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(Download PDF) Community Oral Health Practice For The Dental Hygienis 3rd Edition Geurink Test Bank Full Chapter
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Geurink: Community Oral Health Practice for the Dental Hygienist,
3rd Edition
Chapter 06: Oral Health Programs in the Community
Test Bank
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Dental caries:
a. is transmissible.
b. is an acute disease.
c. can be prevented.
d. a and c
ANS: D
Dental caries is a transmissible chronic disease that can be prevented.
REF: p. 168
2. School-based pit and fissure sealant programs reduce dental caries as much as __%.
a. 50
b. 60
c. 70
d. 80
ANS: B
They reduce dental caries as much as 60%.
ANS: C
Evidenced-based practices are those that have been scientifically proven to be effective,
as opposed to empirical, or what people believe to be true.
REF: p. 169
Copyright © 2011 Saunders, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Test Bank 6-2
4. Which of the following is the federal government’s principal agency for protecting
the health of all Americans?
a. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS)
b. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
c. National Institutes of Health (NIH)
d. Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA)
ANS: A
DHHS is the federal government’s principal agency. DHHS is the largest grant-making
agency in the federal government. DHHS works with state and local governments and
funds services at the local level through state or county agencies or through private
sector grantees. The rest of the choices are public health service operating divisions of
the DHHS.
REF: p. 169
5. Approximately __% of the states have full-time dental directors who provide
leadership and guidance in the planning, funding, and implementation of oral health
promotion programs for the residents of the states they serve.
a. 50
b. 66
c. 75
d. 90
ANS: B
Approximately two thirds of the states have full-time state dental directors of oral health
promotion programs. These programs vary in their scope of services and organization
across the United States. A state’s program may include, in addition to the state dental
director, regional dental directors, public health educators, clinical dentists, dental
hygienists, and dental assistants who provide oral health services to underserved
populations.
REF: p. 169
6. Many individual county and city health departments have federally funded clinics
that offer services on a sliding scale fee schedule and accept clients who receive
public assistance through:
a. Medicare.
b. Medicaid.
c. the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA).
d. workforce development.
ANS: B
Copyright © 2011 Saunders, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Test Bank 6-3
The clinics accept clients who are receiving public assistance through Medicaid. These
clinics employ both public health dentists and dental hygienists and sometimes have
supplemental clinical coverage provided by local dental professionals. Hours of
operation are also tailored to best meet the needs of the population that they serve.
REF: p. 170
ANS: D
The Essential Public Health Services for Oral Health were developed by the Association
of State and Territorial Dental Directors. These guidelines describe the roles of state oral
health programs and have been used in the development and evaluation of public health
activities at the state level.
REF: p. 170
ANS: B
An oral health coalition is a cooperative effort on the part of many individuals and
organizations to build systems and develop programs that improve community health.
For example, the Washington State Oral Health Coalition was formed in 1993 to further
improvements in oral health. It has proved to be an excellent means of bringing
dedicated professionals together to resolve oral health issues through policy
development. Anyone interested in achieving the goal of optimal oral health for
Washington residents is invited to join.
REF: p. 170
9. The community is viewed as the patient in public health, and ____________ can be
compared with the evaluation of the patient’s treatment.
a. assessment
b. planning
c. implementation
d. evaluation
Copyright © 2011 Saunders, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Test Bank 6-4
ANS: D
Evaluation and review of the program can be compared with the evaluation of the
patient’s treatment. The community survey is comparable to the patient’s examination
for assessment. The program plan and implementation are similar to the treatment plan
and the treatment of the patient.
REF: p. 172
10. Implementation:
a. is an organized and systematic approach to identify a target group and to define the
extent and severity of oral health needs present.
b. is an organized response to reduce or eliminate one or more problems.
c. includes the process of putting the plan into action and monitoring the plan’s
activities, personnel, equipment, resources, and supplies.
d. is the method of measuring results of the program against objectives developed
during the early planning stages.
