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Chapter 7: The Correlation Coefficient
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. If you see the notation , what should you do?

a. First multiply each X by its partner Y, then sum the results.
b. First sum the Xs then multiply the sum of the Xs by each Y.
c. First sum the Ys, then multiply the sum of the Ys by each X.
d. First sum the Xs, then sum the Ys, then multiply the sums.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: p. 136
2. If you see the notation , what should you do?

a. First multiply each X by its partner Y, then sum the results.
b. First sum the Xs, then sum the Ys, then multiply the results.
c. First sum the Xs, then multiply the result by each Y.
d. First sum the Ys, then multiply the result by each X.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: p. 136
3. If there is a relationship between “income” and “happiness,” then as the amount of income increases,
the amount of happiness
a. also increases.
b. decreases.
c. stays the same.
d. changes in some consistent manner.
4. What does a correlation coefficient do?

a. It allows us to draw conclusions about whether one variable causes another variable.
b. It creates a correlational design, rather than an experimental design.
c. It quantifies the pattern in a relationship.
d. It summarizes the X scores and the Y scores separately.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: p. 136
5. In an experimental design _____, whereas in a correlational design _____.

a. there is only one variable (the independent variable); there are two variables (X and Y)
b. there are two X variables; there are an X and a Y variable
c. researchers assign each person an X score and then measure the score on the Y variable;
researchers measure scores on variables that a participant has already experienced
d. researchers measure scores on variables that a participant has already experienced;
researchers assign each person an X score and then measure the score on the Y variable
93
6. If we calculate a correlation coefficient and we find that there is a relationship between the two
variables, we
a. know that the data must be interval or ratio.
b. know, without referring to the study, that a correlational design was used.
c. can conclude that changes in one variable cause changes in the other variable.
d. cannot conclude that changes in one variable cause changes in the other variable.
7. Professor Johnston has found a strong positive correlation between wearing neckties and the frequency
of strokes (r = 0.89). He thinks that the necktie reduces blood flow to the brain, preventing the brain
from receiving enough oxygen. Professor Johnston and his associates claim to have proven that
wearing neckties causes strokes. What error has Professor Johnston made?
a. An r = 0.89 is not a very large r-value.
b. Professor Johnston is drawing a causal conclusion from correlational findings.
c. Not everyone who wears a necktie wears it very tight.
d. Professor Johnston should know that there are other ways for blood to reach the brain.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: p. 137
8. Using a correlational design, a researcher found a relationship between the healthiness of one’s heart
and the amount of fish oil in one’s diet. The researcher should conclude that
a. a healthier heart causes one to consume more fish oil.
b. the amount of fish oil in one’s diet causes a healthier heart.
c. although a relationship exists, one cannot infer that changes in one variable are causing
changes in the other variable.
d. the availability of fish causes changes in both the healthiness of one’s heart and the
amount of fish oil consumed.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: p. 137
9. In a correlational analysis, N stands for the

a. total number of pairs of scores.
b. total number of X scores plus the total number of Y scores.
c. total number of X scores times the total number of Y scores.
d. total number of pairs of scores minus 2.
10. We should do a scatterplot of the data when we compute a correlation because the scatterplot allows us
to
a. see the relationship between the two variables.
b. determine the exact value of the correlation coefficient.
c. determine whether a relationship is likely to exist in the population from which the sample
is taken.
d. predict accurate Y scores for known X scores.
11. When plotting correlational data, the appropriate graph to use is the
a. line graph. c. histogram.
b. bar graph. d. scatterplot.
94
12. To know whether there is a relationship between two variables, you draw a line around the outer edges
of a scatterplot. If there is a negative relationship,
a. the scatterplot is simultaneously elliptical and circular.
b. the scatterplot is elliptical and is slanted upward (left to right).
c. the scatterplot is elliptical and is slanted downward (left to right).
d. the scatterplot is either circular or elliptical, and the ellipse is parallel to the X axis.
13. The best-fitting line through a scatterplot is known as the

a. scatterplot line. c. variance line.
b. correlation line. d. regression line.
14. In general, a positive correlation means that as the values of one variable _____, there is a tendency for
the values of the other variable to _____.
a. increase; increase c. increase; remain the same
b. increase; decrease d. decrease; increase
15. In a linear relationship, as the X scores increase, the Y scores change

