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(Download PDF) Criminal Evidence 8th Edition Hails Test Bank Full Chapter
(Download PDF) Criminal Evidence 8th Edition Hails Test Bank Full Chapter
(Download PDF) Criminal Evidence 8th Edition Hails Test Bank Full Chapter
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CHAPTER 7: Crime Scene Evidence and Experiments
Test Bank
TRUE/FALSE
1. An attorney must lay the proper foundation prior to introducing any type of real evidence.
2. Items that the police recover from the crime scene must be sealed in air-tight, tamper proof
containers.
3. All items of real evidence are marked and reviewed by the judge prior to the start of the
trial.
5. The “chain of custody” must be established before the prosecution can admit crime scene
evidence at trial.
6. Evidence that has been discolored or otherwise changed by laboratory tests is not
admissible at trial.
7. A search warrant is required to obtain any real evidence from the defendant for testing.
8. Analysis of drugs (controlled substances) accounts for the majority of scientific tests done
in government crime labs.
10. The only thing a defense attorney can do to refute the results of scientific tests performed in
government labs is to have the sample tested in an independent lab.
11. To use latent prints at trial, the prosecutor needs to call the person who recovered the prints
and the person who identified them.
12. In a case involving driving under the influence of alcohol, a blood test must be used to
establish the blood alcohol level of the suspect.
13. Identification based on blood typing is more accurate than DNA testing.
14. In cases involving seizures of large quantities of controlled substances, all the drugs seized
must be tested to establish their identity.
15. Luminol is used to field test suspected drugs to determine if they contain cocaine.
16. Familial DNA testing is used to establish paternity but is not admissible in criminal court.
17. A ballistics expert is used exclusively to determine if a bullet was fired from a particular
gun.
18. Examination of a recovered bullet produces useful information only if the gun from which
it was fired has been recovered.
19. To be admissible, an experiment must be conducted under the same conditions as those that
existed at the time of the crime (or event in question).
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Chapter 7 Crime Scene Evidence and Experiments
20. The results of an experiment are admissible at trial only if the person who conducted the
experiment testifies.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Real evidence includes:
a. physical items
b. documents
c. digital pictures
d. all of these are types of real evidence
2. At trial, the first step in laying the foundation for the introduction of a gun is to have
someone:
a. identify the gun being introduced at trial and testify where it was found.
b. identify the gun being introduced at trial as the gun found in the possession of the
defendant.
c. identify the gun being introduced at trial as the one the defendant used while
committed the crime he/she is now charged with committing.
d. identify the gun and explain the results of tests they conducted on it.
3. Access to the crime scene should be restricted to as few people as possible because:
a. it prevents the media from erroneously reporting the facts.
b. it eliminates the chances of someone planting evidence.
c. it prevents people from removing evidence.
d. All of these are important reasons for limiting access to crime scene.
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Test Bank
5. When deciding which items to collect at the crime scene, an officer should consider:
a. space in evidence locker is limited, so only most important items should be retained.
b. it is much better to have many items in the evidence locker that are not used than to
discover that something that is needed was not kept.
c. biological evidence should be photographed but not retained because it will degrade
and contaminate the evidence locker.
d. All of the these factors should be considered when decided what evidence to collect.
8. If there is a question about the admissibility of a new type of scientific test at trial, the
judge will:
a. hold a voir dire hearing.
b. hold a probable cause hearing.
c. admit the test results if the expert has a good reputation for honesty.
d. tell the jurors to infer the test is valid unless they have a reasonable doubt about its
accuracy.
9. Which of the following is NOT part of the foundation for the introduction of scientific
evidence?
a. Was the item tested, collected and stored properly?
b. Is this a valid scientific test?
c. Was accurate equipment used for this test?
d. Was the test performed in an appropriate manner by a qualified person?