ANS: C
Implementation includes the process of putting the plan into action and monitoring the
plan’s activities, personnel, equipment, resources, and supplies. This step should include
feedback from personnel and participants as well as ongoing evaluation mechanisms.
REF: p. 172
ANS: C
Formative evaluation, or the internal evaluation of a program, is an examination of the
processes or activities of a program as they are taking place. Summative evaluation
involves judging the merit or worth of a program after it has been in operation. This step
is an attempt to determine whether a fully operational program is meeting the goals for
which it was developed.
REF: p. 172
Copyright © 2011 Saunders, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Test Bank 6-5
ANS: B
People are not knowledgeable about many areas of health care. The solution to this
dilemma involves striking a delicate balance between negligence and overzealousness.
Although it is unethical to impose one’s own perceptions on a community, it is the
professional’s responsibility to inform people of existing problems and their
consequences.
REF: p. 173
13. Developing goals and objectives is a part of the _________ process during the
development of an oral health program in the community.
a. assessment
b. planning
c. implementation
d. evaluation
ANS: B
Developing goals, objectives, and program activities is part of the planning process.
During this stage, it is essential to have community involvement and participation. The
formulation of program goals and objectives is an active process, offering specific
proposals for changes to be made in the community.
REF: p. 174
ANS: B
The performance verb is the key to a measurable objective; it is an action word, such as
“write,” “demonstrate,” or “recite.” The performance verb is essential in writing a
measurable objective. The inclusion of a condition and a criterion makes the objective
more specific and useful to the learner.
REF: p. 174
15. Which area of program planning describes how the objectives will be accomplished?
a. Program goals
b. Program objectives
c. Program activities
d. Program implementation
Copyright © 2011 Saunders, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Test Bank 6-6
ANS: C
Program activities describe how the objectives will be accomplished. In planning these
program activities, one must carefully consider the type of resources available as well as
program restraints.
REF: p. 175
16. The implementation phase of program planning should answer ________, which in
this case are the activities required to achieve the objective.
a. who
b. what
c. when
d. why
ANS: B
The strategy should answer who (the individuals responsible for each activity), what (the
activities required to achieve the objective), when (the chronologic sequence of events),
and why (the effect of the objective to be achieved).
REF: p. 175
17. Using a smaller population for a community oral health program with the intent to
expand later on is called:
a. test marketing.
b. pilot testing.
c. a stratified sample.
d. testing the waters.
ANS: B
It is called pilot testing. This implementation strategy allows for an opportunity to test
the program’s effectiveness and provides ease in control and monitoring of the program
activities. A pilot program provides useful information and enables decisions to be made
about the future of the program. Piloting is a form of evaluating the implementation.
REF: p. 175
18. Which of the following is the first step in evaluation of a community oral health
program?
a. Examine the specific measurable objectives.
b. Evaluate the measurable outcomes.
c. Perform pilot testing.
d. Review the program goals.
ANS: D
Copyright © 2011 Saunders, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Test Bank 6-7
The first step in evaluation is to review the program goals and then examine the specific
measurable objectives. The data that are obtained through measuring the objectives are
called the measurable outcomes. Each objective should be reviewed to determine how
well it is meeting the program goals.
REF: p. 176
19. Which of the following is true for evaluation of a community oral health program?
a. Evaluation determines whether the program accomplishes what it was designed to
accomplish.
b. A summary of what went well and what did not is adequate.
c. A negative outcome means that the program has been a failure.
d. Drawing conclusions based on intuition is adequate.
ANS: A
Evaluation determines whether a program has accomplished what it was designed to
accomplish. The objectives themselves must be specifically addressed. Summarizing
what went well and what did not or drawing conclusions based on intuition is not
adequate. A negative outcome does not mean that the program has been a failure.
REF: p. 176
20. If the objectives of a community health program are not met, it does not mean a
program is a failure because:
a. the workers were reimbursed for their time.
b. if a program is evaluated properly in some sense, it has been a success.
c. some form of care was delivered to the public.
d. at least the implementers tried.
