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CHAPTER 13
Problem 13.1 m /2 0.604 m 0.104 m
h
m/2
u
2 m = 0.854 m + 0.146 m
h
m
h
u
1
h
s s s
1 2
Fig. P13.1a Fig. P13.1b
Stiffness and mass matrices (from Problem 9.5): Part b
k = k
LM 2 −1 OP m = m
LM1 OP Substituting Γn and φ jn in Eq. (13.2.5) gives floor
N− 1 1 Q N 12 Q displacements due to each mode:
Vibration properties (from Problem 10.6): RSu (t ) UV
1
= 1207
.
RS0.707UV D (t ) = RS0.854UV D (t )
ω1 = 0. 765
k
ω 2 = 1. 848
k Tu (t )W
2 1 T 1 W 1
T1207
. W 1
m m
RSu (t ) UV = − 0.207 S
R− 0.707UV D (t ) = RS 0146
. U
T− 0.207VW
1
D (t )
φ1 = 0. 707 1
T
φ2 = − 0. 707 1
T
Tu (t )W
2 2 T 1 W 2 2
Part a
Combining the contributions of the two modes gives
The modal quantities given by Eq. (13.2.3) are
u1 ( t ) = 0. 854 D1 ( t ) + 0.146 D2 ( t )
M1 = m M2 = m
u2 ( t ) = 1. 207 D1 ( t ) − 0. 207 D2 ( t )
K1 = 0. 586 k K2 = 3. 414 k
Part c
L1h = 1. 207 m Lh2 = − 0. 207 m
st
The modal static responses Vjn for the story shears are
L1h Lh2
Γ1 = = 1. 207 Γ2 = = − 0. 207 determined in Fig. P13.1c.
M1 M2
First mode Second mode
Substituting Γn , m, and φn in Eq. (13.2.4) gives
s1 = Γ1 m φ 1 = m
RS0.854UV s21 = 0.604 m s22 = – 0.104 m
T0.604W V21st = 0.604 m V22st = – 0.104 m
s 2 = Γ2 m φ 2 = mS
R 0146
. U
V s11 = 0.854 m s12 = 0.146 m
T− 0104
. W
The modal expansion of effective earthquake forces is V11st = 1.458 m V12st = 0.042 m
shown in Fig. P13.1b.
Fig. P13.1c
st
Substituting Vjn in Eq. (13.2.8) gives the modal responses:
V11 (t ) = 1458
. m A1 (t ) V12 (t ) = 0.042 m A2 (t )
V21 (t ) = 0.604 m A1 (t ) V22 (t ) = − 0104

. m A2 (t )
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication
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Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
Combining the modal responses gives the total responses:
V1 ( t ) = V11 ( t ) + V12 ( t ) = 1. 458 m A1 ( t ) + 0. 042 m A2 ( t )
V2 ( t ) = V21 ( t ) + V22 ( t ) = 0. 604 m A1 ( t ) − 0.104 m A2 ( t )
Part d
Static analysis of the structure for external floor forces
st
sn gives the modal static responses Mbn and M1stn for Mb
and M1 , the overturning moments at the base and the first
floor, respectively:
st
Mb1 = mh[ 0. 854 (1) + 0. 604 ( 2 )] = 2. 062 mh
st
Mb2 = mh[ 0.146 (1) − 0.104 ( 2 )] = − 0. 062 mh
st
M11 = 0. 604 mh
st
M12 = − 0.104 mh
st
Substituting Mbn and M1stn in Eq. (13.2.8) gives the modal
responses:
Mb1 ( t ) = 2. 062 mh A1 ( t ) Mb2 ( t ) = − 0. 062 mh A2 ( t )
M11 ( t ) = 0. 604 mh A1 ( t ) M12 ( t ) = − 0.104 mh A2 ( t )
Combining the modal responses gives the total response:
Mb ( t ) = Mb1 ( t ) + Mb 2 ( t ) = 2. 062 mh A1 ( t ) − 0. 062 mh A2 ( t )
M1 ( t ) = M11 ( t ) + M12 ( t ) = 0. 604 mh A1 ( t ) − 0.104 mh A2 ( t )
Problem 13.2 The modal static responses for the various response
quantities are given in Table P13.2b.
System properties:
w 100 Table P13.2b
m = = = 0. 2591 kip - sec2 in.
g 386
Mode n 1 2
3
24 EI 24 ( 727 ) ( 29 × 10 ) u1stn 2. 23 × 10
−3
6. 529 × 10
−5
k = = = 169. 5 kips in.
h3 (12 × 12 )3 u2stn 3.15 × 10
−3
− 9. 237 × 10 −5
Vibration properties (from Problem 10.6): st 1.458 0.042
Vbn m
st 0.604 – 0.104
k V2 n m
ω1 = 0. 765 = 19. 565 st
m Mbn mh 2.062 – 0.062
st 0.604 – 0.104
k M1n mh
ω 2 = 1. 848 = 47. 263
m
T1 = 0. 321 sec T2 = 0.133 sec Step 5c of Section 13.2.4 is implemented to determine
the contribution of the nth mode to selected response
φ1 =
1 RS0.707UV = RS1389
. U
V quantities — floor displacements, story shears, and story
m T 1 W T1965
. W overturning moments:
1 R0.707 U R 1389
. U rn ( t ) = rnst An ( t )
φ2 = S
m T −1 W
V = S
T−1965
. W
V
where rnst and An ( t ) are both known. These results for roof
displacement u2 ( t ) , base shear Vb ( t ) , and base overturning
Modal properties: moment Mb ( t ) are plotted in Figs. P13.2c-e, where their
Table P13.2a peak values are noted.
Mode Mn Lhn Lθn h Part c

The modal contributions to each response quantity are
1 1.0 0.614 0.869
combined at each time instant to obtain the total responses
2 1.0 0.105 – 0.149 shown in Figs. P13.2c-e. Table P13.2c summarizes the
peak values of the total responses.
Part a
The displacements Dn ( t ) and pseudo-accelerations
An ( t ) of the two modal SDF systems are calculated using
the procedure of Section 5.2 with Δt = 0. 01 sec and are
shown in Figs. P13.2a and P13.2b.
Part b
Table P13.2c
Floor Displacement, Shear, kips Overturning

or in. Moment,
Story kip-ft
2 0.964 49.56 594.65
1 0.679 115.11 1959.25
1 Mode 1
-1 0.797
Dn, in. Mode 2
1
0
0.118
-1
0 5 10 15
Time, sec
Fig. P13.2a
1 Mode 1
-1 0.791
An, g
1 Mode 2
-1 0.684
0 5 10 15
Time, sec
Fig. P13.2b
1 Mode 1
u2n, in. 0
-1
0.962
1 Mode 2
0.025
0
-1
un, in. 1 Total
-1 0.964
0 5 10 15
Time, sec
Fig. P13.2c
150 Mode 1
-150 115.28
Vbn, kips 150 Mode 2
0
2.933
-150
150 Total
Vb, kips 0
-150 115.11
0 5 10 15
Time, sec
Fig. P13.2d
2 Mode 1
0
Mbn,
-2
3
1956.32
10 kip-ft 2 Mode 2
49.78
0
-2
Mb, 2 Total
3
0
10 kip-ft
-2 1959.25
0 5 10 15
Time, sec
Fig. P13.2e
Problem 13.3
From problem 13.2:
2 U|
∑ M n* = 1457
. m + 0.043m = 15
.m
|V ⇒
k k n =1
ω1 = 0. 765 ω 2 = 1. 848
m m
∑m
2
j = m +
m
= 15
.m ||
φ1 = 0. 707 1
T
φ2 = − 0. 707 1
T n =1
2 2
2
W
2
m ∑ Mn =
*
∑ mj
L1h = ∑ m j φ j1 = m ( 0. 707) +
2
(1) = 1. 207 m n =1 n =1
j =1
2
m
Lh2 = ∑ m j φ j 2 = m ( − 0. 707) +
2
(1) = − 0. 207 m Verify Eq. (13.2.17):
j =1
2 U|
∑hM
2
m * *
= 1414 . m) + ( − 1415
. h) (0.043m) = 2mh
L1 =θ
∑ h j m j φ j1 = h m ( 0. 707) + 2 h (1) = 1. 707 mh n n . h (1457
|
j =1 2 n =1
FG mIJ V|
L2 =θ
2
∑hmφ F mI
= hm ( − 0.707) + 2h G J (1)
2
∑hm = h m + 2h
H 2K = 2mh ||
j =1
j j j2
H 2K n =1
j j
W
2 2
= 0.293mh ⇒ ∑ hn* M n* = ∑hm j j
L2 =θ
2
∑hmφ F mI
= h m ( − 0.707) + 2h G J (1)
n =1 n =1
j =1
j j j2
H 2K
= 0.293mh
2
m
M1 = ∑ m j φ2j1 = m ( 0. 707)2 +
2
(1)2 = m
j =1
2
m
M2 = ∑ m j φ2j 2 = m ( − 0. 707 )2 +
2
(1)2 = m
j =1
From Eq. (13.2.9a), the effective modal masses are

( L1h )2 ( Lh2 )2
M1* = = 1. 457 m M2* = = 0. 043m
M1 M2
From Eq. (13.2.9a), the effective modal heights are
L1θ Lθ2
h1* = = 1. 414 h h2* = = − 1. 415h
L1h Lh2
m /2
1.457 m 0.043 m
h m
=
1.414 h 1.415 h
h
&&
ug(t) &&
ug(t)
Mode 1 Mode 2
Verify Eq. (13.2.14):
Problem 13.4 R|u (t ) U|
3 LM− 0164
. − 0.411OP
(t ) = S
|u (t )|V = 1 M− 0164
4 . − 0.411 PP RS0.647UV D (t )
||u (t ) || h MM 0.904
u 01
P . W
− 0.740 T 1341
u m/2 u 1
5 6 u 5
2
Tu (t )W
6 N 0.904
1
− 0.740Q
u
3
m u
4 u R|− 0.657U|
1 |− 0.657|
1
= S
h |− 0.407|
V D (t ) 1 (b)
Fig. P13.4a
|T− 0.407|W
The floor displacements due to the second mode are
9.6):
Mass and lateral stiffness matrices (from Problem
u 2 (t ) =
RSu (t ) UV
1
= − 0.341
RS− 1037
. U
V R 0.353UV D (t )
D (t ) = S
Tu (t )W
2 2 T 1 W 2
T− 0.341W 2
LM1 O EI LM
37.15 − 1512
. OP (c)
1 2PQ
m = m k$ tt = 3
N h − 1512
. N
1019
. Q The joint rotations associated with u2 , u0 2 = T u2 , can
Vibration properties (from Problem 10.10): be computed following Eq. (b) to obtain
EI EI
R|u (t ) U| 3 R|0.082U|
ω1 = 2. 407
mh3
ω 2 = 7.193
mh3 u 02 (t ) = S
|u (t )|V 4
=
1 |0.082 |
S V D (t ) (d)
||u (t ) ||5 h |0.572 |
|T0.572|W
2
RS0.482UV . U
RS− 1037 Tu ( t ) W
T 1 VW
φ1 = φ2 = 6 2
T 1 W Combining the modal responses gives the total floor
Modal properties: displacements u( t ) and total joint rotations u0 ( t ) :
m
M1 = m ( 0. 482 )2 +
2
(1)2 = 0. 732 m
u(t ) =
RSu (t ) UV = RS0.647 D (t ) + 0.353 D (t ) UV (e)
1 1 2
2 m 2
Tu (t )W T 1341
2 . D (t ) − 0.341 D (t ) W1 2
M2 = m ( − 1. 037) + (1) = 1. 575 m
2 R|u (t ) U| R|− 0.657 D (t ) + 0.082 D (t )U|
3 1 2
L1h = m ( 0. 482 ) +
m
(1) = 0. 982 m u (t ) = S
|u (t )|V = 1 |S− 0.657 D (t ) + 0.082 D (t )|V
4 1 2
2
0
||u (t ) || h ||− 0.407 D (t ) + 0.572 D (t ) ||
5 1 2
Lh2 = m ( − 1. 037) +
m
(1) = − 0. 537 m
Tu (t )W T− 0.407 D (t ) + 0.572 D (t ) W
6 1 2
2 (f)
L1h Lh2 Part b