10. It is now easier to have latent prints examined than it was 60 years ago because:
a. we now have more people who specialize in print comparison.
b. we have a larger data base to search.
c. computers can assist with the comparison.
d. all of these are correct
12. Which of the following has been subject to the most controversy regarding using DNA
testing in criminal cases?
a. Challenges to the theoretical validity of “DNA fingerprint”
b. Contamination of the DNA sample at the crime scene
c. Contamination of the DNA in the laboratory
d. Calculations based on the current database
13. Which of the following DNA tests can only be performed on men?
a. Restricted Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)
b. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Analysis
c. Mitochondrial DNA Analysis (mtDNA)
d. Y-Chromosome Analysis
14. Which of the following DNA tests indicates that 2 people have a female ancestor in
common?
a. Restricted Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)
b. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Analysis
c. Mitochondrial DNA Analysis (mtDNA)
d. Y-Chromosome Analysis
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Test Bank
16. Two bullets fired from the same gun may not have similar striations because of:
a. rust in the barrel of the gun.
b. alternations in the barrel of the gun.
c. a cheap gun that has fired a large number of rounds, resulting in wear that changes the
striations.
d. all of these can cause different striations
19. In order for the results of a test crash of two cars to be admissible in court:
a. the experiment must be conducted jointly by prosecution and defense experts.
b. speed, road conditions, weather, and other variables should be the same as they were in
the case where the results of the test crash will be used.
c. both sides must stipulate in advance that the test will be admissible.
d. the vehicles must not violate any laws, including the Vehicle Code, when the test is
conducted.
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Chapter 7 Crime Scene Evidence and Experiments
CRITICAL THINKING
Officer Green has been dispatched to a hotel that is the scene of a shooting. He sees the
following items with potential evidentiary value scattered about the scene:
• 6 shell casings that are scattered around the room
• A dirty towel on the floor near the bullets
2. Officer Green used a magnifying glass but has not been able to determine what is on the
towel. He should:
a. package the towel as evidence.
b. take the towel to a location with better light and examine it more closely.
c. return the towel to hotel management if the towel belongs to the hotel.
d. tell the cleaning crew to discard the towel if no one claims it.
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Test Bank
4. How can the prosecution authenticate the pubic hair recovered during the “rape kit” exam?
a. Have an expert in hair identification testify about the unique characteristics only found
in pubic hair.
b. Have an expert testify about mtDNA tests performed on the pubic hair.
c. Have the person who performed the “rape kit” exam of the victim testify about
retrieving the hair and placing it in the evidence envelope.
d. Testimony from all of these individuals is necessary to authenticate the pubic hair.
5. Which of the following questions will the prosecutor ask to lay the foundation for
admission of the DNA test results?
a. What is the scientific basis for the test that was performed?
b. How often is the equipment used to conduct the test on the semen checked for
accuracy?
c. Did the person who performed the test carefully follow the protocol for this type of
test?
d. All of these questions must be asked as part of the foundation for admitting DNA tests.
6. The defense attorney wants to prevent the forensic psychologist from testifying. What
should she do?
a. Object to the forensic psychologist’s conclusions because no laboratory tests were
conducted.
b. Object because the rape perpetrator profile that the forensic psychologist is using has
not been recognized by any professional association of psychologists.
c. Object because the analysis done in this case was not recognized at the time of the
Daubert decision.
d. The defense attorney needs to win all three of these objections in order to prevent the
forensic psychologist from testifying.
A police detective has just received a list of evidence collected at the scene of a murder which
occurred in the victim’s bedroom, which includes:
• Several blood samples were recovered from the area where the victim bled to death
• Bullets were recovered from the wall behind the victim’s body
• Fingerprints found on a window that appeared to be the point of entry
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Chapter 7 Crime Scene Evidence and Experiments
7. Which of these would be the best way to start analyzing the blood?
a. DNA testing because it is the most accurate.
b. DNA because the sample will deteriorate if not tested immediately.
c. ABO blood test because it can be done quickly and can be used to eliminate suspects.
d. Blood alcohol tests because the alcohol is rapidly absorbed into circulatory system.
9. Will asking a fingerprint expert to go to the crime scene the day after the murder be a good
idea?
a. Yes, latent fingerprints can be recovered from the window.
b. Yes, testimony about latent prints will be admissible only if the fingerprint expert was
present when the latent prints were lifted from the glass.
c. No, traditional methods of obtaining latent prints do not work on hard, nonabsorbent
surfaces such as windows.
d. No, DNA identification procedures have replaced fingerprint identification.
10. The detective wants to conduct an experiment to see if it was possible that the window was
already open and the shots were fired by a person hiding in the bushes across the street.
