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Chapter 7—Race and Ethnicity
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. In the 1920s, Professor Sandiford administered IQ tests. What recommendation did he make based on
his results?
a. Canada’s education system should especially serve the “forgotten” gifted learners.
b. Certain racial groups had inferior intelligence and therefore should be streamed into
vocational training.
c. Canada’s education system should favour the advancement of science and technology, and
leave literature and the “softer” subjects in the elementary schools.
d. Canada must adopt selective immigration to keep Canada safe from misfits and defectives.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Page 139 BLM: HIGHER ORDER
2. Based on the example of Professor Peter Sandiford, which of the following characterizes the position
of many people whose views are contradicted by available evidence?
a. They use science to replicate the research to see where they made their mistake.
b. They ignore or explain away conclusions that challenge their beliefs.
c. They seek out competing explanations to try to arrive at an explanation “in the middle.”
d. They change their beliefs to incorporate the new knowledge.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page 139 BLM: HIGHER ORDER
3. According to sociological research, which of the following factors has the greatest influence on
athleticism?
a. social conditions
b. motivation
c. biology
d. race
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Page 140 BLM: REMEMBER
4. What happened as the Jewish population experienced upward mobility?

a. Their IQ scores rose.
b. IQ scores were no longer used.
c. Aptitude tests replaced IQ scores.
d. Their IQs were less often measured.
5. Which of the following has the biggest influence on IQ scores?

a. social setting
b. definition of the situation
c. badly flawed research
d. symbolic interactionism
Copyright © 2015 Nelson Education Ltd. 7-1

Chapter 7 Race and Ethnicity Test Bank
6. According to research, which of the following environments has a big impact on IQ and other
standardized test scores?
a. physical environment
b. social environment
c. national environment
d. pastoral environment
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page 140 BLM: REMEMBER
7. Antoine, a 15 year-old-black youth growing up in Toronto, has shown great ability as an athlete,
excelling in hockey and in basketball. He has also shown great promise in his academic pursuits, and
has to choose between two different summer camps: one is a sports camp for gifted athletes and the
other is a science camp for gifted students. Which of the following statements provides Antoine with
the most relevant information to keep in mind in deciding between the camps?
a. The chances of achieving upward mobility for people from racialized minorities are NOT
greater through academic excellence than through professional sport.
b. There is less racism in professional sports than there is in science.
c. The chances of achieving upward mobility are greater for everyone through academic
excellence than through professional sport.
d. Professional hockey players make more money than scientists.
8. Robert hates competing in the math competition at school when there are a lot of Asian competitors
because he believes they are innately much better at math. What does Robert’s attitude illustrate?
a. prejudice
b. discrimination
c. scapegoating
d. authoritarianism
9. Jillian walks into the cafeteria as her friend Peter is telling a racist joke. What does Peter’s behaviour
illustrate?
a. prejudice
b. discrimination
c. scapegoating
d. authoritarianism
10. Janet, a white woman, is walking down the street by her house and notices a large dark-skinned man
walking toward her on the sidewalk. Frightened, she swiftly crosses the road away from him. What
does Janet’s behaviour illustrate?
a. prejudice
b. discrimination
c. scapegoating
d. authoritarianism

11. According to the textbook, why are Koreans in Japan more likely than Koreans in Canada to pursue
careers in sports?
a. because multicultural societies like Canada provide more competition in the realm of
sports
b. because the Koreans who choose to immigrate to Canada have different career motivations
that those who choose to remain in Japan
c. because they have more opportunities in all professional areas in Japan
d. because they experience less prejudice and discrimination in Canada
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Page 141 BLM: REMEMBER
12. What is the effect of promoting athletes predominantly as suitable role models for black youth?
a. It gives true hope to the underprivileged.
b. It removes the stigma from successful people of colour.
c. It deflects black youths’ efforts away from academic endeavours.
d. It deflects attention from public issues, like poverty and racism.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Page 140-141
BLM: REMEMBER
13. Why is it extremely difficult to distinguish groups on the basis of so-called race?
a. There is only one global genetic individual.
b. Genetic differences are now too plentiful to count.
c. Social conditions have become similar for everyone.
d. A high degree of intermixing has taken place.
14. At various points in history, people of Irish, Jewish, and southern Italian descent were referred to as
“black.” What does this demonstrate?
a. that racial distinctions are social constructs
b. that racial distinctions are not arbitrary
c. that race as a concept has no social significance
d. that racial distinctions are tied to ethnic categories
15. What does the example of Tiger Woods demonstrate about identifying oneself as “black,” “white,”
“Asian,” and so forth?
a. Racial identification is a matter of personal choice.
b. Racial identification is actually simple to determine with the correct scientific tools.
c. Racial identification is seldom clear-cut.
d. Racial identification is based on expensive genetic testing.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Page 141 BLM: REMEMBER
16. Which of the following terms does Tiger Woods use to identify his mixed ancestry?
a. mixed Caucasian
b. Afro-Cuban
c. Thai-Afro-Caucasian
d. Cablinasian

17. What conclusion does the textbook reach regarding “race”?

a. that “race” does not matter
b. that “race” is meaningless because racial differences in thought and behaviour do not exist
c. that “race” is significant because people believe it is and they act toward others on the
basis of their beliefs
d. that “race” is the most important factor responsible for people’s position in the
stratification system
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Page 141 BLM: HIGHER ORDER
18. During World War II, the Canadian government relocated, interned, and confiscated the assets of all
Japanese Canadians who lived anywhere near the British Columbia coast, blaming them for attacks on
Pearl Harbor to the south. What were the Japanese Canadians in this situation?
a. traitors
b. scapegoats
c. immigrants
d. racialized exemplars
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page 141-142
BLM: HIGHER ORDER
19. According to the text definition, which of the following terms is used to describe an arbitrary social
construct used to distinguish people in terms of one or more physical markers?
a. prejudice
b. stereotype
c. racism
d. race
20. According to the text, why do sociologists believe that “race matters”?
a. because it allows social inequality to be created and maintained
b. because it is a good way to organize social experiences
c. because people have an innate need to see differences
d. because it has been proven to indicate significant genetic differences among people
21. Which of the following does the textbook define as a disadvantaged person or category of people that
others blame for their own problems?
a. visible minority
b. intruder
c. outsider
d. scapegoat
22. Race is to biology as ethnicity is to ___________.

a. race
b. ethnic group
c. culture
d. society

23. What term is used for a socially defined category of people with physical markers perceived as
socially significant?
a. discrimination
b. stereotypes
c. prejudice
d. race
24. What sort of group is composed of people whose perceived cultural markers are deemed socially
significant?
a. a stereotypical group
b. an in-group
c. an ethnic group
d. a subculture
25. The Mi’kmaq, the Coast Salish, and the Mohawk are all examples of which of the following in
Canada?
a. ethnic groups
b. races
c. assimilators
d. majority groups
26. Which of the following is the main difference between race and ethnicity?
a. Ethnic distinctions are cultural.
b. Ethnic distinctions are personal.
c. Ethnic distinctions are sociological.
d. Ethnic distinctions are biological.
27. What accounts for the success of immigrant Jews and Koreans in Canada?
a. their religious beliefs
b. their literacy, skill, and urban background
c. their being in the right place at the right time
d. their strong communities
28. According to research, what really matters in determining the economic success of an ethnic or racial
group?
a. social structural advantages
b. their cultural values
c. their HWQ (hard work quotient)
d. social solidarity created by community coalitions