Γ1 = = 1. 341 Γ2 = = − 0. 341
M1 M2 The bending moments at the ends of a flexural
Part a element are related to the nodal displacements by
From Eq. (13.2.5), the floor displacements due to the 4 EI 2 EI 6 EI 6 EI
Ma = θa + θb + 2
ua − ub (g)
first mode are L L L L2
u1 (t ) =
RSu (t ) UV
1
= 1341
.
RS0.482UV D (t ) = RS0.647UV D (t ) Mb =
2 EI
θa +
4 EI
θb +
6 EI
2
ua −
6 EI
ub (h)
L2
Tu (t )W
2 1 T 1 W 1
T1341
. W 1 L L L
(a) For a first story column, L = h and the nodal
displacements are as shown in Fig. P13.4b
The joint rotations associated with u1 are
u01 = T u1
where T is available in the solution to Problem 10.10:
θa = u 3 4 EI 2 EI
Ma = u5 + u6
a ua = u1 2h 2h (m)
= mh − 0. 211 A1 ( t ) + 0. 0332 A2 ( t )
h 4 EI 2 EI
Mb = u6 + u5
2h 2h (n)
b ub = 0
= mh − 0. 211 A1 ( t ) + 0. 0332 A2 ( t )
θb = 0
Fig. P13.4b
Substituting these ua , ub , θa and θb and Eqs. (e)-(f) in

Eqs. (g)-(h) gives:
4 EI 2 EI 6 EI 6 EI
Ma = u3 + (0) + 2 u1 − (0)
h h h h2
EI
= 1. 254 D1 ( t ) + 2. 446 D2 ( t ) (i)
h2
Relate Dn ( t ) to An ( t ) :
3
A1 ( t ) mh
D1 ( t ) = = A1 ( t )
ω12 EI ( 2. 407 )
2
(j)
A2 ( t ) mh3
D2 ( t ) = = A2 ( t )
ω 22 EI ( 7.193)
2
Substituting Eq. (j) in Eq. (i) gives

Ma = mh 0. 216 A1 ( t ) + 0. 0473 A2 ( t ) (k)
Similarly,
2 EI 6 EI
Mb = u3 + u1
h h2
= mh 0. 443 A1 ( t ) + 0. 0441 A2 ( t ) (l)
For the second floor beam, L = 2 h and the nodal

displacements are as shown in Fig. P13.4c.
ua = 0 ub = 0
a θa = u5 b
θb = u6
2h
Fig. P13.4c
Substituting these ua , ub , θa and θb and Eqs. (e)-(f) in

Eqs. (g)-(h) gives:
Problem 13.5 LM1 OP R|− 1U| R| 0.3333U|
= − 0.3333m M 1 S 0V = m S 0 V|
MN 0.5PPQ |T 1|W |T− 01667
s2
m /2
u3
. W
L 1 OP R| U| R|
0 .5 0. 0447 U|
= 0.0893m MM 1 S V S V
h
MN 0.5PPQ |T 1 |W |T 0.0447|W
m s3 − 0.866 = m − 0 .0773
u2
h
m The modal expansion of m1 is shown next:
u1
h EI EI m/2 0.6220m 0.1667m 0.0447m
m 1.0773m 0 0.0773m
Mass and stiffness matrices (from Problem 9.7): = + +
1 LM 2 −1 OP 0 LM OP m 0.6220m 0.3333m 0.0447m
m = m 1 MM k = k −1 PP
2 −1 MM PP
12 N 0 −1 Q1 N Q m1 s1 s2 s3
where k = 24 EI h3 .
Vibration properties (from Problem 10.11): Part b
k k k The floor displacements due to the nth mode are
ω12 = ( 2 − 3 ) ; ω 22 = 2 ; ω 32 = ( 2 + 3 )
m m m un = Γn φn Dn ( t )
R|
0.5 U| −1 0.5 R| U| R| U| Substituting for Γn and φn gives
φ 1 = 0.866S| V|
φ2 = 0 φ 3 = − 0.866 S| V| S| V|
1 T W 1 1 T W T W R|u (t ) U|
1 R| 0.5 U| R|0.6220U|
The influence vector is S|u (t )V|
2 = 1244
. S|0.866V| D (t ) = S|10774
1 . V| D (t )
1
ι=1 Tu ( t ) W
3 1 T 1 W T12440 W
.
The first-mode properties are computed from Eq. (13.2.3): R|u (t ) U|

1 R|− 1U| R| 0.3333U|
L1h =
3
∑mφ = m (0.5) + m (0.866) +

m
(1) = 1866
. m
S|u (t )V|
2 = − 0.3333 S 0V D (t ) = S 0
|T 1|W 2
|T− 0.3333V|W
D (t ) 2
j =1
3
j j1
2 Tu ( t ) W
3 2
M1 = ∑ m j φ2j1 2
= m ( 0. 5) + m ( 0. 866 ) + 2 m
2
2
(1) = 1. 5 m R|u (t ) U|
1 R| 0.5 U| R| 0.0447U|
j =1
L1h
S|u (t )V|
2 = 0.0893 S− 0.866V D (t ) = S− 0.0774V D (t )
|T 1 |W 3
|T 0.0893|W 3
Γ1 =
M1
= 1244
. 3Tu ( t ) W 3
Similar calculations for the second and third modes give: Combining the modal responses gives the floor
displacements:
Lh2 = − 0.5m Lh3 = 0134
. m
u1 (t ) = 0.6220 D1 (t ) + 0.3333 D2 (t ) + 0.0447 D3 (t )
M2 = 1. 5 m M3 = 1. 5 m u2 (t ) = 10774
. D1 (t ) − 0.0774 D3 (t )
Γ2 = − 0. 3333 Γ3 = 0. 0893 u3 (t ) = 12440
. D1 (t ) − 0.3333 D2 (t ) + 0.0893 D3 (t )
Part a Part c
Substituting Γn , m, and φn in Eq. (13.2.4) gives Static analysis of the frame for external floor forces sn
LM1 OP R| 0.5 U| R|0.6220U| gives Vinst , i = 1, 2, 3:
s1 . mM
= 1244 1 P S0.866V = m S| 10773
. V| V31st = 0. 6220 m V32st = − 0.1667 m V33st = 0. 0447 m
MN 0.5PQ |T 1 |W T W
0 .6220
st st st
V21 = 1. 6993 m V22 = − 0.1667 m V23 = − 0. 0326 m
V11st = 2. 3213m V12st = 0.1667 m V13st = 0. 0121m

The total story shears are
3 3
Vj ( t ) = ∑ Vjn (t ) = ∑ Vjnst An (t )
n =1 n =1
st
Substituting values of Vjn gives
V1 ( t ) = m 2. 3213 A1 ( t ) + 0.1667 A2 ( t ) + 0. 0121 A3 ( t )
V2 ( t ) = m 1. 6993 A1 ( t ) − 0.1667 A2 ( t ) − 0. 0326 A3 ( t )
V3 ( t ) = m 0. 6220 A1 ( t ) − 0.1667 A2 ( t ) + 0. 0447 A3 ( t )
Part d
Static analysis of the frame for external floor forces sn
st
gives Mbn :
Mbst1 = mh 0. 6220 (1) + 1. 0773 ( 2 ) + 0. 6220 ( 3)

= 4. 6426 mh
Mbst2 = mh 0. 3333 (1) + 0 ( 2 ) − 0.1667 ( 3)

= − 0.1667 mh
Mbst3 = mh 0. 0447(1) − 0. 0773( 2 ) + 0. 0447( 3)

= 0. 0242 mh
The base overturning moment response is
3 3
Mb ( t ) = ∑ Mbn ( t ) = ∑ st
Mbn An ( t )
n =1 n =1
st
Substituting values of Mbn gives
Mb ( t ) = mh 4. 6420 A1 ( t ) − 0.1667 A2 ( t )
+ 0. 0242 A3 ( t )
Problem 13.6 L2
Γ2 = =−0.5
M2
Rigid beams
m/2 M 3 =15.46m
u3
3
EI/3 12' Lh3 = ∑ m j φ j 3 = 1503
. m
m j =1
u2
L3
2EI/3 m 12' Γ3 = = 0.0972
M3
u1
EI 12' Part a
Substituting Γn , m and φ n in Eq. (13.2.4) gives
⎡0.314⎤ ⎡ 0.44 ⎤
s1 = Γ1mφ1 = 1.403m ⎢0.686⎥ = m ⎢⎢0.962⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥
24'
⎢⎣ 0.5 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0.701⎥⎦
Mass and stiffness matrices (from Problem 9.8)
⎡− 1 / 2⎤ ⎡ 0.25 ⎤
⎡1 ⎤ s 2 = Γ2mφ2 = −0.5m ⎢− 1 / 2⎥ = m ⎢⎢ 0.25 ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥
m = m ⎢⎢ 1 ⎥
⎥ ⎢⎣ 1 / 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣− 0.25⎥⎦
⎢⎣ 1 / 2⎥⎦
⎡ 3.189 ⎤ ⎡ 0.31 ⎤
⎡ 5 −2 0 ⎤ s3 = Γ3mφ3 = 0.0972m ⎢− 2.186⎥ = m ⎢⎢− 0.212⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥
k = k ⎢⎢− 2 3 − 1⎥⎥ ⎢⎣ 0.5 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0.049 ⎥⎦
⎢⎣ 0 − 1 1 ⎥⎦
The modal expansion of m1 is shown next:
3
where k = 8 EI / h and h = story height
Vibration properties (from Problem 10.12): m/2 0.701m 0.25m 0.049m
EI EI EI m 0.962m 0.25m 0.212m

ω 1 = 2.241 ; ω 2 = 4.899 ; ω 3 =7.14
mh3 mh3 mh3 = + +
m 0.44m 0.25m 0.31m
⎡0.314⎤ ⎡− 1 / 2⎤ ⎡ 3.189 ⎤
φ1 = ⎢⎢0.686⎥⎥ ; φ2 = ⎢⎢− 1 / 2⎥⎥ ; φ3 = ⎢⎢− 2.186⎥⎥ m1 s1 s2 s3
⎢⎣ 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 ⎥⎦
Part b
The first mode properties are computed from Eq. (13.2.3):
Equation (13.2.5) gives floor displacements due to
M1 =1.069m
each mode:
3
L1h = ∑ m j φ j1 = 15
.m u jn (t ) = Γnφ jn Dn (t )
j =1
Substituting for Γn and φ n gives:
L
Γ1 = 1 =1.403
M1 ⎡ u1(t ) ⎤ ⎡ 0.44 ⎤
⎢u (t )⎥ = ⎢0.962⎥ D (t )
Similar calculations for the second and third modes give: ⎢ 2 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ 1
⎢⎣u3 (t ) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1.403 ⎥⎦
1
M2 =m
3
Lh2 = ∑ m j φ j 2 = −0.5m
j =1
⎡ u1(t ) ⎤ ⎡ 0.25 ⎤ M b ( t ) = 4.467mhA1 ( t ) + 0.033mhA3 ( t )
⎢u (t )⎥ = ⎢ 0.25 ⎥ D (t )
⎢ 2 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ 2 Static analysis of the frame for external floor forces sn
⎢⎣u3 (t ) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣− 0.25⎥⎦
2 st
gives M1n :
⎡ u1(t ) ⎤ ⎡ 0.31 ⎤ st
⎢u (t )⎥ = ⎢− 0.212⎥ D (t ) M11 = mh( 0.962(1) + 0.701( 2)) = 2.364mh
⎢ 2 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ 3
⎢⎣u3 (t ) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0.0972 ⎥⎦ st
M12 = mh( 0.25(1) − 0.25( 2)) = −0.25mh
3
Combining the modal responses gives the floor st