ANS: B
If a program is evaluated properly so that negative outcomes become learning
experiences and indicators of future programming and research, it has been a success in
some sense. Formative evaluation during the implementation process can point out
problems and identify opportunities to correct program deficiencies early on.
REF: p. 176
21. Which of the following has been recognized as one of the top ten public health
measures of the 20th century?
a. Cosmetic bonding
b. Fluoridation of water
c. Silver dental amalgam
d. Porcelain fused to metal crowns
ANS: B
Copyright © 2011 Saunders, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Test Bank 6-8
Fluoridation has been recognized as one of the top ten public health measures of the
20th century. As a result of the general availability of public water sources to most
people, the adjustment of the natural fluoride content found in the water to levels
optimal for combating oral disease has proven to be a successful public health measure.
REF: p. 176
22. The average number of decayed, missing (because of caries), or filled permanent
teeth (DMFT) steadily declined from 1967 to 1992 in the United States because of:
a. improved oral hygiene.
b. populations residing in fluoridated communities.
c. improvements in the design of toothbrushes.
d. the use of dental floss.
ANS: B
The average number of DMFT steadily declined from 1967 to 1992 because of
populations residing in fluoridated communities.
REF: p. 177
23. The total population receiving community water fluoridation was __% in 2006.
a. 41.5
b. 51.5
c. 61.5
d. 71.5
ANS: C
As of 2006, the total population receiving adjusted community water fluoridation was
61.5%, up from 57.6% in 2000. Approximately 184 million U.S. residents currently
benefit from community water fluoridation. The target is 75% of the population.
REF: p. 178
24. The mean annual per capita cost is lower in community water fluoridation systems
for larger populations (>50,000) than it is for smaller populations (<10,000). The
lifetime cost of fluoridation per person is less than the cost of one dental filling.
a. Both statements are true.
b. Both statements are false.
c. The first statement is true; the second statement is false.
d. The first statement is false; the second statement is true.
ANS: A
The mean annual per capita cost of community water fluoridation ranges from $0.68 for
systems with a population greater than 50,000 to $3.00 for systems with fewer than
10,000 people. The lifetime cost of fluoridation per person is less than the cost of one
dental filling.
Copyright © 2011 Saunders, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Test Bank 6-9
REF: p. 178
25. The recommended levels for water fluoridation in the United States range from 0.7
to 1.2 parts per million (ppm) of fluoride, depending on the:
a. size of the population younger than 14 years of age.
b. average daily temperature for that area.
c. proximity to an ocean.
d. cost.
ANS: B
The recommended levels for water fluoridation depend on the average daily temperature
for that area. This range is based on the hypothesis that water consumption increases
with increasing climatic temperature. This assumption may not be as accurate as earlier
research indicates because of the increased use of air conditioning and the increased
consumption of soft drinks and bottled water.
REF: p. 180
26. Which of the following offers the benefits of fluoride in a structured environment in
communities where a public water source is not available or where community water
fluoridation is undesired for various reasons?
a. Fluoridated salt
b. Fluoride supplemented sports drinks
c. School-based fluoride mouth rinse programs
d. Fluoridated chewing gum
ANS: C
School-based fluoride mouth rinse programs offer the benefits of fluoride in a structured
environment. The mouth rinse program is administered by school personnel or
volunteers on a weekly basis to participating children. The children rinse for 60 seconds
with 10 mL of 0.2% sodium fluoride.
REF: p. 180
ANS: D
Copyright © 2011 Saunders, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Test Bank 6-10
The need for compliance over an extended period of time is a major procedural and
economic disadvantage of community-based fluoride supplement programs. Although
the total costs of the purchase of supplements and administration of a program are small
compared with the installation and start-up costs associated with fluoridation equipment,
the overall cost of supplements per child is much greater than the per capita cost of
community water fluoridation. Community water fluoridation provides decay prevention
and oral health benefits for the entire population.
REF: p. 181
ANS: C
Varnishes may be used to prevent root surface caries on adults with gingival recession.
