Dental Hygiene Applications to Clinical

Practice 1st Edition Henry Test Bank

Go to download the full and correct content document:
https://testbankfan.com/product/dental-hygiene-applications-to-clinical-practice-1st-ed
ition-henry-test-bank/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Dental Hygiene Theory and Practice 4th Edition Leonardi

Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/dental-hygiene-theory-and-
practice-4th-edition-leonardi-test-bank/

Mosby's Comprehensive Review of Dental Hygiene 7th

Edition Darby Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/mosbys-comprehensive-review-of-
dental-hygiene-7th-edition-darby-test-bank/

Dental Materials Foundations and Applications 11th

Edition Powers Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/dental-materials-foundations-and-
applications-11th-edition-powers-test-bank/

Clinical Calculations With Applications to General and

Specialty Areas 7th Edition Kee Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/clinical-calculations-with-
applications-to-general-and-specialty-areas-7th-edition-kee-test-
bank/
Corrections From Research to Policy to Practice 1st
Edition Stohr Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/corrections-from-research-to-
policy-to-practice-1st-edition-stohr-test-bank/

Business Connecting Principles to Practice 1st Edition

Nickels Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/business-connecting-principles-
to-practice-1st-edition-nickels-test-bank/

Introduction to Educational Research Connecting Methods

to Practice 1st Edition Lochmiller Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/introduction-to-educational-
research-connecting-methods-to-practice-1st-edition-lochmiller-
test-bank/

Nutritional Foundations and Clinical Applications 5th

Edition Grodner Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/nutritional-foundations-and-
clinical-applications-5th-edition-grodner-test-bank/

Community Oral Health Practice for the Dental Hygienist

4th Edition Christine Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/community-oral-health-practice-
for-the-dental-hygienist-4th-edition-christine-test-bank/
Chapter 7. Exposure and Infection Control

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____ 1. What is the appropriate action for a patient who is a carrier of hepatitis B?
A. You must double glove.
B. Inform everyone in the dental office.
C. Treat the patient as you would anyone else.
D. Ask the other hygienist to switch patients with you.

____ 2. The only autoclave in the office has a failed biological monitoring test. The company that is
responsible for processing the test called to report the failure. You should
A. Cold sterilize your instruments until the unit is repaired
B. Retest the autoclave and continue to use it until the second test results are available
C. Call the repair company, inform them that you need the autoclave repaired, and ask
them for another autoclave on loan
D. Continue to place chemical indicators in each package and use the autoclave until
it is repaired
____ 3. The receptionist informs you that your last patient tomorrow has just been diagnosed with a latex
allergy and is concerned about her dental hygiene appointment. What should the patient be told?
A. Tell the patient that there is no problem. You will wear plastic overgloves instead
of latex gloves.
B. Tell the patient that you will wear nitrile examination gloves and ask the
receptionist to reschedule the appointment to an early morning appointment.
C. Tell the patient that she will be referred to a hospital dental clinic that is better
equipped to handle latex allergies.
D. Ask the patient to bring latex-free examination gloves to the appointment.

____ 4. Which stage of a disease is referred to as the communicable stage?

A. Prodomal stage
B. Convalescent stage
C. Decline stage
D. Latent period

____ 5. You just treated a patient who is HIV positive. How should you handle the instruments and cassette
after use?
A. Follow routine instrument processing steps.
B. Sterilize the instruments with a chemical sterilant first, rinse them, place them back
in the cassette, and then follow routine instrument processing steps.
C. Immediately heat-sterilize the instruments and then follow the routine instrument
processing steps.
D. Put the instrument cassette through the routine processing steps twice.