a. in only one direction.
b. only in the negative direction.
c. only in the positive direction.
d. in the positive and then in the negative direction.
16. “The more you save, the less you spend” describes
a. a positive linear correlation. c. no correlation.
b. a negative linear correlation. d. a nonlinear correlation.
17. “The bigger they are, the harder they fall” describes
a. a positive linear correlation. c. no correlation.
b. a negative linear correlation. d. a nonlinear correlation.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: p.140
95
18. What type of relationship does the following regression line represent?
a. A positive relationship c. A curvilinear relationship

b. A negative relationship d. No relationship
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: p .140
19. “The self-confidence of a group of students is positively correlated with their chances of getting
through the course.” What does this statement mean?
a. The students will pass the course if they can be made to be self-confident.
b. The chances of passing the course tend to increase as the self-confidence scores of the
students increase.
c. The chances of passing the course tend to decrease as the self-confidence scores of the
students increase.
d. Passing the course will make the students self-confident.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: p. 140

ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: p. 140
96
21. What kind of relationship is depicted in the following graph?
a. A positive linear correlation c. No correlation

b. A negative linear correlation d. A nonlinear correlation

23. In a nonlinear or curvilinear relationship, as the X scores change, the Y scores

a. tend to increase.
b. change consistently, but in more than one direction.
c. tend to be the same as the X scores.
d. do not change in a consistent fashion.
97

ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: p. 141
25. The strength of a relationship is indicated by the extent to which _____ paired with one and only one
individual value of the _____ variable.
a. many values of the Y variable are; X c. the entire range of the Y variable is; X
b. many values of the X variable are; Y d. one value of the Y variable is; X
26. Which of the following r-values indicates the strongest relationship between two variables?
a. +0.65 c. +0.10
b. −0.89 d. −0.10
27. Which of the following r-values indicates the weakest relationship between two variables?
a. +0.45 c. +0.03
b. −0.30 d. −0.45
28. Which relationship is stronger, r = +0.62 or r = –0.62?

a. An r = +0.62 represents a stronger relationship than r = –0.62.
b. An r = –0.62 represents a stronger relationship than r = +0.62.
c. There is no difference in the strength of the two relationships.
d. Without seeing a scatterplot of the data, there is no way to determine which is stronger.
98
29. Which of the following studies represents the weakest relationship?
a. Study A c. Study C
b. Study B d. Cannot determine
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: p. 142
30. When the correlation coefficient representing the relationship between X and Y is intermediate, then all
of the following are true except
a. there is not a perfectly consistent association.
b. there are different Y scores associated with a single X score.
c. prediction of Y from a known X score has some error.
d. all data points fall on the regression line.
31. A “weak” relationship between two variables is represented by

a. a small spread of Y scores at each X score.
b. a large spread of Y scores at each X score.
c. only one value of Y at each X score.
d. an equal spread of Y scores at each X score.
32. Professor Miller has found that the correlation between a person’s “need for affiliation” (found by
taking a test to determine the need to be with others) and the number of hours spent watching
television is −0.69. He should conclude that
a. as we observe people with higher and higher need for affiliation, we see a tendency for
those people to spend less and less time watching television.
b. there is not much of a relationship between the two variables because the r is negative.
c. as we observe people with higher and higher need for affiliation, we see a tendency for
those people to spend more and more time watching television.
d. the people who watch more television tend to have more need to be around others.
99
33. Professor Helgin has found that the correlation between the length of a person’s index finger and the
person’s IQ is −0.11. He should conclude that
a. as the length of the index finger goes up, there is a fairly strong tendency for a person to
have a lower IQ.
b. there is no relationship between the two variables because the r is negative.
c. we can be confident in predicting that people with high IQs will tend to have long index
fingers.
d. there is a very weak relationship between the length of the index finger and IQ because r is
nearly 0.
34. In general, a zero correlation means that

a. as the values of one variable increase, there is no tendency for the values of the other
variable to change in any consistent, predictable fashion.
b. as the values of one variable increase, there is a tendency for the values of the other
variable also to increase.
c. as the values of one variable increase, there is a tendency for the values of the other
variable to decrease.
d. as the values of one variable decrease, there is a tendency for the values of the other
variable also to decrease.

