x  dx
1 1 1 1
b h  b h  11  11  1 1
2

2
5. a. A 13. dx  ln x  ln 2  ln1  ln 2
2 11 2 2 2 2 2 1 x 1

0  x x  3 dx  0  x  3x dx

3 3 4
2  4
32
14. 2 4  2 x3 2  16
3
22. 0
x dx  
 3 0
 
3

3
 x3 3 x 2 
  
 3 2  4
0 4  x  3
5
 4  3
5
1  3
5
  x  3 4
23. dx   
33 3 3
2
9 1 5 5 5
   1
3 2 2
1  32  33
    
3  x2 
3 5  5  5
1
15. 1
 x   dx    ln x 
x  2 1 0 e3 x
0
1 e 1 1 1

3x
3 2 1  2 24. e dx     
1 3 3 3 3 3 3e
   ln 3     ln 1  1 3
 2  2  e 1

9  1 3e
   ln 3     4  ln 3
2  2
b
b x4 b4

3
16. 25. x dx  4  4 4
0 4 4
0
b 4  16  b  2
b b
b b x3 x4
 
2 3
26. x dx  x dx   
0 0 3 4
0 0
b3 b 4 4
17.   b
3 4 3
20
27. x   .5
4
The first midpoint is that of [0, .5] which is
.25, so the midpoints are .25, .75, 1.25, 1.75.
3 0
28. x   .5
18. 6
The first midpoint is .25, so the midpoints are
.25, .75, 1.25, 1.75, 2.25, 2.75.
4 1
29. x   .6
5
The first midpoint is that of [1, 1.6] which is
1.3, so the midpoints are 1.3, 1.9, 2.5, 3.1, 3.7.
 
3 3
53
19. 2
4 x dx  2 x 2
2
 2 9  2  4  10 30. x 
5
 .4
1 1 The first midpoint is that of [3, 3.4] which is

20. 1
3 x 2 dx  x3
1
 1   1  2 3.2, so the midpoints are 3.2, 3.6, 4, 4.4, 4.8.
31. x  .5
 3 x  dx
1
21. 2
 x  2e x 2 The midpoints are 1.25, 1.75, 2.25, 2.75.
0 Area
 .5  f (1.25)  f (1.75)  f (2.25)  f (2.75) 
1
 x2 
  x3   4e x 2 
 2 0  .5  (1.25) 2  (1.75) 2  (2.25) 2  (2.75) 2 
3  5  8.625
   4e1 2   4    4e1 2
2  2

Section 6.3 The Definite Integral and Area Under a Graph 205
32. ∆x = 1; the midpoints are –1.5, –.5, .5, 1.5.

Area  1 (1.5) 2  (.5) 2  (.5) 2  (1.5) 2   5
33. ∆x = .4; the left endpoints are 1, 1.4, 1.8, 2.2, 2.6.
Area  .4 13  (1.4) 3  (1.8) 3  (2.2) 3  (2.6) 3   15.12
34. ∆x = .2; the right endpoints are .2, .4, .6, .8, 1.
Area  .2 (.2) 3  (.4) 3  (.6) 3  (.8) 3  13   .36
35. ∆x = .2; the right endpoints are 2.2, 2.4, 2.6, 2.8, 3.
Area  .2  e 2.2  e 2.4  e 2.6  e 2.8  e 3   .077278
36. ∆x = .4; the left endpoints are 2, 2.4, 2.8, 3.2, 3.6.
Area  .4  ln 2  ln 2.4  ln 2.8  ln 3.2  ln 3.6  2.0169
37. midpoints: 1, 3, 5, 7; ∆x = 2
 f (1)  f (3)  f (5)  f (7) x   4  8  6  2 2  40
38. left endpoints: 3, 4, 5, 6; ∆x = 1
 f (3)  f (4)  f (5)  f (6) x  8  7  6  41  25
39. right endpoints: 5, 6, 7, 8, 9; ∆x = 1
 f (5)  f (6)  f (7)  f (8)  f (9) x  6  4  2  1  21  15
40. midpoints: 2, 4, 6; ∆x = 2
 f (2)  f (4)  f (6) x  7  7  4 2  36
41. ∆x = .75; the left endpoints are 1, 1.75, 2.5, 3.25.
Area  .75  (4  1)  (4  1.75)  (4  2.5)  (4  3.25)   5.625
The midpoints are 1.375, 2.125, 2.875, 3.625
Area  .75  (4  1.375)  (4  2.125)  (4  2.875)  (4  3.625)  4.5
42. ∆x = .25; the right endpoints are 2.25, 2.5, 2.75, 3.

Area  .25  2(2.25)  4   2(2.5)  4   2(2.75)  4  2(3)  4  1.25
The midpoints are 2.125, 2.375, 2.625, 2.875.
Area  .25  2(2.125)  4  2(2.375)  4  2(2.625)  4   2(.875)  4  1
1 1
The base of the triangle is 1 and the height is 2, so A  bh   1  2  1.
2 2
43. ∆x = .4; the midpoints are –.8, –.4, 0, .4, .8.

         
1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2 
Area  0.4  1  (.8) 2  1  (.4) 2  1  (0) 2  1  (.4) 2  1  (.8) 2   1.61321

The error is 1.61321 − 1.57080 = .04241.

44. ∆x = .2; the midpoints are .1, .3, .5, .7, .9.
Area = .2  1  (.1) 2  1  (.3) 2  1  (.5) 2  1  (.7) 2  1  (.9) 2   .79300
 
The error is .79300 – .78540 = .0076.
45. A  20 106  40 101  40 100  40 113  20 113  16, 940 ft 2
46. First find the total area.

A  10 35  30  25  23  22  25  30  36  42  2680 ft 2
Therefore, the area of each lot must be 2680/2 = 1340 ft2.
10 35  10 30  10 25  10  23  10  22  1350, so build the fence 50 feet from the left side of the lot.
n  n  1 2n  1
47. 12  2 2  32    n 2 
6
11  1  2 1  1 6
n  1: 12  1
6 6
2 2
2  2  1  2  2  1 30
n  2:1  2  5
6 6
3     
3  1 2 3  1 84
n  3 : 12  22  32   14 
6 6
n  4 : 12  22  32  42 
4  4  1  2  4   1  30  180
6 6
The formula can be proven for all values of n using mathematical induction.
48. S n   f  x1   f  x2     f  xn  x
a. Since we are working with right endpoints, we have
1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 3
x1  0  x  0   , x2  x1     , x3  x2     , ,
n n n n n n n n n n
1 n 1 1 n
x n  x n 1     .
n n n n
2 2 2 2
1 2 3 n
f  x1     , f  x 2     , f  x3     ,  f  x n    
n n n n
Substituting into the formula for S n gives
 1 2  2 2  3 2 n  1 1
2 2
2 2 32 n2  1 1
S n                   2  2  2    2   3 12  2 2  32    n 2
 n  n n n  n n n n n n n
 
b. Substituting the formula from exercise 47 gives
1  n  n  1 2n  1  n  n  1 2n  1
n
1

S n  3 12  2 2  32    n 2  3 
n 
 6  
6n 3
n  n  1 2n  1 2n 3  n 2  n 2n 3 n2 n
c. lim 3
 lim 3
 lim 3
 lim 3
 lim
n  6n n  6n n  6n n  6n n  6n 3
1 1 1 1 1
 lim  lim  lim  00
n  3 n  6n n  6n 2 3 3

Section 6.4 Areas in the xy-Plane 207
49.
The area under the graph is about 1.494

50.
The area under the graph is about 1.373.

In exercises 51 and 52, the figures were created on a TI-84 Plus using the program RIEMANN.8xp downloaded
from http://www.calcblog.com. Similar programs are available at www.ticalc.org.
2
51. There are 20 intervals, so x   .1. Since we are using the midpoints of the subintervals, x1  1.05. On
20
the calculator, set Y1  x 1  x 2 . Use the sum( and seq( as shown to find the sum.
The area is approximately 9.60 square units.

2
52. There are 20 intervals, so x   .1. Since we are using the left endpoints of the subintervals, x1  1
20
and x20  .9. On the calculator, set Y1  x 1  x 2 . Use the sum( and seq( as shown to find the sum.
The area is approximately 1.55 square units.
6.4 Areas in the xy-Plane

2 4
1. A   f ( x) dx     f ( x)  dx
1 3
3
2. A   [ f ( x)  g ( x)] dx
2
3.

4.
7
5. 0 f ( x) dx is clearly positive since there is more area above the x-axis.
7
6. 0 g ( x) dx is clearly negative since there is more area below the x-axis.
7.
1 1 2
 x3   x3   x3 
A  
1
2
1  x  dx  1 1  x  dx  1 1  x 
2 1 2 2 2
dx    x     x     x  
 3   3   3 
2 1 1
 1  8   1   1   8   1 
    1     2      1     1       2    1   
 3  3   3   3   3   3 
 4  4  4 
         4
 3 3  3
8. 10.
A 
0
 x  x  1 dx    x  x  1 dx
2 1 2
 x3 
1
1 0
A 
1
 
x  6 x  5 dx    3 x 2  5 x 
2

0
1
 x 3  x dx    1 3
0
x 
 x dx 0  3 0
0 1 1  25
 x4 x2   x4 x2     3  5  0 
   3 
2   4  2  3
 4 1
 0
11.
  1 1   1 1   1 1 1
  0            0   
  4 2   4 2   4 4 2
9.
e x  3 dx    e x  3x 0
ln 3 ln 3 
A  
0 
  e ln 3  3ln 3  1
2  
 x3    3  3ln 3  1  3ln 3  2
A  
2
0
 
x  2 x  3 dx     x 2  3 x 
2
 3 0
8  22
    4  6  0 
3  3

12. 15.
e  x  2 dx  e  x  2 x 1
2 2
A  Since y  x 2  6 x  12 lies above y = 1 on
1
[0, 4], we calculate
  e 2  4   e1  2  6  e  2  8.6
1
4
0  
e 4 1 
( x 2  6 x  12)  1 dx   x 3  3 x 2  11x 
3 0
13.
64 52
  48  44  0 
3 3
16.
Since y = 8 lies above y  2 x 2 on [–2, 2], we

calculate
2
2  2 3 Since y = 2 lies above y = x(2 – x) on [0, 2], we
2 (8  2 x ) dx   8 x  3 x 
2
2 calculate
16  16  2 2
0 [2  x(2  x)] dx  0 ( x
2
 16    16    2 x  2) dx
3  3 2
32 96 32 64 1 
 32       x3  x 2  2x 
3 3 3 3 3 0
14. 8  8
   4  4  0 
3  3
17.
Since y  x 2  1 lies above y   x 2  1 on