29. “Jewish and Korean immigrants were successful because they were hardworking and educated, while
West Indians were less successful economically because they lacked these values.” What does this
opinion overlook?
a. social structural differences in opportunity
b. the flexibility of culture
c. cultural diversity
d. the insignificance of ethnic identity
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Page 142-143
BLM: REMEMBER
30. When we compare the incomes of white Canadians with the Canadian-born children of non-white
immigrants, what do we see?
a. Canadian-born children of non-white immigrants have higher incomes.
b. Upper-class white Canadians earn higher incomes than the upper-class children of
non-white immigrants.
c. There is no difference in income.
d. The vertical mosaic is still apparent.
31. Why did John Porter and other sociologists modify their views on the vertical mosaic by the 1970s?
a. because economic differences among ethnic groups diminished
b. because Canadian-born people began to do less well economically than recent immigrants
c. because the structure of mobility opportunities in Canada was reduced significantly in the
decades after World War II
d. because immigrants began to arrive in Canada with higher levels of education
32. Which of the following phrases did John Porter, one of the founders of Canadian sociology, use to
describe Canada’s ethnically and racially stratified society?
a. an apartheid system
b. a zero mobility system
c. a caste system
d. a vertical mosaic
33. Which of the following theoretical approaches to race and ethnicity in Canada argues that Canadian
society has low mobility due to a value system that encourages the retention of ethnic culture?
a. internal colonialism
b. biological determinism
c. vertical mosaic
d. symbolic interactionism

34. Most sociologists stress which of the following as a determinant of the economic success or lack of
success of ethnic and racial groups?
a. social structural conditions
b. culture
c. subcultural attitudes
d. race
35. Mouna has recently immigrated to Canada from Turkey. She graduated from medical school and
worked as a doctor for three years before emigrating, yet she has not been able to find work in Canada
as a doctor. What is the likeliest reason for this?
a. Canadian mechanisms for recognizing accreditation of foreign credentials are poorly
developed.
b. She doesn’t have any Canadian medical experience.
c. Medical training in Turkey is inferior to Canadian medical education.
d. There are too many qualified doctors in Canada already.
36. Sociologists have identified a number of factors that determine racial and ethnic inequality. Some of
these factors have been shown to be more important than others. Which of the following lists correctly
orders the factors in order of importance from least important to most important?
a. 1. history and tradition; 2. culture; 3. biology
b. 1. social structure; 2. biology; 3. educational shortcomings
c. 1. economics; 2. social structure; 3. history and tradition
d. l. biology; 2. culture; 3. social structure
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Page 144 BLM: HIGHER ORDER
37. What can be learned through John Lie’s story of his changing ethnic identity and the experiences that
emerged as a result?
a. Experiences and opportunities shift depending upon others’ perceptions.
b. It is possible to conceal one’s ethnic origins to avoid negative consequences.
c. It doesn’t matter who one really is, just who people think one is.
d. What matters most is who one is, not who people think one is.
BLM: HIGHER ORDER
38. What is the broad notion contained in the quote by French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre, “the
anti-Semite creates the Jew”?
a. The identity of “Jew” in particular is a socially constructed identity based on angst.
b. Jewish identities are shaped mainly by anti-Semitism.
c. People’s identification with a particular ethnic identity is shaped in part by how others
perceive and act towards them.
d. Identity based on hatred is unstable and changeable.

39. Around the early 1900s, Sicilians living in Canada started thinking of themselves as Italian Canadians
rather than as people from a particular town or area in Italy. What was the reason for this shift in
thinking and self-identification?
a. They had assimilated into the vertical mosaic.
b. They had an urge to preserve their pluralism.
c. Other Canadians defined them that way.
d. They could no longer go back to Italy.
40. Alisha is studying the process of identity formation among second-generation “immigrants” and is
trying to determine which theory will allow her to analyze how people negotiate identity. Which
sociological theory would work best for her analysis?
b. conflict theory
c. symbolic interactionism
d. split labour market theory
BLM: HIGHER ORDER
41. Canada’s indigenous peoples were first mistakenly called “Indians” by Christopher Columbus. What
happened to this label?
a. The indigenous maintained their tribal identities and ignored this imposed “Indian”
identity.
b. It became a signal of their submission to the colonizers’ cultural prerogatives.
c. It has fallen out of use entirely within First Nations communities.
d. It was accepted by the indigenous as their identity as a collective opposition to the
European settlers and occupiers.
42. Ole looks forward to the Norske Dager festival every year, as he can spend the weekend catching up
with family and friends, practising his few remembered words of Norwegian, and walking around in
his Viking outfit scaring people. What is Ole engaged in?
a. symbolic ethnicity
b. ephemeral ethnicity
c. transitory ethnicity
d. false ethnicity
BLM: HIGHER ORDER
43. Which of the following Canadians is most likely to be able to enjoy symbolic ethnicity?
a. Malcolm, the Scottish bartender
b. Jacques, the Senegalese doctor
c. Trinh, the Vietnamese corporate lawyer
d. Russell, the South Asian comedian
BLM: HIGHER ORDER

44. What does Herbert Gans call a nostalgic attitude toward ethnicity?
a. cultural ethnicity
b. social structural ethnicity
c. traditional ethnicity
d. symbolic ethnicity
45. Which of the following best describes the ethnic identity of present-day Irish Canadians?
a. symbolic ethnicity
b. class consciousness
c. ethnic pluralism
d. temporary ethnicity
46. What is ethnicity for most Irish Canadians?

a. like institutional racism
b. imposed
c. a matter of choice
d. beyond negotiation
47. Which of the following Canadians would have the most ease and success choosing his race and
ethnicity?
a. Robert, a 35-year-old Jamaican lawyer
b. Jung-Hwa, a 25-year-old Korean student
c. Conan, a 20-year-old Scottish hair stylist
d. Peter, a 30-year-old Métis construction worker
BLM: HIGHER ORDER
48. Where racism is prevalent, a visible minority group lacks the freedom to enjoy a symbolic ethnicity.
Which of the following would best describe their racial identity?
a. more apparent than their cultural identity
b. imposed on them by non-minority groups
c. more important than any associated ethnic identity
d. minimized if a strong ethnic identity is formed
49. Why did Malcolm X think it didn’t matter to a racist whether a person of African origin is a professor
or a panhandler?
a. Race is the background of a professional identity.
b. Race is only at the forefront of a racist’s self-identity.
c. Racial identities are flexible where racism is common.
d. Racial identities are compulsory where racism is common.