The varnish is applied by an operator, with a recommended twice-yearly reapplication
for optimal benefit. The varnish is not intended to be permanent, like a sealant, but to
hold the fluoride in contact with the tooth for a period of time.
REF: p. 181
29. Which of the following is the most cost-effective, most practical, and safest means
of preventing tooth decay?
a. Dental sealants
b. Regular dental visits
c. Community water fluoridation
d. Fluoride varnish
ANS: C
Even though other sources of fluoride are available and despite the increased risk of
fluorosis, community water fluoridation remains the most cost-effective, the most
practical, and the safest means of preventing tooth decay.
REF: p. 182
ANS: D
Copyright © 2011 Saunders, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Test Bank 6-11
REF: p. 183
ANS: A
Little increase has occurred among children in low-income populations. One goal of
Healthy People 2010 was to have 50% of children receiving dental sealants on their
permanent molars. According to the 1988 to 1994 baseline data, only 23% of 8-year-old
children and 15% of 14-year-old adolescents had dental sealants on their permanent
molars.
REF: p. 183
32. To reach the Healthy People 2020 goal of increasing the proportion of children who
have received dental sealants on their molar teeth, many states have instituted:
a. reimbursement through dental insurance programs.
b. expansion of dental assisting and dental hygiene educational programs.
c. school-based sealant programs (SBSPs).
d. educational grants for sealant placement in public health programs.
ANS: C
Many states have instituted SBSPs. In some programs, mobile dental vans are sent to
schools, and the sealants are applied in the van. In other programs, portable equipment is
transported from school to school and is set up in available space.
REF: p. 183
33. For health education programs to be effective:
a. the cognitive model alone has proven to be effective in producing change.
b. the participant must be actively involved in the learning process.
c. internal rather than external factors should be considered in developing an oral
health educational program.
d. external rather than internal factors should be considered in developing an oral
health educational program.
Copyright © 2011 Saunders, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Test Bank 6-12
ANS: B
The participant must be actively involved in the learning process. The cognitive model
alone (attitude + knowledge = behavior change) has been ineffective in producing
change. Both internal and external factors should be considered in developing an oral
health educational program. The outcome of the oral health educational process will be
successful only if all factors are considered.
REF: p. 184
ANS: A
Oral health education for children is a priority because of the high prevalence of dental
caries in this group. If a society free of dental disease is the goal, educational programs
must be targeted for the future of society—the children.
REF: p. 185
35. Which of the following represents the correct sequence for the five-step lesson plan
described by Gagliardi?
1. Guided practice activities
2. Anticipatory planning
3. Instruction/information
4. Closure
5. Objectives
a. 1, 2, 5, 1, 3
b. 5, 2, 3, 1, 4
c. 2, 5, 3, 1, 4
d. 2, 5, 1, 3, 4
ANS: C
The five-step lesson plan described by Gagliardi includes preparation, anticipatory
planning, objectives, instruction/information, guided practice activities, and closure.
REF: p. 186
Copyright © 2011 Saunders, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Test Bank 6-13
ANS: C
Approximately 60% of Americans visit a dental office yearly. Cost is a major reason
why people do not see a dentist. People often wait to visit a dentist only in emergencies.
Financial barriers and geographic access have become reasons why people do not
receive primary prevention.
REF: p. 190
37. Establishment of a dental home begins no later than ___ year(s) of age and includes
referral to dental specialists when appropriate.
a. 1
b. 3
c. 6
d. 12
ANS: A
Establishment of a dental home begins no later than 1 year of age. The dental home is
the ongoing relationship between the dentist and the patient, inclusive of all aspects of
oral health care delivered in a comprehensive, continuously accessible, coordinated, and
family-centered way.
REF: p. 191
38. The fastest growing segment of the population in the United States is:
a. children.
b. adolescents.
c. young adults.
d. older adults.
ANS: D
Between 1990 and 1994, the number of older adults increased 11-fold. These people are
now the fastest growing segment of the population in the United States. The Census
Bureau projects that the number of persons age 65 years and older will more than double
by the middle of the twenty-first century to approximately 80 million.