[–1, 1], we calculate
1  x   
1 2 1
 1   x 2  1 dx Since y  e x lies above y  on [1, 2], we
1
x2

1
2 x 2  2 dx   23 x 3  2 x  calculate
 
1 2 x 1  2 x 2
2   2  16
1
1  e  x 2  dx  1 e  x dx
   2     2 
3   3  3  1
2
 e x  
 x1
 1 1
  e 2    e  1  e 2  e 
 2  2

18. 3 4 3
1 4  4 x(1  x)  4  dx
3 4 3
 2
 4 x  4 x   dx
14 4
34
 4 3 
  2x 2  x3  x 
Since y  e 2 x lies above y  1  x on [0, 1], we  3 4 1 4
calculate  18 9 9 2 1 3 1
      
 16 16 16   16 48 16  12
1
0 [e
2x 1
 (1  x)] dx   e
0
 2x

 1  x dx
1 21.
1 1 
  e2x  x  x 2 
2 2 0
1 1 1
  e2  1   
2 2 2
1
 e2  1 Solve:
2
2x  5   x 2  6x  5 
19.
2 x  5  ( x 2  6 x  5)  0  x 2  4 x  0  Th
x( x  4)  0  x  0 or x  4
us, we should integrate over [0, 4] and since
y   x 2  6 x  5 lies above y = 2x – 5 on
4
To find the points of intersection, solve [0, 4], we have    x 2  6 x  5  (2 x  5)  dx.
0
x 2  x  x 2  x  0  x( x  1)  0  . 4
0  x  6 x  5  (2 x  5)  dx
2
x  0 or x  1
Thus, we want to integrate from x = 0 to x = 1 4
4  1 
0  x  x  dx.
with y = x above y  x , so 2 1 2   ( x 2  4 x) dx    x 3  2 x 2 
0  3 0
1 64 32
0  
1 1 1  1 1 1    32 
x  x 2 dx   x 2  x 3     3 3
2 3 0 2 3 6
22.
20.
Solve x 2  1  3  x 2  4  0 
3 3
Solve 4 x(1  x)   4 x 2  4 x   0  ( x  2)( x  2)  0  x  2 or x  2
4 4
Thus, we should integrate over [–2, 2] and since
x
4  16  4(4)  34   4  8  y = 3 lies above y  x 2  1 on [–2, 2], we have
8 8 2 2
2 [3  ( x  1)] dx   [3  x 2  1] dx
2
1 3
x  or x  2
4 4
1 3

2
2
4  x 2  dx
Thus, the interval is  ,  and since 2
4 4  1 
  4x  x3 
3  3  2
y  4 x(1  x ) lies above y  , we integrate
4  8  8  32
  8     8   
3 4 3  3  3 3
1 4  4 x(1  x)  4  dx.

23. 25.
Solve x( x 2  1)  0  x( x  1)( x  1)  0  8 x 2  x  64 x 4  x  0 
x  0 or x  1 or x  1 1
x(4 x  1)(16 x 2  4 x  1)  0  x  0 or x 
We should integrate over [–1, 0] and [0, 1]. 4
Since y  x( x 2  1) lies above the x-axis on (Note that there is no real solution for
[–1, 0], we have 16 x 2  4 x  1  0 .) Thus, we should integrate
0
1  x( x
2
 1)  0 dx  
0
1
 x 3  x dx  1
over  0,  and since y  x lies above
 4
0
1 1   1
  x4  x2  y  8 x 2 on  0,  , we have
4 2  1  4
1 1 1
 0   
4 2 4
14
0  
x  8 x 2 dx  
0
14
 x1 2  8x 2  dx
14
The x-axis lies above y  x( x 2  1) on [0, 1], so 2 8 
  x3 2  x3 
we have 3 3 0
 
1 1 32 3
2 1 8 1
0 0  x( x  1)  dx   x  x 3 dx
2
     
0 3 4 3 4
1
1 1  1 1 1
  x2  x4    
2 4 0 12 24 24
1 1 1 26.
  
2 4 4
Thus, the total area bounded by these curves is
1 1 1
  .
4 4 2
24. Solve
4
 5  x  4  5x  x 2  x 2  5x  4  0 
x
( x  1)( x  4)  0  x  1 or x  4. Thus, we
should integrate over 1, 4 and since y  5  x
3 2 3 2 2
x  2 x  x  2 x  0  x ( x  2)  0  4
lies above y  on 1, 4 , we have
x  0 or x  2. Thus, we should integrate over x
4
[0, 2] and since y  2 x 2 lies above y  x 3 on 4 4  1 2 
[0, 2], we have 1  5  x   dx   5 x  x  4 ln x 
x 2 1
2
2 2 1   1
 (20  8  4 ln 4)   5  
0 (2 x
2
 x 3 ) dx   x 3  x 4  
3 4 0 2
15
 16   16  4   4 ln 4
   2
3 4 3

27. 28.
First solve x 2  3x  0 to find any x-intercepts. 1

a. On [1, 4], y  lies below y  x 2 so
x(x – 3) = 0 so the x-intercepts are at x = 0, 3. x2
4
a. y  x 2  3 x lies under the x-axis on the 4 2 1  1 1
3 1 

x  2
x 
dx   x 3  
3 x1
interval, so calculate 0 [0  ( x 2  3x)] dx
64 1  1 
3      1
3  1 3  3 4 3 
  ( x 2  3x) dx    x 3  x 2  3 81
0  3 2 0  21  
4 4
27 27 27 9
   
3 2 6 2 1  1
b. On  , 1 , y  2 lies above y  x 2 , so
2  x
b. On [3, 4] y  x 2  3 x lies above the
1  1 2 4 2 1 
x-axis so, using results from part (a), we 1/ 2  x 2  x  dx  1  x  x 2  dx
wish to calculate
1
3 4  1 1  81
0 ( x  3x)  dx  3 ( x  3x) dx
2 2
    x3  
 x 3  1/ 2 4
4
9 1 3 3 2  1  1  81 503
  x  x   1    2    
2 3 2 3 3  24  4 24
9  64  27 27  
   24      29.
2  3  3 2 
9  64 9  19
    24   
2  3 2 3
c. On [–2, 0], y  x 2  3 x lies above the

x-axis so, using results from (a) and (b)
0 3
2 ( x  3 x) dx    ( x 2  3 x) dx
2
0
0
1 3  9 1
  x3  x2   First solve:  8x . This has a solution at
3 2  2 2 x2
 8 12  9 1 1
      x . Next solve: 2  x . This has a solution
 3 2 2 2 x
26 9 79 at x = 1. Thus, the area should be calculated by
  
3 2 6 the following sum of integrals:
1/ 2 1  1 
0 (8 x  x) dx  1/ 2  x 2  x  dx
1/ 2 1
 1   1 1 
  4x 2  x 2     x2 
 2 0  x 2  1/ 2
1  1  1 3
 1    1    2    
8  2  8 2

30. 8 3 
2  32 x
2
33. a.  x  200  dx

8
1 1 
  x 3  x 2  200 x 
 32 2 2
1 
 16  32  1600    2  400 
4 
 $1185.75
b. It is the area under the marginal cost curve
1 from x = 2 to x = 8.
First solve: 4x  . This has a solution at
x 8
5 (100  50 x  3x
2
1 x 1 34. a. ) dx
x  . Next solve:  . This has a solution 8
2 2 x  (100 x  25 x 2  x 3 )
at x  2 . Thus, the area should be calculated 5
 800  1600  512  500  625  125
1/ 2  x 2 1 x
by   4 x   dx      dx  $888
0  2 1/ 2  x 2
1/ 2 2 b. It is the area under the marginal profit
 1   1 
  2x 2  x 2    ln x  x 2  function from x = 5 to x = 8.
 4 0  4  1/ 2
48

1 1 1  1 1
  ln 21/ 2    ln  
35. 44 M ( x)dx represents the increase in profits
2 16 2  2 16  resulting from increasing the production level
1 3 from 44 to 48 units.
 ln 2  (ln1  ln 2)  ln 2
2 2
100
36. 0 M ( x)dx represents the total variable costs
  0  30 ft
5 5
31. a. 0 (2t  1) dt  t 2  t
of producing 100 units of goods.
b. 2
2 4  4 
37. a.  12   dt  12t  t  3 
0  (t  3) 2  0
4  4
 24     
5  3
360 12 20
  
15 15 15
368
  24.5
15
5
5 4   2 2 b. The area represents the amount the
32. a. 2  21  5 t  dt   21t  5 t  temperature falls during the first 2 hours.
2
  8  9  9
  105  10   42    8  8 
  5  38. a. 1  40 

 dt   40t  t  1 
(t  1) 2  1
273 8
  54 mowers  360   (40  4)
5 10
b. 3232
  323.2
10
b. The area represents the distance traveled
during the time from t = 1 to t = 9.
20 20
39. 0 76.2e 0.03t dt  2540e 0.03t
0
 2088 million cubic meters

40. From exercise 39, we have c(t )  76.2e 0.03t . We b. The distance between the cars will be the
greatest after 2 hours.
are given g (t )  50  6.03e 0.09t . Thus,
45. a.
0
20

76.2e 0.03t  50  6.03e 0.09t  dt
  

20
0
76.2e 0.03t  50  6.03e0.09t  dt.
10 10
41. 5 M 2  x  dx   M 1  x  dx
5
 M 2  x   M 1  x  dx
10

5

10
5  2 x 2
 
 2.4 x  8  2 x 2  3 x  11 dx  Let s t  represent the position of the object
10 at time t, measured from its initial position.
10  .6 x 2 
 .6 x  3 dx    3x  The required displacement is s 3  s 0 ,
5  2 5
the net change in position over the interval
 5
10
 .3x 2  3 x 0  t  3.