M13 = mh( −0.212(1) + 0.049( 2)) = −0.114mh
displacements:
The first floor overturning moment response is
u1 ( t ) =0.44 D1 ( t ) + 0.25D2 ( t ) + 0.31D3 ( t )
3 3
u2 ( t ) =0.962 D1 ( t ) + 0.25D2 ( t ) − 0.212 D3 ( t ) M1 ( t ) = ∑ M1n ( t ) = ∑ M1stn An ( t )
n =1 n =1
u3 ( t ) =1.403D1 ( t ) −0.25D2 ( t ) + 0.0972 D3 ( t ) st
Substituting values of M1n gives
Part c
M1 ( t ) = 2.364mhA1 ( t ) − 0.25mhA2 ( t ) − 0.114mhA3 ( t )
Static analysis of the frame for external floor forces s n
gives Vinst , i = 1, 2, 3: Static analysis of the frame for external floor forces s n
st
st st st gives M 2 n :
V31 = 0.701m V32 = − 0.25m V33 = 0.049m
st
st st st M 21 ( t ) = 0.701mh
V21 = 1.663m V22 = 0 V23 = −0.163m
st
st st st M 22 = −0.25mh
V11 = 2.103m V12 = 0.25m V13 = 0.147m
st
M 23 ( t ) = 0.049mh
The total story shears are:
3 3 The second floor overturning moment rseponse is
V j ( t ) = ∑ V jn ( t ) = ∑ V jnst An ( t )
n =1 n =1 3 3
M 2 ( t ) = ∑ M 2 n ( t ) = ∑ M 2stn An ( t )
n =1 n =1
Substituting values of V jnst gives
st
Substituting values of M 2 n gives
V1 ( t ) = 2.103mA1 ( t ) + 0.25mA2 ( t ) + 0.147mA3 ( t )
V2 ( t ) = 1.663mA1 ( t ) + 0 − 0.163mA3 ( t ) M 2 ( t ) = 0.701mhA1 ( t ) − 0.25mhA2 ( t ) + 0.049mhA3 ( t )
V3 ( t ) = 0.701mA1 ( t ) − 0.25mA2 ( t ) + 0.049mA3 ( t )

2 U|
∑hM *
n
*
n = 1414 . m) + ( − 1415
. h (1457 . h) (0.043m) = 2mh
|
Part d
n =1
2
FG mIJ V|
Static analysis of the frame for external floor forces ∑hm j j = h m + 2h
H 2K = 2mh ||
s n gives st
M bn :
n =1 W
2 2
st
M b1 = mh 0.44(1) +0.962( 2) + 0.701( 3) = 4.467mh
⇒ ∑
n =1
hn* M n* = ∑hm
n =1
j j
st
M b2 = mh 0.25(1) + 0.25( 2) −0.25( 3) = 0
st
M b3 = mh 0.31(1) −0.212( 2) + 0.049( 3) = 0.033mh
The base overturning moment response is:

3 3
st
M b ( t ) = ∑ Mbn ( t ) = ∑ Mbn An ( t )
n =1 n =1
st
Substituting values of M bn gives
Problem 13.7 Step 5c of Section 13.2.4 is implemented to determine the
contribution of the nth mode to selected response
System properties:
quantities:
100 100
m = = = 0. 2588 kip − sec2 in . rn ( t ) = rnst An ( t )
g 386. 4
where rnst and An ( t ) are both known. These results for roof
24 EI 24 ( 29 × 103 ) (1400 )
k = = = 326. 32 kips in . displacement u3 ( t ) , base shear Vb ( t ) , and base overturning
h3 (12 × 12 )3
moment Mb ( t ) are plotted in Figs. P13.7c-e where their
Vibration properties (from Problem 10.11): peak values are noted.
k k k
ω12 = ( 2 − 3 ) ; ω 22 = 2 ; ω 32 = ( 2 + 3 )
m m m Part c
T1 = 0. 3418 sec T2 = 0.1251 sec T3 = 0. 0716 sec The modal contributions to each response quantity are
combined at each time instant to obtain Figs. P13.7c-e.
R| 0.5 U| R|− 1U| R| 0.5 U| Table P13.7b summarizes the peak values of the total
φ 1 = 0.866S| V| φ2 = S| 0V| φ3 = S|− 0.866V| responses.
T 1 W T 1W T 1 W Table P13.7b
Modal properties (from Problem 13.5): Floor Overturning
Displacement, Shear,
Γ1 = 1. 244 Γ2 = − 0. 3333 Γ3 = 0. 0893 or moment,
story in. kips kip-ft
Part a
3 1.103 52.22 626.6
The displacements Dn ( t ) and pseudo-acceleration 2 0.957 138.08 2267.5
An ( t ) of the three modal SDF systems (with Tn given
1 0.580 189.29 4320.8
above and ζn = 0. 05 ) are calculated using the numerical
procedure of Section 5.2 with Δt = 0. 01sec . The results
are shown in Figs. P13.7a-b.
Part b
The modal static responses for the various response
quantities are given in Table P13.7a (also see Problem
13.5).
Table P13.7a
Mode n 1 2 3
−3 −3 −3
u3stn 3. 682 × 10 0.132 × 10 0. 019 × 10
st 2.3213 0.1667 0.0121
Vbn m
V2stn m 1.6993 -0.1667 -0.0326
V1stn m 0.6220 -0.1667 0.0447

st 4.6426 -0.1667 0.0242
Mbn mh
1 0.8859 Mode 1
-1
1 Mode 2
Dn, in. 0
0.1096
-1
1 Mode 3
0
0.0498
-1
0 5 10 15
Time, sec
Fig. P13.7a
1 0.7746 Mode 1
-1
1 Mode 2
Ag, g
0
-1 0.7153
1 Mode 3
-1 0.6065
0 5 10 15
Time, sec
Fig. P13.7b
is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the14
publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system,
or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to:
1 1.102 Mode 1
0
-1
1 Mode 2
0.0365
u3n, in. 0
-1
1 Mode 3
0
0.0044
-1
u3, in. 1.103
1 Total
0
-1
0 5 10 15
Time, sec
Fig. P13.7c
200 179.82 Mode 1
-200
200 Mode 2
Vbn, kips 0
11.92
-200
200 Mode 3
0
0.73
-200
200 Total
Vb, kips
0
-200 189.29
0 5 10 15
Time, sec
Fig. P13.7d
4 4315.6 Mode 1
0
-4
4 Mode 2
Mbn, 143.1
0
10 3 kip-ft
-4
4 Mode 3
17.5
0
-4
4320.8
4 Total
Mb,
3
0
10 kip-ft
-4
0 5 10 15
Time, sec
Fig. P13.7e
Problem 13.8 Step 5c of section 13.2.4 is implemented to determine the
System properties: contribution of the n th mode to selected response
quantities:
100 100
m= = = 0.2588 kip − sec 2 / in. rn (t ) = rnst An (t )
g 386.4
where rnst and An (t ) are both known. These results for
8EI 8(29 × 103 )(1400)
k= 3 = = 108.77 kips/in. roof displacement u 3 (t ) , base shear Vb (t ) , and base
h (12 × 12)3
overturning moment M b (t ) are plotted in Figs. P13.8c-e
Vibration properties (from Problem 10.12): where their peak values are noted.
k k k Part c
ω 12 = 0.6277 ; ω 22 = 3 ; ω 32 = 6.372
m m m
The modal contributions to each response quantity
T1 = 0.3868 sec T2 = 0.1769 sec T3 = 0.1214 sec
are combined at each time instant to obtain Figs. 13.8c-e.
⎧0.314⎫ ⎧− 0.5⎫ ⎧ 3.186⎫ Table P13.8b summarizes the peak values of the total
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
φ1 = ⎨0.686⎬ φ 2 = ⎨− 0.5⎬ φ 3 = ⎨− 2.186⎬ responses.
⎪ 1 ⎪ ⎪ 1 ⎪ ⎪ 1 ⎪
⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭ Table P13.8b
Floor Displacement, Shear Overturning
Modal properties from (from Problem 13.6): or in. kips. moment.
Story kip-ft.
Γ1 = 1.403 Γ2 = −0.5 Γ3 = 0.0972
3 1.4332 54.85 658.2
Part a 2 1.1085 126.17 2136.0
1 0.5281 172.23 3965.9
The displacements D n (t ) and pseudo-acceleration
An (t ) of the three modal SDF systems (with Tn given
above and ς n = 0.05 ) are calculated using the numerical
procedure of Section 5.2 with Δt = 0.02 sec . The results
are shown in Figs. P13.8a-b.
Part b
The modal static responses for the various response
quantities are given in Table P13.8a (also see Problem
13.6).
Table P13.8a
Mode n 1 2 3
u 3stn 5.3710×10-3 -0.3965×10- 0.0363×10-3
3
Vbnst m 2.103 0.25 0.147
V 2stn m 1.663 0 -0.163
V3stn m 0.701 -0.25 0.049

st
M bn mh 4.467 0 0.033
1
Mode 1
-1 1.0855
1
Mode 2
Dn, in. 0
0.2717
-1
1
Mode 3
0
0.1090
-1
0 5 10 15
Time, sec
Fig. P13.8a
1
Mode 1
0.7412
-1
1
Mode 2
A n, g 0
-1 0.8868
1
Mode 3
0.7556
-1
0 5 10 15
Time, sec
Fig.. P13.8b
2
Mode 1
1.5227
-2
2
Mode 2
0.1359
u3n, in. 0
-2
2
Mode 3
0
0.0106
-2
2
1.4332
Total
u3, in. 0
-2
0 5 10 15
Time, sec
Fig. P13.8c
200 Mode 1
155.87
-200
200
Mode 2
Vbn, 0
kips 22.17
-200
200
Mode 3
0
11.11
-200
200
Total
Vb , 0
kips
172.23
-200
0 5 10 15
Time, sec
Fig. P13.8d
4 Mode 1
-4 3973.0
4
Mode 2
Mbn, 0
3
10 kip-ft. 0.0
-4
4
Mode 3
0
29.9
-4
4
Total
Mb, 0
3
10 kip-ft.
3965.9
-4
0 5 10 15
Time, sec
Fig. P13.8e
Problem 13.9 ( L1h ) 2 . )2
m (1866
M 1* = = = 2.3213m
The floor masses, and the height of each floor above M1 15
.
the base are
( Lh2 )2 m ( − 0 . 5 )2
m M2* = = = 0.1667 m
m1 = m m2 = m m3 = M2 1. 5
2
h1 = h h2 = 2 h h3 = h ( Lh3 )2 m ( 0.134 )2
M3* = = = 0. 0121m
M3 1. 5
The natural modes and generalized masses (from Problem
13.5) are: L1θ 3. 732
h1* = = h = 2h
R| 0.5 U| R| −1 U| R| U|
0.5 L1h 1. 866
φ 1 = 0.866 S| V| φ2 = S| 0 V φ3 = S|− 0.866V| Lθ2 0. 5
1|W
h2* = = h = −h
T 1 W T T 1 W Lh2 − 0. 5
M1 = 1. 5 m M2 = 1. 5 m M3 = 1. 5 m Lθ3 0. 268
h3* = = h = 2h
Substituting for m j and φ jn in Eq. (13.2.3) gives Lhn : Lh3 0.134
3
m /2
L1h = ∑ m j φ j1 = m 1 × 0. 5 + 1 × 0. 866 + 0. 5 × 1
j =1 h m 2.3213 m 0.0121 m
= 1. 866 m
h m = 0.1667 m
3
Lh2 = ∑ m j φ j 2 = m 1 × ( − 1) + 0 + 0. 5 × 1 = − 0. 5 m
h
2h
h
2h
j =1
&&ug(t) &&
ug(t)
3
Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3
Lh3 = ∑ m j φ j 3 = m 1 × 0. 5 + 1 × ( − 0. 866 ) + 0. 5 × 1
j =1
= 0.134 m Verify Eq. (13.2.14):

3
Substituting for m j , h j and φ jn in Eq. (13.2.9b) gives Lθn : ∑ Mn* = 2. 3213m + 0.1667 m + 0. 0121m = 2. 5 m
n =1
3
L1θ = ∑ h j m j φ j1 3
m
j =1
∑ mj = m + m +
2
= 2. 5 m
= mh 1 × 1 × 0. 5 + 2 × 1 × 0. 866 + 3 × 0. 5 × 1 n =1
= 3. 732 mh 3 3
3 ∴ ∑ Mn* = ∑ mj
Lθ2 = ∑ h j m j φ j 2 = mh 1 × 1 × ( − 1) + 0 + 3 × 0. 5 × 1 n =1 n =1
j =1
= 0. 5 mh Verify Eq. (13.2.17):