50. Steven is a store owner downtown and is convinced that Aboriginal people are thieves. Every time an
Aboriginal person comes into his store, he follows them around, finding any excuse he can to kick
them out of the store. What is Steven practising?
a. racism
b. pluralism
c. assimilation
d. expulsion
51. Prior to the end of apartheid in South Africa in 1994, the movement of black South Africans was
restricted by the notorious pass laws. These laws required black South Africans, but not South
Africans of European heritage, to carry identity papers at all times, and made it illegal for South
African blacks to be in a wide range of restricted areas unless they could prove they worked in those
areas. Which of the following is the most accurate term to describe the relation between the two ethnic
groups in South Africa before 1994?
a. colonialism
b. relativism
c. pluralism
d. institutional racism
52. Which of the following best characterizes racial identities in societies where racism is common?
a. Racial identities are ignored.
b. Racial identities are a natural reason for prejudice.
c. Racial identities are compulsory.
d. Racial identities are categorized as either bad or accepted.
53. What is the definition of colonialism?

a. people from one country invading and taking political, cultural, and economic control over
people in another country
b. one race or ethnic group subjugating another in the same country and preventing the
assimilation by segregating the subordinate group
c. the intentional extermination of an entire population defined as “a race” or “a people”
d. the forcible removal of a population from a territory claimed by another population
54. What did Hitler’s systematic plan to exterminate people of Jewish extraction during World War II
exemplify?
a. expulsion
b. conquest
c. colonization
d. genocide

55. Learning from the history of relations between the British and the French in Canada, which of the
following areas of public life is the best to control if a group wishes to hold power over another?
a. language
b. religion
c. commerce
d. culture
56. What is the definition of internal colonialism?

a. people from one country invading and taking political, cultural, and economic control over
b. one race or ethnic group subjugating another in the same country and preventing
c. the forcible removal of a population from a territory claimed by another population
d. the intentional extermination of an entire population defined as “a race” or “a people”
57. What is the definition of expulsion?

a. one race or ethnic group subjugating another in the same country and preventing
b. people from one country invading and taking political, cultural, and economic control over
c. the intentional extermination of an entire population defined as “a race” or “a people”
d. the forcible removal of a population from a territory claimed by another population
58. Andy is assigned an exercise in his sociology class whereby he records the ethnic backgrounds of his
five closest friends and then asks his parents and grandparents to do the same. He discovers that not
one of them lists a single non-white friend. According to the textbook, what can this likely be
attributed to?
a. active racism
b. a legacy of internal colonialism
c. the lack of non-white immigrants in Canada historically
d. the current lack of diversity in Canada
59. Which of the following involves people in one country gaining virtually complete control over other
people in the same country, and seeking to destroy their culture?
b. expulsion
c. domination
d. colonialism

60. Which of the following is the term for people from one country invading another and changing or
destroying the native culture?
b. colonialism
c. nationalism
d. expropriation
61. Which of the following prevents assimilation by segregating the colonized from the colonizers in
terms of jobs, housing, and social contacts?
a. racism
b. internal colonialism
c. ethnocentrism
d. cultural genocide
62. According to the text, who have been the main victims of internal colonialism in Canada?
a. German Canadians
b. Japanese Canadians
c. Dutch Canadians
d. Aboriginal peoples
63. Which of the following has as its consequence the prevention of assimilation of colonized groups
through segregation of jobs, housing, and social contacts?
a. resistance to domination
b. expulsion
c. internal colonialism
d. ecological succession
64. Historically, internal colonialism resulted in which of the following?

a. upward social mobility for ethnic groups
b. racism
c. assimilation of indigenous populations
d. pluralism
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page 148-149
BLM: REMEMBER
65. According to the textbook, what type of internal colonialism most accurately describes the treatment of
Canada’s Aboriginal peoples in the eighteenth century?
a. expulsion
b. invasion
c. genocide
d. assimilation

66. What was the primary process of internal colonialism used by the Europeans against Canada’s
Aboriginal peoples?
a. forcibly removing Aboriginal peoples from their territories
b. forcing autonomy on Aboriginal people through the wording of the Indian Act
c. enforcing Aboriginal peoples’ acceptance of bad treaty terms
d. forcing Aboriginal peoples into the wrong end of the split labour market
BLM: REMEMBER
67. What term is used for the forcible removal of a population from a territory claimed by another
population?
a. relocation
b. expulsion
c. colonialism
d. slavery
68. The Canadian government instituted a policy of forcibly placing Aboriginal children in residential
schools. Which of the following terms best describes the effects this had on Aboriginal cultures?
a. cultural genocide
b. slavery
c. institutional racism
d. conquest
69. In a class discussion on the treatment of Aboriginals by the Canadian government, Jesse described
what happened to his grandmother when she was a child. At around the age of 8 years she was forcibly
removed from her parents’ home and taken to a school over 800 kilometres away. At the school she
was forbidden to speak her own language and prevented from seeing her parents. She didn’t see her
mother for six and a half years. What was the name of this kind of school?
a. segregation school
b. relocation school
c. residential school
d. assimilation school
70. What happened to the Beothuk people of Newfoundland and Labrador after the arrival of Europeans?
a. They were forced to attend residential schools.
b. Over time, they acquired a symbolic ethnicity.
c. They were able to negotiate their ethnicity.
d. They became victims of genocide.

71. What best describes John A. Macdonald’s plan for Canada’s Aboriginal people?
a. assimilation
b. conquest
c. slavery
d. expulsion
BLM: REMEMBER
72. What is the intentional extermination of an entire ethnic or racial population called?
a. genocide
b. relocation
c. colonialism
d. expulsion
73. According to critics, the passage of the Indian Act, the establishment of the reserve system, and the
creation of residential schools was an attempt to obliterate the First Nations people in Canada, not
assimilate them. Thus, Canada is accused of which of the following?
a. cultural genocide
b. racism
c. nationalism
d. colonialism
74. The Canadian government forced Aboriginal children into the residential schooling system, which
imposed European language, culture, and religion upon them. Which of the following terms best
describes the consequences of these actions?
a. expulsion
b. internal colonialism
c. occupation
d. cultural genocide
75. The current reduced longevity and high rates of poverty, unemployment, ill health, and violence within
Canada’s Aboriginal populations are a consequence of which of the following?
b. culture lag
c. cultural resistance
d. assimilation
76. What form of internal colonialism did the Québécois experience at the hands of the British in 1759?
a. religious assimilation
b. negotiated identity
c. conquest
d. ethnic assimilation

77. René and Jacques were discussing their grandparents experience growing up in Quebec City in the
Great Depression. Both of their grandparents remembered very clearly that all the men who worked
with them on the docks were French-speaking, and how they came to resent that, even though all the
work was done in French, their bosses never bothered to learn to speak French. What do sociologists
call this phenomenon?
a. bilingualism
b. ethnic stratification
c. linguistic assimilation
d. ethnic assimilation
78. In 1759, the British conquered the French in North America. What term do sociologists use for the
social consequences that were created and have remained in place by this conquest?
a. bilingualism
b. ethnic stratification
c. internal borders
d. political duality
79. Which of the following can be thought of as a catalyst for the upsurge in Quebec nationalism in the
1960s?
a. the Quiet Revolution
b. secularization
c. the October Crisis
d. large-scale international immigration
BLM: HIGHER ORDER
80. In the post–Quiet Revolution period, Québécois governments implemented initiatives, such as active
state interventions in non-francophone institutions and compulsory French language training. Which of
the following was the primary goal of these initiatives?
a. to guarantee continued federal transfer payments to Quebec
b. to maintain francophone pride
c. to preserve cultural distinctiveness as a tourist attraction
d. to ensure that the Québécois community could survive and gain equality
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Page 150-151
BLM: HIGHER ORDER
81. Why did the Québécois begin, around the 1980s, to see themselves as an endangered species?
a. There was a demographic decline.
b. Assimilation of the English was not working.
c. More francophones were becoming bilingual.
d. The Parti Québécois had failed to win a provincial election.