 .3 10  3 10  .3 5  3 5
2
  2

3
0

s 3  s 0   2t 2  3t  1 dt 
3
 0   7.5  7.5  2t 3 3t 2 
   t
The net change in profit is $7.5 thousand or  3 2 0
$7500.
2 3 3 3
3 2
15
42.   3
3 2 2
The object is displaced 7.5 feet higher after
three seconds than it was at the start.
1
b. Note that v t   0 for  t  1. So, the
2
object changes direction at time t  12 , so
8
6 ( x  14 x  24)  ( x  12 x  20) dx we must compute the net displacements on
2 2
8 8 the three intervals 0, 12  ,  12 , 1 , and

  (2 x  4) dx  ( x 2  4 x)  20
1, 3. On the interval
6 6
0, 1  the net
The company should not adopt the new plan.  2
The area is 20, and it represents the additional displacement is
profit from using the original plan. 12
 2t 3 3t 2 
43. A is the difference between the two heights after
12
0  2

2t  3t  1 dt  
 3

2
 t
0
10 seconds.
 12   12 
3 2
44. 2 3 1
  
3 2 2
5

24
5
The object moved 24 ft upward during this
time interval.
a. The area between the two curves from (continued on next page)
t = 0 to t = 1 represents the distance between
the two cars after 1 hour.

(continued) The object is 7.5 feet higher after three

seconds than it was at the start. The value of
On the interval  12 , 1 , we have the definite integral over the interval  0, 3
1 2 2t 
1 2 is equal to the area above the t-axis bounded
 3t  1 dt
by the graph of v t  minus the area below
1
 2t 3 3t 2  the t-axis bounded by the graph of v t  .
   t
 3 2 1 2
b. Note that v t   0 for  0, 1 , so we must
 2 13 3 1 2  5 1
   1   compute the net displacements on the two
 3 2  24 24 intervals  0, 1 , and 1, 3 . On the interval
The object moved 1
24
ft downward during 0, 1 the net displacement is
1
this time interval.  t3 t2 
0  
1
On the interval 1, 3 , we have t 2  t  2 dt     2t 
3 2 0
1 2t 
3 2
 3t  1 dt 1 1  7
    2  0  
3 3 2  6
 2t 3 3t 2 
   t The object moved 7
ft downward during
 3 3 1 6
this time interval.
 2 33 3 3 2  1 22
   3   On the interval 1, 3 , we have
 3 2  6 3
1 t 
3 2
 t  2 dt
22
The object moved 3
ft upward during this 3
 t3 t2 
time interval. Thus, the total distance     2t 
5 1 22 91 3 2 1
traveled was     7.583 ft.
24 24 3 12  33 3 2   7  26
   2 3      
46. a.  3 2   6 3
26
The object moved 3
ft during this interval.
Thus, the total distance traveled was
7 26 59
   9.83 ft. In terms of area, the
6 3 6
total distance traveled is equal to the area
below the t-axis bounded by the graph of
v t  from 0 to 1 plus the area above the
Let s t  represent the position of the object
t-axis bounded by the graph of v t  from 1
at time t, measured from its initial position.
to 3.
The required displacement is s 3  s 0 ,
47.
the net change in position over the interval
0  t  3.
3

s 3  s 0   t 2  t  2 dt
0

3
 t3 t2 
    2t  Intersect at x = 0
3 2 0 and x ≈ 2.3367
33 3 2 15 area ≈ 3.9100
   2 3 
3 2 2

48. 4
3.
1 4
4  0 0
1

100e .5 x dx  200e 0.5 x
4 0

1
 2
 200e  200
4

 50  50e 2  50 1  e 2  
1 1 1
1  0 0
4. 2 dx  2 x 0  2
3
1 3 1 3 3 1
Intersect at x = 0 and x ≈ 1.5721 5. 1 1/3 x
dx  ln x    ln 3  ln 
area ≈ 1.4032 3 3 8 1/3 8 3
3 3
49.  ln 3  ln 3  ln 3
8 4
1 9 1 1 9
dx   x 1 2 dx
9  1 1 x
6.
8 1
9
1
 1
 2 x1 2  (6  2) 
8 1 8

1
2
1 12  1 2
7.
12 0  47  4t  t  dt
3
12
Intersect at x = 0 and x ≈ 2.3532 1  2 1 3
  47t  2t  t   55
area ≈ 2.2676 12  9 0
50. 50
1 50 0.02t 1 3
50 0
8. 3e dt    e 0.02t
50 (.02) 0
 5.1548 million
9. P (t )  P (0)e kt
1
Find k: 1  2e k (1690)   e1690k 
2
1
1690k  ln  k  .00041 .
2
Intersect at x ≈ .3820 and x ≈ 2.6180 The average value
area ≈ 1.4293
1 1000
100e 0.00041t dt
1000 0

6.5 Applications of the Definite Integral 1000
1 e 0.00041t
1 b 1 3    82 grams
1. Average 
ba  a
f ( x) dx   x 2 dx
3 0
10 .00041
0
3 3
x
 3 10. Recall that A  Pe rt for when interest is
9 compounded continually.
0
20
1 1 20 5e.05t
2.
1

1

1  1 
1  x  dx    x  x 2  
20 0
100e.05t dt 
.05
≈ $171.83
1  (1) 1 2  2  1 0
1  1   1 
  1     1   
2  2   2 
1

Section 6.5 Applications of the Definite Integral 217
20 9
11. p(20)  3  1 16. p(3)  1  2
10 9
20  x  20  x 3  x2  3 x2 
0  3  10  1 dx  0  2  10  dx 0  2   9  1  dx   1  dx
 0 9 
20
 x2  3
  2x   x3 
 20    x    3  1  $2
0  27 
 40  20  $20 0
12. p(20) = 2 – 20 + 50 = 32 10
17. p(10)   7  12
20  x 2  2
0  200  x  50  32  dx 10  x  10  x
0 12   2  7   dx  0  5  2  dx
20  x 2 
   x  18  dx 
10
0  200  x2 
  5x 
20  4 
 x3 1 2  0
  x  18 x   50  25  $25
 600 2 0
8000 1
  200  360  $173.33 18. p(36)  1  36  4
600 2
36   1 1/ 2   36  1 1/ 2 
13. p(40) 
500
3 7 0  4  1  2 x   dx  0  3  2 x  dx
40  10 36
 1 
40  500    3x  x 3 / 2 
0  x  10  3  7  dx  3 0
40  500  216
   10  dx  108   $36
0  x  10  3
 500 ln( x  10)  10 x  0
40
19. First find the point of intersection of the
functions:
 500 ln 50  400  500 ln10  $404.72
x x x x
12   57   
14. p(350)  16  (.02)350  3 50 20 50 20
2 x  5x
350
(16  .02 x)1/ 2  3  dx 7  700  7 x  x  100
0   100
350 100
2  1  3/ 2  p(100)  12   10
    (16  .02 x)  3x  50
 3  .02  0 Thus, the functions intersect at (100, 10).
2 93 / 2 2 16 3 / 2 100 
C.S.   12 
x 
 10  dx
   1050    $183.33 0 
3 .02 3 .02 50 
100
15. p(200) = 0.01(200) + 3 = 5 100  x  x2 
  2   dx   2 x 
200 0 50  100 
0 [5  (.01x  3)] dx 0
200  200  100  $100
 (2  .01x ) dx 100 
0  x 
200 P.S.   10    5   dx
 .01 2  0   20 
  2x  x  100
 2 0 100  x   x2 
  5   dx   5 x 
 400  .005(40, 000)  $200 0  20   40 
0
 500  250  $250

20. First find the point of intersection of the 6 14, 000 0.045(6  t )
6
0.045(6  t )
functions: 24. 0 14, 000e dt  
0.045
e
0
25  .1x  .1x  9  2
 $96, 433
25  .1x  .1x  9  4  4 .1x  9
x
4 .1x  9  .2 x  12 25. Solve 140, 000   5000e .1( x  t ) dt for x.
0
16(.1x  9)  .04 x 2  144  4.8 x x
140, 000  50, 000e 0.1( x  t ) 
.04 x 2  6.4 x  0  x 2  160 x  0  0
x( x  160)  0  x  0 or x  160
x = 0 is an extraneous solution.
140, 000  50, 000 1  e  0.1x

0.1x 0.1x
2.8  e 1 e  3.8 
p(160)  .1  160  9  2  3 0.1x  ln 3.8  x  10 ln 3.8  13.35
Thus, the functions intersect at (160, 3). It will take about 13.35 years until the value of
Verify graphically: the investment reaches $140,000.
10
26. Solve 100, 000   xe 0.0425(10  t ) dt for x.
0
10
100, 000   xe 0.0425(10  t ) dt
0
10
x
100, 000   e 0.0425(10  t ) 
.0425 0
C.S.  
160
0
 (25  .1x)1/ 2  3 dx
 
100, 000  
x
0.0425
1 e 0.425
 
160 4250
 2   e 0.425  1
  (25  .1x) 3/ 2  3x  x
 .3 0
4250
2 2 x  0.425  $8025.07
 (27)  480  (125)  $173.33 e 1
.3 .3 About $8025.07 should be invested per year.
160
P.S.   3  ((.1x  9)1/ 2  2)  dx For exercises 27−36, recall that the volume of the
0  
160 solid of revolution obtained form revolving the
 (5  (.1x  9)1/ 2 ) dx region below the graph of y = g(x) from x = a to x = b
0
160 b 2
 2 
  5 x  (.1x  9) 3/ 2 
 .3 0
about the x-axis is a   g  x dx.
 x 
2 2 2 2
   x  1 dx  
2
 800  (125)  (27)  $146.67 27. 2
 2 x  1 dx
.3 .3 0 0
2
For exercises 21−26, the future value of a continuous  x3 
    x2  x 
income stream of k dollars per year for N years at  3 0
interest rate r compounded continuously is
8  26
N
Ke r ( N  t ) dt.     4  2  0 
0 3  3
   x  1  x 
3 0.05(3  t ) 3 1 2 1
21. 0 1000e dt  20, 000e 0.05(3  t ) 28. 2
dx   4
 2 x 2  1 dx
0 0 0
 $3236.68 1
 x5 2 x3 
2 2     x
0.06(2  t )
dt  33, 333e 0.06(2  t )  5 3 0
22. 0 2000e 0
 $4249.90 1 2  8
     1  0 
5 3  15
4 0.08(4  t ) 4
23. 0 16, 000e dt  200, 000e 0.08(4  t )
0
 $75, 426