3
∑ hn* Mn*
3
= 2 h ( 2. 3123 m ) + ( − h )( 0.1667 m ) + 2 h ( 0. 0120 m )
θ
L3 = ∑ hj m j φ j 3 n =1
j =1
= 4. 5 mh
= mh 1 × 1 × 0. 5 + 2 × 1 × ( − 0. 866 ) + 3 × 0. 5 × 1
3
= 0. 268 mh
∑ hj m j = h ( m ) + 2 h ( m ) + 3h ( 0. 5 m ) = 4. 5 mh
The effective modal masses and effective modal heights n =1
are given by Eq. (13.2.9a): 3 3
∴ ∑ hn* Mn* = ∑ hj m j
n =1 n =1
Problem 13.10
The floor masses, and the height of each floor above * Lθ1 3186
. mh
h1 = h = = 2.124h
the base are: L1 15
.m
m Lθ2 0
m1 =m m2 =m m3 = h2* = = =0
2 Lh2 −0.5m
h1 =h h2 =2h h3 =3h * Lθ3 0.317mh
h3 = = = 0.211h
Lh3 1503
. m
The natural modes and generalized masses (from Problem
13.6) are:
m/2
L O L O L O
0.314 −1/ 2 3189
.
2.104m
φ = MM 0.686PP ; φ = MM −1/ 2 PP ; φ = MM −2.186PP

h m
1 2 3
MN 1 PQ MN 1 PQ MN 1 PQ h m
=
0.146m
M1 =1.069m M2 =m M 3 =15.46m h 2.124h 0.25m
0.211h
Substituting for m j and φ jn in Eq. (13.2.3) gives Lhn : u&&()

gt
Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3
3 u&&()
gt
h
L1 = ∑ m jφ j1 = m( 0.314 + 0.686 + 0.5) = 15
.m Verify Eq. (13.2.14):
j =1
3
h
L2 = ∑ m jφ j 2 = m( −0.5 − 0.5 + 0.5) = −0.5m 3
j =1 ∑ Mn* = m( 2.104 + 0.25 + 0.146) = 2.5m
3 n =1
h
L3 = ∑ m jφ j 3 = m( 3189
. − 2.186 + 0.5) = 1503
. m 3
j =1 ∑ m j = m(1 + 1 + 0.5) = 2.5m
j =1
Substituting for m j , h j , and φ jn in Eq. (13.2.9b) gives 3 3
θ ∴ ∑ Mn* = ∑ m j
Ln : n =1 n =1
3
θ
L1 = ∑ h j m jφ j1 = 3186
. mh Verify Eq. (13.2.17):
j =1
3
*
θ
3 ∑ hn* M n = mh ( 2.104 × 2.124 + 0.25 × 0 + 0.146 × 0.211) = 4.5mh
L2 = ∑ h j m jφ j 2 =0 n =1
j =1
3
θ
3 ∑ h j m j = mh(1 + 2 + 3 × 0.5) = 4.5mh
L3 = ∑ h j m j φ j 3 = 0.317mh j =1
j =1
3 3
∴ ∑ hn* Mn* = ∑ h j m j
The effective modal masses and effective modal heights n =1 n =1
are given by Eq. (13.2.9a):
*
M1 =
e L j = b15. mg2 = 2.104m
h 2
1
M1 1.069m
M 2* =
e j = b−0.5mg2 =0.25m
Lh2
2
M2 m
*
M3 =
e L j = b1503
. mg2
h 2
3
= 0.146m
M3 15.46m
Problem 13.11 Γ2 = − 0. 5083 Γ3 = 0.1569
Part a
m /2
From Eq. (13.2.5) the floor displacements due to the
u3
u8 u9 first mode are
h
m R|u (t ) U|
1 R|
0.3156 U| R|0.4265U|
u6 u7
u2
u1 (t ) = S|u (t )V|
2 = 13515
. S|
0.7451 D1 (t ) = V| S|10070
. V| D (t )
1
h
m Tu ( t ) W
3 1 T 1 W T13515
. W
u1 (a)
u4 u5
h The joint rotations associated with u1 are
2h u01 ( t ) = T u1 ( t )
where T was determined in solving Problem 10.19.
Fig. P13.11a Thus:
LM− 01084
. − 0.5342 OP
0.0774
Mass and lateral stiffness matrices (from Problem 9.9):
M− 01084
. − 0.5342 P R0.4625U
0.0774
L1 OP 1 M 0.5961 − 0.0619 − 0.4258P | |V D (t )
m = m MM
u 01 ( t ) = M
h M 0.5961
P
− 0.4258P |
S .
10070
1 P − 0.0619 |W 1
MM − 01703 − 0.7355P T
.
13515
MN 0.5PQ . 0.8748
P
MN − 01703
. 0.8748 − 0.7355PQ
L 40.85
EI M
− 23.26 511
. OP
R|− 0.4796U|
h M PP
k$ tt = − 23.26 3109
. − 14.25
3
MN 511 . − 14.25 10.06 Q |− 0.4796||
=
1 |S− 0.3836V D (t )
Natural frequencies and modes (from Problem 10.19): h ||− 0.3836|| 1
ω1 = 1. 4576
EI
mh3
ω 2 = 4. 7682
EI
mh3
||T −− 01856
.
01856
.
||W
EI (b)
ω 3 = 8.1980 3
mh Similarly, the floor displacements due to the second and
third modes are
R|0.3156U| R|− 0.7409U| R| 12546
. U| R|u (t ) U| R|− 0.7409U|
φ1 = S|0.7451V| φ2 = S|− 0.3572V| φ3 = S| − 12024
. V| 1
u (t ) = Su (t ) V = − 0.5083 S− 0.3572V D (t )
T1 W T1 W T 1 W 2
|Tu (t ) |W 2
3
|T 1 |W
2
2
From Eq. (13.2.3), for the first mode: R| 0.3766U|

FG mIJ = S 01816V D (t ) (c)
L1h = 0.3156m + 0.7451m + 1
H 2K = 15607
. m |T− 0.5083|W 2
M1 = (0.3156) 2 m + (0.7451) 2 m + (1) 2

FG mIJ
H 2K R|u (t ) U| 1 R| 12546
. U|
= 11548
. m
u (t ) = Su (t ) V = 01569 . S|− 12024
. V| D (t )
L1h
3
|Tu (t ) |W 2
3 T 1 W
3
Γ1 = = 1. 3515 3
M1 R| 01968. U|
Computed similarly, these quantities for the second and = S− 01887.
|T 01569 V| D (t ) 3
third modes are . W
Lh2 = − 0. 5981m Lh3 = 0. 5522 m (d)
M2 = 1.1765 m M3 = 3. 5198 m
The joint rotations associated with u2 and u3 can be Substituting these ua , ub , θa and θb , and Eqs. (g)-(h) in
computed following Eq. (b): Eqs. (i) and (j) gives
R|− 01772
. U| Ma =
EI
1. 5999 D1 ( t ) + 1. 9054 D2 ( t ) + 1. 3643 D3 ( t )
h2
| − .
01772 |
1 | 0.4297|
EI
Mb = 0. 6408 D1 ( t ) + 1. 5511 D2 ( t ) + 1. 5475 D3 ( t )
u 0 2 (t ) = S
h | 0.4297|
V D (t )
2 (e) h2
|| 0.4686|| Substituting Dn ( t ) = An ( t ) ω 2n and ω n in terms of E, I,

|T 0.4686|W m, and h gives
Ma = mh 0. 7526 A1 ( t ) + 0. 08381 A2 ( t ) + 0. 02030 A3 ( t )
R| 0.0916U| Mb = mh 0. 3014 A1 ( t ) + 0. 06823 A2 ( t ) + 0. 02302 A3 ( t )
|| 0.0916|| For the second floor beam, L = 2 h and the nodal
1 0.0622
u 0 3 (t ) = S
h | 0.0622|
V D (t )
3 (f)
displacements are shown in Fig. P13.11c.
||− 0.3140||
|T− 0.3140|W ua = 0 ub = 0
Combining modal responses gives the total floor a θa = u6 θb = u7

b
displacements:
2h
u1 (t ) = 0.4265 D1 (t ) + 0.3766 D2 (t ) + 01968
. D3 (t ) U|
u2 (t ) = 10070
. D1 (t ) + 01816
. D2 (t ) − 01887
. D3 (t ) V|
u3 (t ) = 13515
. D1 (t ) − 0.5083 D2 (t ) + 01569
. D3 (t ) W Fig. P13.11c
(g)
Combining modal contributions to joint rotations gives
Substituting these ua , ub , θa and θb , and Eqs. (g)-(h) in
u0 ( t ) = u01 ( t ) + u0 2 ( t ) + u03 ( t ) (h)
Eqs. (i) and (j) gives
Part b Ma = Mb
The bending moments at the ends of a flexural EI
= − 1.1508 D1 ( t ) + 1. 2892 D2 ( t ) + 0.1867 D3 ( t )
element are related to the nodal displacements by h2
4 EI 2 EI 6 EI 6 EI Substituting Dn ( t ) = An ( t ) ω 2n and ω n in terms of E, I,
Ma = θa + θb + 2
ua − 2
ub (i)
L L L L m, and h gives
2 EI 4 EI 6 EI 6 EI Ma = Mb
Mb = θa + θb + ua − ub (j)
L L L2 L2 = mh − 0. 5414 A1 ( t ) + 0. 0567 A2 ( t ) + 0. 00278 A3 ( t )
For a first story column, L = h and the nodal
displacements are shown in Fig. P13.11b.
θb = u4
ub = – u1 b
EI h
ua = 0 a
θa = 0
Fig. P13.11b
Problem 13.12 M 2 = 1193
. m M 3 = 4.567m
Lh2 = −0.647m Lh3 =0.714m
u3
u8 u9 Lh2 Lh3
h Γ2 = = −0.542 Γ3 = = 0.156
M2 M3
u2
u6 u7 Part a
h
u1 From Eq. (13.2.5) the floor displacements due to the
u4 u5 first mode are:
h
⎧0.273⎫ ⎧0.377 ⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
u1 (t ) = 1.386 ⎨0.698⎬ D1 (t ) = ⎨0.966⎬ D1 (t ) (a)
⎪ 1 ⎪ ⎪1.386 ⎪
⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭
2h
The joint rotations associated with u1 are
Fig. P13.12(a) u 01 ( t ) = Tu1 ( t )
Mass and lateral stiffness matrices (from Problem where T was determined in solving Problem 10.20.
9.10) Thus:
⎡− 0.1512 − 0.6084 0.0962 ⎤
⎡1 ⎤ ⎢− 0.1512 − 0.6084
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 0.0962 ⎥⎥
m = m⎢ 1 ⎥ ⎧0.377 ⎫
1 ⎢ 0.7184 − 0.11 − 0.457 ⎥ ⎪ ⎪
⎢⎣ 0.5⎥⎦ u01(t ) = ⎢ ⎥ ⎨0.966⎬ D1(t )
h ⎢ 0.7184 − 0.11 − 0.457 ⎥ ⎪1.386 ⎪
⎢− 0.2612 − 0.925⎥ ⎩ ⎭
⎡39.38 − 22.68 5.486 ⎤ 1.131
⎢ ⎥
ˆk = EI ⎢ 27.13 − 11.75⎥⎥ ⎣⎢− 0.2612 1.131 − 0.925⎦⎥
tt 3 ⎢
h ⎢ 7.418 ⎥⎦
⎣
⎡ − 0.511⎤
Natural frequencies and modes (from Problem 10.20): ⎢ − 0.511⎥
⎢ ⎥
EI EI EI
ω 1 = 1197
. ω 2 = 4.178 ω 3 = 7.903 1 ⎢− 0.469⎥
mh 3 mh 3
mh 3 = ⎢ ⎥ D1 (t ) (b)
h ⎢− 0.469⎥
⎢ − 0.288⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎡0.273⎤ ⎡− 0.706⎤ ⎡ 1.529 ⎤ ⎣⎢ − 0.288⎦⎥
φ1 = ⎢0.698⎥ φ 2 = ⎢ − 0.441⎥ φ3 = ⎢⎢− 1.315⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 ⎥⎦ Similarly, the floor displacements due to the second and
third modes are
From Eq. (13.2.3), the modal properties are:
⎧− 0.706⎫ ⎧ 0.383 ⎫
First Mode: ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
u 2 (t ) = −0.542⎨ − 0.441⎬ D2 (t ) = ⎨ 0.239 ⎬ D2 (t ) (c)
M 1 = (0.273) 2 m + (0.698) 2 m + (1) 2 (0.5m ) = 1.06m ⎪ 1 ⎪ ⎪− 0.542⎪
⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭
L1h = 0.273m + 0.698m + 1(0.5m ) = 1.47 m
⎧ 1.529 ⎫ ⎧ 0.238 ⎫
L1h ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
u 3 (t ) = 0.156 ⎨− 1.315⎬ D3 (t ) = ⎨− 0.205⎬ D3 (t ) (d)
Γ1 = = 1.386
M1 ⎪ 1 ⎪ ⎪ 0.156 ⎪
⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭
Computed similarly, these quantities for the second and The joint rotations associated with u 2 and u 3 can be
third modes are
computed following Eq. (b):
⎡− 0.256⎤ θb =u4
⎢− 0.256⎥ ub = −u1 b
⎢ ⎥
1 ⎢ 0.497 ⎥
u02 (t ) = ⎢ ⎥ D2 (t ) (e)
h ⎢ 0.497 ⎥ EI h
⎢ 0.671 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0.671 ⎥⎦ a
ua =0
⎡ 0.104 ⎤ θa =0
⎢ 0.104 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
Fig. P13.12(b)
1 ⎢ 0.122 ⎥
u03 (t ) = ⎢ ⎥ D3 (t ) (f)
h ⎢ 0.122 ⎥
⎢− 0.438⎥ Substituting ua , ub , θ a , and θ b , and Eqs. (g)-(h) in Eqs. (i)
⎢ ⎥ and (j) gives:
⎣⎢− 0.438⎦⎥
EI
Combining modal responses gives the total floor Ma = 0.998 D1 ( t ) +1.787 D2 ( t ) +1.624 D3 ( t )
h2
displacements:
EI
Mb = 0.216 D1 ( t ) +1.274 D2 ( t ) +1811
. D3 ( t )
u1 ( t ) = 0.377 D1 ( t ) + 0.383D2 ( t ) + 0.238 D3 ( t ) h2
u2 ( t ) = 0.966 D1 ( t ) + 0.239 D2 ( t ) − 0.205D3 ( t ) (g) Substituting Dn ( t ) = An ( t )/ω 2n and ω n in terms of E, I, m,
u3 ( t ) = 1.386 D1 ( t ) − 0.542 D2 ( t ) + 0.156 D3 ( t ) h gives
Combining modal contributions to joint rotations gives M a = mh 0.697 A1 ( t ) + 0.102 A2 ( t ) + 0.026 A3 ( t )