82. Which kind of internal colonialism did Afro-Canadians experience before 1833?
a. accommodation
b. expulsion
c. slavery
d. genocide
BLM: REMEMBER
83. What term is used for the ownership and control of people against their will?
a. colonialism
b. expulsion
c. relocation
d. slavery
84. The “underground railroad,” was a network whose endpoint was Canada. Which of the following was
smuggled along this “railroad”?
a. Loyalists into Canada after the American Revolution
b. war criminals into Canada after the American Civil War
c. escaped slaves from the United States into Canada
d. alcohol into the United States during Prohibition
85. In a famous speech, American Civil Rights leader Martin Luther King said that Canada was known as
the North Star by African Americans seeking to escape slavery. Escaped slaves organized a secret
network of safe houses and tunnels which allowed the runaway slaves to eventually find their way to
Canada, which had outlawed slavery. Canada was the North Star because Canada was to the North.
What was the name of this secret network?
a. the magic tunnel
b. the North channel
c. the freedom highway
d. the underground railroad
86. Until the liberalization of immigration policies in the 1960s, which of the following best described the
situation of Afro-Canadians?
a. Afro-Canadians were slaves in Canada’s lumbering and farming industries.
b. Afro-Canadians were often residentially and socially segregated.
c. There were very few Afro-Canadians.
d. Afro-Canadians were the employees of the CN Rail passenger trains.

87. What is the name of the well-known Afro-Canadian community located in Halifax that is an example
of residential and social segregation?
a. Heavenly City
b. Africville
c. Caribbtown
d. Black Ivory
88. According to the 2011 Canadian census, where do black Canadians rank in terms of their size as a
visible minority group?
a. second largest
b. third largest
c. fourth largest
d. fifth largest
89. “Where low-wage workers of one race and high-wage workers of another compete for the same jobs,
high-wage workers are likely to resent the presence of the low-wage competitors. Conflict is bound to
result, and racist attitudes develop or get reinforced.” This is the basic argument of which theory?
a. ecological theory
b. the theory of internal colonialism
c. work-based racism theory
d. split labour market theory
90. Why did Asian immigration to Canada resume on a large scale in the 1960s?
a. A split labour market emerged in Asia.
b. The United States closed its borders to Asian immigration.
c. Racial criteria were removed from Canadian immigration laws.
d. Demographic decline in Canada was feared.
91. During their early years of immigration to Canada, resentment was directed at Asians, who provided
cheap labour in the booming economy of Canada’s West—particularly in British Columbia. To what
has this resentment and resulting conflict been attributed?
b. slavery
c. the split labour market theory
d. invasion theory

92. The fact that Asian immigrants were willing to work for much lower wages than European Canadians
fuelled deep resentment among European Canadians, especially when the labour market was flooded.
What was the result of the conflict?
a. the increased political representation of Asian Canadians in Canada’s governments
b. the mass migration of Asians back to their homeland
c. the solidification of racial identities and the impossibility of assimilation
d. the Westernization of Asian cultures
93. Based on its focus, split labour market theory is a variant of which major perspective?
a. structural functionalism
b. conflict theory
c. symbolic interactionism
d. feminist theory
94. A weakness of internal colonialism and split labour market theories is that they ignore which of the
following?
a. the transnationality of racial and ethnic groups
b. the politics of racial and ethnic groups
c. the advantages of race and ethnicity
d. the voting patterns of racial and ethnic groups
95. In order to decrease the power of the union at the ABC Auto manufacturing plant, when contract talks
broke down and the all-white union workers went on strike, the management at ABC recruited, hired,
and bussed in low-wage Mexican workers. What is this situation called?
b. segregation
c. split labour market
d. new international division of labour
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Page 154 BLM: UNDERSTAND
96. According to the text, which of the following is an advantage of continued ethnic group membership
among white European groups?
a. ability to resist assimilation
b. integrity of individual family customs
c. affirmation of old-country affiliations
d. the emotional support of shared ethnicity
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Page 155-156
BLM: REMEMBER
97. Which of the following is a political advantage of ethnic group membership?

a. access to resources
b. pluralism
c. separatism
d. assimilation

98. Inexpensive international communication and travel allow ethnic group members to maintain strong
ties to their ancestral homeland in a way never before possible. Which of the following has this trend
encouraged?
a. a globalized economy
b. a universal culture
c. transnational communities
d. a global equality
99. James is an Australian student spending a term in Canada. He and his classmates are comparing the
policies of their respective countries with regard to immigration. James knows that Canada and
Australia are both among the top three countries in terms of percentage of the population that are
immigrants. What country is Jenna from if she tells them that she is from the other of the top three
countries?
a. Israel
b. United States
c. South Korea
d. Argentina
100. As Canada’s racial and ethnic diversity has increased, race relations have evolved from expulsion,
conquest, slavery, and segregation to a society based on which of the following?
a. globalized politics and religion
b. segregation, pluralism, and assimilation
c. social, political, and economic equality
d. urbanization and consumerism
101. Amanda asked her sociology professor for some help getting started on a paper she had to write. Her
topic was toleration. Her professor told her about a recent survey of rich countries measuring
toleration. There was only one country in which a strong majority of the population had a positive
view of immigrants. Which country was that?
a. Denmark
b. Canada
c. Netherlands
d. Sweden
102. Because of such factors as intermarriage and immigration, the growth of tolerance in Canada is taking
place in a context of increasing ethnic and racial diversity. But given current trends, what will happen
to Canada’s racial and ethnic mosaic?
a. It will become more racial and less ethnic.
b. It will become a melting pot.
c. It will continue to be unified and equal.
d. It will continue to be stratified.

103. Political initiatives, like employment equity programs, have which of the following effects on the
verticality of the Canadian mosaic?
a. They eliminate it.
b. They have no effect on it.
c. They decrease it.
d. They increase it.
104. Political initiatives, like employment equity programs, speed up which of the following changes in
society?
a. the transition from segregation to pluralism
b. the transition from segregation to assimilation
c. the transition from segregation to globalization
d. the transition from segregation to stratification
TRUE/FALSE
1. Prejudice and discrimination are defined as the unfair treatment of people because of their group
membership.
ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: Page 140
2. In modern times, race has lost nearly all meaning as a biological category.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: Page 141
3. Sociologists define race as socially significant physical characteristics that shape behaviour patterns.
4. Sociologists define race as the socially manifested consequences of the genetically determined
physical characteristics of a group.
5. The concept of race is used to create and justify social inequality.
6. Sociologists define an ethnic group as a group of people whose ethnic markers are deemed socially
significant.
7. Ethnicity is perceived physical markers, like skin colour and ancestry, which are deemed socially
significant.

8. Research supports the argument that, in Canada, culture by itself is unimportant in determining the
economic success of racial or ethnic groups.
9. Racial and ethnic inequality is more deeply rooted in biology than any other characteristic.
10. Symbolic interactionists emphasize that racial and ethnic identities and labels emerge from a process
of cultural maturation.
ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: Page 144-145
11. John Lie’s story demonstrates that the level of prejudice is about evenly distributed in all societies.
12. When race and ethnicity are socially constructed labels, everyone is free to choose their race or ethnic
identity.
13. Institutional racism is a bias inherent in social institutions and is often not noticed by members of the
majority group.
14. Internal colonialism is a theory of ethnic and racial relations that focuses on subcultural differences
that sustain racial and ethnic differences.
15. In Canada, the passage of the Indian Act, the establishment of the reserve system, and the creation of
residential schools were more of an attempt to obliterate than to assimilate Aboriginal people.
16. The Beothuk are widely considered to have been the Aboriginal group that has been most able to resist
the Canadian government’s assimilationist policies.
17. Internal colonialism involves processes of expulsion or conquest.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: Page 147-148
18. The rigid system of ethnic stratification in Quebec is an example of the legacy of internal colonialism.