100

37. Which correlation coefficient should we use if we want to find out whether a relationship exists
between two variables that are both interval or ratio variables?
a. The Pearson correlation coefficient
b. The Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient
c. The point-biserial correlation coefficient
d. The nonlinear correlation coefficient
38. What statistic should be used to find out whether there is a relationship between years of education and
annual income?
39. What statistic should be used to find out whether there is a relationship between hours spent
participating in sports and GPA?
101
40. Calculate the appropriate correlation coefficient for the following data.
Participant Reading Speed Number of Books

Test Score Read
(X) (Y)
1 9 6
2 16 7
3 24 10
4 12 5
5 5 2
6 18 8
a. −0.07 c. +0.49
b. +0.95 d. +0.23
41. Calculate the appropriate correlation coefficient for the following data, assuming X is an interval
variable and Y is a ratio variable.
Participant Reading Speed Number of Books

Test Score Read
(X) (Y)
1 0 1
2 2 3
3 1 0
4 3 1
5 4 4
6 5 6
a. −0.65 c. +0.40
b. +0.09 d. +0.59
Employee Number of Units Minutes Spent in

Produced Break Room
(X) (Y)
1 12 10
2 4 22
3 15 5
4 10 12
5 8 10
6 7 15
a. –0.92 c. –0.06
b. –0.37 d. +0.75
102
Employee Visits to Number of Units

Breakroom Produced
(X) (Y)
1 2 12
2 8 4
3 0 15
4 3 10
5 5 8
6 4 7
a. –0.97 c. +0.11
b. –0.39 d. +0.57
44. As a part of her Master’s Degree thesis in Geology, Candice needs to calculate a correlation coefficient
between the amount of rainfall (measured in inches) and the height of the ground water table
(measured in inches) in various parts of the continental U.S. Which formula should she use for this
calculation?
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: p. 148
between two variables that represent pairs of ordinal scores?
103
46. Suppose a researcher has trained two observers to rank participants according to their level of
frustration when trying to solve a puzzle. What statistic should be used to determine the extent to
which the two observers agree in their rankings of frustration?
47. What statistic should be used to find out whether there is a relationship between high school class rank
and first-semester college GPA rank?
between scores from one interval variable and one ordinal variable?
Runner Runner on Race Rank of Race

Preparedness Finish
Survey (Y)
(X)
1 6 6
2 3 1
3 4 4
4 5 5
5 2 3
6 1 2
a. –0.52 c. +0.83
b. +0.52 d. +0.94
104
50. Calculate the appropriate correlation coefficient for the following data
Employee Rank on Units Rank on Time in

Produced Break Room
(X) (Y)
1 2 4
2 5 1
3 1 6
4 3 2
5 2 5
6 4 3
a. –0.68 c. –0.41
b. +0.72 d. –0.93
51. If we compute a correlation on data that come only from the middle of the X distribution (restricted
range) rather than from the entire range, the correlation is likely to be _____ the correlation from the
entire range.
a. smaller than c. a little larger than
b. the same as d. a lot larger than
52. In a study about the relationship between their age and women’s attitudes about marriage, you survey
over 500 undergraduate women and calculate a Pearson correlation coefficient. What mistake have you
made?
a. You have collected too much data.
b. There is no way a woman’s attitude about marriage can affect her age.
c. You only surveyed young women in college causing a restriction of range.
d. You have used the wrong correlation coefficient the type of data.
105
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specific, 38, 56, 79;
to modern man, 340, 341
Responsibility, 232, 360, 361;
harmful consequences, 360;
implies mastery of will over its own actions, 232;
of evolutionary propagandists, 360, 361
Resultants, 233 note, 234 note
Resurrection, natural basis of, 202
Reversion, 17, 303, 304, 305;
to type, 305
Rhinoceros etruscus, 319;
merckii, 329;
tichorhinus, 326, 329, 332
Rhodesian Man, 340, 341;
may be modern, 341
Rhynchonella, 118
Right-handedness, human, 288;
duration of, 290
River drift, 327
Rocks, 66, 93, 96, 103, 104, 107, 118, 120, 181, 297, 335;
composition and mineral contents disregarded in
classification, 96;
crystalline, 104, 181;
fossiliferous, 104, 107, 118, 181, 279, 335;
European classification of, 107;
groups of, 120;
igneous, 181;
metamorphic, 104;
sedimentary, 66, 93, 96, 107, 181;
systems of, 103
Rubidium, isotopes of, 173
Rudiment, 293, 297, 301, 302;
ontogenetic, 301, 302;
phylogenetic, 301, 302
Rudimentary, 299
Rudimentary organs, 286, 291, 293, 298, 305;
criticism of, 286;
evolutionary argument from, 286;
ontogenetic explanation of, 298;
phylogenetic, 298
—explanation of, 286
Running birds, 114, 305
S-R bonds, 204