u 0 ( t ) =u 01 ( t ) +u 02 ( t ) + u03 ( t ) (h) M b = mh 0.151 A1 ( t ) + 0.073 A2 ( t ) + 0.029 A3 ( t )
u4 ( t ) = u5 ( t ) = −0.511D1 ( t ) − 0.256 D2 ( t ) + 0.104 D3 ( t ) For the second floor beam, L =2h and the nodal
displacements are shown in Fig. P13.12(c):
u6 ( t ) = u7 ( t ) = −0.469 D1 ( t ) + 0.239 D2 ( t ) − 0.205D3 ( t )
u8 ( t ) = u9 ( t ) = −0.288 D1 ( t ) + 0.671D2 ( t ) − 0.438 D3 ( t ) ua = 0 ub = 0
EI/2
Part b θ b = u7
a θa = u6 b
The bending moments at the ends of a flexural
element are related to the nodal displacements by: 2h
4 EI 2 EI 6 EI 6 EI
Ma = θa + θb + ua − ub (i)
L L L2 L2 Fig. P13.12(c)
2 EI 4 EI 6 EI 6 EI
Mb = θ + θ + ua − ub (j) Substituting ua , ub , θ a , and θ b , and Eqs. (g)-(h) in Eqs. (i)
L a L b L2 L2
and (j) gives:
For a first story column, L =h and the nodal displacements
are shown in Fig. P13.12(b): EI
M a = Mb = −1.407 D1 ( t ) + 0.717 D2 ( t ) − 0.615D3 ( t )
h2
Substituting Dn ( t ) = An ( t )/ω 2n and ω n in terms of E, I, m,

h gives
M a = M b = mh[ − 1.407 D1(t ) + 0.717 D2 (t ) − 0.615.026 D3 (t )]
Problem 13.13 M 2 = 111
. m M 3 = 15.678m
h
L2 = −0.603m Lh3 =1.792m
u3
u8 u9 Lh2 Lh3
Γ2 = = −0.543 Γ3 = = 0.114
h M2 M3
u2
u6 u7 Part a
h
From Eq. (13.2.5) the floor displacements due to the
u1 first mode are:
u4 u5
h ⎧0.234⎫ ⎧0.333⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
u1 (t ) = 1.426 ⎨0.639⎬ D1 (t ) = ⎨0.911⎬ D1 (t ) (a)
⎪ 1 ⎪ ⎪1.426 ⎪
⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭
2h The joint rotations associated with u1 are
u 01 ( t ) = Tu1 ( t )
Fig. P13.13(a)
where T was determined in solving Problem 10.21. Thus:
Mass and lateral stiffness matrices (from Problem 9.11)
⎡− 0.3006 − 0.3695 0.0313 ⎤
⎡1 ⎤ ⎢− 0.3006 − 0.3695 0.0313 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎧0.333⎫
m =m ⎢ 1 ⎥ 1 ⎢ 0.6795 − 0.321 − 0.227 ⎥ ⎪ ⎪
u 01 (t ) = ⎢ ⎥ ⎨0.911⎬ D1 (t )
⎢⎣ 0.5⎥⎦ h ⎢ 0.6795 − 0.321 − 0.227 ⎥ ⎪1.426 ⎪
⎢− 0.1942 0.9489 − 0.7923⎥ ⎩ ⎭
⎡33.36 − 14.91 1.942 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥
ˆk = EI ⎢ 15.96 − 5.489⎥⎥ ⎣⎢− 0.1942 0.9489 − 0.7923⎦⎥
tt 3 ⎢
h ⎢ 3.923 ⎥⎦
⎣
⎡− 0.392⎤
Natural frequencies and modes (from Problem 10.21): ⎢− ⎥
⎢ 0.392⎥
EI EI EI 1 ⎢− 0.390⎥
ω 1 = 1.329 ω 2 = 3.514 ω 3 = 6.562 = ⎢ ⎥ D1 (t ) (b)
mh3 mh3 mh3 h ⎢− 0.390⎥
⎢ − 0.333⎥
⎡0.234⎤ ⎡− 0.512⎤ ⎡ 3.324 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ − 0.333⎥⎦
φ1 = ⎢0.639⎥ φ2 = ⎢ − 0.591⎥ φ3 = ⎢⎢− 2.032⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 ⎥⎦ Similarly, the floor displacements due to the second and
third modes are
From Eq. (13.2.3), the modal properties are:
⎧− 0.512⎫ ⎧ 0.278 ⎫
First mode: ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
u 2 (t ) = − 0.543 ⎨ − 0.591⎬ D2 (t ) = ⎨ 0.321 ⎬ D2 (t ) (c)
M 1 = (0.234) m + (0.639) m + (1) (0.5m ) = 0.963m
2 2 2 ⎪ 1 ⎪ ⎪− 0.543⎪
⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭
L1h = 0.234m + 0.639m + 1(0.5m ) = 1.373m ⎧ 3.324 ⎫ ⎧ 0.379 ⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
Lh u 3 (t ) = 0.114 ⎨− 2.032⎬ D3 (t ) = ⎨− 0.232⎬ D3 (t ) (d)
Γ1 = 1 = 1.426 ⎪ 1 ⎪ ⎪ 0.114 ⎪
M1 ⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭
Computed similarly, these quantities for the second and The joint rotations associated with u 2 and u 3 can be
third modes are computed following Eq. (b):
⎡− 0.219⎤ θb =u4
⎢− 0.219⎥ ub = −u1 b
⎢ ⎥
1 ⎢ 0.209 ⎥
u02 (t ) = ⎢ ⎥ D2 (t ) (e)
h ⎢ 0.209 ⎥ EI h
⎢ 0.681 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0.681 ⎥⎦ a
ua =0
⎡ − 0.025⎤ θa =0
⎢ − 0.025⎥
⎢ ⎥
Fig.P13.13(b)
1 ⎢ 0.306 ⎥
u03 (t ) = ⎢ ⎥ D3 (t ) (f)
h ⎢ 0.306 ⎥
⎢− 0.384⎥ Substituting ua , ub , θ a , and θ b , and Eqs. (g)-(h) in Eqs. (i)
⎢ ⎥ and (j) gives:
⎣⎢− 0.384⎦⎥
EI
Combining modal responses gives the total floor Ma = 2.75D1 ( t ) +1.235D2 ( t ) +1.765D3 ( t )
h2
displacements:
EI
Mb = 0.43D1 ( t ) + 0.79 D2 ( t ) + 2.153D3 ( t )
u1 ( t ) = 0.333D1 ( t ) + 0.278 D2 ( t ) + 0.379 D3 ( t ) h2
u2 ( t ) = 0.911D1 ( t ) + 0.321D2 ( t ) − 0.232 D3 ( t ) (g) Substituting Dn ( t ) = An ( t )/ω n2 and ω n in terms of E, I, m,
u3 ( t ) = 1.426 D1 ( t ) − 0.543D2 ( t ) + 0.114 D3 ( t ) h gives
Combining modal contributions to joint rotations gives M a = mh 1555

. A1 ( t ) + 0.1 A2 ( t ) +0.041 A3 ( t )
u 0 ( t ) =u 01 ( t ) +u 02 ( t ) + u03 ( t ) (h) M b = mh 0.243 A1 ( t ) + 0.064 A2 ( t ) +0.05 A3 ( t )
u4 ( t ) = u5 ( t ) = −0.392 D1 ( t ) − 0.219 D2 ( t ) − 0.025D3 ( t ) For the second floor beam, L =2h and the nodal
u6 ( t ) = u7 ( t ) = −0.39 D1 ( t ) + 0.209 D2 ( t ) + 0.306 D3 ( t ) displacements are shown in Fig. P13.13(c):
u8 ( t ) = u9 ( t ) = −0.33D1 ( t ) + 0.681D2 ( t ) − 0.384 D3 ( t )
ua = 0 ub = 0
Part b 2EI/3
θ b = u7
The bending moments at the ends of a flexural a θa = u6 b
element are related to the nodal displacements by:
2h
4 EI 2 EI 6 EI 6 EI
Ma = θa + θb + ua − ub (i)
L L L2 L2
Fig. P13.13(c)
2 EI 4 EI 6 EI 6 EI
Mb = θ + θ + ua − ub
L a L b L2 L2 Substituting ua , ub , θ a , and θ b , and Eqs. (g)-(h) in Eqs. (i)
(j)
and (j) gives:
For a first story column, L = h and the nodal
displacements are shown in Fig. P13.13(b): EI
M a = Mb = −117
. D1 ( t ) + 0.628 D2 ( t ) + 0.918 D3 ( t )
h2
Substituting Dn ( t ) = An ( t )/ω n2 and ω n in terms of E, I, m,

h gives
M a = M b = mh −0.66 A1 ( t ) + 0.05 A2 ( t ) +0.021 A3 ( t )
Problem 13.14 From Eq. (13.2.5) the floor displacements due to
the first mode are:
u3 ⎧0.200⎫ ⎧0.289⎫
u8 u9 h ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
u1 (t ) = 1.447 ⎨0.597 ⎬ D1 (t ) = ⎨0.863⎬ D1 (t ) (a)
⎪ 1 ⎪ ⎪1.447 ⎪
⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭
u2
u6 u7 h The joint rotations associated with u1 are
u 01 (t ) = Tu1 (t ) (b)
u1
u4 u5 h where T was determined in solving Problem 10.22. Thus:
⎡ −0.4005 −0.4152 0.0458 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢− 0.4005 − 0.4152 0.0458 ⎥
⎧0.289⎫
1 ⎢ 0.9530 − 0.4569 − 0.2803⎥⎪ ⎪
u 01 (t ) = ⎢ ⎥⎨0.863⎬ D1 (t )
2h h ⎢ 0.9530 − 0.4569 − 0.2803⎥⎪
1.447 ⎪⎭
⎢− 0.3465 1.2570 − 0.9890⎥⎩
Fig. P13.14(a) ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢− 0.3465 1.2570 − 0.9890⎦⎥
Mass and lateral stiffness matrices (from Problem