____ 6. Which human herpes virus (HHV) is the Epstein-Barr virus and what does it cause?
A. HHV 1, herpes labialis
B. HHV 2, genital herpes

Copyright © 2016 F. A. Davis Company

 C. HHV 3, chicken pox and shingles
D. HHV 4, infectious mononucleosis

____ 7. Which type of gloves used in the dental office are nonsterile and made of latex, vinyl, nitrile, or
chloroprene?
A. Overgloves
B. Examination gloves
C. Surgeon’s gloves
D. Heavy-duty utility gloves

____ 8. Which of the following is NOT a safe practice for cleaning contaminated instruments?
A. Gripping a scrub brush firmly in the palm of the hand
B. Placing instruments in an ultrasonic unit
C. Placing instruments in an instrument washer
D. Using a long-handled brush

____ 9. The destruction of microorganisms by inactivation of essential cellular proteins or enzymes through
coagulation is achieved by which method of sterilization?
A. Cold sterilants
B. Dry heat sterilization
C. Moist heat: steam under pressure
D. Chemical vapor sterilization

____ 10. What is the primary difference between regulated and nonregulated waste?
A. The amount of time the item is in direct patient contact
B. The designation of an item as disposable
C. The procedure for which the item was used
D. The amount of liquid blood or other potentially infectious body fluid present

Copyright © 2016 F. A. Davis Company

Chapter 7. Exposure and Infection Control
Answer Section

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. ANS: C PTS: 1
2. ANS: C PTS: 1
3. ANS: B PTS: 1
4. ANS: A PTS: 1
5. ANS: A PTS: 1
6. ANS: D PTS: 1
7. ANS: B PTS: 1
8. ANS: A PTS: 1
9. ANS: C PTS: 1
10. ANS: D PTS: 1

Copyright © 2016 F. A. Davis Company

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 The result was a more crushing victory for the Catholics than
they had ever won before. Of 152 Representatives they elected
no less than 104. The Liberal party was almost annihilated,
securing but 20 seats in the Chamber; while the Socialists
rose to political importance, winning 28 seats. This
representation is said to be not at all proportioned to the
votes cast by the several parties, and it lent force to the
demand for a system of proportional representation, as the
needed accompaniment of plural voting, which had been urged
when the constitution was revised. In the Senate the
Conservatives obtained 52 seats and the Liberals 24. In the
next year an electoral law relating to communal councils was
passed. In this law, the principle of proportional
representation was introduced, along with that of cumulative
or plural voting. Compulsory voting, enforced by penalties
more or less severe, was also a feature of the law. In
November, the first election under it was held, and again the
Socialists made surprising gains, at the expense of the
Radical party, the Catholics and Liberals generally holding
their ground.

BELGIUM: A. D. 1895.
New School Law.
Compulsory religious teaching restored.

See (in this volume)

EDUCATION: A. D. 1895 (BELGIUM).

BELGIUM: A. D. 1897.
Industrial combinations.

See (in this volume)

TRUSTS: IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES.

BELGIUM: A. D. 1897 (July).

British notice to terminate existing commercial treaties.
 See (in this volume)
ENGLAND: A. D. 1897 (JUNE-JULY).

BELGIUM: A. D. 1898 (June).

The Sugar Conference at Brussels.

See (in this volume)

SUGAR BOUNTIES.

BELGIUM: A. D. 1898 (July-December).

In the Chinese "battle of concessions."

See (in this volume)

CHINA: A. D. 1898 (FEBRUARY-DECEMBER).

BELGIUM: A. D. 1899 (May-July).

Representation in the Peace Conference at The Hague.

See (in this volume)

PEACE CONFERENCE.

BELGIUM: A. D. 1899-1900.
Threatened revolution.

An explosion of discontent with the working of the electoral

provisions of the new constitution (see above) occurred in
June, and created for a time an exceedingly dangerous
situation. It was precipitated by an attempt on the part of
the government to pass a bill providing for proportional
representation in certain districts, which was expected to
increase the advantage already possessed by the Clerical or
Catholic party. Excitement in the Chamber of Deputies reached
such a height on the 28th of June that fighting among the
members occurred, and soldiers were called in. That night and
the next day there was serious rioting in Brussels; barricades
were built; sharp battles between citizens and soldiers were
fought, and a general strike of working men was proposed. On
the 30th, the government arranged a compromise with the
Socialist and Liberal leaders which referred the question of
proportional representation to a committee in which all
parties were represented. This quieted the disorder. In due
time the committee reported against the measure which the
government had proposed; whereupon a change of ministry was
made, the new ministry being expected to bring forward a more
satisfactory plan of proportional representation. It produced
a bill for that purpose, the provisions of which failed to
give satisfaction, but which was passed, nevertheless, near
the end of the year.