Salamander, 248
Saurians, 60
Savagery, not prior to civilization, 337
Savages, descended from civilized ancestry not vice versa, 338
Scandinavia, 110
Scepticism, 198
logic of, 198
Scholastics, 191, 225
Scholastic, theory of origin of concepts, 220
Science, 188, 304, 359;
as religion, 359;
gives no heed to consequences, 360;
its attitude towards philosophy, 188;
sham, 304
Scientists, 344, 348;
many not satisfied with “evidence” for human evolution, 344;
fallibility of, 348
Scientific questions, decided by evidence, not by authority, 344
Scotland, 107
Sea-anemone, 261
Sea floor, 113
Sea-urchin, 119, 140;
egg of, 140
Second causes, 52, 71;
efficacy finite, 71
Sediment, 93, 103, 125;
primordial, 125;
universal layer of, 103
Seedlings, 161
Segregation, 25
Selection, 11, 12, 13, 65, 152, 153, 306;
artificial, 152
—not on a par with natural selection, 152;
intelligent and fortuitous, 152, 153;
principle, 11, 12, 13, 65;
values, 306
Self, 205
Self-fertilization, 159
Self-observation, 224, 225;
impossible for an organ, 226;
power of, cannot reside in material organ, 224, 225;
requires a spiritual principle, 225
Self-regulation, 174, 176, 179
Self-sacrifice, rendered meaningless, 356
Semilunar fold, 296, 297
Senescence, 26, 157, 160, 162;
an inherent tendency of living matter, 160;
tendency practically if not actually universal, 162
Sensationists, 218
Sensations, 209, 227, 242;
intensity of, 227
Sense, 204, 227, 228, 235, 254, 350;
debilitated by powerful stimulus, 227;
external, 204;
organic nature of, 227;
their power of reaction temporarily inhibited by process of
repair, 227, 228
Sense organs, 213, 251
Sense-perception, 199, 203, 214, 219, 220, 227, 231, 235;
a brain function 199;
a psycho-organic function, 214;
concerned with factual reality of existence, 219;
involves a decomposition of neural tissue, 227;
not independent of body, 227;
organic function, 203
Sensibility, organic, 244, 245
Sensori-motor, 251
Sensory functions of the nervous system, 199
Sensual appetites, exhaustible, 232
Sensual emotion, organic function, 203
Sequence, 100, 107, 108;
inverted or “wrong,”107, 108;
no invariable order of, 100;
of fossiliferous strata, 100;
“wrong,”107, 107 note
Serum, 15
Sexual (gametic) incompatibility, 4, 5, 19, 20, 21
Sharks, 80, 119, 296
“Shell-craters,”347
Shoots, 160
Sight, 217;
intrinsic dependence on eye, 217;
extrinsic dependence on object, 217
Silurian, 92, 106, 111, 118;
Middle, 92, 106
Simia satyrus, 32
Simple explanations not necessarily true, 350
Siwalik beds, 95, 310
Skeleton, 60, 61, 331;
human, 331
Skulls, 328, 329, 331, 333, 340, 341;
fossil, 33, 341;
human, 331
Skull cap, 271, 313, 314, 324, 328
Sleep, would interrupt process of relaying consciousness from
thought to thought, 212, 213
Sloth, 52
Snapdragon, 88
Social inequalities, artificial laws for benefit of rich, 361
Socialism, 357, 360;
Marxian, 357;
Scientific, 357
Sodium, 165, 166;
bromide, 165;
chloride, 165, 166;
iodide, 165
Solemn burial, 331, 332, 343;
most ancient instances, 332
Solutreans, 333
Soma, 13, 59, 303
Somatella, 59
Somatic cells, 13, 14, 17, 136, 156, 163
Somites, 280
Sophism, Comte’s like that of Zeno, 226
Soul, 172, 179, 193, 194, 197, 198, 200, 201, 202, 203, 205,
206, 209, 210, 211, 216, 268, 311, 350, 361;
definition of, 200;
a “formative power” and “integrating” and unifying principle,
200, 211;
a vital entelechy, 210;
as revealed in biology and psychology, 205;
consubstantial with matter, 202;
differs in kind, not merely in degree from bestial soul, 194;
discarded by Descartes, 197;
discarded by scientific psychology, 359;
formal principle of life, 203;
functional, 203, 206, 209
—cannot be primary principle of life, 206;
name, not reality of, rejected, 200;
not a complete entity, 201;
primary ground of life, 206;
rejected in dynamic, not in entitive sense, 200, 201;
spiritual, not a product of evolution, 193, 216, 268
—originates by a creative act, 193, 268;
subject of psychology, 197;
subsistent in man, 202;
substantial, 203, 209;
term alleged to be meaningless, 200
Specialism, advantages and disadvantages of, 189
Species, 3, 4, 5, 6, 17, 19, 26, 37, 38, 74, 75, 78, 80, 83, 84, 86,
87, 110, 111, 112, 119, 120-123, 131, 157, 256, 257, 312, 313,
320, 334, 342;
definition of, 4;
change of, 4, 6;
differentiation and multiplication of, 131;
difficulty of distinguishing, 120-123;
elementary, 17;
extinct and extant, 120-123, 334;