Section 6.5 Applications of the Definite Integral 219
37. 8.253  8.753  9.253  9.753  .5

2
  4  x 2  dx
2
29. –2  
b8
  x3 
2
n = 4; a  8   .5  b  10; f ( x)  x 3
2
   4 x
2
 2
 dx   4 x 
 3 
4
2 3 3 3 3 3 3 
 8   8  32 38.       .5
  8     8     1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 
 3 3 3
b 1 3
n  6; a  1   0.5  b  4; f ( x) 
– r    dx
r 2 6 x
30. r 2  x2
  x3 
r
     
39.  5  e 5  6  e 6  7  e 7  1
 
r
  r x
r
 2 2
 dx    r 2 x 
 3  n  3; a  4 
b4
1 b  7
r 3
 r3   r3  f ( x)  x  e x
  r3     r 3 
3  3 
40. 3(.3) 2  3(.9) 2  3(1.5) 2  3(2.1) 2
2 r 3 4 3
3
 2 r   r
3 3  3(2.7) 2  (.6)
2 b0
    .6  b  3; f ( x)  3x 2
2
2 2 n  5; a  0 
31. 1  x2 dx    x 4 dx 
1 5
x5
1
5
32  31 41. The sum is approximately
  
5 5 5 3 3
0 (3  x) dx   ( x 2  6 x  9) dx
2
0
h 3
h 1 1 1 
32.   (kx) dx   k 2 x 3   k 2 h 3
2
  x 3  3x 2  9 x 
0 3 0 3 3 0
27

4   27  27  9
0  x 
4 2 4
33.  dx    x dx  x2  8 3
0 2 0
42. The sum is approximately
0  2 x  x    dx
2 2 2 2 1
 2 x  x  dx   x
34. dx    x  4 x  4 x
4 3 2 1 3  2

1 4 1 5
x   1  .
0
2 0 4  0 4 4
 x5 4 
    x 4  x3  3
 5 3 
 32 32 
0 43. a.
1 3
3 0
1000e rt dt 
1000 rt
3r
e
0

3r

1000 3r
e 1 
    16  
 5 3
 
16
  
16 b. Solve
1000 3r
3r
 
e  1  1070.60 using a
 15  15
graphing utility.
1 1
0  (2 x  1) dx    (4 x 2  4 x  1) dx
2
35.
0
1
4 
   x3  2x 2  x 
3 0
4  13
    2  1 
3  3 [0, .06] by [1000, 1100]
r ≈ .045 = 4.5%
1
0  
1 2 1 
36.  ex dx    e 2 x dx   e 2 x
0 2 0
 1   
  e 2   1  2 
2 2 2  e 

1 x 2500 0.04t
x Chapter 6 Fundamental Concept Check
x 0
44. Avg. amt.  100e 0.04t dt  e Exercises
x 0

2500 0.04 x
x
e 1  1. To antidifferentiate a function f  x  means to
find a function F  x  such that F   x   f  x  .
2500 0.04 x
Solve (e  1)  122.96 using a
x x r 1
graphing utility. 2. a.  h  x  dx 
r 1
C
e kx
b.  h  x dx  k
C
c.  h  x dx  ln x  C
[0, 15] by [0, 150]
x ≈ 10 years d.  h  x dx   f  x dx   g  x dx
6
6 1000 r (6  t )
45. a. 0 1000e r (6  t ) dt 
r
e
0
e.  h  x dx  k  f  x dx

1000
r

1 e 6r
 3. a denotes the left endpoint of the interval,
b denotes the right endpoint of the interval,

1000 6 r
r

e 1  n denotes the number of intervals, and Δx
denotes the length of one subinterval.
4. Suppose f  x   0. To approximate the
b. Solve
1000 6 r
r
 
e  1  6997.18 using a
b
graphing utility. integral  a
f  x  dx, which represents the area
under the graph of f, above the x-axis, from a
to b, we can use rectangles of equal width Δx
and height f  xi  . Each rectangle has area
f  xi  x.
[0, .1] by [6500, 7500] The sum of the areas of the rectangles is the
r ≈ 0.05 = 5% Riemann sum
f  x1  x  f  x2  x    f  xn  x, which
10
10 3000 r (10  t )
46. 0 3000e r (10  t ) dt  e approximates the area of the region under the
r 0 graph of f.

3000
r
1 e 
10 r
 5. The area under the rate of change function
f  x  is equal to the net change in the

3000 10 r
r
e 1   function F  x  . For example, the area under
Solve
3000 10 r
r
 
e  1  36,887 using a the velocity function v t  from a to b is equal
to the net change in position or s b   s  a  .
graphing utility.
6. The definite integral has the form
b
 a
f  x  dx  F b   F  a  , where F is any
antidervative of f.
[0, .1] by [35,000, 38,000]

r ≈ 0.04

Chapter 6 Review Exercises 221
7. An indefinite integral has the form 1 3 3 2

 (x
2
2.  3 x  2)dx  x  x  2x  C
 f  x dx  F  x  C. It is the family of 3 2
antiderivatives of f. A definite integral has the 2
b
3.  x  1dx 
3
( x  1) 3 2  C
form  a
f  x  dx  F b   F  a  . It is a
2
number. 4.  x  4 dx  2 ln x  4  C
8. Suppose f is a continuous function on  a, b  .
1 4
The Reimann sums of f on  a, b  approach the 5. 2 ( x 3  3x 2  1)dx  x  2x3  2x  C
2
value of the definite integral
b 5
 5 x  3dx  6 ( x  3)
65
 a
f  x  dx  F b   F  a  as the number of 6. C
partitions of the interval  a, b  increase x / 2

dx  2e  x / 2  C
indefinitely.
7. e
5
b
9. F  x   F b   F  a  is the value of the
a
8.  x7
dx  10 x  7  C
definite integral of f on  a, b  .
3 5
 (3x
4
9.  4 x 3 ) dx  x  x4  C
10. The area of the region bounded by the graph 5
of y  f  x  on top, the graph of y  g  x  at 1
 (2 x  3)
7
the bottom, from x = a to x = b is given by 10. dx  (2 x  3) 8  C
16
b
 a
 f  x   g  x  dx. If the limits a and b are
11. 
2
4  x dx   (4  x) 3 / 2  C
not given, we determine them by finding the 3
first coordinates of the points of intersection
of the graphs of f and g. 5 x x2
12.   x  5  dx  5 ln x  10  C
11. a. The average value of a function is given
1 n 1
by
ba a 
f  x  dx. 13.
1 1 8 8
1 ( x  1) dx  3 ( x  1) 1  3  0  3
2 3
b. The consumer’s surplus for a commodity

18
having demand curve p  f  x  is given 183 3 43 3 3
A
14. 0 xdx 
4
x
0

64
0
64
by 
0
 f  x   B  dx, where the quantity
2 2
demanded is A and the price is 15. 1 2 x  4dx  2 
1
x  2dx
B  f  A . 2
2
 2( x  2) 3 2
c. The future value of a continuous income 3 1
stream of K dollars per year for N years at
interest rate r compounded continuously

2
3
32
2 4 1   14
3
2 
N
 Ke   dt.
r N t
is 1 2 1 
16. 2   dx
0  x 1 x  4 
0

d. The volume of a solid of revolution is
  4 ln( x  1)  2 ln( x  4)  0
1
b

2
given by   f  x  dx. 16
a  4 ln 2  2 ln 5  (4 ln1  2 ln 4)  2 ln
5
2 4 1 1 15
1.  3 dx  9 x  C
2 17. 1 x 5
dx  
x 4
1

16
 (1) 
16

8
2 8 4 4 104
3 0
18. x  1dx  ( x  1) 3 2  12  
9 0 9 9
4
4 1 1 1 3
19. 1 x2
dx  
x1
  1 
4 4
6 2  ( x /3) 6
20. 3 e dx  3e 2  ( x /3)  3  3e  3 e  1
3
5
5 1 1 1 1 1
21. 0 (5  3x) dx  3 ln(5  3x) 0  3 ln 20  3 ln 5  3 ln 4
2
22.
2
2 2e
3
3x
dx  
2e
1
3x
2

2e
1

1  1
   6   e 6  e 6
2e  2
6  
ln 2 ln 2 1 1
23. 0 (e x  e  x )dx  (e x  e  x )  2  (1  1) 
0 2 2
ln 2 e    ln 2  3  13   2  12   76

ln 3 ln 3
24. x
 e  x dx  e x  e  x
ln 3
ln 3 e x  ex  1  1 1  1  80
25. 0 dx   e  x  e 3 x       1   
e 2x  3 0 3 81  3  81
1 3  e2x
  0  3e 1  e  (3  1)  2  e  3e
1
26. 0 x
dx  3e  x  e x
e
2
2  1  1 1 1 15 5
27. 1 (3 x  2) 3 dx    (3 x  2) 2       
 6 1 6 16 6 96 32
1 1  x  dx   x  3 x 
9  2 3/ 2   2 2 76
28.  9  18  1    26  
1
 3 3 3
0  
1 2 1  2 1 1
29. x  x 2 dx   x 3 2  x 3     (0  0) 
3 3 0 3 3 3
1 3
30. y  x 3 lies above y  x  2 x on [–2, 0] and below on [0, 2]. Thus, we calculate
2
0  3 1 3  2 1 3 3 0 1 3  2 1 3 
2  x   2 x  2 x   dx  0  2 x  2 x  x  dx  2  2 x  2 x  dx  0   2 x  2 x  dx
0 2
1   1 
  x4  x2    x4  x2 
8  2  8 0
 0  0  (2  4)  (2)  4  (0  0)  4
ln 2 ln 2 1 1
31. 0 (e x  e  x )dx  (e x  e  x )  2  (1  1) 
0 2 2