Commenting, in July, on the disturbances then just quieted in

Belgium, the "Spectator," of London, remarked: "The recent
explosion of political feeling in Belgium was a much more
serious event than was quite understood in this country. It
might have involved all Europe, as, indeed, it may even yet.
There was revolution in the air, and a revolution in Belgium
would gravely affect the military position both of France and
Germany, would rouse keen suspicions and apprehensions in this
country, and would perturb all the dynasties with fears of
coming change. The new electoral bill drove the Liberals and
Socialists of the little kingdom into one another's arms—both
believing that it would give the Clericals a permanent hold on
power—and whenever these two parties are united they control
the majority of the Belgian people. That majority is a most
dangerous one. It controls all the cities, and it includes
hundreds of thousands of men who resent their economic
condition with justifiable bitterness, and who are penetrated
with a tradition of victories achieved by insurrection. At the
same time they have no pacific vent for their discontents, for
the suffrage gives double votes to the well-to-do, and secures
to both Liberals and laborers on all economic or religious
questions a certainty of defeat. With the inhabitants of the
cities all rioting and killing the officials, the government
would have been compelled to resort to force, and it is by no
means clear that force was decidedly on their side. The
 Belgian army is not a caste widely separated in feeling from
the people; it has no instinctive devotion to the Clerical
party, and it has no great soldier whom it admires or to whom
it is attached. The king is distrusted and disliked both
personally and politically; and the dynasty, which has no
historic connection with Belgium, has never taken root in the
soil as the Bernadottes, for example, have done in Sweden. If
the revolutionists had been beaten, they would have appealed
to France, where Belgium is regarded as a reversionary estate;
while if they had been victorious, they might—in our judgment,
they certainly would—have proclaimed a republic. … The danger
has, we suppose, for the moment been smoothed away; but it has
not been removed, probably can not be removed, while the
conditions which produce it continue to exist. The Belgians,
who are commonly supposed to be so prosperous and pacific, are
divided by differences of race, creed, and social condition
more violent than exists in Ireland, where at all events, all
alike, with insignificant exceptions, speak one tongue.
{51}
The French-speaking Belgians despise the Flemish-speaking
Belgians, and the Flemish speaking Belgians detest the
French-speaking Belgians, with a rancor only concealed by the
long habit of living and acting together,—a habit which,
remember, has not prevented the same contempts and aversions
from continuing to exist in Ireland. The Clericals and the
Secularists hate each other as only religious parties can
hate; far more than Catholics and Protestants in any of the
countries where the two creeds stand side by side. The
Secularist seems to the Clerical a blasphemer, against whom
almost all devices are justifiable, while the Clerical is held
by the Secularist to be a kind of evil fool, from whom nothing is
to be expected except cunningly concealed malignity. The
possessors of property expect that the 'ugly rush' which used
to be talked of in England will occur tomorrow, while the wage
receivers declare that they are worked to death for the
benefit of others, who will not leave them so much as a living
wage. All display when excited to a noteworthy fierceness of
 temper, a readiness to shed blood, and a disposition to push
every quarrel into a sort of war,—tendencies visible
throughout the history of the country."

At the parliamentary election in June, 1900, under the new law

providing for proportional representation, the Socialists
gained seventeen seats from the Clerical party.

BELGIUM: A. D. 1900.
Relations with the Congo State.

See (in this volume)

CONGO FREE STATE: A. D. 1900.

BELL TELEPHONE SYSTEM, Recent development of.

See (in this volume)

SCIENCE, RECENT: ELECTRICAL.

BELMONT, Battle of.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA (THE FIELD OF WAR):
A. D. 1899 (OCTOBER-DECEMBER).

BENIN:
Massacre of British officials.
Capture of the town.

See (in this volume)

NIGERIA: A. D. 1897.