extinct, precarious basis for time-scale, 334;
formation as contrasted with transformation of, 74, 75, 131;
fossil, 3, 4, 83, 92, 120, 122, 312, 313;
intermediate, absence of, 80, 83, 84, 334;
intersterility of, 4, 5, 26, 38;
only one human, 342;
persistent, 123;
syngamy, an essential requisite of, 5
Species-by-species method, 87
Spectral analysis of constitution of sun, 216
Spectroscope, 144
Speech, bestial, 245, 246
Sperm, 156, 158, 159, 160;
activation by means of, 159
Spermists, 160
Sphex gryphus (Sm), 261
Spiders, 257
Spiral cleavage, 278
Spirit, 194, 311;
definition of, 194
Spiritual, 206
Spiritualism, 202, 230, 231;
Aristotelian, 230, 231
—admits direct dependence of lower psychic functions on
organism, 230
—admits indirect dependence of higher psychic functions
upon organism, 231;
Cartesian, 230;
destroyed by facts of physiological psychology, 230;
hylomorphic, 202;
of Aristotle, 202;
psychophysical of Descartes, 202, 203
Spirituality, 203, 351;
excludes co-agency of organism, 203;
of human soul, 351
Spiritual representations, 221
Spleen, 301
Splitters, 37
Splitting, 121
Spontaneous generation, 131, 132, 133, 136, 142, 148, 149,
167, 179, 182, 185, 186;
defined, 131-133;
antiquity of, 133;
old and new exception of, 167;
philosophical “proof” of, 185
Spontogenesis, an outlawed hypothesis, 164
Spores, 134, 136, 156, 181;
bacterial, 181
Sporulation, 156, 157
Springopora, 118
Spy, 329, 330, 333;
bones, 329;
crania, capacity underestimated, 330
Spy remains, 319, 325, 326, 327, 329, 330, 332;
skeletons of No.1 and No.2, 327
Squatting, a habit of savage races, 328
Squirrel, 260
Starfish, 140, 154, 382;
egg of, 140;
symmetry of, 154
States, 203, 208;
conscious or psychic, 203, 208;
mental, active and passive, 208;
of matter, not more real, 203
Statistics, moral, 361
Stems, 160
Stentor, 174
Sterility, interspecific, 5, 21, 38
Sterilization, 134, 135
Stimulators, 243
Stimulus, 227, 228
Stizus ruficornis, 247
Stock, 310, 311;
hylobatic and troglodyte, 310, 311;
pithecoid, 311
Stone implements, 329, 331, 334, 340, 342;
characteristic, unsafe basis for time-scale, 334
Stratification, 102;
scheme of, universal, 102;
synchronous deposition of, different in mineral content, 102
Stratigraphers, 106
Stratigraphic, 101, 102, 107;
continuity, 101;
facts, 107;
horizons, 101;
sequence, 101
—invariable order of, 102
Stratigraphy, 93
Strata, 66, 83, 87, 92-96, 102, 103,108, 109, 116, 119, 120, 125;
classification of, 103;
concrete sequence of, 109;
dated by fossils and fossils by strata, 94;
fossiliferous, 92, 96, 102, 109, 116, 119
—classification of, 119
—European classification of, 102;
how characterized, 96;
intervening, skipped, 120;
mineral, 102;
substitution of fossiliferous for lithological, 103;
substitution of fossiliferous for mineral, 103;
wrong order of, 108;
“younger” and “older,”108, 116
Strontium, isotopes of, 173
Structures, 122, 284;
constant and adaptive, 122;
distinction influenced by personal equation, 122;
embryonic, undifferentiated, 284;
homologous and adaptive, 122
Struggles for existence, 291
Sturgeons, 119
Sub-archæan beginnings of life impenetrable, 126
Subject, 205, 207, 208;
abiding, of our thoughts, feelings and desires, 205;
active, 208;
of thought, active, 207
Subjective abstractions, phenomenalist objectivation of, 209
Subjectless thought, an abstraction, 209
Submicron, 140, 183 note
Submicroscopic dimensions, no obstacle to manifestation of
vital phenomena, 170
Submicroscopic organisms show genetic continuity,
reproductiveness and typical vital power, 169, 170
Subspecies, 334, 342
Substages, 96, 103
Substance, 209
Substantial composite of body and soul, 203
Succession, 75, 76;
to be distinguished from filiation, 75;
not descent, 75, 76
Sunlight, once richer in actinic rays, 148
Superciliary ridges, 272
Superorganic, 240
Superorganic functions, 214, 227;
have soul as their exclusive agent and recipient, 214
Superorganic functions, soul alone active cause and receptive
subject, 203
Supernatural, 186, 187;
defined, 187
Supernumerary, 303, 304, 306;
mammary glands, 304;
organs, 303, 304
Superposition, 93, 101, 111;
as a criterion of comparative antiquity, 93;
criterion of, confined to local areas, 101
—not available
for correlation of strata in different localities, 101;
only safe means of distinguishing between spatial and
chronological distribution, 101, 111;
restricted to local areas, 93
Suppression of organs, 305
Sweden, 289