REF: p. 191
39. Which one of the following federal initiatives that provide funding to states
administers the Head Start program?
a. Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)
b. Administration for Children and Families (ACF)
c. Children’s Health Insurance Plan Reauthorization Act (CHIPRA)
d. Medicaid (Title XIX)
ANS: B
Copyright © 2011 Saunders, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Test Bank 6-14
Administration for ACF, an agency of the Department of Health and Human Services, is
responsible for 60 programs that provide assistance to needy children and families,
including the administration of the Head Start program, which serves approximately
900,000 preschool children annually.
REF: p. 194
40. A federally qualified health center (FQHC) has been designated by the federal
government by adhering to regulations pertaining to the scope and quality of health
services provided to anyone:
a. with a substance abuse problem.
b. regardless of ability to pay.
c. older than 18 years of age.
d. who has served in the military.
ANS: B
An FQHC has been designated by the federal government by adhering to regulations
pertaining to the scope and quality of health services provided to anyone, regardless of
ability to pay.
REF: p. 194
Copyright © 2011 Saunders, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Große Moschee und Dächer vom Fort aus.
Oder vielmehr in das Haus des Amīr 'Ali Pascha, seines ältesten
Bruders, und zwar weil 'Abd ul Kādir dort gewohnt und in den trüben
Tagen des Blutbades von 1860 tausend Christen daselbst
beherbergt hat. Ein Schimmer von Mut und Vaterlandsliebe
verherrlicht seinen Namen, und außerdem verleiht sein Reichtum
dem bejahrten weisen Manne Ansehen und Macht, besitzt doch die
Familie 'Abd ul Kādir das ganze Viertel, das sie bewohnt, als ihr
eigen. Das Haus macht, wie alle großen Häuser in Damaskus,
äußerlich nichts von sich. Aus einer kleinen krummen Straße traten
wir durch eine Tür in einen dunklen Gang, bogen um etliche Ecken
und sahen uns in einem rings mit Orangenbäumen bepflanzten
Marmorhof, in dessen Mitte sich ein Springbrunnen befand. Auf
diesen Hof mündeten alle größeren Räume; nachdem sämtliche
Türen weit für mich geöffnet worden waren, präsentierte ein Diener
Kaffee und Konfekt. Ich bewunderte die Verzierungen der Mauern
und das in die Marmorbecken plätschernde Wasser, das durch
Marmorrinnen abfloß. Wie bei allen Palästen in Damaskus, so war
auch hier jede Fensterbrüstung mit einem gurgelnden Wässerchen
versehen, so daß die in den Raum eindringende Luft immer feuchte
Kühle mit sich führt. Der Amīr 'Ali war zwar nicht anwesend, aber
sein Haushofmeister, — er trug ganz den Typus eines
hochherrschaftlichen Dieners und befleißigte sich jener ehrerbietigen
Vertraulichkeit, die der untergebene Orientale sich so leicht aneignet
— zeigte uns die Schätze seines Herrn. Da war der juwelenbesetzte
Säbel, den Napoleon III. dem alten Amīr überreicht hatte, dann 'Abd
ul Kādirs Flinten und einige schwere, silberbeschlagene Schwerter
von 'Abd ul 'Aziz ibn er Raschid aus dem letzten Jahre. Wie ich
hörte, verbindet eine alte Freundschaft die algerische Familie mit
den Lords von Haīl. Ferner zeigte er uns verschiedene Gemälde von
'Abd ul Kādir: wie er seine Reiterei anführt, wie er in Versailles mit
Napoleon die Stufen des Palastes hinunterschreitet in der Haltung
eines Mannes, der gewinnt und nicht verliert, und endlich Amīr als
Greis in Damaskus; überall trägt er die weiße, algerische Tracht, die
er überhaupt nie ablegt, immer zeigt er auch dieselben ernsten und
würdevollen Züge. Und nun wurde ich über eine kleine Brücke
geführt, die hinter dem großen Hofe einen Bach überspannte, und
wir gelangten aus einem Garten voll Veilchen in die Ställe. So luftig,
hell und trocken waren sie, wie nur die besten europäischen Ställe
sein könnten. Hier standen zwei prächtige Araberstuten aus dem
Gestüte der Ruwalla, und, fast ebenso wertvoll wie sie, ein gut
zugerittenes Maultier. Auf unserm Rundgang begleitete uns ein
Mann, der scheinbar nicht zu dem Haushalt gehörte. Er blickte so
melancholisch drein, daß er mir auffiel, und ich Sēlim Beg nach ihm
fragte. »Ein Christ,« erklärte dieser, »er entstammt einer reichen
Familie, die ihre Religion zu wechseln gezwungen war und bei Amīr
Ali Zuflucht suchte.« Weiter hörte ich nichts von ihm, aber er paßte
in das Bild, das 'Abd ul Kādirs Haus mir hinterließ: eine Wohnstätte
edler Leute, die von einer gut geschulten Dienerschaft geleitet wird,
und die, mit allen Annehmlichkeiten des Lebens versehen, auch den
Bedrängten Schutz gewährt.