BERGENDAL FARM, Battle of.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA (THE FIELD OF WAR): A. D. 1900 (JUNE-
DECEMBER).
BERING SEA QUESTIONS.

"Several vexatious questions were left undetermined by the

decision of the Bering Sea Arbitration Tribunal.

See, in volume 5,
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1886-1893.

The application of the principles laid down by that august

body has not been followed by the results they were intended
to accomplish, either because the principles themselves lacked
in breadth and definiteness or because their execution has
been more or less imperfect. Much correspondence has been
exchanged between the two Governments [of Great Britain and
the United States] on the subject of preventing the
exterminating slaughter of seals. The insufficiency of the
British patrol of Bering Sea under the regulations agreed on
by the two Governments has been pointed out, and yet only two
British ships have been on police duty during this season in
those waters. The need of a more effective enforcement of
existing regulations as well as the adoption of such
additional regulations as experience has shown to be
absolutely necessary to carry out the intent of the award have
been earnestly urged upon the British Government, but thus far
without effective results. In the meantime the depletion of
the seal herds by means of pelagic hunting [that is, in the
open sea] has so alarmingly progressed that unless their
slaughter is at once effectively checked their extinction
within a few years seems to be a matter of absolute certainty.
The understanding by which the United States was to pay and Great
Britain to receive a lump sum of $425,000 in full settlement
of all British claims for damages arising from our seizure of
British sealing vessels unauthorized under the award of the
Paris Tribunal of Arbitration was not confirmed by the last
Congress, which declined to make the necessary appropriation.
I am still of the opinion that this arrangement was a
judicious and advantageous one for the Government, and I
earnestly recommend that it be again considered and
sanctioned. If, however, this does not meet with the favor of
Congress, it certainly will hardly dissent from the
proposition that the Government is bound by every
consideration of honor and good faith to provide for the
speedy adjustment of these claims by arbitration as the only
other alternative. A treaty of arbitration has therefore been
agreed upon, and will be immediately laid before the Senate,
so that in one of the modes suggested a final settlement may
be reached."

Message of the President of the United States to Congress,

December, 1895.

The treaty thus referred to by the President was signed at

Washington, February 8, 1896, and ratifications were exchanged
at London on the 3d of June following. Its preamble set forth
that, whereas the two governments had submitted certain
questions to a tribunal of arbitration, and "whereas the High
Contracting Parties having found themselves unable to agree
upon a reference which should include the question of the
liability of each for the injuries alleged to have been
sustained by the other, or by its citizens, in connection with
the claims presented and urged by it, did, by Article VIII of
the said Treaty, agree that either party might submit to the
Arbitrators any questions of fact involved in said claims, and
ask for a finding thereon, the question of the liability of
either Government on the facts found to be the subject of
further negotiation: And whereas the Agent of Great Britain
did, in accordance with the provisions of said Article VIII,
submit to the Tribunal of Arbitration certain findings of fact
which were agreed to as proved by the Agent of the United
States, and the Arbitrators did unanimously find the facts so
set forth to be true, as appears by the Award of the Tribunal
rendered on the 15th day of August, 1893: And whereas, in view
of the said findings of fact and of the decision of the
Tribunal of Arbitration concerning the jurisdictional rights
of the United States in Behring Sea, and the right of
protection of property of the United States in the fur-seals
frequenting the islands of the United States in Behring Sea,
the Government of the United States is desirous that, in so
far as its liability is not already fixed and determined by
the findings of fact and the decision of said Tribunal of
Arbitration, the question of such liability should be
definitely and fully settled and determined, and compensation
made, for any injuries for which, in the contemplation of the
Treaty aforesaid, and the Award and findings of the Tribunal
of Arbitration, compensation may be due to Great Britain from
the United States: And whereas it is claimed by Great Britain,
though not admitted by the United States, that prior to the
said Award certain other claims against the United States
accrued in favour of Great Britain on account of seizures of
or interference with the following named British
sealing-vessels, to wit: the 'Wanderer,' the 'Winifred,' the
'Henrietta,' and the 'Oscar and Hattie,' and it is for the
mutual interest and convenience of both the High Contracting
Parties that the liability of the United States, if any, and
the amount of compensation to be paid, if any, in respect to
such claims, and each of them should also be determined under
the provisions of this Convention—all claims by Great Britain
under Article V of the modus vivendi of the 18th April, 1892,
for the abstention from fishing of British sealers during the
pendency of said arbitration having been definitely waived
before the Tribunal of Arbitration"—therefore the two nations
have concluded the Convention referred to, which provides that
"all claims on account of injuries sustained by persons in
whose behalf Great Britain is entitled to claim compensation
from the United States, and arising by virtue of the Treaty
aforesaid, the Award and the findings of the said Tribunal of
Arbitration, as also the additional claims specified in the
5th paragraph of the preamble hereto, shall be referred to two
Commissioners, one of whom shall be appointed by Her Britannic
Majesty, and the other by the President of the United States,
 and each of whom shall be learned in the law."