19. The success of the Quiet Revolution in Quebec has meant that, for the most part, the ethnic
stratification that once characterize Quebec society has all but disappeared.
20. Since the time of the “underground railroad,” Canada has welcomed and embraced black immigrants.
21. Once Canada liberalized its immigration policy, it became a much more racially and ethnically diverse
society.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: Page 153-154
22. The split labour market theory focuses on the social-structural barriers to assimilation.
23. One’s ethnicity can sometimes be advantageous emotionally but not economically or politically.
24. Inexpensive travel and modern communication technologies have created transnational
communities—ethnic communities whose boundaries extend among countries.
25. Canada has become one of the most racially and ethnically heterogeneous countries in the world, so
racism is no longer an issue in Canada.
26. Pluralism is the retention of racial and ethnic culture in a context of unequal access to basic resources.
27. Political initiatives, like employment equity programs and government-subsidized job training and
childcare, could decrease the “verticality” of the Canadian mosaic.

SHORT ANSWER
1. Explain why it is a mistake to believe that IQ and athletic ability are defined by race.
ANS:
Answers will vary.
PTS: 1
2. What is the significance of the starting line-up of the New York Knicks first home game?
ANS:
Answers will vary.
PTS: 1
3. Why does Tiger Woods refer to himself as “Cablinasian”?
ANS:
Answers will vary.
PTS: 1
4. Identify the differences between prejudice and discrimination, and explain the terms’ relationship to
each other.
ANS:
Answers will vary.
PTS: 1
5. Explain the reasoning supporting the elimination of race as a biological category.
ANS:
Answers will vary.
PTS: 1
6. Explain how race is a socially constructed concept and outline how race is used to maintain systems of
social inequality.
ANS:
Answers will vary.
PTS: 1
7. Explain the need for scapegoats.
ANS:
Answers will vary.
PTS: 1

8. Define race and ethnicity and distinguish the two terms from each other.
ANS:
Answers will vary.
PTS: 1
9. Explain why social-structural factors, more so than ethnic differences, are determinants of immigrant
success.
ANS:
Answers will vary.
PTS: 1
10. Outline the several steps in John Lie’s experiences as an ethnic outsider starting in Korea and
eventually ending up in North America.
ANS:
Answers will vary.
PTS: 1
11. Identify the resources of success. Explain how these, along with economic opportunities, determine the
success of any ethnic group.
ANS:
Answers will vary.
PTS: 1
12. Define John Porter’s concept of Canada as a “vertical mosaic.”
ANS:
Answers will vary.
PTS: 1
13. Briefly outline the changes in Canadian society that led Porter to revise his account of Canada as a
vertical mosaic.
ANS:
Answers will vary.
PTS: 1

14. Explain how, as diversity became part of Canadian culture, ethnic and racial status had a diminishing
impact on upward social mobility.
ANS:
Answers will vary.
PTS: 1
15. Explain how racial and ethnic identity is shaped and reshaped by the succession of social contexts of
which a person is a part.
ANS:
Answers will vary.
PTS: 1
16. Explain that racial and ethnic identity, although socially constructed, are not always freely chosen.
ANS:
Answers will vary.
PTS: 1
17. Explain how racial and ethnic labels are products of negotiation, and use the example of Aboriginal
Canadians to illustrate the process.
ANS:
Answers will vary.
PTS: 1
18. What is symbolic ethnicity?
ANS:
Answers will vary.
PTS: 1
19. Define racism and contrast it with institutional racism.
ANS:
Answers will vary.
PTS: 1
20. Outline the social conflict theory of internal colonialism.
ANS:
Answers will vary.
PTS: 1

21. Give examples of expulsion or genocide of North American First Nations people resulting from the
European invasion.
ANS:
Answers will vary.
PTS: 1
22. Explain how the experience of the Québécois in Canada is an example of internal colonialism.
ANS:
Answers will vary.
PTS: 1
23. Describe the Québécois Quiet Revolution and the calls for Quebec sovereignty as responses to
Quebec’s ethnic stratification.
ANS:
Answers will vary.
PTS: 1
24. Use the example of the Afro-Canadian experience of slavery in past centuries as an explanation of the
this form of internal colonialism
ANS:
Answers will vary.
PTS: 1
25. Describe how the liberalization of Canada’s immigration policy established the beginning of Canada’s
diversification.
ANS:
Answers will vary.
PTS: 1
26. Explain how the theory of the split labour market also explains inequality in terms of social-structural
barriers to assimilation.
ANS:
Answers will vary.
PTS: 1

27. Give examples to explain that high levels of immigration can renew racial and ethnic communities in
three ways: economic advantage, political advantage, and emotional support of cultural familiarity and
solidarity.
ANS:
Answers will vary.
PTS: 1
28. Outline the factors that have prompted the creation of transnational communities.
ANS:
Answers will vary.
PTS: 1
29. Explain how Canada has emerged from a society based on conquest, expulsion, slavery, and
segregation to one based on segregation, pluralism, and assimilation.
ANS:
Answers will vary.
PTS: 1
30. Canada is one of the most successfully diverse nations in the world. However, the racial and ethnic
mosaic will continue to be stratified. Explain this assertion.
ANS:
Answers will vary.
PTS: 1
ESSAY
1. Explain how both race and ethnicity are socially constructed labels and identities.
ANS:
Answers will vary.
PTS: 1
2. Explain, with examples, how race and ethnic cultural differences are insufficient explanations of why
racial and ethnic groups do (or do not) become economically successful.
ANS:
Answers will vary.
PTS: 1

3. Research the history of the attempts to define race as a biological concept. What does this history tell
us about the social component of race?
ANS:
Answers will vary.
PTS: 1
4. Trace the history of Canada’s First Nations people from the time of the first European contact to the
present time in order to explain the development of racial and ethnic labels and identities.
ANS:
Answers will vary.
PTS: 1
5. Explain the distinction between racism and institutional racism. Interpret Malcolm X’s claim that
where racism exists, identities are compulsory and at the forefront of self-identity.
ANS:
Answers will vary.
PTS: 1
6. What do sociologists today think about the vertical mosaic hypothesis? Research the latest views on
Porter’s influential thesis. How are class, ethnicity, and gender related to each other in Canada?
ANS:
Answers will vary.
PTS: 1
7. Explain how racial stereotypes and myths support mechanisms of internal colonialism. For example,
explain what is meant by expulsion, describe what actions are included to accomplish expulsion, and
then explain how racist attitudes, beliefs, and stigmas support expulsion.
ANS:
Answers will vary.
PTS: 1
8. Describe how some of the modern Quebec–Canada tensions are an outcome of internal colonialism.
ANS:
Answers will vary.
PTS: 1