What should be done to make sure the experiment will be admissible in court?
a. Request a court order allowing the police to conduct the experiment.
b. The defense attorney must be given the opportunity to be present when the experiment
is performed.
c. The conditions present when the crime occurred must be accurately replicated
including distances from the house and weather conditions.
d. All of these must be done in order to make the results of the experiment admissible in
court.
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Test Bank
ESSAY
1. Explain what needs to be done at the crime scene so that the evidence that is collected will
be admissible in court.
ANS: When evidence is collected at the crime scene two different things need to be kept in
mind. First, each item that is found must be protected from contamination and/or
destruction. To do this, the person in charge of collecting the evidence must be trained in
how to collect various types of evidence and have an assortment of receptacles with
him/her. The exact location where the item was found needs to be recorded. In order to
avoid contamination, the number of people who have access to the scene must be limited.
Those who are allowed to enter the scene must be constantly on guard so that they do not
step on, or otherwise destroy, items with evidentiary value. The evidence tech also needs to
know how to store a wide variety of evidence. For example, a blood-soaked piece of
clothing must be dried before it is stored, while something that would indicate that the
suspect had recently consumed alcohol or used gasoline needs to be stored in airtight
containers so that the volatile liquid does not evaporate.
The second important thing that needs to be done is to preserve the chain of custody (also
called chain of possession or continuity of possession). Records need to be kept that
document the identity of each person who had access to the item, and what was done with
each item, from the moment it came into the police custody until it is introduced into
evidence at trial. Each person who has custody should sign for it when receiving it, and
make sure to sign it over to the next recipient. This painstaking process is done so that no
one will be able to say that the item was tampered with before it got to court. If a lab test
changes the appearance of an item, this fact needs to be in the record as well.
ANS: Scientific evidence makes it possible to determine facts that might not otherwise be
available or corroborate facts that have already been discovered. In cases where there are
eye witnesses to the crime, scientific evidence helps investigators determine of the
witnesses are reliable and also can be used to corroborate their testimony at trial. Testing
of evidence found at the scene can identify there perpetrator even though no eye witnesses
were present when the crime was committed. Scientific evidence can also be used
exonerate suspects who have been wrongly accused.
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Chapter 7 Crime Scene Evidence and Experiments
3. What must be done to lay the foundation for the admission of scientific evidence at trial?
ANS: The foundation for the introduction of scientific evidence involves successfully
answering three questions: (1) Is this a valid scientific test? (2) Was accurate equipment
used for the test? and (3) Was the test performed in an appropriate manner by a qualified
person? The attorney must call witness(es) to the stand and ask appropriate questions to
answers these questions. After the foundation has been laid, the attorney can ask questions
that enable the witness to testify about the test results Opposing counsel has the right to
cross-examine the witnesses in order to discredit them and convince the jury that they
should not rely on the test results during deliberations.
If a new test is involved, there may be extensive discussions between the attorneys and the
judge, without the jury present, over whether the test results should be introduced at trial. If
the jurisdiction still uses the Frye rule, the attorney who wants to have the test results
introduced into evidence must establish that the test is generally accepted as reliable in the
relevant scientific community. If the Daubert rule is used, the judge makes the assessment
whether the reasoning or methodology underlying the testimony is scientifically valid and
that the reasoning or methodology properly can be applied to the facts in issue. The
attorney who wants to introduce the test results must be prepared to provide the judge with
the information needed to draw this conclusion. Once the judge has ruled that the test
results are admissible, the jury will be called in and the foundation will be laid.
4. List three commonly accepted scientific tests and explain what needs to be done before trial
so the results of the tests will be admissible.
ANS: Commonly accepted scientific tests are: fingerprint identification, blood alcohol,
blood typing, DNA testing, identification of controlled substances, and identification of
firearms [student should list 3 of these].
Due to the fact that these are accepted scientific tests, there will be no need to establish
their validity in court. It still will be important to use accurate equipment for the test and
make sure the test was performed in an appropriate manner by a qualified person. Prior to
trial, the attorney will need to determine which tests should be used based on the facts of
the case, send the evidence to an appropriate test facility, and review the test results. The
attorney will also need to select an expert witness who has the appropriate credentials and
is able to testify in a manner that the jurors will understand. If the attorney is unfamiliar
with the type of tests that can be done, the expert should be retained in advance to advise
the attorney on what tests should be ordered and how to ask appropriate questions
regarding the tests in court.