Great Britain, Parliamentary Publications

(Papers by Command: Treaty Series, Number 10, 1896).

{52}

Judges William L. Putnam, of the United States, and George E.

King, of Canada, were subsequently appointed to be the two
commissioners provided for in the treaty. Meantime each
government had appointed a number of men of science to
investigate the condition of the herds of fur-seals on
Pribilof Islands, President David S. Jordan, of Leland
Stanford Junior University being director of the American
investigation and Professor D'Arcy W. Thompson having charge
of the British. The two bodies of investigators reached quite
different conclusions. Professor Jordan, in a preliminary
statement, announced; "There is still a vast body of fur seals
on the islands, more than the commissioners were at first led
to expect, but the number is steadily declining. The only
cause of this decline is the killing of females through
pelagic sealing. The females are never molested on the
islands, but three-fourths of those killed in Bering sea are
nursing females. The death of the mother causes the death of
the young on shore, so that for every four fur seals killed at
sea three pups starve to death on shore. As each of those
females is also pregnant, a like number of unborn pups is
likewise destroyed." His formal report, made in January, 1897,
was to the same effect, and led to the following conclusion:
"The ultimate end in view should be an international
arrangement whereby all skins of female fur seals should be
seized and destroyed by the customs authorities of civilized
nations, whether taken on land or sea, from the Pribilof herd,
the Asiatic herds, or in the lawless raiding of the Antarctic
rookeries. In the destruction of the fur seal rookeries of the
Antarctic, as well as those of the Japanese islands and of
Bering sea, American enterprise has taken a leading part. It
would be well for America to lead the way in stopping pelagic
sealing by restraining her own citizens without waiting for
the other nations. We can ask for protection with better grace
when we have accorded, unasked, protection to others." The
report of Professor Thompson, made three months later, agreed
but partially with that of the American experts. He admitted
the extensive starving of the young seals, caused by the
killing of the mothers, but contended that the herd was
diminishing slightly, if at all, and he did not favor drastic
measures for the suppression of pelagic sealing.

The government of the United States adopted measures in

accordance with the views of Professor Jordan, looking to an
international regulation of the killing of seals. Hon. John W.
Foster was appointed a special ambassador to negotiate
arrangements to that effect. Through the efforts of Mr.
Foster, an international conference on the subject was agreed
to on the part of Russia and Japan, but Great Britain declined
to take part. While these arrangements were pending, the
American Secretary of State, Mr. Sherman, addressed a letter
to the American Ambassador at London, Mr. Hay, criticising the
conduct of the British government and its agents in terms that
are not usual among diplomats, and which excited much feeling
when the letter was published in July. This called out a reply
from the British Colonial Secretary, Mr. Chamberlain, in which
he wrote: "When Her Majesty's government sent their agents to
inquire into the actual facts in 1896, it was found that, in
spite of the large catch of 1895, the herd actually numbered
more than twice as many cows as it had been officially
asserted to contain in 1895. The result of these
investigations, as pointed out in Lord Salisbury's dispatch of
May 7, has further been to show that pelagic sealing is much
less injurious than the practice pursued by the United States'
lessees of killing on land every male whose skin was worth
taking. If the seal herd to-day is, as Professor Jordan
estimates, but one-fifth of what it was in 1872-74, that
result must be, in great measure, due to the fact that, while
 the islands were under the control of Russia, that power was
satisfied with an average catch of 33,000 seals; subsequently
under the United States' control more than three times that
number have been taken every year, until the catch was,
perforce, reduced because that number of males could no longer
be found.