9.12) ⎡ −0.408 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎡1 ⎤ ⎢ − 0.408⎥
⎢ ⎥
m=m ⎢ 1 ⎥ 1 ⎢ − 0.525⎥
= ⎢ ⎥ D1 (t )
⎢⎣ 0.5⎥⎦ h ⎢ − 0.525⎥
⎢− 0.446⎥
⎡ 30.77 − 14.01 2.43 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥
ˆk = EI ⎢ ⎥ ⎣⎢− 0.446⎦⎥
tt ⎢ 13.82 − 4.80⎥
h3 ⎢
⎣ Symm 2.92 ⎥⎦ Similarly, the floor displacements due to the second
and third modes are
Natural frequencies and modes (from Problem 10.22):
EI EI EI ⎧− 0.545⎫ ⎧ 0.312 ⎫
ω1 = 1.043 ω 2 = 3.081 ω 3 = 6.314 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
mh 3
mh 3
mh 3 u 2 (t ) = −0.571⎨− 0.656⎬ D2 (t ) = ⎨ 0.374 ⎬ D2 (t ) (c)
⎪ 1 ⎪ ⎪− 0.571⎪
⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭
⎡0.200⎤ ⎡ − 0.545⎤ ⎡ 3.220 ⎤ ⎧ 3.220 ⎫ ⎧ 0.399 ⎫

φ1 = ⎢⎢0.597 ⎥⎥ φ 2 = ⎢⎢− 0.656⎥⎥ φ3 = ⎢⎢− 1.916⎥⎥ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
u 3 (t ) = 0.124⎨− 1.916⎬ D3 (t ) = ⎨− 0.238⎬D3 (t ) (d)
⎢⎣ 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 ⎥⎦ ⎪ 1 ⎪ ⎪ 0.124 ⎪
⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭
From Eq. (13.2.3), for the first mode:
The joint rotations associated with u 2 and u 3 can be
M 1 = (0.200) 2 m + (0.597) 2 m + (1) 2 (0.5m ) = 0.896m
computed following Eq. (b):
L1h = 0.200m + 0.597 m + 1(0.5m ) = 1.296m
⎡ −0.306 ⎤ ⎡ −0.056 ⎤
L1h ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
Γ1 = = 1.447 ⎢ − 0 .306 ⎥ ⎢− 0.056⎥
M1
1 ⎢ 0.286 ⎥ 1 ⎢ 0.455 ⎥
u 02 (t ) = ⎢ ⎥ D2 (t ) u 03 (t ) = ⎢ ⎥ D3 (t ) (e)
Computed similarly, these quantities for the second and h ⎢ 0.286 ⎥ h ⎢ 0.455 ⎥
third modes are ⎢ 0.928 ⎥ ⎢− 0.560⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
M 2 = 1.227 m M 3 = 14.541m ⎣⎢ 0.928 ⎦⎥ ⎢⎣− 0.560⎦⎥
Lh2 = −0.701m Lh3 = 1.804m

Γ2 = −0.571 Γ3 = 0.124
Part a:
Combining modal responses gives the total floor M a = mh [ 0.844 A1 (t ) + 0.132 A2 (t ) + 0.057 A3 (t ) ]
displacements:
M b = mh [ 0.094 A1 (t ) + 0.068 A2 (t ) + 0.055 A3 (t ) ]
u1 (t ) = 0.289 D1 (t ) + 0.312 D2 (t ) + 0.399 D3 (t )
u 2 (t ) = 0.863D1 (t ) + 0.374 D2 (t ) − 0.238 D3 (t ) (f) For the second floor beam, L = 2 h and the nodal
displacements are shown in Fig. P13.14(c):
u3 (t ) = 1.447 D1 (t ) − 0.571D2 (t ) + 0.124 D3 (t )
Combining modal contributions to joint rotations gives
ua = 0 ub = 0
u 0 ( t ) =u 01 ( t ) +u 02 ( t ) + u03 ( t ) 4EI/3
a
1 θa = u6 b θb = u7
u 4 (t ) = u5 (t ) = [− 0.408 D1 (t ) − 0.306 D2 (t ) − 0.056 D3 (t )]
h
1
u6 (t ) = u 7 (t ) = [− 0.525D1 (t ) + 0.286 D2 (t ) + 0.455 D3 (t )] (g)
2h
h
1 Fig. P13.14(c)
u8 (t ) = u9 (t ) = [− 0.446 D1 (t ) + 0.928 D2 (t ) − 0.560 D3 (t )]
h
Substituting ua , ub , θ a , and θ b , and Eqs. (f)-(g) in Eqs. (h)
Part b:
and (i) gives:
The bending moments at the ends of a flexural
EI
element are related to the nodal displacements by: Ma = Mb = [− 0.525D1 (t ) + 0.286D2 (t ) + 0.455D3 (t )]
h2
4 EI 2 EI 6 EI 6 EI
Ma = θa + θb + ua − ub (h)
L L L2 L2
and h gives
2 EI 4 EI 6 EI 6 EI
Mb = θa + θb +
2
ua − ub (i) M a = M b = mh[− 0.482 A1 (t ) + 0.030 A2 (t ) + 0.011A3 (t )]
L L L L2
For a first story column, L =h and the nodal displacements
are shown in Fig. P13.14(b):
θb =u4
u b = − u1
b
EI h
ua =0 a
θa =0
Fig. P13.14(b)
Substituting ua , ub , θ a , and θ b , and Eqs. (f)-(g) in Eqs. (h)

and (i) gives:
EI
Ma = [0.918D1 (t ) + 1.256 D2 (t ) + 2.286D3 (t )]
h2
EI
Mb = [0.102 D1 (t ) + 0.644 D2 (t ) + 2.174 D3 (t )]
h2

and h gives
Problem 13.15
Substituting Γn , m and φn in Eq. (13.1.6) gives
2m m
EI
u1
s1 = Γ1 m φ 1 = 0.2834
LM3m OP RS 1 UV = RS0.849mUV
L EI u2 N mQ T2.097W T0.594mW
s 2 = Γ2 m φ 2 = − 0.2834
LM3m OP RS 1 UV = RS− 0.849mUV
L
N mQ T− 1431
. W T 0.406mW
Part a The modal expansion of effective forces is shown in the
From Example 9.6, the mass and stiffness matrices following figure.
are:
2m m
⎡3 ⎤ 6 EI ⎡ 8 − 3⎤ 0
m= m⎢ ⎥ k= ⎢
⎣ 1⎦ 7 L2 ⎣− 3 2⎥⎦
L
The natural frequencies and modes of the system (from
m
=
Example 10.3) are: L
EI EI
ω 1 = 0.6987 3
ω 1 = 1874
.
mL m L3 0.849 m 0.849 m
⎧ 1 ⎫ ⎧ 1 ⎫
φ1 = ⎨ ⎬ φ2 =⎨ ⎬
⎩2.097 ⎭ ⎩− 1.431⎭ 0.594 m
+ 0.406 m
The equations of motion are given by Eqs. (13.1.1) and
(13.1.2) where, for vertical ground motion taken positive
downward, the influence vector is: st st
M b 1= 1.443 mL M b 2= – 0.443 mL
⎧0⎫ Part b
ι =⎨ ⎬
⎩1⎭ The modal displacements from Eq. (13.1.10) are
Substituting for m , ι and φn in Eq. (13.1.5) gives the
modal quantities: u1 (t ) =
RSu (t ) UV = Γ φ D (t )
1
φ 1T m ι = 2.097m
Tu (t )W
2 1
1 1 1
L1 =
= 0.2834 S
R 1 UV D (t ) = RS0.283UV D (t )
M1 = φ1T m φ1 = 7. 397 m T2.097W T0.594W
1 1
Γ1 =
L1
= 0. 2834
u (t ) = S
Ru (t ) UV = Γ φ D (t )
1
M1 2
Tu (t )W
2 2
2 2 2
L2 = φ 2T m ι = − 1431
. m
= − 0.2834 S
R 1 UV D (t ) = RS− 0.283UV D (t )
M2 = φ2T m φ2 = 5. 048 m T− 1431
. W T 0.406W 2 2
L2 Combining the modal displacements gives the total

Γ2 = = − 0. 2834 displacements:
M2
u1 ( t ) = 0. 283 D1 ( t ) − 0. 283 D2 ( t )
The effective earthquake forces are given by Eq. (13.1.2):
u2 ( t ) = 0. 594 D1 ( t ) + 0. 406 D2 ( t )
p eff
L3m OP RS0UV u&& (t )
(t ) = − m ι u&& (t ) = − M Part c
g
N mQ T1W g
st
Using Mbn shown in the figure, the modal responses
R0U
= − S V u&& (t ) for Mb are
TmW g
Mb1 ( t ) = Mbst1 A1 ( t ) = 1. 443 m L A1 ( t )
Mb 2 ( t ) = Mbst2 A2 ( t ) = − 0. 443 m L A2 ( t )
The total bending moment is
Mb ( t ) = Mb1 ( t ) + Mb 2 ( t )
= 1. 443 m L A1 ( t ) − 0. 443 m L A2 ( t )
Problem 13.16 ⎡3m ⎤ ⎪⎧ 1 2 ⎫⎪
p eff (t ) = −m ι u&&g (t ) = − ⎢ ⎨ ⎬ u&&g (t )
⎣ m⎥⎦ ⎪⎩− 1 2 ⎪⎭
2m EI m u1 − m ⎧ 3⎫
= ⎨ ⎬ u&&g (t )
2 ⎩− 1⎭
L EI u2 Substituting Γn , m and φ n in Eq. (13.1.6) gives:
⎧0.259m⎫
s 1 = Γ1mφ1 = ⎨ ⎬
⎩0.181m ⎭
ug(t) L ⎧ 1.862m⎫
s 2 = Γ2 mφ 2 = ⎨ ⎬
⎩− 0.888m⎭
Part a
From Example 9.6, the mass and stiffness matrices
are:
The modal expansion of the spatial distribution m ι of the

⎡3 ⎤ 6 EI ⎡ 8 − 3⎤
m = m⎢ ⎥ k = ⎢ ⎥ effective forces is shown in the following figure.
⎢⎣ 1⎥⎦ 7 L3 ⎢⎣− 3 2⎥⎦
2m EI m 3
The natural frequencies and modes of the system m
(from Example 10.3) are: 2
L EI 1
m
EI EI 2
ω 1 = 0.6987 ω 2 = 1.874
mL3 mL3
⎧ 1 ⎫ ⎧ 1 ⎫ L
φ1 = ⎨ ⎬ φ2 = ⎨ ⎬
⎩2.097 ⎭ ⎩ − 1 .431⎭ 0.259 m 1.862 m
The equations of motion are given by Eqs. (13.1.1) and