Syllogisms, of no avail against facts, 226
Symbiosis, 52, 124
Symbiotes, 46, 53
Synapsis, 17, 25
Syngamy, 5, 25, 156, 157-161;
essential to biparental inheritance, 160;
means of rejuvenation, 161;
qualification of a true species, 5
Synthesis, chemical, spontaneous and artificial, 151, 152
Systems, 96, 101, 141, 142, 151;
colloidal, 142;
complete polyphasic, 142;
how determined, 96;
of rocks, 96;
of strata, 101;
polyphasic, 141;
protoplasmic, 141, 142;
simple, 151
Systematist, 46, 121
Tactisms, 204
Tactualist, 219
Taenia, 248
Taiga, 91
Tarantula, 247, 263
Tasmanian blacks, 325
Tautomerism, 202
Taxonomic questions, 334
Taxonomist, 122
Taxonomy, 36, 37, 38, 77, 101, 121, 122, 123, 320;
fossil, 101, 122
—basis of correlation, 101
—arbitrary and unreliable, 122;
homology, basis of, 36;
influence of palæontology, 77;
need of revision in, 121, 123
Teleological, 225
Teleology, 154, 240, 248, 249, 259, 267;
a material expression of intelligence, 259;
does not entail vibrant intelligence, 259;
its combination with sentient consciousness, 240;
of organisms, 154;
of artefacts, 154;
psychic implication of, 154;
unconscious, 240
Teleosts, 120
Telic, 150, 249;
phenomena of nature, 249
Terebratulina, striata, 118, 120;
caput serpentis, 118
Termitomyia, 46
Termitoxenia Heimi, 48
Tertiary, 72, 82, 99, 100, 104, 109, 111, 112, 113, 118, 154, 270,
308, 311;
ancestor, 312;
Man, 154
Tertiary envelopes of eggs, 300
Tethelin, 294
Tethys, 109
Tetraploid race, 23, 45;
origin of, not yet observed, 23
Tetraploidy, 22, 23, 44
Thigh, bone, 316, 317
Third eyelid, 296, 297
Third Interglacial Period, latter half of, 331
Thoatherium, 78
Thought, 218-222, 227, 229, 230, 233;
and imagery, concomitant but incommensurable, 219;
digs below phenomenal surface, 219;
distinguished from imagery, 218, 219;
intellectual, steady, lucid and continuous, 229;
not function of material organism, 233;
power does not always degenerate with old age, 230;
presupposes imagery, 221;
proceeds with complete ease after initial exertion of
imagination, 229;
rational, 222, 224, 231, 233
—has spiritual soul for source and subject, 233
—reflective, 224
—spiritual, 222
—superorganic function of, 231;
reflective, a superorganic function, 227;
requires substrate of sensible images, 220
—on which it is objectively dependent, 222;
some in all individuals, 219;
spiritual, 222;
untranslatable into adequate imagery, 219
Thrust faults, 107
Thrust planes like bedding planes, 108
Thymus, 299, 300, 301, 302;
an ontogenetic rudiment, 301, 302
Thyroid glands, 292, 294, 295, 301
Thyroxin, 294
Time-value, 75, 82, 83, 84, 95, 96, 101;
of geological formations, dubious, 75;
of index fossils, 95, 96
—affords no basis for scientific certainty, 101
Tissue, lymphatic, 301
Tissue cells, 13, 14, 136, 156
Tonsils, 301
Tools, use of, by animals, 261
Trachelocerca, 138
Training, 244, 245, 256
Transformism, 3, 4, 6, 16, 24, 25, 32, 40, 43, 52, 53, 55, 56, 59,
61, 67, 69-72, 75, 80, 84, 109, 117, 123, 124, 126, 127, 131,
263, 268, 343;
definition of, 3;
impotent to explain origin of intelligence, 216, 233 note, 263;
interpretation, not corollary, of fossil facts, 126;
monophyletic, 69, 70;
“natural” explanation of homology, 52;
proofs for, empirical, aphoristic, and aposterioristic, 55, 56;
rests on personal belief rather than on facts, 127;
ultra-partisans of, 343;
unconcerned with origin of life, 131;
unifies origins in time, but not in space, 69
Transformist, 38
Transmutation, 6, 28, 35, 40, 50, 65, 69, 70, 71, 73, 123, 193
Trial and error, 241, 243
Triassic, 118, 119
Trilobites, 100, 117
Triploidy, 21, 22
Troglodyte, 34, 50, 314,
type, 314
Troglodytes niger, 33, 314
Tropisms, 204
Tubercule of Darwin, not homologous with apex of horse’s ear,
303
Tubers, 160
Tubules, nephridial or excretory, 280
Types, 54, 55, 66, 83, 84, 92, 116-120, 123, 124, 141, 328, 329,
334, 335, 336;
Ancestral, 92, 117, 276;
annectant, 92;
approximation in, 66;
common ancestral, 83;
Crô-Magnon, 332, 334, 335;
no evidence of its descent from Neanderthal type, 334;
generalized, 54, 55, 81, 84;
are abstractions, 54, 55;
generic, 116, 117;
persistence of, 118, 123;
Grimaldi, 332;
intergradent, 83;
invertebrate, 117;
modern, 116, 120, 334;
Neanderthaloid, 329, 335;
persistent, 116;
persistence of, 119;
phyletic, 116, 117;
permanence of, 118;
specific, 116, 141
—persistence of, 118, 123;
fossil doctrine of their invariable sequence, 104, 312
Ultramicron, 144, 168;