9. Research the two referendums that have been held in Quebec. What reasons have been given for the
difference in the results from 1980 and then 1995? What is the level of support for independence in
Quebec today? Do these differences tell us anything about the degree of ethnic stratification in
Quebec?
ANS:
Answers will vary.
PTS: 1
10. Use the history of Asian immigration to Canada to explain the split labour market theory. Research
modern examples of migrant labourers in Canada to determine if split labour market theory can
provide an explanation of current racial and ethnic tensions.
ANS:
Answers will vary.
PTS: 1
11. The emergence of transnational communities appears to be a growing modern trend. Find an example
of a transnational community that includes Canada. Research the community to determine its strengths
and weaknesses. Find out what race and ethnic relations in the countries of origin or in adopted
countries influence the development of a transnational community.
ANS:
Answers will vary.
PTS: 1
12. Canada has been identified as one of the most culturally heterogeneous societies in the world.
However, the vertical mosaic is predicted to persist into the future. Research any current political
platform and provide an argument of whether proposed policies are likely to bring Canada closer to
being a pluralist society.
ANS:
Answers will vary.
PTS: 1

Another random document with
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As Hugh was making this promise, he died; nor was
it long before he returned to his friend, who was still
in expectation of him, and said, Here I am; make
haste to ask what question you intend to ask, for I
cannot stay. The other, who, though he was
exceedingly pleased, yet was not a little frighted,
said, How is it with you, my dear friend? It is well with
me, said Hugh; but because I have refused, while I
was alive, to receive discipline, there has hardly been
a single Devil in the whole infernal empire, but who
gave me a smart lash, as I was in my way to
Purgatory.’
Others, in order to bring flagellations into still
greater credit, have supposed that the Devils
themselves were so sensible of the merit that was in
them, that they would occasionally practise them
upon each other. Thus, St. Allen relates that the Holy
Virgin Mary having resolved to rescue a certain
James Hall, an Usurer, from the claws of the
Dæmons, these unclean spirits, a great number of
whom were present, no sooner saw her make her
appearance, than they took to blaspheming,
flagellated each other, and ran away.
The Devil himself has also, on certain occasions,
prescribed flagellations, as an atonement for sins;
which is certainly wonderful enough. It is related in
the Life of St. Virgil, that a Man possessed by the
Devil, was fustigated with four rods, by the Devil’s
prescription, for having stolen four wax-candles from
the Saint’s altar. ‘I am not come (said the possessed
Man) of my own accord; but I have been compelled
to it: I have carried off the wax-candles and offerings
that were on the tomb of the Man of God; and if they
are not speedily returned, my Master will come with
seven spirits worse than himself, and will for ever
continue in me. However, when the candles, of which
they had been a long while in search, were found
again, by the Devil’s assistance, and brought back,
the Devil directed them to fustigate the unhappy Man
with as many besoms as there were candles.’
To these instances of flagellations voluntarily
practiced among Devils, we ought not to omit to add
one, in which the Devil was smartly flagellated in
spite of his teeth, by a Saint, and a female Saint too;
a fact which cannot fail to give the greatest pleasure
to the Reader, who remembers the deplorable
accounts that have been given in a former Chapter,
of the wanton flagellations he has himself inflicted
upon Saints. The name of the female Saint who thus
gave the Devil his due, was Cornelia Juliana, as the
Reverend Father Jesuit, Bartholomew Fisen, relates,
in his book on the Ancient Origin of the Festival of
the body of Christ. ‘One day (says he) the other Nuns
heard a prodigious noise in the room of Cornelia
Juliana, which turned out to be a strife she had with
the Devil, whom, after having laid hold of him, she
fustigated unmercifully; then, having thrown him upon
the ground, she trampled him under her foot, and
continued ridiculing him in the most bitter
manner[108].’ The above Reverend Father has
neglected to inform us, how the Devil came to be in
Juliana’s room; but it is most likely he was come
upon his usual antic errand of flagellating Saints, and
meant to serve Juliana in the same manner:
fortunately she was upon the watch, and proved too
many for him. As for the dreadful noise that was to
be heard in the Saint’s room, it was the natural
consequence of the hard struggle that took place
between her and the Devil, while they were thus
striving who should flog the other.
The Saints who inhabit Paradise have also been
supposed to have occasionally recourse to
flagellations; not, to be sure, to inflict them any longer
upon themselves; but to chastise, at the request of
their friends, those who persecuted them. This
misfortune happened to a certain Servant of the
Emperor Nicephorus, who, not satisfied with exacting
unjust tributes from the common people with great
rigour, offered afterwards to use Monasteries in the
same manner. ‘The Emperor (says the Author from
whom this fact is extracted) sent one of the Grooms
of his bed-chamber to receive the usual tribute. As
he was a Man exceedingly eager after money and
unlawful gain, he committed great oppressions both
on the common citizens, and the inhabitants of the
Monastery of St. Nicon; for the government of cities,
and the care of levying duties, are usually intrusted,
not to the just and mild, but to hard-hearted and
inhuman persons. The Monks, who were possessed
of no money, endeavoured to sooth the above cruel
unmerciful Man by their discourses; but he, thirsty
after gold, was as deaf to their prayers, as the asp to
conjurations, and made no more account of their
remonstrances, than, to use the words of the
Scripture, of the crackling of thorns under a pot. On
the contrary, his wrath and insolence increasing
farther, he caused several of them to be thrown into a
jail, and prepared to plunder the Monastery. The
remaining Monks then applied to their Saint for
assistance, who presently made them experience the
happy effects of it; for during the following night, he
appeared to the Groom, with a threatening indignant
aspect, and lashed him severely; then speaking to
him, told him, for his words ought to be recorded,
Thou hast thrown the Heads of the Monastery into
chains; if thou dost not release them instantly, thy
death shall be the consequence.’
The Virgin Mary herself, has also been said to
have applied to corrections of the same kind as those
here alluded to, in order to avenge the injustices
done to those whom she protected; and she, for
instance, caused a certain Bishop to be flagellated in
her presence, who had taken his prebend from a
Canon, who was indeed, but an indifferent person to
fill his office, but who paid much devotion to her, and
with his eyes cast down, sung every day before her
Altar certain words contained in the Angelic
salutation. The illustrious Cardinal Damian informs us
of this fact, in his Opusc. xxxiii. Cap. iii. which is
entitled, The blessed Virgin directs that his prebend
should be returned to a Clergyman who used to pay
devotion to her. ‘The same Stephanus (says Cardinal
Damian) related to me another fact of much the
same kind. I remember, he said, that there was a
certain Clergyman, who was a dunce, an idle man, a
dullard; to this add that he was endowed with no
religious gift, and possessed no canonical gravity.
Yet, amidst the dead ashes of his useless life, some
small particles of pious fire continued to subsist, so
that he would every day approach the altar of the
holy Mother, and, inclining his head with reverence,
sing the following both angelic and evangelic line,
Hail, Mary, full of grace, the Lord is with thee;
blessed art thou among Women. The new Bishop,
however, who soon discovered the incapacity of the
Man, thought it wrong that an useful office should be
left to an useless person, and he took from him the
prebend he had obtained from the preceding Bishop.
But as the Canon was thereby reduced to great
poverty, having no other means of supporting
himself, the blessed Virgin interfered in his behalf.
During the dead of night she appeared to the Bishop,
preceded by a Man who carried a discipline in one of
his hands, and a burning torch in the other, and
ordered him to chastise the Bishop by some lashes
of it; then addressing this latter,—Why, said she, did
you take from a Man who used to pay daily homages
to me, a clerical advantage it was not you who had
conferred on him? The Bishop, filled with terror, and
soon awaking from his sleep, presently returned the
prebend to the Clergyman, and afterwards greatly
honoured as a Man whom God loved, a person who,
he thought, was unknown to him.’
FOOTNOTES:
[108] Corneliæ sodales ingentem aliquando