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Test Bank
5. A defense attorney wants to do an experiment for use in court. The experiment is designed
to show that eye witness identification of a person in a crowd is not reliable. What must the
defense attorney do so that the judge will accept the results of this test at trial? Explain.
ANS: The ideal experiment screens out all extraneous variables so that the experimenter
can measure the impact of one variable. While courts recognize that this ideal is very
difficult to achieve, the experiment should control as many variables as possible.
The conditions for the experiment should be similar to those that existed when the events in
question occurred. For example, if the identification introduced by the prosecution that the
defense wants challenge was made in a dimly lit bar, the experiment should be done with
lighting as nearly the same as possible. If the prosecution’s witness had only a few seconds
to make the identification, the subjects in the experiment should also have only a few
seconds to make the identification, etc.
The experiment should be based on sound scientific principles. Sample size and selection
techniques (random, representative, etc.) are important. The individuals who will
participate (both the ones making the identification and those in the crowd) should
resemble the people in the situation that occurred in the court case. The subjects of the
experiment (the people asked to make the identification) should be in the same age range as
those who made the identification the prosecution is presenting. The research protocol
should be set up so that in some of the experiments the suspect is in the crowd, in others a
person with similar facial characteristics to the suspect is in the crowd, and in others neither
the suspect nor anyone resembling the suspect is present. The person who talks with the
individuals who will be asked to make the identification should use a prepared script and
should not know which situation is being presented.
Even if the experiment meets the standards that are discussed above, the judge has the
discretion to exclude relevant evidence if it might confuse the jury or take up an undue
amount of time at trial. This needs to be kept in mind when designing the experiment.
148
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Als er weiterging, überlegte er sich, wie er diese Wohltat wieder
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leisen Zugwind flackerten. Einige Tannenkränze lehnten umher.
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tranken Kaffee oder Grog, nach eigener Wahl, aßen Kuchen. Die
kleinen Leute standen auf dem Vorplatz und der Diele umher und
ließen die Flasche kreisen. In einer Ecke der Diele hockten die
Singjungens um eine Truhe und aßen schwatzend die ihnen als
Sangeslohn zukommenden Stuten. Zwei Ziegen streckten die langen
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die man nicht vom Wiemen heruntergelassen hatte, gaben ihren
Unwillen durch Scharren kund. Eine Henne verkündete gackernd,
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hatten zu singen. Die Jungens sangen mit schrillen Stimmen: Alle
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musterten inzwischen, da sie die Verse auswendig konnten, die
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Nachbar mit halb singender, halb weinerlicher Stimme den
neunzigsten Psalm und sprach ein Vaterunser. Nachdem dann die
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Wagen ordnete sich das Gefolge; die Familie voran, die
befreundeten Lehrer, die Dorfleute.
Der Leichenzug folgte nicht dem nächsten und gebräuchlichsten
Wege nach dem Kirchdorfe; denn alter Volksglaube ließ nicht zu,
daß die Toten denselben Weg nähmen mit den Lebendigen. Er zog
durch eine Talsenkung, die von dem Zug der Toten seit alters den
Namen »Totengrund« führte. Die Wagengeleise waren von
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Toter dieses Weges gefahren.
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unter dem Sarge hervorgezogen und hinter dem Wagen quer über
die Spur geworfen. Das sollte den Geist der Toten hindern, in die alte
Behausung zurückzukehren und die Lebenden zu schrecken. Das
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Peter ging zuerst bei den Lehrern. Da begann ein alter
Schulmeister Fragen an ihn zu stellen: Wann er aufs Seminar
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interessierte? Nach welchen Büchern er arbeitete? Peter gab kurz
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Heide. So weit der Blick reichte, ein Meer roter Blüten. Und darin das
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auf den luftigen Höhen, ihre süße Weide fanden.
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sich im Hintergrunde, hatte die Augen geschlossen und hörte nur
wie aus weiter Ferne, was da vorne vor sich ging: das Schurren der
Taue, die liturgischen Formeln, das hohle Aufschlagen der Schollen,
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in den vergangenen glücklichen Zeiten sein Glück allein, heimlich
vor allen Menschen, getragen, und wußte, sein Leid würde er erst
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auch. Kein Mensch konnte und sollte ihm davon das Geringste
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