"Last year, while the United States government were pressing

Her Majesty's government to place further restrictions on
pelagic sealing, they found it possible to kill 30,000 seals
on the islands, of which Professor Jordan says (in one place
in his report) 22,000 were, to the best of his information,
three-year-olds, though (in another place) he estimated the
total number of three-year-old males on the islands as 15,000
to 20,000. If such exhaustive slaughter is continued, it will,
in the light of the past history of the herd, very quickly bring
about that commercial extermination which has been declared in
the United States to be imminent every year for the last
twelve years. Enough has perhaps been said to justify the
refusal of Her Majesty's government to enter on a precipitate
revision of the regulations."

{53}

The two countries were thus being carried into serious

opposition, on a matter that looks contemptible when compared
with the great common interests which ought to bind them in
firm friendship together. But, while the government of Great
Britain declined to enter into conference with those of
Russia, Japan and the United States, on general questions
relating to the seals, it assented at length to a new
conference with the United States and Canada, relative to the
carrying out of the regulations prescribed by the Paris
tribunal of 1893. Both conferences were held at Washington in
October and November of 1897. The first resulted in a treaty
(November 6) between Russia, Japan, and the United States,
providing for a suspension of pelagic sealing during such time
 as might be determined by experts. The other conference led,
after some interval, to the creation of a Joint High
Commission for the settlement of all questions in dispute
between the United States and Canada, the sealing question
included.

See (in this volume)

CANADA: A. D. 1898-1899.

So far as concerned its own citizens, the American government

adopted vigorous measures for the suppression of pelagic
sealing. An Act of Congress, approved by the President on the
29th December, 1897, forbade the killing of seals, by any
citizen of the United States, in any part of the Pacific Ocean
north of 35 degrees north latitude. The same act prohibited
the importation into the United States of sealskins taken
elsewhere than in the Pribilof Islands, and very strict
regulations for its enforcement were issued by the Treasury
Department. No sealskins, either in the raw or the
manufactured state, might be admitted to the country, even
among the personal effects of a traveller, unless accompanied
by an invoice, signed by an United States Consul, certifying
that they were not from seals killed at sea. Skins not thus
certified were seized and destroyed.

In his annual report for 1898, the United States Secretary of

the Treasury stated that no pelagic sealing whatever had been
carried on by citizens of the United States during the season
past; but that 30 British vessels had been engaged in the
work, against 32 in the previous year, and that their total
catch had been 10,581, against 6,100 taken by the same fleet
in 1897. The number of seals found on the Islands was reported
to be greatly reduced.

BERLIN: A. D. 1895.
Census.
 See (in this volume)
GERMANY: A. D. 1895 (JUNE-DECEMBER).

BERLIN: A. D. 1896.
Industrial exposition.

An exposition of German industries and products was opened at

Berlin on the 1st of May, 1896. which excited wide interest
and had an important stimulating effect in Germany.

BERLIN: A. D. 1900.
Growth shown by the latest census.

See (in this volume)

GERMANY: A. D. 1900 (DECEMBER).

BERLIN: A. D. 1901.
The Berlin and Stettin Ship Canal.

See GERMANY: A. D. 1901 (JANUARY).

BETHLEHEM, Capture of.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA (THE FIELD OF WAR): A. D. 1900 (JUNE-
DECEMBER).

BIAC-NA-BATO, Treaty of.

See (in this volume)

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: A. D. 1896-1898.

BIBLE LANDS, Archæological exploration in.

See (in this volume)

ARCHÆOLOGICAL RESEARCH: BABYLONIA: AMERICAN
EXPLORATION.
BICOLS, The.

See (in this volume)

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: THE NATIVE INHABITANTS.