32. Set x  x 2  x  x 4  x( x 3  1)  0  x  0 or x  1. Thus, the graphs intersect at x = 0, 1. On (0, 1),

y  x lies above y  x 2 , and below on (1, 1.21]. Thus, we calculate
1 1.21
1
0  x  x  dx  1
2 1.21
 2 1  1 2 
x  x dx   x 3 2  x 3    x 3  x 3 2 
2
3 3   3 3 
0 1
2 1  1 2  1.109561
   (0  0)  .5905  .8873       0.370
3 3 3 3 3
33. 4  x 2 and 1  x 2 are even, so the area is given by

 2
1  
1
2
2
0
4  x 2  dx  201 1  x 2  dx  2   4 x  13 x 3    8  1   28
  x  x 3    2 8   1    
 3   3  3  3
 0 0

2
2  1   2 3 1  2  3 3 1  1 3 3 2 3 
1 2  1  x    x  2 x  2   dx  1 2   x  2 x  2  x  dx    3 x  4 x  2 x  ln x 
2
34.
12
8  1 3 3 1  39
   3  3  ln 2       ln    ln 4
3  24 16 4 2  16
1
1  x e 2 e e
0 (e  ex)dx   e  2 x   e  2  (1  0)  2  1
x
35.
0
36. y  2 x 3  x 2  6 x lies above y  x 3 on [–2, 0] and below on [0, 3]. Thus, we calculate
0 3
2 2 x  x 2  6 x  ( x 3 )  dx    x 3  (2 x 3  x 2  6 x)  dx
3
0
0 3
0 3 1 1   1 1 
   x 3  x 2  6 x dx     x 3  x 2  6 x)  dx   x 4  x 3  3 x 2     x 4  x 3  3x 2 
2 0 4 3  2
 4 3 0
 8   81  253
 0   4   12       9  27  0 
 3   4 12
37.
x 3  3x  1  x  1  x 3  4 x  0  x( x 2  4)  0  x  2 or x  0 or x  2
Thus, the graphs intersect at x = 0, ±2. On [–2, 0], y  x 3  3 x  1 lies above
y = x + 1, and below on [0, 2].
0 2
2 ( x  3x  1)  ( x  1)  dx   ( x  1)  ( x 3  3 x  1)  dx
3
0
0 2
0 2 1   1 
  ( x 3  4 x) dx   ( x 3  4 x) dx   x 4  2 x 2     x 4  2 x 2   0  (4  8)  ( 4  8)  8
2 0 4  2  4 0

38. 2 x 2  x  x 2  2  x 2  x  2  0  ( x  2)( x  1)  0  x  2 or x  1
Thus, on the interval [0, 2], the graphs intersect at x = 1. On (0, 1), y  x 2  2
lies above y  2 x 2  x and below on (1, 2).
1 2
0  x  2  (2 x 2  x)  dx    2 x 2  x  ( x 2  2)  dx
2
1
1 2
1

   x 2  x  2 dx  
0
 2
1
x 2
  1 1  1 1 
 x  2 dx    x 3  x 2  2 x    x 3  x 2  2 x 
 3 2  0 3 2 1
1 1 8 1 1  6 2
    2   2  4     2    2  3
3 2 3 3 2  3 2
1 43. C ( x)   (.04 x  150) dx  .02 x 2  150 x  C

 ( x  5)
2
39. dx  ( x  5) 3  C
3 C(0) = 500 = 0 + 0 + C = C
1 3
f (8)  2  (3)  C  9  C  C  7 Thus, C ( x)  .02 x 2  150 x  500 dollars.
3
1 20 20
f ( x)  ( x  5) 3  7 10 (400  3x
2
44. ) dx  (400 x  x 3 )  3000
3 10
Thus, a loss of $3000 would result.
1
40.  e dx   e 5 x  C
5 x
45. It represents the total quantity of drug (in
5
cubic centimeters) injected during the first 4
1 6 minutes.
f (0)  1    C  C 
5 5
6 1 5 x 46. v(t) = –9.8t + 20
f ( x)   e 2 2
0 (9.8t  20) dt  (4.9t
5 5 2
a.  20t )
0
41. a. y   4t  y  2t 2  C  19.6  40  20.4 m
b.
b. y   4 y  y  Ce 4t
1 4t
c. y   e 4t  y  e C
4
42. Theorem II of section 6.1 states if F   x   0
for all x in an interval I, then there is a
constant C such that F  x   C for all x in I. Use the figure below for exercises 47 and 48.
y   f  (t )  kt ( f (t )).
Using the hint, we have
d   kt 2 / 2 
f (t ) e
dt  
2 2
 f (t )( kt )e  kt /2
 f ( x)e  kt /2
  f (t )kt  f (t )
2
 e  kt /2
  f (t )kt  kt ( f (t ))
2
 kt / 2
e
 f (0)  f (.5)  f (1)  f (1.5) x
2
 e  kt / 2 (0)  0 47.
Since only constant functions have a zero   20  14  10  6.5  25
2
derivative, f (t )e  kt /2
 C for some C. Thus, 48.  f (.5)  f (1)  f (1.5)  f (2) x
f (t )  Ce kt 2 / 2
.  14  10  6  4.5  17

49. ∆x = 1; the midpoints are .5, 1.5 57. a. Inventory is decreasing, so the slope is
 1 1  Q
Area =    0.68571  . From the graph we can see that
 0.5  2 1.5  2  A
2 1 2 4 Q
f (t )  Q  t .
0 x  2 dx  ln( x  2) 0  ln 4  ln 2  ln 2 A
 ln 2  .69315
50. ∆x = 0.2; the midpoints are 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7,
0.9
Area 
e 2(0.1)  e 2(0.3)  e 2(0.5)  e 2(0.7)  e 2(0.9)   (.2)
 
 3.17333
1
1 2x 1 2x 1 2 1
0 e dx 
2
e
0

2
e  ≈ 3.1945
2
51. p(400)  25  0.04(400)  3 A

1 A Q  1 Q 2
C.S.  
400
( 25  0.04 x  3) dx
b.
A 0  Q  t  dt   Qt 
A A
t 
2A  0
0
 2 
400 Q QA 2 Q
 (25  0.04 x) 3/ 2  3 x   A 
 0.12 0 A 2 A2 2
2 2
 (27)  1200  (125) t rt 2
0.12 0.12 58. a. f (t )  Q   rt dt  Q 
 $433.33
0 2
1 10 10 10 rA 2 2Q
0Q r  2
52.
10 0
3000e.04t dt   300e.04t dt  7500e.04t
0 0
b.
2 A
.4 0
 7500(e  e )  $3688.69 2Q 2
t Qt 2
A2
c. f (t )  Q  Q
1 1/ 2 1 1/ 2 1  1 1/ 2 
2 A2
1 1 1/3 3 1/3 x 3
53. dx  6 dx  6  2  A

2 3 x  2 x 1/3 
 1 A Qt 2  1 Qt 3 
A 0 
 Q   dt   Qt  
 9 A2  A 3A2 
 6  2    15
 2 0
Q 2
Q  Q
54. The sum is approximated by 3 3
 
1 x 1
0 3e dx  3e  x  3e 1  3  3 1  e 1 . 1
0 59. a. g(3) is the area under the curve y 
1 t2
c from t = 0 to t = 3.
55. a f ( x) dx  .68  .42  .26
d 1
g  ( x) 
a f ( x) dx  .68  .42  1.7  1.96 b.
1 x2
1 1 60. a. h(0) is the area under one-quarter of the
0  (1  x ) dx    ( x 4  2 x 2  1) dx
2 2
56. unit circle. h(1) is the area under one-half
0
1 of the unit circle.
 x5 2 
    x3  x 
 5 3 0 b. h  ( x)  1  x 2
 1 2  8
     1  61. The sum is approximated by
 5 3  15 3 3
0.1t
0 5000e dt  50, 000e 0.1t  12, 959
0
 13, 000

1 70. The slope of the line connecting (0, 0) and

62. x  , with left endpoints ti  ix
n a2  0
(a, a 2 ) is m   a. The equation of
Sum  xe 0  xe x  xe 2 x    xe ( n 1) x a0
the line is y  0  a( x  0)  y  ax.
 x  e t 0  e t1  e t 2    e t n 1 
1
The shaded area is equal to 1, so we have
  e x dx  e  1
0 ax  x  dx  1
a 2
0
a
1 a 2 1 3
63. x  , with left endpoints ti  ix  x  x   1
n 2 3 0
Sum  x 1  (1  x) 3    (1  (n  1)x) 3  a3 a3 a3
  0 1 1 a  3 6
 x 1  (1  t1 ) 3    (1  t n 1 ) 3  2 3 6
1 b2 b
1 (1  x) 4 15 b2 b 2 2 1
  (1  x) dx 
0 4
3

4
71. 0 xdx  
0
x dx  x3 2  x3
3 0 3 0
0
2 2 32 1
64. Using the figure on the left, the average value  (b )  0  b 3  0
3 3
of f(x) = 4 on 2 ≤ x ≤ 6. 2 3 1 3
 b  b
65. True; 3 ≤ f(x) ≤ 4 3 3
5
0 3 dx  0
5
f ( x) dx   4 dx
5 
since (b 2 )1 2  b 
0 2 1
5 1 5  b3  b3
15   f ( x) dx  20 , so 3  3 3
5 0
f ( x) dx  4
0  b  b since b 
 is positive. 
t2 t
66. a. t 1
(20  4t1 ) dt  (20  4t1 )t t 2
1  b3
 (20  4t1 )t 2  (20  4t1 )t1 bn n b
 (20  4t1 )t 72. 0
xdx   x n dx
0
bn b
b. Let R(t )  the amount of water added up  n n 1 n   1 n 1 
 x   x 
to time t. Then R  (t )  r (t ) and  n 1  0  n 1 0
 
 
n n 1 n 1
b n 1  0
5
 bn 0
0 r (t ) dt  R(5)  R(0)  the total n 1 n 1
amount of water added to the tank from n n 1 1 n 1
 b  b  b n 1
t = 0 to t = 5. n 1 n 1
 b, n is odd
67.
35
0 860e 0.04t dt  21, 500e 0.04t
35
0
 Note: b

n 1n
 

 b , n is even
, but b  b
1.4
 21, 500(e  1)
  
1n
 65, 687 cubic kilometers since b is positive. So, b n  b.