(13.1.2) where, for the ground motion assumed to be 0.181 m 0.888 m
positive in the direction shown above, the influence
vector is:
ι=
|RS 1 / 2 |UV M bst1 = 0.440 mL
|T−1 / 2 |W M bst2 = 0.974 mL
Substituting for m , ι and φ n in Eq. (13.1.5) gives the Part b

modal quantities: The modal displacements from Eq. (13.1.10) are:
⎧0.086⎫
L1 = φ1T mι = 0.639m L 2 = φ 2T mι = 3.133m u 1 (t ) = Γ1φ1 D1 (t ) = ⎨ ⎬ D1 (t )
⎩0.181⎭
M 1 = φ1T mφ1 = 7.397 m M 2 = φ 2T mφ 2 = 5.048m ⎧ 0.621⎫
L L u 2 (t ) = Γ2φ 2 D 2 (t ) = ⎨ ⎬ D 2 (t )
Γ1 = 1 = 0.0863 Γ2 = 2 = 0.6206 ⎩− 0.888⎭
M1 M2
Combining the modal displacements gives the total
displacements:
u1 (t ) = 0.086 D1 (t ) + 0.621D2 (t )
u 2 (t ) = 0.181D1 (t ) − 0.888 D2 (t )
Part c
st
Using M bn shown in the figure above, the modal
responses for M b are:
M b1 (t ) = M bst1 A1 (t ) = 0.440 m L A1 (t )
M b 2 (t ) = M bst2 A2 (t ) = 0.974 m L A2 (t )
Thus, the total bending moment is:
M b (t ) = M b1 (t ) + M b 2 (t )
= 0.440 m L A1 (t ) + 0.974 m L A2 (t )
Problem 13.17 Similar calculations for the second and third modes gives:
u3 u2
L2 = φ 2T m ι = 5m L3 = φ T3 m ι = 0
u1
M 2 = φ 2T m φ 2 = 8.292m M3 = φ3T m φ3 = 2 m
L2 L3
Γ2 = = 0. 603 Γ3 = = 0
M2 M3
Fig. P13.17a LM5m OP R|1U|

p eff (t ) = − m ι u&& (t ) = − M
g
MN
m PP S|0V| u&& (t )
g
Part a mQ T0W
The equations of motion are given by Eqs. (13.1.1) R|5mU|
and (13.1.2). The mass and stiffness matrices (from = − S 0 V u&& (t )
Problem 9.13) are |T 0 |W g
LM5 OP 3EI
LM 28 6 −6 OP Substituting Γn , m and φn in Eq. (13.1.6) gives
m =m M 1 P k = MM 6 7 3P
LM5m OP R| 1 U|
MN 1PQ 7PQ
3
10 L
N− 6 3
s = Γ m φ = 0.397 M m P S− 1949
. V
mPQ |T 1949
. |W
1 1 1
The influence vector due to horizontal ground motion is
(from Problem 9.13)
MN
R|1U| R| 1985
. mU
|
= S− 0.774mV
ι = 0 S| V| |T 0.774m|W
T0W
The natural frequencies and modes of the system (from LM5m OP R| 1 U|
Problem 10.23) are s = Γ m φ = 0.603 M m PP S| 1283
. V
. |W
2 2 2
ω1 = 0. 526
EI
ω 2 = 1. 614
EI MN mQ T− 1283
m L3 m L3 R| 3.015mU|
EI = S 0.774mV
ω 3 = 1. 732
mL3 |T− 0.774m|W
R| 1 U| R| 1 U| R|0U| LM5m OP R|0U| R|0U|
φ1 = S− 1949
. V φ2 = S 1283. V φ3 = S 1V s = Γ mφ = 0M m P S1V = S|0V|
|T 1949
. |W |T− 1283
. |W |T1|W mPQ |T 1|W
3 3 3
MN T0W
Substituting for m , ι and φn in Eq. (13.1.5) gives the The modal expansion of the spatial distribution of
first-mode quantities: effective forces is shown in Fig. P13.17b. The effective
LM5 OP R|1U| forces in the third mode are all zero, implying that this
L1 = φ 1T m ι = 1 − 1949
. 1949
. mM
MN
1 PP S|0V| mode will not be excited by horizontal ground motion.
1Q T0W Part b
= 5m The modal displacements from Eq. (13.1.10) are
LM5 OP R| 1 U|
M1 = φ 1T m φ 1 = 1 − 1949
. 1949
. m MM 1 PP S|− 1949
. V
N 1Q T 1949 . |W
= 12.597m
L1
Γ1 = = 0. 397
M1
R|u (t ) U|
1 R| 1 U| 0.774 m
st
M a 1= – 0.774 mL
u ( t ) = Su ( t ) V = Γ φ D (t ) = 0.397 S− 1949
. V D (t )
1
|Tu (t )|W
2
3 1
1 1 1
|T 1949
. |W
1 1.985 m
R| 0.397U| = 0.774 m
= S− 0.774 V D ( t )
|T 0.774|W 1
st
M b 1= 3.533 mL
R|u (t ) U|
1 R| 1 U|
u (t ) = Su (t ) V = Γ φ D (t ) = 0.603 S 1283. V D (t )
2
|Tu (t ) |W
2
3 2
2 2 2
|T− 1283
. |W
2
st
Ma2= 0.774 mL
0.774m
R| 0.603U| 3.015m
= S 0.774 V D (t )
|T− 0.774|W 2
0.774m
+
R|u (t ) U|
1 R|0U|
u (t ) = Su (t ) V = Γ φ D (t ) = 0 S 1V D (t )
st
Mb2= 1.467mL
3
|Tu (t ) |W
2
3 3
3 3 3
|T1|W 3
R|0U| 0 0
= S0V D (t )
st
M a3= 0
|T0|W 3
0
Combining the modal displacements gives the total +

displacements:
bg
u1 t = 0.397 D1 (t ) + 0.603D2 tbg st
u bt g = −0.774 D (t ) + 0.774 D bt g
Mb3 = 0
2 1 2
u bt g = 0.774 D (t ) − 0.774 D bt g
3 1 2 Fig. P13.17b
Observe that the third mode does not contribute to the total
displacements, and the total displacements u2 ( t ) and u3 ( t ) Part c
are antisymmetric. The bending moment at the base of the column due to
the nth mode is
st
Mbn ( t ) = Mbn An ( t )
0 0
st
3m
Substituting the modal static responses Mbn , shown in Fig.
m m 5m
P13.17b, and combining modal responses gives
EI EI
3
L EI Mb ( t ) = ∑ Mbn ( t ) = 3. 533 m L A1 ( t ) + 1. 467 m L A2 ( t )
n =1
L L The bending moment at location a of the beam due to

the nth mode is
st
Man ( t ) = Man An ( t )
st
Substituting the modal static responses Man , shown in Fig.
P13.17b, and combining modal responses gives
3
Ma ( t ) = ∑ Man ( t ) = − 0. 774 m L A1 ( t ) + 0. 774 m L A2 ( t )
n =1
Problem 13.18 R| 0U|
Part a s 3 = Γ3 m φ 3 = SmV
The properties of the structure, m and k, ω n and φn

|Tm|W
are given in Problem 13.17. The influence vector is (from The modal expansion of effective forces is shown in Fig.
Problem 9.13): P13.18. The effective forces in the first two modes are
R|0U| zero, implying that these modes will not be excited by
vertical ground motion.
ι = S1V
|T1|W Part b
The response is only due to the third mode; from Eq.
The modal quantities, given by Eq. (13.1.5), are:
(13.1.10):
L1 = φ 1T m ι = 0
R|0U|
M1 = φ1T m φ1 = 12. 579 m u 3 (t ) = S|1V| D (t )
3
Γ1 =
L1
= 0
T1W
M1 Part c
L2 = φ 2T mι = 0 The first two modes are not excited. Due to the third
mode, the bending moments at the base of the column and
M2 = φT2 m φ2 = 8. 292 m at section a of the beam are
L2 Mb3 ( t ) = Mbst3 A3 ( t ) Ma3 ( t ) = Mast3 A3 ( t )
Γ2 = = 0
M2
st
Static analysis of the system in Fig. P13.3 gives Mb3 = 0
L3 = φ 3T m ι = 2m st
and Ma3 = m L . Thus the total responses are
M3 = φ3T m φ3 = 2 m Mb ( t ) = 0 Ma ( t ) = m L A3 ( t )
L3
Γ3 = = 1
M3
The effective forces, Eq. (13.1.4), are
LM5m OP R|0U|
p eff (t ) = − m ι u&& (t ) = − M m P S1V u&& (t )
mPQ |T1|W
g g
MN
R| 0 U|
= − SmV u&& (t )
|Tm|W g
Substituting Γn , m and φn in Eq. (13.1.6) gives
R|0U|
s1 = Γ1 m φ 1 = S|0V|
T0W
R|0U|
s 2 = Γ2 m φ 2 = S0V
|T0|W
m m
m 3m m
L L
0 st 0
Ma1= 0
=
st
Mb1= 0
0 st 0
Ma2= 0
+
st
Mb2= 0
m st m
Ma3= mL
st
M b3= 0
Fig. P13.18
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magnificence of central Africa. She came out to meet the kafila,
along with several of her countrywomen, from whom she was nowise
distinguished in attire. The dress of Bornouese women consists of
one or two turkadees, blue, white, or striped, as before described.
The turkadee is wrapped rather tightly round the body, and hangs
down from the bosom, below the knees. If a second is worn, as by
women of some consideration, it is commonly flung over the head
and shoulders. Their sandals are the same as those of men, of
tanned leather, or of the undressed hide, according to their
circumstances. The hair is plaited in five close tresses,—one like a
crest along the crown, and two at each side, and thickly bedaubed
with indigo. They dye their eyebrows, hands, arms, feet, and legs of
the same colour, except the nails of the fingers and toes and the
palms of the hands, which are stained red with henna. They blacken
the eyelashes with crude antimony in powder. The ornaments for the
ear are not pendent like ours, but little green studs, or buttons, fixed
in the lobe. The very poorest wear strings of glass beads round the
neck, and the wealthy are adorned with armlets and anklets of horn
or brass. Ornaments of silver are very rare, and of gold hardly ever
seen.
Dec. 31.—At sunrise the thermometer was 42°. Being market day,
I took a stroll to see what was going on. The market-place was on a
rising ground, a little to the south of Sansan Birnee. The place of
itself is a little village. The goods were exposed for sale in booths, or
houses, open at the side next the street. The different wares were
arranged each in its particular quarter,—knives, scissors, needles,
and beads; silken cords and pieces of silk; sword slings and koghel
cases; gubga tobes and turkadoes; beef, mutton, and fowls; gussub,
beans, Indian corn, &c. They have four different kinds of Indian corn,
—the yellow, the red, the white, and the Egyptian. The last is
reckoned the best. There were stalls, besides, for making and
mending every thing in common use. Bands of music, composed of
drums, flutes, and a kind of guitar, with strings of horsehair, called
the Erbale, each after its own rude fashion, were parading from
booth to booth, to attract the attention of customers.
Jan. 1, 1824.—Dr. Oudney was now very unwell. This morning we
had a visit from an ex-governor, of the name of Jesus, who had left
the army last night. He told us the commanders would to-day
commence their return to their different governments, as they were
unable to penetrate into the Bede territory. This person gave us
several broad hints to make him a present; but we found ourselves
too poor to understand him. At eight o’clock in the morning we
resumed our journey, over a level country. The winding road was
little broader than a footpath. We passed numerous small towns and
villages, with plantations of cotton, gussub, and Indian corn. There
was more wood as we re-approached the Yow, and the villages and
cotton plantations were also more numerous. We halted at a village
called Obenda, not above a quarter of a mile distant from the Yow.
We could procure no milk for Dr. Oudney, and his appetite was much
worse. We had nothing but kouskasoo and dweeda. The former is a
well known preparation of wheaten flour steamed over meat, and in
very general use among the Moors and Arabs. The dweeda is also
of wheaten flour, and a kind of coarse macaroni.
Jan. 2.—Dr. Oudney was this morning in a very weak state. I
bought a pound of coffee for three dollars from one of the merchants
of our kafila, as a cup of coffee was all that he could take. To-day we
followed a very troublesome zigzag track, for regular road there was
none. We passed many villages, adjoining to which were long double
rows of granaries. At first we were much puzzled with the novelty of
their appearance; but on a closer examination we found they were
constructed of matting in the usual way, and raised on poles to
prevent white ants and grubs from getting at the grain. Near the Yow
there were large fields of wheat, and plantations of cotton. The
people were then raising the second crop of wheat, by means of
irrigation.
A little before mid-day we crossed the Yow. Its channel is here
about 150 yards in breadth; but the stream of water was almost dry.
In order to take fish, the river was barricadoed by a row of fish-pots,
made of split bamboos. They are of a conical shape, about five feet
in diameter at the mouth, and secured by poles and spars at the
distance of three feet from one another, the interval being filled up
with reeds to prevent the escape of fish. At this period not more than
a third of the aperture was covered with water. The city of Katagum
stands about half a mile from the river, which we had no sooner
crossed than we were met by a servant of the governor on
horseback. He presented us with a small basket of Goora nuts,
called, by the Arabs, the coffee of Soudan. After delivering the
present, the servant returned at full speed to a party of horsemen at
a little distance, who appeared to be the attendants of some great
personage. The party then came to us at a gallop, brandishing their
spears. Their leader remained behind, as well as their band of
music. The horsemen, after saluting us, wheeled round, and rode on
before us, the drummers beating their drums, and two bards singing
the praises of their master in the following ditty, which I took down in
writing; one responding in a clear shrill voice the words of the
chorus, while the other sang, or rather bawled aloud:—
Bi, kora, nama, da birkin safay:
Ah! mi tuga yumma.
Bokri mi tugiamasso:
Ah! mi tuga yumma.
Manoganinka wykigani:
Ah! mi tuga yumma.
My daikee ya fruss undunga:
Ah! mi tuga yumma.
Fuda da goma baka soranko.
Ah! mi tuga yumma.
Kazibda goma bindiga da bia:
Ah! mi tuga yumma.
Gewa nagege avana do dona:
Ah! mi tuga yumma.
Camaraka hamen sirkino:
Ah! mi tuga yumma.
Girtho magaje wali:
Ah! mi tuga yumma.
Allahu Akber you do dona:
Ah! mi tuga yumma.
Allahu Akber you Zaramina:
Ah! mi tuga yumma.
Which may be thus translated:—

