Q. What should be the warmup time for the UV-A lamp ?

Usually 5 min or Refer to the manual (If option given otherwise)

Cos(∅ ) = Calculation of the wettability

At theta = 0 ; the cosine value is 1 {More wettability)

At theta =90 ; the value becomes 0 (No wettability)

Surface Tension. : High surface tension is desired for liquid penetrant

Q Who is to provide the MSDS and now it is updated here is the fault.

MSDS updation must be provided to the customer / user by the manufacturer.

The types of corrosion test : Medium temperature corrosion, High temperature stress corrosion and
High temperature corrosion of nickel based alloys.

SAE-AMS-2644 – Details the corrosion testing of the penetrants which should be ( Medium
temperature stress corrosion testing, High temperatutre stress corrosion testing, High
temperature corrosion testing for nickel based alloys)

When asked about the viscosity – Choose “Resistance to change in the physical shape” rather then
resistance to flow”

Viscosity affects the rate of penetration of the penetrant and as well on the removability i.e how
much penetrant or emuslisifier will remain on the surface after the dwell time. Viscosity test
conducted ASTM D445 37.8 +- 2 degrees Celsius.

Flashpoint has NO effect on the performance of the penetrant. But it has significance with regard to
safety.

ASTM D-93 { Standard for Flash point}

Qualification tests for the verification of the specification requirements of the penetrant materials.
After 1 year is required as per ASNT standards.

Temperature stability Vs Thermal stability - SAE AMS 2644 directs the temperature stability test.

ASTM E-1135 Flouroscent brightness tests.

ASTM E-1135 Ultraviolet stability test

ASTM E1135 Thermal stability Test

Tank life testing : - To look for the signs of separation, precipitation and scum formation.

50 mL of the sample

150 mm dia petri dish

Heating for 7 hours @ 50 =- 3 degrees Celsius

Allowed to cool and observe any signs of separation, precipitation and scum formation leading to the
cause of rejection.

Water Tolerance : Contamination may lead to separation, gelling and coagulation. Water tolerance
for Method A penetrants is 5 % in general but may vary according to different standards.

SAE AMS 2644 gives direction for producing the type of test panels and the type of washing
equipment to be used. – WAHSABILITY TESTING.

Removability test 08 sample

04 in system penetrant under testing

04 Reference standard.

10 min 60 degrees

Electrooptical meter photopic vision correction

Measurement = summation

Background should be less then the reference standard.

Hydrophilic emulsifiers are in the form of concentrate liquids that requires to be mixed in water.
Contain chemical known as surfactants.

Developer properties

The special purpose materials are not covered by SAE AMS 2644 because of their limited use.

High temperature penetrants upto the temperature of 177 degree Celcius. Non-Aqueous developers
must be modified otherwise it will peel and curl off from the surface of the part. Examples include
live steam pipes and weld beads before they cool down.

Intergranular corrosion, stress corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement over the titanium, stainless
steel, cobalt alloys and high nickel alloys. In the presence of low Sulphur and chlorine content.

In reverse flouroscence testing the developer is applied which contains low intensity flouroscent
developer after the removal of excess penetrant. The entire surface will appear flouroscent in the
presence of UV light in the darkened area except for the regions where there is discontinuity
because the penetrant entrapped in the discontinuity will quench the flouroscence of the developer.

Thixotropic penetrants : The type of penetrant that changes their form or structure as the function
of time and stress. They change from gel to liquid upon application. They are most likely used on the
weld s before they are cooled.

Plastic film developers : In one part developer it comprises resin and organic dissolved or
suspended in the volatile liquid. Dilution expansion developers and plastic film developers do not
used the mechanism of adsorption / absorption, no blotting.

Solvent suspended developer (Expansion )

Plastic film developer ( freeze the indication and provide the record)

Heating of the part is not recommended to increase the sensitivity of the penetrant.

The effect of temperature on the penetrant varies with the type of penetrant used and the method
of the application.

If at higher temperatures the brightness of the penetrant is effected it will severely reduce the
effectiveness of the penetrant.

Solvent and dilution action by the solvent removers over the penetrant.

THE PREFERED METHOD OF THE APPLICATION OF THE PENETRANT IS IMMERSION METHOD. In this
method the parts must be kept separated from each other. The bubbles may be entrapped that
may prevent the contact of the penetrant with the surface. In dipping method the parts must be
turn over to dislodge the bubbles. The passages and the holes must be plugged with the help of
the wax plugs.

Via spray methods : Aerosol spray, air nozzle spray and electrostatic spray.

Advantages are : avoidance of pooling of the penetrant, and spot inspection. Automated and
semiautomated systems.

Area of interest : Brushing method of application of penetrant. NOT by spraying.

Washing time is to be controlled in case Method A penetrant.

Lipophilic emulsification process stops by the application of water spray.

Hydrophilic emulsifier concentration is usually 0.5 to 1 % but can be upto 5%. Spray usually increases
the amount of emulsifier being applied on the penetrant surface.

Drying can be done in dry air, air blower or the drying ovens.

The general precaution incase of using the air blower is to be careful because it might reduce the
sensitivity.

The developer easiest to remove is the dry developer and the most difficult to remove is the
aqueous wet developer. Non-Aqueous is not difficult to remove. The longer the developer remains
on the part the more difficult it is to remove.

In case of post treatment process in case of Magnesium sodium chromate treatment.

The type of contaminant not encountered in the penetrant inspection is Solvents used in penetrant
inspection.

CARBON AND VARNISH ALTHOUGH DO NOT FILL THE void BUT THEY STILL EFFECT THE PENETRANT
PROCESS by preventing the entry of the penetrant into the discontinuity.

Remember that never choose the option that the dirty discontinuity will increase the dwell time
because the soil might be soluble / insoluble is not clearly defined.
 The first step of interpretation is to classify the indication i.e False, Non-Relevant or Relevant. Then
the second step is to identify the type of material condition responsible for the indication if relevant.

Acid pickling before the identification of laminations.

The type of test equipment available : Portable, stationary and specialized test equipment.

The storage conditions that will degrade the penetrant are high temperature, stored in plastic
container and sampling using contaminated devices.

PSM Panels are used to detect the SUDDEN DEGRADTION OF THE PENETRANT / MAJOR SHIFT IN
THE DEGRADATION OF THE PENETRANT.

Process variables are penetrant, equipment and the process.

Auxillary equipment : The type of equipment that are required to perform the penetrant testing
other then cleaning.

The wavelength of UV radiation used in rinse station is 320-400 nm . The warm up time for the uv
light is 5 mins. Once turn off and then turned on again it will need 10 min to reach the same
intensity.

For the Aircraft part: Type I, Method D Level 3 or 4 is recommended.

The samples taken for the comparison test . Their procedure of taking the
sample is detailed in company procedures, controlling specifications and
standards.
The standard is made up of Aluminum, Steel, Nickel, Ceramic and Glass.
The water content test, sensitivity test and washability test similar to that of
penetrant.