1 0.09(1 t ) 1
0 4500e dt  50, 000e 0.09(1 t )
0  
68. 1 1 1
0 73. x  x 2 dx   xdx   x 2 dx
 $4708.71 0 0
1
2 1 
  x3 2  x3 
 (3x
2 3 2
69.  2 x  1)dx  x  x  x  C 3 3 0
Now f(1) = 1, so 2 1 1
   0
 3 3 3
(x3  x 2  x  C) 1
x 1
111 C  1  C  0 1
 
1 n  n nn1 1 n 1 
So, f ( x)  x  x  x. 3 2 74. x  x n dx   x  x 
0  n 1 n 1 0
n 1 n 1
  0
n 1 n 1 n 1

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any cause for action, and by doing so you will regain your position.
Understand?"
Maynard's lips curled in a sneer. He said nothing because there was
nothing to say. The President of the Court approached him and
harshly ripped the insignia from his uniform.
"Thus I remove the sacred shields of honor from a man of dishonor.
He has defiled them."
The insignia were dropped into a small box, which was then burned
so that no trace of the original shapes remained. During the firing of
the insignia, Guy stood woodenly. His former friends looked past him,
through him, ignoring him. They arose and filed out of the room,
leaving Guy standing alone.
Completely alone.
He stood on the edge of the great spaceport and watched the activity.
It was hard to realize that he was no longer a part of it; he knew that
he could return as soon as he grew tired of going hungry, of finding
no work, of being without a single friend. But before he did that—well,
he was not reduced to starvation yet. Perhaps something would turn
up.
He heard a footstep beside him, and found it was Kane.
"Sorry," he said to the publisher.
"So am I, Guy. But I believe with you. You should have been
permitted your little secret. Would they have preferred another
Mephisto? A planet such as you describe ruined and sterilized
because of pride? No—and believing that I know the mettle of the
people on that mysterious planet, I know that they'd die before they'd
permit invasion. Right?"
"Absolutely. That's why I did nothing. They were human, Kane, as you
and I are human. A dead specimen is no good in a zoo."
"I know. What are you going to do?"
"I don't know."
"Don't take it too hard. I'm still the big publisher. I'll see that your case
reaches the public in the proper light. You'll be a victim of Patrol
politics, thrown out because of personal pettiness over practical
action."
"That may help."
"They'll never stand for it."
"You should know."
"I do. Now look, Guy. Will you take the Loki and head for Pluto? Get
lost there on Pluto; hire out as a workman. When the time is ripe,
you'll know and can come back. I'm not going to see my friend broken
because of their high-handed methods."
"That's offering a lot."
"Not at all. I can pick the Loki up there. Right at the present time
you'd get nowhere if you stay on Terra; your face is known to every
man, woman, and child on the planet."
"But—"
"Go to Pluto, Guy. Out there they will not demand ten years of
references before you apply for a job."
Guy faced Kane once more. "Was I right?" he asked.
"As far as I am concerned, you were. And as far as I have the ability
to make people believe—and I've made quite a pile doing just that—
they'll believe, too. We'll campaign you right back into the service. But
meantime you must play this my way. Disappear, Guy, because when
you return, we can claim another M-12 for you, and tell the world that
your dismissal was all a part of a grand plot. Understand?"
Guy nodded. Kane's argument was very sound. Remaining in the
light would destroy any chances of squashing the charge later.
"I'll do it!"
Kane handed Maynard the key to the Loki's shelter. "Keep an eye on
the newsprint," he said. "You'll know when to return!"
High in the Solar System; up near the orbit of Jupiter, Guy became
lonely. Killing time, he'd started at a 1-G drive, and in spite of the
terrific velocities that can be achieved at a single G, it took a long
time to make the run to Pluto at 1-G. He'd watched and listened daily
to the Press Broadcasts and gratified to know that Kane's campaign
was off to a successful start.
Other headline stories bothered him. The Patrol had started a search
for the hidden planet. It worried Guy. Supposing that they did manage
to find it? The recurring worry caused cold sweat and shakes, and it
was only by main force that Guy willed himself into a semblance of
nervous stability.
Again and again he analyzed his actions. He viewed them as Guy
Maynard. He tried to see them from the standpoint of the Patrol. He
tried to visualize the thoughts of the people, and knew that they were
being swayed by both Kane's publicity and the Patrol's adverse
reports. Would they ever know the real truth? How could they ever
really realize the facts when the facts were cloaked in suave words
and shaded tones?
The Mephistan was right. True democracy would occur only when the
thought-beam instruments became universal and fancy words no
longer prevailed. But all evidence of the mental instruments was
destroyed on Mephisto; Guy had seen to that. He'd been afraid that
their use would disclose his secret.
It would have uncovered his secret, without a doubt.
And yet he was responsible for destroying an instrument that would
have been the salvation of mankind. Wars and strife and graft and
lies were the rewards of power; and power went to the man who was
wealthy and dishonest enough to buy it. An honest man did not have
a real chance to gain power; others bought it easily, and by trying
their tactics and buying their power, they themselves became
dishonest.
He felt like cursing Ertene, and then remembered that without the
nomad world, he would have been dead.
And yet, what had he gained from life?
It was a hard thing to balance and justify. He'd had his day of success
and power. Regardless of what they said about him, he had made his
good mark on history. He realized the life was a continuous
succession of rises and falls, and by all the rules he had been
heading for the fall. But to have fallen so far—was that really fair?
How should he have treated Laura Greggor? And what of Joan?
Could he have changed that, really?
Mephisto? Well, he'd found the tenth planet for them because he
wanted power himself. He'd fought the tenth planet, and had given
Terra another planet to colonize, and in carrying on the long incident
of the tenth planet, had succeeded in losing something that could not
be calculated in the mean terms of money.
He wondered whether he was any better than the rest. Had he been
satisfied to remain as he was, Mephisto would have been discovered
by someone else, and that would have lessened his chances of
getting involved in this present situation. But no. He had to strike high
and hard, so that he could fling the insignia of the Patrol Marshal in
Laura Greggor's face with an "I told you so!"
Laura Greggor didn't deserve it.
And then what had he done? He'd pinned them on himself.
Guy smiled glumly. "Superstition," he snorted. And yet it had
happened. The first time he'd pinned his own lapel ornaments on,
trouble had claimed him for its own. "Superstition!" he growled.
Perhaps superstition was just the human-equation coming to the fore.
Those unexplainable factors of human behavior. In walking under a
ladder, one might get hit by falling tools; in breaking a mirror one
might cut himself; one was fortunate to find a four-leaved clover
because they were rare, one so fortunate might repeat. In having
disaster fall upon an officer that had no friend to pin his insignia on—it
meant that he had no true friends. At least, no friends among the
opposite sex.
And Maynard knew that a man of that character, whose friends did
not include one member of the opposite sex, was possessed of a
warp in his get-together and quite capable of speeding blindly into
some form of disaster. A man should be balanced in all things—even
to the sex of his friends.
Guy felt a tiny pang of jealousy. Who, he wondered, had been the
lucky man to pin the caduceus on Joan's uniform?
Guy turned to the news-recorder and read the pages with aloof
interest. A great verbal fight was beginning between Kane's outfit and
another. Guy shook his head. It was all wrong. Kane shouldn't be
fighting the Patrol. They'd break him—and then what good could he
do. For even a publication company such as Kane's to attempt to
sway the people against the wishes of the Patrol was foolish. And
Kane's interests covered everything possible in the realm of the
Fourth Estate. Books, broadcast, newsprint, commercial advertising,
everything.
A trace of humor passed through Guy. It was a trace of that same
humor that had been essential in saving every human being since the
beginning of time.
Guy listened to the glowing claims of an advertiser on the newscast
and laughed to think what the thought-beam would do to his script
—"—and these cigarettes, ladies and gentlemen, are made of no
worse a grade of floor-sweepings than any other brand!"
He laughed, and it did him good.
But this rise in feeling was short-lived. The next newscast took him
right down to the bottom again.
It was a long editorial, written by one of the High Command,
denouncing Kane and his publications, and officially suspending all
operations of the Kane Publishing Co. for publicly and aggressively
resisting the Patrol's attempt to add still an eleventh planet to the
Solar System.
It made no matter that Ertene was passing through. They did not
know that Ertene was dirigible and could be swung into an orbit. In
fact they thought not. But they were determined to visit Ertene. And
Guy Maynard knew that their intent was to ravage the nomad of her
treasures and every bit of her science.
So Kane was no longer a factor. He had fallen in the battle to save a
friend—himself, Guy Maynard.
Guy felt that he was an unfortunate fellow. Everything that he loved
and wanted to befriend was going to hell—or had gone there already.
Even Ertene—
No! Perhaps he could still do something about that!
Not openly. But he could pass as Ertinian, he knew, provided that he
shaved twice daily and managed to hide his razor well.
It would take years of careful planning and working to get himself to a
dominant position on Ertene—one that would be without question.
He'd done it on Terra—using Ertinian science, and no doubt he could
do the same thing on Ertene using Terran science.
He had time. Ertene was still far, far out beyond the orbit of Mephisto
and the speed gave him years to prepare, unless an unhappy
accident cut his time. He made an oath, then. There were two things
to take with him. The vortex projector and the thought-beam. One,
Terra had. The other, neither knew existed. A threat on the part of
Ertene to blast Sol itself with vortices might hold Terra away, and the
thought-beam would solidify Ertene against invaders.
If his action in coming to Ertene to protect them were really known, he
didn't think they'd act harshly in his direction. Ertene was one place
where the thought-beam would save him at the proper time.
Maynard strode to the tiny pilot's chamber and charted the course of
the Loki.
When he established the barrier, he did not know that a hundred
beam-detectors throughout the system went wandering foolishly; their
center-of-urge gone completely. But he suspected, and he searched
the Loki with a sensitive detector rigged out of the communications
set parts and located twelve separate spotter-generators.
If he were to land on Ertene safely, he'd want no detectors on him.
And if the barrier failed for the barest instant on his course, Terra
would be on the trail in minutes.
Once inside the great barrier that covered Ertene, he would be safe—
except that he wanted no Ertinian to detect him either.
So he combed the Loki free of all emission and then continued to
coast toward Pluto, concealed behind the barrier.
Ertene was on the far side of Sol.
Evasion of the Patrol was going to be a problem. Though he was not
undetectable, they knew where he was and how fast he was going
and in what direction. Their course-predictors could extrapolate very
well indeed, and could predict the position of a barrier-hidden ship
since no drive would work behind the barrier. It was a matter of
straight-line projection unless the celestial masses caused some
deflection, but this could also be calculated.
Since his creation of the barrier would be taken as an admission of
flight, he was willing to wager his life that a Terran ship would soon
take the pursuit. Armed with the course-prediction, the ship would
match the Loki's velocity and position to a precision within a few days.
He could not hope to drive the Loki under the barrier. Yet he was
beyond the negative-detector range that he had devised on the
Orionad to predict the positions of sub-ships. His problem, then, was
to stay outside of that range, and at the same time change his
course.
Once the barrier was removed, he would be detected by his drive. He
shook his head. Well, there were certain ideas he could give a try.
And, luckily, there was no premium put on time.
He would make use of the minor errors in all detectors. He could
make use of the "angles of confusion" which give areas instead of
pinpricks at great distances for the position of a target. And he could
hope to win through.
Kane's little ship was not a Patrol ship, unluckily, though the publisher
had installed just about every attachment that he could get his hands
on. Guy's assumption that he would find acceleration garb in the
locker was correct, and he strapped the binding, holding suit on
tightly and waited while the oxygen-content of the Loki increased.
Then Guy cut the barrier and pointed the top of the Loki north; at
ninety degrees from his line of flight and drove it for thirty minutes at a
bone-tingling 10-Gs. Then he set the barrier again and coasted.
He'd been loafing along the road to Pluto at 1-G. He was about
halfway there, and it had taken him slightly less than ten days,
twenty-four hours each, to achieve his present initial velocity,
Plutowards, of just a trace over five thousand miles per second. His
action at driving the ship northward had changed his course only
slightly. It had given him one hundred and ten miles per second
velocity northward. His course, then, differed from the original course
by the angle whose tangent is equal to one hundred ten divided by
five thousand, or roughly one over fifty.
In decimals, this becomes point zero two. It is one degree, eight
minutes, and forty-four plus seconds.
Not much, but enough to throw Guy quite a bit out of place by the
time he continued to coast toward Pluto. Minute angles add up when
they are projected for half the distance from Sol to Pluto, a matter of
one billion, eight hundred fifty million miles. That plus the fact that he
should start decelerating at 1-G to make Pluto and his calculated
course constants come out even.
Then there came a long period of nothing to do.
But Guy found things to do. He went to work on the detector. He
increased its gain, and in doing so sacrificed much of its selectivity
and directivity. Targets at one million miles, formerly at extreme
range, would no longer be pinpoints in the celestial sphere, but
shapeless masses but one third the distance out from the center of
the detector sphere. The angles of confusion would be greater, too,
and the noise level went up to almost prohibitive quantities. Flecks of
noise-projected light filled the globe with a constantly swirling,
continually changing pattern that reminded Guy of the Brownian
Movement viewed in three dimensions.
Calibration of the souped-up detector range was based on estimation
since no accurate measure of distances was available to him. Guy
pessimistically estimated the range at three million miles and hoped it
good enough.
At least, no ships were within that range.
And since the barrier, when first established, had broken the far-flung
contact maintained by the driver-detectors on Terra, Guy was safe
until they could send out ships to intercept him.
He cursed the cardex files in all Patrol ships, and wondered whether
he could change the Loki sufficiently to make it appear different to the
sorting machines and the characteristic detectors. The detector
impulses were based on the size, the characteristic radiation of the
drivers, the mass, and the metal of the hull. Those four characteristics
were individual and while some duplications occurred, sufficient
evidence remained to pin the cardex-information down to a particular
ship. Especially when this particular ship was being sought and
others of the same characteristic would be catalogued as to course,
and position.
He had the barrier, but he could not drive through it. He could hide,
but when hiding could not run. He could run, but when running could
not hide.
But he was the equal of the Patrol's best watchdogs. A bit of hare and
hounds might come out with the hare a winner. At worst, Guy had
nothing to lose.
XV.
His only hope of escaping detection was his knowledge that the
negative-detector, developed in the Orionad for use against sub-ships
was less sensitive as to range than the positive-detector. The
establishment of negative evidence is never conclusive. And his