audierunt strepitum ex ejus cubiculo, & contentionem
Julianæ adversus dæmonem, quem manibus
comprehensum quanti poterat cædebat; in terram
deinde prostratum pedibus obterebat, lacerabat
sarcasmis.
C H A P. XXI.
A remarkable instance of a flagellation

performed in honour of the Virgin Mary.
SO well established was the opinion that Saints, and

especially the Virgin Mary, were to be appeased by
flagellations, and such was, in general, the fondness
of people during a certain period of time, for that
pious mode of correction, that a Franciscan Monk,
who wore a hood, and was girt with a cord, did not
scruple, under the Pontificate of Sixtus IV, to expose
to the open day, in the public market-place, the bare
rump of a Professor in Divinity, and lashed him with
his hand, in sight of a croud of astonished spectators,
because he had preached against the immaculate
conception of the blessed Virgin. The fact is related
in a Sermon written by Bernardinus de Bustis, which,
together with his whole Work in honour of the Virgin
(Opus Mariale) he dedicated to Pope Alexander VI,
and seems therefore to be a fact well enough
authenticated: the following is the manner in which
Bernardinus gives the account.
‘He laid hold of him, and threw him upon his knees;
for he was very strong. Having then taken up his
gown; because this Minister had spoken against the
holy Tabernacle of God, he began to lash him with
the palm of his hand upon his huge breech, (the
Author’s expression is, upon his square tabernacles)
which was bare; for he wore neither drawers nor
breeches: and because he had attempted to slander
the blessed Virgin, by quoting perhaps Aristotle in the
book of Priors, this Preacher confuted him by reading
in the book of his Posteriors; which greatly diverted
the Bystanders. Then a certain female Devotee
exclaimed, saying, Mr. Preacher, give him four more
slaps for my sake: another presently after said, Give
him also four more for me; and so did a number of
others: so that if he had attempted to grant all their
requests, he would have had nothing else to do for
the whole day[109].’
Nay, so proper did Bernardinus de Bustis think the
above correction to have been, so well calculated did
he judge it, to appease the holy Virgin’s wrath, that
he did not scruple to declare, in the sequel of his
Sermon, that the Monk who inflicted it, had possibly
been actuated by an inspiration from the Virgin
herself. ‘Perhaps (says he) was it the Virgin herself,
who induced him so to do, moreover granting him an
exemption from the censures incurred, according to
the Laws of the Church, by those who strike an
Ecclesiastic, and relaxing the rigour of these laws in
his favour[110].’
FOOTNOTES:
[109] Apprehendens ipsum, revolvit super ejus

genua; erat enim valdè fortis. Elevatis itaque pannis,
quia ille Minister contrà sanctum Dei tabernaculum
locutus fuerat, cœpit cum palmis percutere super
quadrata tabernacula, quæ erant nuda, non enim
habebat femoralia vel antiphonam; & quia ipse
infamare voluerat beatam Virginem, allegando forsitan
Aristotelem in Libro Priorum, iste Prædicator illum
confutavit legendo in libro ejus Posteriorum: de hoc
autem omnes qui aderant, gaudebant. Tunc exclamavit
quædam devota mulier, dicens, Domine Prædicator,
detis ei alias quatuor palmatas pro me; & alia
postmodum dixit, detis ei etiam quatuor; sicque multæ
aliæ rogabant; ità quòd si illarum petitionibus
satisfacere voluisset, per totum diem aliud facere non
potuisset.——In Opere Mariali, Serm. viii. de
Conceptione Beatæ Virginis, circ. fin.
[110] There prevails, as may have been perceived, a
kind of competition between the Abbé Boileau and me,
who shall find out the best story, which is extremely for
the benefit of the Reader. However, the story above
quoted from Bernardinus de Bustis, with which we are
supplied by the Abbé’s book, is so good in itself, so full
of Attic salt, so well in the true Monkish style, that I
despair of producing any thing that can match it. I will
try, therefore, to make up in number what I may want
in point of intrinsic merit; and, instead of one story, I
will relate two; which, that I may keep as near to my
model as may be (for here it inspires me with
uncommon emulation) will both have Friars for their
object, and be of the same turn with the above.
The first is contained in the book of the Apologie
pour Hérodote, the Author of which says he heard it
from a Gentlewoman of Lorrain, who had been an eye-
witness to it. A Monk, one day, preached in a Country
Church, upon the subject of Hell. He took much pains
to inspire his Congregation with a great aversion for
the place, and made as frightful a description of it as
he could; but now and then, pretending that proper
expressions failed him, he stopped suddenly, and then
exclaimed,—In short, Hell is as horrid as the breech of
the Bell-ringer of the Parish; which saying, he
uncovered the posteriors of the latter, who had placed
himself there for that purpose, and had agreed with the
Friar to act that farce with him.
The second story I propose to relate, which I do not
remember where I have read, perhaps in the same
book above quoted, is that of another jolly Predicant
Friar, who laid a wager he would make one half of his
Congregation laugh, and the other cry. As for making
his hearers cry, it was what he had often succeeded in
doing, being a very good preacher. On the appointed
day, he accordingly came to Church, provided with an
excellent Sermon, with that, of his stock, which he
knew was most likely to produce the desired effect,
and he presently after began reciting it; for they never
read their Sermons. But, before I proceed farther, I
must inform the Reader that the pulpit in which he
preached, stood in the middle of the Church; and,
besides leaving the door behind him open, he had
found means to adjust his gown and breeches in such
a manner, that he might let the latter fall down
whenever he pleased. When he had gone through the
greater part of his preaching, and his hearers were
very near being in the necessary disposition to make
him win one half of the wager, he, on a sudden, let his
breeches drop upon his heels, and exhibited, to use
the expression of Bernardinus de Bustis, his square
tabernacles to the full view of that part of the
Congregation who were seated behind the pulpit. With
respect to him, however, pretending to perceive
nothing of the matter, and to be wholly taken up with
his Sermon, he went on with it as before: and as he
had now reached the latter part of it, consequently that
which contained his most interesting descriptions as
well as strongest arguments, he exerted so much
eloquence in it, and such a power of declamation, that
that part of the Congregation who were placed in front
of the pulpit, were really melting in tears, while those
who sat behind, minding less what they heard than
what they saw, were in a situation of mind quite
different; and it is needless to say that the Friar won
the wager.
To the above stories a number of others of the same
kind might be added; which, though it might be a hard
matter to vouch for their truth, yet are related by
different Authors in a very serious manner, and such
as shews that they hoped their accounts would be
believed. Thus, the Author of the Apologie pour
Hérodote, says he had heard the story he mentions,
from a person who had been an eye-witness to it. And
Bernardinus de Bustis, not only pretends he greatly
approves the fact he relates, which he represents as
having been peculiarly agreeable to the Virgin, but has
moreover inserted it in a Sermon which he published,
and dedicated to a Pope.
From the above stories, as well as from many others
related in the same manner, we are therefore at least
to conclude, that they bear great resemblance to a
number of facts which commonly happened in the
times of the Authors who relate them; and we may
thence admire the singular licence of manners which
prevailed among Monks and the Clergy in general,
during a certain period of time: a licence which we find
to have especially obtained when, being the dominant,
or rather the sole Christian Church that existed, they
were without rivals or competitors; and it may really be
said, that the event of the Reformation proved, in
several respects, as much a reformation for them, as
for those who expressly adopted it.
C H A P. XXII.
Another Story of a female Saint appeased by a