Tor der Tekyah.
Dreschplatz in Karyatein.
Mein letzter Tag in Damaskus war ein Freitag. Nun ist Damaskus
an einem schönen Freitag ein Anblick, der auch einer weiten Reise
wert ist. Die gesamte männliche Bevölkerung paradiert in den besten
Gewändern durch die Straßen, die Geschäfte in Zuckerwaren und
die in getragenen Kleidern florieren, den fertig vorgerichteten
Speisen in den Eßwarenläden entströmen wahrhaft verlockende
Gerüche, und prächtig aufgezäumte Rosse galoppieren den Weg am
Flusse Abana entlang. Am zeitigen Nachmittag bekam ich
vornehmen Besuch, als ersten Mohammed Pascha, den Scheich
von Djerūd, letzteres eine Oase halbwegs nach Palmyra. Djerūdi ist
der zweitgrößte Brigant im ganzen Lande, der größte aber (niemand
wird ihm den Rang streitig machen) ist Fayyād Agha von Karyatein,
einer anderen Oase an der Straße nach Palmyra. Fayyād mag wohl
ein schlimmer Bösewicht sein, wenn er mich auch höflich genug
behandelte, als ich seinen Weg kreuzte, Djerūdis Schurkerei aber ist
ganz anderer Art. Dieser große kräftige Mann mit dem Glasauge war
seiner Zeit ein tüchtiger Reiter und Räuber, denn in seinen Adern
fließt arabisches Blut, und sein Großvater entstammte dem stolzen
Geschlecht der 'Anazeh. Aber nun ist er alt, schwerfällig und
gichtisch geworden und wünscht weiter nichts als Frieden, den er
jedoch mit Rücksicht auf sein Vorleben und die Lage von Djerūd, die
diese Oase zu einem günstigen Zufluchtsort für alle unruhigen
Geister der Wüste macht, schwerlich erlangen wird. Er muß sich
sowohl mit seinen arabischen Stammesbrüdern als auch mit der
Regierung gut stellen; während jede dieser Parteien seinen Einfluß
auf die andre auszunützen sucht, muß er selbst von beiden Nutzen
zu ziehen suchen, sein Glasauge auf die Forderungen des
Gesetzes, das gesunde auf seinen eignen Vorteil richten. So
wenigstens verstehe ich ihn. In gerechtfertigtem Unwillen hat
mancher Konsul schon vom Vāli seine sofortige Hinrichtung verlangt,
aber zu einem solchen Schritt kann sich der Vāli nicht entschließen,
wenn er auch nicht selten eine besondere Greueltat durch
Verhängung einer Kerkerhaft geahndet hat. Wie er sagt, hat die
Regierung in Djerūdi gelegentlich einen nützlichen Mann gesehen,
und — der Vāli muß es ja am besten wissen. Zu seinem großen
Kummer hat Mohammed Pascha keine Söhne als Erben seines
immensen Reichtums, und die Grünspechte, in Gestalt einer Schar