souped-up detector would outrange any but another souped-up job.
So Guy coasted for days, which at five thousand miles took him far,
far beyond the orbit of Pluto. Then he crammed on the deceleration
and came to a stop, with respect to Sol, and then started back along
a course several degrees to the south and thirty degrees to the right
of Sol. He drove at the same 10-Gs for an hour and then closed the
barrier about him once more.
Meanwhile, the mathematicians on Terra had been plying their trade.
The Laws of Probability came out of hiding and became their favorite
subject. Knowing his course and direction up to the first
establishment of the barrier, which surprised them and caused them
to dislike Kane that much more for having installed one on the Loki,
they tossed their hypothetical coin, drew probability curves, made
space-models, and came up with a flared cone, in which volume Guy
must appear. And then they buttered their decision by stating that the
cone held true only if Guy did not apply power in another direction.
They grinned, when they said it. It was thirty billion to one that Guy
would apply power instead of just running off at five thousand miles
per second until he hit the next star in line with that course.
So they sent out ships with souped-up detectors to follow the edges
of the cone.
And Guy, running back Solward outside of the cone of expectancy
with the barrier on, detected them at extreme range and laughed. He
left them running in the opposite direction, and when they were far
beyond range, Guy dropped his barrier and drove at an angle away
from Sol which added to a quartering course from Pluto by the time
he had the course corrected. He drove solid for days at 1-G, and then
decelerated in an upwards vector which carried him a billion miles to
the north of the Celestial Equator and ten billion miles from Sol. He
turned again and ran tangent to the circle from his position to Sol, and
dropped slightly southward. Again he came to a stop.
Then, with a sad shake of his head, he abandoned the Loki. He
dropped from the larger ship in the tiniest of lifeships, and taking the
barrier-generator with him, he let the Loki drive across the System
towards Mephisto, while he in the lifeship gave a short, ten minute
thrust at 10-Gs and set up the barrier again.
If any detectors had been close enough to catch him, they would be
souped-up to the limit of gain, for his own super-sensitive detectors
caught no pursuit. At that range, both lifeship and Loki would appear
as a single drive, and when he disappeared, only Loki at 10-Gs would
remain to lead them across the Solar System towards Mephisto.
He laughed. If this chase had been a chase to the death, he'd have
been dead by now. But they had preferred to let him think he was
being let alone, or that they had lost him. He'd given them the slip, he
knew. And if they were still on the lookout, they'd follow Loki right
across that vast orbit and beyond Mephisto on the other side. Better
than twenty billion miles!
And with Loki running on clockwork for the barrier, and with the
autopilot set for a series of gyrations with an apparent ending of the
course completely unpredictable and yet obviously better than fifty
billion miles beyond Mephisto, in an area that covered as much sky
as the orbit of Mars itself—
They'd spend a lot of time thinking of that one.
It was slightly funny, though. The Terran mathematicians did not know
that Guy was starting for Pluto in the first place. They believed that
the initial start was but a throw-off direction on the secret way to
Ertene. They based their probabilities on that one fact, and built their
house of mathematical cards on that false premise. They came up
with what they thought to be a shrewd guess—and when the Loki
was picked up rifling across the Solar System in the direction of
Mephisto, they jumped up and down in glee.
The Laws of Probabilities had coincided with the Laws of Absolute
Randomness, the basic rule of which argument is that there are no
laws that prevail.
And while the Solar System combed the vastness of space beyond
Mephisto for the hidden planet, Guy Maynard was coasting out of the
Solar System on the opposite side, approaching the hidden planet in
truth.
Guy was going slowly as spaceships travel, but he was secure in the
belief that he was not followed. He wondered whether his arduous
path had been really necessary. He'd given them the shake easily.
Right on the first try, and from then on he'd been able to go free as he
wanted. The rest of his manipulation had been insurance.
But there had been no pursuit. It was almost impossible to have flown
the millions of miles he had covered in free flight along a course
beside another freely flying ship without diverging or converging. That
would take corrective driving, and the radiation would flare in his
detector. He had seen none. He was safe.
He spent his time figuring, and trying to fix the position of Ertene. He
corrected his fix time after time, and prayed that he was right.
And when he detected the great, nonreflecting sphere in space with
his converted detector, he shouted in joy.
He passed Ertene and went beyond detector range by twenty million
miles. Then he broke his barrier and directed the lifeship to the center
of the big barrier over Ertene. He closed his own barrier again and
watched the blackness increase in size as he coasted toward it. He
made contact, passed inside, and saw Ertene and the synthetic sun.
He kept his barrier on and approached the planet with the
acceleration of falling bodies.
He hit the atmosphere and the falling velocity turned the silence of
space-flight into a scream. He watched the pyrometers, and though
the hull became hot, it did not become dangerously so. His velocity
upon contact had been in thousands of feet per second, not miles, as
would have been the case in a meteor.
The velocity dropped slightly; Guy calculated the terminal velocity of
the lifeship at three hundred miles per hour, and with that in mind he
began to figure furiously.
He had none too much time.
His automatic calculator ground out the answer. The best he could do
was sixty seconds at 12-Gs! That would bring him to almost-zero
velocity upon contact with Ertene.
He believed that sixty seconds would be short enough to escape
detection by any but an observer expecting him. The recorders,
showing a streak that ended deep in Ertene's broad ocean would be
suspected of recording noise-transients instead of a signal. No ship
would land deep in an ocean.
And it must be remembered that Ertinians were quite nonsuspicious,
since they'd had no experience with disreputable characters for
several thousands of years. They might not even have detection
circuits working other than to enumerate the items that came in
through the screen above. His barrier would not cause reaction with
the big barrier about Ertene; it would have presented another problem
of entering if it were so.
Guy sprawled in the flattened pilot's chair, took a deep breath, and
then the autopilot threw on 12-Gs of deceleration. Sixty seconds later,
the slowed ship splashed wide and beautifully into the ocean, and
sank gently to the bottom.
And Guy spent twenty-four solid hours trying to detect the spurious
responses that might emanate from a close-at-hand detector circuit.
No one came to investigate.
Running submerged, Guy went slowly across the ocean to the
nearest land. He lowered the lifeship to the ocean floor beside a
forbidding cliff and emerged, swimming to the beach several miles
down the coast, clothed in spacesuit and bulging like a blimp with
buoyant air.
He walked along the coast back to the spot above the ship, and
cached his helmet and as much of the heavy equipment of his suit as
he could remove. He loafed and rested until night fell, and then made
his way toward the blinking lights of the city several miles in the other
direction along the coast.
His following actions were not according to the code of ethics.
He completely submerged whatever conscience he had and
proceeded along the back-ways of the darkened streets at an hour
when most honest Ertinians were fast asleep. Those who were not
asleep were preoccupied, as he found when he almost passed within
arm's length of a couple that were sitting silent and close together on
a street-side bench as far from the dim streetlight as they could get.
They did not see him, though he watched them and chuckled quietly.
He located the back entrance of a clothing store and tackled the lock
with a bit of steel wire. He worked for an hour, undisturbed, before it
clicked open. Then he stood up and went to work on the lock above
the door that kept the alarm from ringing when turned by a proper
key. Another hour solved that lock, and Guy entered the store
stealthily. His action was quite logical. He went to the stock room
below and selected one each of his size from the bottom boxes. He
rifled the jewelry counter and selected a minor item or two with the
Ertinian initial that signified the pseudonym of his choice. He took a
few small coins from the register and then left, attired as an Ertinian.
They'd notice the discrepancy in time. But it would occur from time to
time, as each rifled box was opened and found to be short. They
might even put the shortages to error in packing instead of robbery.
He went directly away from the town, hiking along the road that
returned him to his ship. Here Guy buried the last evidence of his
Terran origin, and when the first rays of morning shone across the
broad ocean, Guy Maynard became Gomanar.
He looked at himself. Gone were the Terran shirt and trousers. Gone
were the low, soft shoes. In the warmth of Ertene, Guy was thankful
for the abbreviated costume, and equally thankful for the over-all tan
that came as a result of spending much time in space.
Blue trunks; loose, flowing shirt; hard-soled, high-laced boots of the
softest material known; and a short shawl or cape that hung from the
shoulders to mid-thigh in back. Maynard worried about the lack of
pockets and found some difficulty in getting used to the cartridge belt
effect that passed in place of pockets on Ertene. A small, hard
handcase contained his razor and some spare items of clothing.
Maynard left Terra behind him beside the ocean, and strode along the
highway. He continued to practice his speech and though he knew he
was proficient, he worried about the first time he'd be expected to use
it. But he could not remain silent forever, and so he turned into the
first farmhouse he came to. Breakfast was his aim, and the sun was
getting high.
He knocked on the door. A dog came rushing around the corner of
the house, all suspicion, and smelled Guy's feet curiously. Then as
Guy spoke to the animal, the dog backed up several feet and lay with
chin on forefeet.
"Doda seems to like you," came the rich, pleasant tones of the
woman from inside the doorway. "May I ask your business, sir?"
Guy smiled his best smile, usually reserved for special occasions. "I
am named Gomanar. I am a migratory worker in search of two items:
Breakfast first and work second. Have you either?"
"Of course," smiled the woman. Her smile broke into a full laugh.
"You'll not mind if we present them to you in reverse order?"
"You'll get the worst of the agreement that way," smiled Guy,
cheerfully. "I'll work less on an empty stomach and then be hungrier."
"You look like the kind of man who can pack it away," she said. "It
might be that you would eat so much that you become sluggish?" she
finished with another laugh. Her eyes traveled up and down Guy's
muscular figure and decided that sluggish was possibly the one way
that this startling young man did not get. She turned and called: "Lors!
We have a visitor!"
Her husband came to the door and looked questions at Maynard. He
repeated his tale.
"Naturally," he boomed. "Naturally."
"Thank you," answered Guy simply.
"What's the disagreement?" he asked his wife.
"A mere argument as to the sequence of events. He wants to eat
first."
"A natural desire. That gives him the benefit of deciding the value
received. But let's keep no man hungry, Tena. Your name again?"
"Gomanar."
"Lorsana," said the man. "Come in. We'll quibble over value received
while eating." He treated the argument as a huge joke though it was
serious business to Guy.
Breakfast was large and appetizing, and near the finish, Lorsana
said: "You look as though hard work did not bother you too much. You
didn't get that figure just roaming back and forth, performing odd
jobs."
"I've managed to keep fit," said Guy noncommittally.
"I see that," laughed Lorsana. "But look, Gomanar. I need a helper for
a few days. Have you ever logged?"
"No."
"Too bad, but not impossible. I'm clearing a bit of wooded land and
need an experienced logger. If you'll help out until it's finished, I'll pay
you the regular wage-level. Would you care to help?"
"I may at that. Yes, a bit of logging would round out a wide and varied
experience."
"It's done then," laughed the man.
Guy thanked his active life. The job would have killed him if his
muscles hadn't been in condition. It was hard, heavy work, and it
covered long hours daily. At night, Guy crawled into his bed and slept
like an innocent. And though he kept a sharp ear out for any mention
of the System that Ertene was approaching, nothing was said in his
presence. It worried him. Had positions been reversed, the subject
would have been in every Terran radio and in every Terran
newspaper, and a common subject for dinner-conversation.
When the work was finished and Lorsana paid him sixty Ertinian
ronnads, Guy said good-by to Lorsana and his wife, patted the dog
and left. The work had done him good. It had taken the newness out
of his clothing and had filled his belt with good, Ertinian money.
But farm work was no place to make a start in life—from Guy's age,
at least. So with regret, he left the farmhouse and trudged along the
road for several miles until he came to a large city. He sought
lodgings, bought dinner at a restaurant, and then on the following
morning presented himself to a manufacturer of precision
instruments.
His age and bearing seemed to have good effect, and he was given
preference over several other applicants, and ushered into the
employment manager's office.
"Be seated," directed the manager. He looked at the card in his hand
and memorized briefly. "You're Gomanar. Call me Jerimick."
"Thank you."
"You seek technical work, Gomanar. Yet your card indicates that you
have no formal education."
"I am well read. And I believe that I can hold my own ground with any
college graduate."
"Perhaps. Have you attended any college or university, even for a
single term?"
Guy had, but not for Ertinian publication. He shook his head and
smiled defiantly.
"You understand that regulated study is far superior to the random
investigations made at home?"
"If one marshals his mind to follow a prescribed pattern, the ill effects
of random study are not present."
"Quite true. I feel inclined toward you—Gomanar." He thought for a
moment. "We have some instruments in here at present which
require repair. There is no rush on a couple of them—I'm going to try
you out, Gomanar, on these. You'll pardon my taking insurance by
giving you those of little urgency first. If you succeed in your repair of
these instruments in equal or better than the time normally spent by
accredited employees, you'll be hired. Is it a deal?"
"I'm confident enough," laughed Guy. Small tools and instrument-
work came as a second nature to the Terran. "Lead me to it!"
"I have but one objection to hiring a man like you," said Jerimick.
"You'll prove an excellent worker—and in forty days you'll tire of it and
go to wandering again."
"I can't answer that."
"I can. You've never had a woman thrown your way. Some day one
will come along and tie you down, and the whole planet will be better
off for it. You're the type that we worry about."
"Why?" asked Maynard innocently.
"You—and all your kind—are restless. You are always searching for
something you can not find. I don't know what it is, but what you seek
does not exist."
"You mean we're looking for something nonexistent?"
"I do."
"That's strange. After all, I've met my kind. They all seem intelligent.
No intelligent man would search the world over for something that did
not exist. Or is my logic false?"
"Sounds reasonable. Yet you explain it. I know your type. I've dealt
with people for ten kilodays. I've consulted the brainiest psychiatrists
on Ertene, and they agree with me. Your type," said Jerimick, "is
restless. You are quick of mind, and sure of yourselves save for this
unrest. You can turn your hands to any trade, and prosper, yet no
trade offers you the outlet you seek. I'll wager my income for the next
kiloday that you'll repair my instruments in record time—and wager
the next kiloday's income that you have never seen their like before.
You have an ability to visualize hidden details of operation and apply
a sort of rule-thumb logic to them and make them work. And when