destitute of reproductive power, 168;
may not be natural unit, 168;
of colloidal solutions, 168
Ultramicroscope, 140, 144;
limit of, 140
Ultraspiritualism of Descartes, 199, 202
Ultra-violet rays, 148, 184
Unchange, not explained by theory of exchange, 123
Understanding, 235
Ungulates, 78, 82;
fossil, 82
Uniformitarianism, 67, 68
Uniformity of nature, 149, 186;
only justification for reconstruction of the past, 149;
principle of, 169
Union of soul and body, according to Descartes, 198, 199
Units, 144, 162, 163, 166, 167, 168, 170, 174-177, 199-201;
difference between, 170;
inorganic, 144, 163, 166, 170, 174, 175, 176, 177, 201
—and living, 170, 175-177
—incapable of other than transitive action, 174, 177;
living and non-living, 199, 200;
natural, 168;
new, of life to be discovered, 167;
of nature, non-living, 162, 163
Universe, Stone Book of, 127
Uranium, 146
Urea, 173
Ureter, 282
Uroleptus mobilis, 138, 161
Urosthenic, 270
Ursus spelaeus, 326, 329
Use, 291
Utility, 291
Valence, 165;
atomic, 165;
molecular (residual), 165
Variation, 9, 18, 40, 41, 42, 45, 63, 64, 88, 303;
agencies of, 42;
cause of modification, 41;
converges and diverges, 63, 64;
fluctuational, 9, 303;
heritable, 42;
intra-specific, 43;
mutational, a change of loss, 18;
non-inheritable, 42;
process of diversifying, 40, 45;
trans-specific, 43, 88
—no experimental evidence of, 45
Varieties, 334, 342
Vault, 329, 332
Vegetarians, 236
Versatility, 257, 258, 259;
distinctive mark of intelligence, 257, 258
Vertebræ, 279
Vertebrate, 60
Vertebrata, 119, 270, 271, 279-284, 292, 297, 300, 302;
amniotic, 280-282;
anamniotic, 280, 282
Vestigial remnants, 299
Viability, 4, 5, 25, 26, 43, 44
Vibration, 209;
pure, 209;
without vibrant medium, 209
Vinegar fly, 19, 85
Violet, 25, 159
Visceral arches and clefts, 278, 279
Visualist, 219
Vital activity, 201
Vital continuity, 134, 139, 155;
genetic, first article of, 134;
law of, 134, 155;
law of, 139;
its fourth article, 139
Vital force, no special, 201
Vitality, 150;
eludes art of chemist, 150
Vital principle, 172, 200, 203;
as defined by Neo-Vitalists, 172;
entitive, not dynamic, 172;
term alleged to be meaningless, 200;
term in disfavor, 200
Vivisection, 360
Volcanic bombs, 346-348
Volition, 221, 231, 233;
not function of the material organism, 233;
presupposes conception, 221;
rational, has spiritual soul for source and subject, 233;
rational, superorganic, 231
Walrus, 296
Wasp, predatory, 247, 263
Weddas, cranial capacity of, 315
Weight, 315
Whale, 35, 46, 60, 279;
flipper of, 35, 60, 279
White Leghorns, 19
Wild Kirchli, industry of, 331
Will, 221, 232, 235;
insatiable, 232;
of man, free, 232;
self-determining or reflexive, 232;
superior to sensual appetite, 235
Wing venation, 49 note, 49
Wisconsin, Cambrian sediments of, 105
Wolffian duct, 281, 282
Woods Hole, 23, 42, 47
World War, 359
Worm, 249
Wormwood, 248, 255;
common, 255
Würtzburg, School of, 219
X-rays, 144, 317
Yoldia Sea, 289