BIDA, British subjugation of.

See (in this volume)

AFRICA: A. D. 1897 (NIGERIA).

BIG SWORD,
BIG KNIFE SOCIETY.

See (in this volume)

CHINA: A. D. 1900 (JANUARY-MARCH).

BISMARCK, Prince Otto von: Death.

See (in this volume)

GERMANY: A. D. 1898 (JULY).

BLACK FLAG REBELLION.

See (in this volume)

CHINA: A. D. 1898 (APRIL-JULY).

BLANCO, General Ramon, Captain-General of Cuba.

See (in this volume)

CUBA: A. D. 1896-1897.

BLANCOS.

See (in this volume)

URUGUAY: A. D. 1896-1899.
BLOEMFONTEIN:
Taken by the British.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA (THE FIELD OF WAR): A. D. 1900 (MARCH—
MAY).

BLOEMFONTEIN CONFERENCE, The.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA (THE TRANSVAAL): A. D. 1899 (MAY-JUNE).

BLUEFIELDS INCIDENT, The.

See (in this volume)

CENTRAL AMERICA (NICARAGUA): A. D. 1894-1895.

BOARD SCHOOLS, English.

See (in this volume)

ENGLAND: A. D. 1896-1897.

BOERS.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA (THE TRANSVAAL).

BOHEMIA:
Recent situation in the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

See (in this volume)

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: A. D. 1895-1896, and after.

BOHEMIA: A. D. 1897.
The language decrees.

See (in this volume)

 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: A. D. 1897; and 1898.

BOLIVIA: A. D. 1894-1900.
The dispute with Chile concerning Atacama.

See (in this volume) CHILE: A. D. 1894-1900.

BOLIVIA: A. D. 1899.
Revolution.

The government of President Alonzo (elected in 1896) was

overthrown in April, 1899, by a revolutionary movement
conducted by General José Manuel Pando, who was elected
President by the legislative chambers in the following
October.

BOMBAY: A. D. 1896-1901.
The Bubonic Plague.

See (in this volume)

PLAGUE.

BOMBAY: A. D. 1901.
Census returns.
Decrease of population.

A telegram from Bombay, March 6, 1901, reports that "the

census returns show the city of Bombay has 770,000
inhabitants, a decrease of over fifty thousand in ten years,
mainly due to the exodus of the last two months on account of
the plague. Partial returns from the rural districts show
terrible decreases in population through famine."

BORDA, President: Assassination.

See (in this volume)

URUGUAY: A. D. 1896-1899.
BORIS, Prince: Conversion.

See (in this volume)

BALKAN AND DANUBIAN STATES (BULGARIA).

{54}

BOSTON: A. D. 1895-1899.
The municipal experiments of Mayor Quincy.

First elected Mayor of Boston in 1895, and reelected in 1897,

the two terms of the administration of Mayor Josiah Quincy
were made remarkable by the number, the originality and the
boldness of the experiments which he introduced in extension
of the functions of municipal government. They consisted on
the one hand in the substitution, in certain branches of
public work, of direct labor for the contract system, and on
the other in the provision of new facilities for promoting
popular health, recreation, and instruction. He established a
municipal printing office, a municipal department of
electrical construction, and another municipal department
which conducts every kind of repairing work that the city
requires; all of these to supersede the old system of
contracts and jobs. He instituted a great number and variety
of public baths,—floating baths, beach baths, river baths and
swimming pools. He opened playgrounds and gymnasiums, both
outdoor and indoor. He carried the city into the work of the
fresh air missions for poor children. He reorganized the
administration of public charities. He placed the artistic
undertakings of the city under the supervision of a competent
board. He instituted cheap concerts of a high order, as well
as popular lectures. Boston at length took alarm at the extent
of the ventures of Mayor Quincy, complained of the cost, and
refused him reelection for a third term. But the Boston
correspondent of a New York journal opposed in politics to
Mayor Quincy, writing on the 15th of December, 1900, testifies
 that "most of the experiments are working well, and a study of
them cannot fail to be beneficial to those who have the
government of other cities in their hands. … The madness of
Mayor Quincy had evidently a method. It seems to have made
permanent a good many excellent institutions. Some good
citizens say that things were done too quickly, that they cost
too much money, that the Mayor was always robbing Peter to pay
Paul, as it were. But, after all, it seems cause for
thankfulness that they were done at all."