flagellation.
AND not only the Virgin Mary, but other female

Saints, inhabitants of Paradise, have also been
thought to be extremely well disposed to be
appeased, when they had received offence, by
flagellatory corrections. The following Story is to be
found in the Book intitled, Itinerarium Cambriæ, wrote
by Sylvester Geraldus, a native of the Country of
Wales, who wrote about the year 1188.
‘In the Northern borders of England, and on the
other side of the river Humber, in the Parish of
Hooëden, lived the Rector of that Church, with his
Concubine. This Concubine, one day sat rather
imprudently, on the tomb of St. Osanna, sister to
King Osred, which was made of wood, and raised
above the ground in the shape of a seat. When she
attempted to rise from the place, her posteriors stuck
to the wood in such a manner, that she never could
be parted from it, till, in the presence of the people
who ran to see her, she had suffered her clothes to
be torn from her, and had received a severe
discipline on her naked body, and that, to a great
effusion of blood, and with many tears and devout
supplications on her part: which done, and after she
had engaged to submit to farther penitence, she was
divinely released[111].’
FOOTNOTES:
[111] ... Quæ cum recedere vellet, fixis ligno natibus,

evelli non potuit, &c.—Itinerarii Cambriæ, Lib. I.
This opinion of Catholic Divines concerning the great
power of flagellations to appease the wrath of female
Saints, and the content which they have supposed the
latter to receive from such ceremonies, after the
example of the antient Goddesses, might furnish a
new subject of comparison between the Catholic
Religion, and that of the ancient Heathens; and if Dr.
Middleton had thought of it, he might have added a
new article on that head, to his Letter from Rome.
In fact, the Reader may remember the account that
has been given in the sixth Chapter of this Book, of the
singular ceremonies that were exhibited at
Lacedæmon, before the altar of Diana. ( See p. 79,
&c.) The same was done sometimes before the altar of
Juno. Rites of much the same flagellatory kind were
practised in the Temple of the Goddess of Syria. And
similar ceremonies also used to be performed in
honour of the great Goddess, in Egypt. ( See p. 85,
86.)
So prevalent was become the opinion that
Goddesses delighted in seeing such corrections
inflicted before their altars, that several of them,
among whom was Venus herself, were supposed to be
supplied with the necessary implements to inflict them
with their own hands, occasionally (p. 55). Nay, the
Muses themselves had been provided with instruments
of the same kind: Lucian, in his Letter or Address “to
an ignorant Man who was taking much pains in
collecting a Library,” says to him, that the Muses will
drive him from Parnassus, with their whips of myrtle.
And Bellona, the Goddess of war, has also been
armed by Virgil, in the 8th Book of his Æneid, with an
enormous whip.
Quem cùm sanguineo sequitur Bellona flagelio.
These notions of the Ancients, concerning the
inclination they attributed to Goddesses, for
corrections of the kind here alluded to, may be
explained in different ways.
In the first place, they perhaps thought it was owing
to the greater irascibility of temper of the Sex, which
prompts them to give effectual marks of their
resentment, when they have good reason to think that
no resistance will be attempted. In the second place,
they possibly ascribed that inclination they supposed in
the female Sex, to their love of justice; which is
certainly a very laudable disposition. And, thirdly, they
perhaps also considered that propensity of Women, to
use instruments which were, in those times, deemed to
be characteristic emblems of power, as the effect of
that love of dominion with which the Sex has at all
times been charged, and the consequence of some
ambitious wish they supposed in them, of having the
uncontrouled sway of the terrible flagellum.
However, if I am allowed to deliver my opinion
concerning the above inclination of the fair Sex, about
which the Antients seem to have entertained so great
a prepossession, I will say that I think it owing to the
second of the causes abovementioned, that is to say,
to their laudable love of justice, and at the same time,
to the peculiar nature of the Sex, which makes them
feel a great reluctance in using any instruments, either
of a cruel, or an unwieldly and ungraceful kind, for
instance fire-arms or javelins, swords or clubs, but
prompts them to employ, when they mean to give
effectual tokens of their resentment, instruments
suitable to the mercifulness of their tempers, and the
elegance of their manners.
Of this love of justice inherent in Women, a singular
instance occurs in the Greek History. I mean to speak
of the flagellations which Ladies, in Lacedæmon, who
had reached a certain age without finding husbands,
used to bestow, before the altar of Juno, upon such
Men as continued past a certain time of life, to live in
an unmarried state. These flagellations the unmarried
Lacedæmonian Ladies (no doubt through the long use
they had made of them) had at last converted into an
express right; and the ceremony was performed every
year, during a certain solemnity established for that
purpose. Whether they flagellated all the unmarried
Men without exception, who came within the words of
the regulation on that subject, Historians have
neglected to inform us: perhaps they served in that
manner only a certain number, in order to shew the
right they had of flagellating all the rest.
Nor have Women of modern times less
distinguished themselves than the Greek Ladies, by
their love of justice, or paid less regard to elegance in
their choice of the means they have employed to
avenge the insults they may have received.
In fact, we have seen in the present Chapter, that
the persons who have raised the fabric of the Catholick
Church, or rather Creed, persons who certainly were
good observers of the manners of Mankind, have
given the same inclination and the same attributes, to
their female inhabitants of Paradise, as the Ancients
had given to their Goddesses. And conclusions to the
same effect may be derived from the works of
imagination of a number of respectable modern
Authors, who have all given to the Ladies of whom
they had occasion to speak, the same elegant
dispositions we mention, and made them act, when
offended, upon the same principles as the Ladies in
Lacedæmon: these works I do not scruple to mention
as weighty authorities; for though they may be, as I
said, works in appearance of imagination merely, yet it
is well known that such great Authors, when they
relate any stories, always allude to certain facts of
which they have either been eye-witnesses, or
received assured information.
And to quote one or two on the subject, we find that
the celebrated La Fontaine, in one of his Tales which
he has entitled The Pair of Spectacles, makes certain
Nuns, who, as they thought, had had a great affront
put upon their Monastery, have immediate recourse to
the elegant method of revenge here alluded to. The
story is as follows.
Several Nuns, in a certain Convent, were found to
be in a situation which, though pretty natural for
Women to be in, yet was not quite so with Women who
were supposed to have constantly lived inclosed in the
same walls with other Women, and made the Abbess
judiciously conclude that some male Nun was
harboured among them, or, as it was expressed, that
some wolf lay hidden among the sheep: a suspicion
which, by the by, was well grounded; for a young Man,
who had as yet no beard, had found means to
introduce himself into the Convent, where he lived,
dressed like the Sisters, and was reckoned one among

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17. What conclusion does the textbook reach regarding “race”?

22. Race is to biology as ethnicity is to ___________.

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57. What is the definition of expulsion?

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64. Historically, internal colonialism resulted in which of the following?

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97. Which of the following is a political advantage of ethnic group membership?

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