Yolk-sac, 276
Zamia, 118
Zebra, 81
Zones, stratigraphic, 96, 103, 106;
zoögeographical, 99
Zoölogists, 66, 77
Zoölogy, 35, 37, 55, 126, 304

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Basic Statistics for the Behavioral

Sciences 7th Edition Heiman Test Bank

Basic Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 7th

Introductory Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 7th

Statistics For The Behavioral Sciences 10th Edition

Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 3rd Edition

Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 4th Edition

Statistics For The Behavioral Sciences 2nd Edition

Essential Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 1st

Essential Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 2nd

1. If you see the notation , what should you do?

2. If you see the notation , what should you do?

4. What does a correlation coefficient do?

5. In an experimental design _____, whereas in a correlational design _____.

9. In a correlational analysis, N stands for the

13. The best-fitting line through a scatterplot is known as the

15. In a linear relationship, as the X scores increase, the Y scores change

a. A positive relationship c. A curvilinear relationship

a. A positive relationship c. A curvilinear relationship

a. A positive linear correlation c. No correlation

22. What kind of relationship is depicted in the following graph?

a. A positive linear correlation c. No correlation

23. In a nonlinear or curvilinear relationship, as the X scores change, the Y scores

a. A positive linear correlation c. No correlation

28. Which relationship is stronger, r = +0.62 or r = –0.62?

31. A “weak” relationship between two variables is represented by

34. In general, a zero correlation means that

35. What kind of relationship is depicted in the following graph?

a. A positive linear correlation c. No correlation

a. A positive relationship c. A curvilinear relationship

Participant Reading Speed Number of Books

Participant Reading Speed Number of Books

Employee Number of Units Minutes Spent in

Employee Visits to Number of Units

ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: p. 148

Runner Runner on Race Rank of Race

Employee Rank on Units Rank on Time in

S-R bonds, 204

Ultramicron, 144, 168;

X-rays, 144, 317

Yoldia Sea, 289

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5. In an experimental design _, whereas in a correlational design _.