BOSTON: A. D. 1899.
Completion of the Subway.

In this year the city of Boston completed a very important

public improvement, undertaken in 1895, and carried out under
the direction of a commission appointed that year. This was
the construction of a Subway under Boylston and Tremont
streets, and under various streets in the northern district,
for the transit of electric cars through the crowded central
parts of the city. The section of Subway from Park Square to
Park Street was finished in the fall of 1897; the remainder in
1899. The entire length of underground road is one and
two-thirds miles. The cost of work done was $4,686,000: cost
of real estate taken, $1,100,000. The legislative Act
authorizing the work provided further for the construction of
a tunnel to East Boston, and for the purchase of rights of way
for an elevated road to Franklin Park, with new bridges to
Charlestown and West Boston.

BOWER, Sir Graham:

Testimony before British Parliamentary Committee on
the Jameson Raid.

See (in this volume))

SOUTH AFRICA (THE TRANSVAAL): A. D. 1897 (FEBRUARY-
JULY).
BOXERS, The Chinese:
The secret society and the meaning of its name.

See (in this volume)

CHINA: A. D. 1900 (JANUARY-MARCH), and after.

BRADFORD'S HISTORY:
Return of the manuscript to Massachusetts.

See (in this volume)

MASSACHUSETTS: A. D. 1897.

BRAZIL: A. D. 1897.
Conflict with the "Fanatics."

A religious enthusiast, called Conselheiro (Counsellor), who

had made his appearance in the State of Bahia and gathered a
great number of followers, began in 1897 to become dangerous
to the government, which he denounced as atheistic; his
following grew disorderly, and political malcontents were
taking advantage of the disturbance which he caused. Attempts
on the part of the government to stop the disorder were
fiercely resisted, and its conflict with "the Fanatics," as
Conselheiro and his followers were known, soon became a very
serious war, demanding many thousands of troops, and spreading
over wide regions of the country. Amazonian bands of women
fought with "the Fanatics," and were among the most dreaded
forces on their side. The headquarters and stronghold of the
movement were finally taken in July, after an obstinate
defense, and in October Conselheiro was killed; after which
the rebellion came to an end.

BRAZIL: A. D. 1898.
Election of Dr. Campos Salles to the Presidency.

The nomination and election of Dr. M. F. de Campos Salles, who

was inaugurated President of the United States of Brazil on
 the 15th of November, 1898, "marks the decided distinction of
parties in Brazil. Previously, there had been various
divergencies among the Republicans, but no distinct party
differences. But at that time there arose a party advocating
the selection of a candidate who would favor the national
against the foreign (naturalized) element; one who would have
influence with the few remaining advocates of the monarchical
government; who would give preference to a military over a
civil government; finally, one who would introduce into the
government the system called 'Jacobinism,' a designation which
the new party did not refuse to accept. Dr. Campos Salles was
the candidate of the moderate Republicans or Conservatives,
who were organized under the name of the Republican party,
with a platform demanding respect for the constitution and
declaring for the institution of such reforms as only reason
and time should dictate. The sympathies of the conservative
element and of foreigners who had interests in the country
were with the candidate of this party and gave him their
support. The election of Dr. Campos Salles inspired renewed
confidence in the stability of Brazil, a confidence which was
at once manifested by the higher quotation of the national
bonds, by an advance in the rate of exchange, and by greater
activity in business throughout the country. Brazil, in spite
of all hindrances, has prospered since 1889."

Bulletin of the Bureau of American Republics,

December, 1898.

{55}

BRAZIL: A. D. 1900.
Arbitration of the French Guiana boundary dispute.
Award of the Swiss Government.

A dispute with France concerning the boundary of the French

possessions in Guiana, which Brazil inherited from Portugal,
and which dates back to the 17th century, was submitted at