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194 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education Inc.

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d 1  1 c. Since s  (t )  96  32t , s(t) has a

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61. P ( x)   (1.30  .06 x  .0018 x 2 ) dx  C ( x)dx  C ( x)  1000 x  25 x

62. C ( x)   (.2 x  100) dx  .1x 2  100 x  C

6.2 The Definite Integral and Net Change of a Function

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 1  x  dx   1  x x  3 dx

32t  dt  16t 2     192.

b. s 3  s 0   s 3  s 0  6  81  87

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32t  75 dt  16t 2  75t     

b. C 3  C 1  C 3  C 1  15  20.87  35.87

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The property decreased in value by $42,674.

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0  x x  3 dx  0  x  3x dx

1 1 The first midpoint is that of [3, 3.4] which is

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32. ∆x = 1; the midpoints are –1.5, –.5, .5, 1.5.

42. ∆x = .25; the right endpoints are 2.25, 2.5, 2.75, 3.

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45. A  20 106  40 101  40 100  40 113  20 113  16, 940 ft 2

46. First find the total area.

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The area under the graph is about 1.494

The area under the graph is about 1.373.

The area is approximately 9.60 square units.

The area is approximately 1.55 square units.

6.4 Areas in the xy-Plane

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Since y = 8 lies above y  2 x 2 on [–2, 2], we

Since y  x 2  1 lies above y   x 2  1 on

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First solve x 2  3x  0 to find any x-intercepts. 1

c. On [–2, 0], y  x 2  3 x lies above the

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8 8 the three intervals 0, 12  ,  12 , 1 , and

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(continued) The object is 7.5 feet higher after three

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Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education Inc.

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37. 8.253  8.753  9.253  9.753  .5