Give flesh to the hyenas at day-break:
Oh! the broad spears.
The spear of the sultan is the broadest:
I behold thee now—I desire to see none other.
My horse is as tall as a high wall:
He will fight against ten, he fears nothing:
He has slain ten—the guns are yet behind:
The elephant of the forest brings me what I want:
Like unto thee—so is the sultan:
Be brave! be brave! my friends and kinsmen:
God is great!—I wax fierce as a beast of prey:
God is great!—To-day those I wished for are come:
Meanwhile, the leader with his horsemen proceeded before us to

the city. We halted at a place allotted to us and the Arabs, the
Bornouese having left us to pursue their journey, as the dangers of
the road were past. About three in the afternoon, we saw the
governor, with all his attendants, coming to visit us. Mohamoud El
Wordee had mats spread under a tree for his reception, and
requested us to remain a few minutes in our tents. When sent for, we
found the governor sitting on the mats, surrounded by the Arab
merchants and his armed attendants. He received us in the kindest
manner, and said it was quite an ayd, or feast, for him to see us, and
would also prove highly gratifying to his master, the Sultan of the
Felatahs, who had never seen an Englishman before. He assured
us, we should find every thing here the same as at Kouka, with the
sheikh of Bornou. Dr. Oudney now presented the sheikh’s letter,
which he handed to one of his attendants. The Arab merchants were
loud in our praises, and particularly expatiated on the circumstance
of our nation being ever in strict alliance with the Sublime Porte, and
of having frequently assisted the Grand Signor. The governor, who
was named Duncowa, was a stout, tall fellow, blunt and good
natured, and lavish in his promises. We shook hands at parting,
which is the custom of the Felatahs, or Felanees, as they call
themselves. On his return home he sent us some wheat, of which we
were in great want, with honey, and Goora nuts. By the advice of
Mohamoud El Wordee, we sent a present of a few cloves, and a little
cinnamon, in return; which, however small, is every where the proper
acknowledgment on such occasions. On account of the scantiness
of our own stock of every thing, we now heartily wished for no more
presents.
After the governor left us, we were waited upon by a Tripoline
merchant, of the name of Hameda, a good-looking, civil sort of man,
and extremely rich. He possessed no less than five hundred slaves,
and had a great number of horses. He was second only to the
governor in all Katagum, and had served with the Felatahs in most of
their wars. Referring to the result of the recent expedition, I remarked
it would have been better if the Felatahs had not gone at all against
the Bedites, who would now be emboldened in their depredations.
He replied, the Felatahs had become rich, and were now afraid of
blows: it was otherwise with them when poor; their head men then
led them to battle, dauntlessly braving danger and death, whereas
now-a-days their chiefs lagged behind, and sent their people forward
to the combat, who, in turn, dreaded a broken head as much as their
superiors, and would no longer fight, if it might anywise be avoided.
—Hameda had occasion to consult Dr. Oudney, who strongly
recommended his immediate return to Tripoli, to undergo a surgical
operation. He seemed very grateful, and offered us his house, and
whatever the country afforded. He sent milk for Dr. Oudney, and
bazeen, or flour-pudding, for me. Bazeen is made of wheat, barley,
or Guinea corn, and eaten with butter or sauce.
Dr. Oudney underwent here, as usual, much fatigue,—more,
indeed, than his strength was equal to; for the news of our arrival
spread before us, and at the different towns and villages through
which we passed, they brought to us all the sick to be cured. Nor
was it the sick alone who sought advice, but men and women, of all
descriptions; the former for some remedy against impotency, and the
latter to remove sterility. Many came for preventives against
apprehended or barely possible calamities; and, in anticipation of all
the imaginable ills of life, resorted to us in full hope and confidence
of our being able to ward them off. The women were particularly
fanciful in these matters, and were frequently importunate to receive
medicines that would preserve the affections of their gallants, ensure
them husbands, or, what was highly criminal, effect the death of
some favoured rival. The governor made us a present of three
sheep, and sent the Arab merchants eight bullocks.
Jan. 3.—Dr. Oudney was a little better, but still very weak. Having
early prepared our presents, which consisted of one of our tea-trays,
ten yards of red silk, an Indian palempore, or bed coverlet, a piece of
white linen cloth, with gold stripes, of Egyptian manufacture, a pound
of cinnamon, and a pound of cloves, we waited on the governor at
eight o’clock in the morning, accompanied by Mohamoud El Wordee.
We stopped about a quarter of an hour in the house of Hameda, till
the governor was ready to receive us. When introduced, we found no
parade of armed men, as at Kouka, and the other towns in Bornou.
Duncowa was sitting under a rude canopy, on a low bank of earth
about six feet square. There were only three old men with him. We
shook hands, and sat down on the floor before him. He
importunately laid hold of me, and wished me to sit by his side. I,
however, declined so high an honour. We were presented with
Goora nuts, and he repeated the promises he had made yesterday.
When we displayed our presents, and explained the use of the tray,
and what it was made of, he was highly delighted; and asked us if
we wanted slaves, or what else, for every thing he had or could
procure was at our disposal. With regard to slaves, we told him a
slave was unknown in England, and the moment one set foot on our
shores, he was instantly free. We also explained our great
endeavours to put a stop to the slave trade on the seacoast, and that
our king and master (to use the African idiom) had given immense
sums to have it abolished; besides sending, every year, several large
ships to capture vessels engaged in that traffic, and to set the slaves
at liberty. “What, then, do you want?” he asked, with some surprise.
We answered, we only desired his friendship, and condescending
permission to collect the flowers and plants of the country, and to
visit its rivers. “Wonderful!” he exclaimed, “you do not want slaves,
you do not want horses, you do not want money, but wish only to see
the world? You must go to the sultan Bello, who is a learned and
pious man, and will be glad to see men who have seen so much.
You shall have all, and see all, that is in my province; and I am sure
my master will grant every thing you wish.” He then descended from
the seat of honour, sat down on the floor by our side, and shook
hands with us. This is the greatest compliment one man of rank can
pay to another in this country.
One of their lucky omens took place at the moment. My servant,
who had assisted in bringing the presents, got up to receive the
Goora nuts presented to me by the governor’s orders, and in rising
he overturned a pot of honey which had also been given to us, but
without breaking it, the honey running out on the floor. Had the pot
been broken, the omen would have been unfortunate. As it was, the
governor was highly elated, and graciously ordered the poor to be
called in to lick up the honey. They immediately made their
appearance, equally rejoiced at the lucky omen, and upon their
knees quickly despatched the honey, not without much strife and
squabbling. One man came off with a double allowance, happening
to have a long beard, which he carefully cleaned into his hand for a
bonne bouche, after the repast on the ground was finished.
We took leave of the governor and returned to our tents, where a
great concourse of men and women flocked to Dr. Oudney for
medicines. In the evening we had boiled dried meat, with bazeen,
and excellent bread, sent us by our friend Hameda; also milk from
the governor, and a live sheep from a black shreef, who had applied
to Dr. Oudney for advice. To-day the Doctor felt himself very weak, in
consequence of a diarrhœa, and the want of proper comforts in his
infirm condition. At noon I took an observation of the sun. At first the
natives eagerly crowded round me, but sat down very quietly at a
little distance, on telling them they were in my way. I was asked the
old question every where repeatedly, if I was looking at my country. I
explained to them, as well as I was able, that I merely ascertained in
this manner how far south I had come from home.
Jan. 4th.—The weather cold and hazy,—thermometer 48°.
Mohamoud El Wordee having gone to a city called Hadeeja, one
day’s journey to the northward, where he was to remain a day or
two, it was agreed beforehand we should go into the town and live in
Hameda’s house until El Wordee’s return, as the kafila was to
proceed to Kano the following day. At sunrise the governor sent to us
to come into town, but on account of Dr. Oudney’s illness, we waited
till the heat of the day. About noon we had the camels loaded, and
Dr. Oudney and I rode forward, accompanied by the governor’s
people and Hadje ben Hamed, the sheikh of the kafila, or chief who
regulates its march, stage, and route. On entering the town, we were
conducted to a house that adjoined Hameda’s, which we supposed
to be his. The people around us, after consulting together, told us we
had better go and see the governor. Dr. Oudney assented, but
wished first to wait for our baggage. The people, however, urged us
to go without further delay; and we complied with their entreaties.
The governor met us at the gate of his residence, took us by the
hand, and led us first to one coozee, then to another, saying, “This is
for you,—that is for the Doctor,—there is a place for your horses.”
Seating himself on a mat, he bade us sit down. Our baggage was
brought to us in a few minutes. “Abdullah,” said he, addressing me
by my travelling name, “show me the glass with which you look at
the sun.” It seemed the people had told him what they saw me doing
yesterday. I had now to explain to him the use of my compass,
sextant, spy-glass, and other instruments. He begged of me a little of
the quicksilver used for an artificial horizon in taking observations.
This was like asking me to part with my heart’s blood; but as he was
a governor, and evidently a man of considerable influence, I could
not refuse him. I took much pains to make him understand the use of
the watch and sextant. I easily made him comprehend the latter, by
telling him it was to enable me to find out the distance north or south,
from any other place: illustrating the matter, by telling him the north
star was higher in the heavens at Mourzuk than here, and still higher
at Tripoli; a circumstance the natives of these countries all
confirmed, to whom I shifted the trouble of making further
explanations. The telescope next was an object of surprise. He said
all the places he saw were brought near to him, and ascended the
walls and house tops to have a better view. Each of his attendants
also had a peep; but an old shreef would on no account look through
it, but ran away as if from a serpent ready to sting him. As to these
shreefs, or alleged descendants of the Prophet, some of whom are
as black as jet, I wonder what Mahomet, were he to rise from the
dead, would say to his sable progeny, not merely black in colour, but
with the true Negro features! The phenomenon, however, is less
wonderful, when we consider how soon an intermixture, whether
black or white, is lost in the course of a few generations, although
the lineal descent continue uninterrupted.
We received a plentiful supply of provisions from Hameda. The
governor also sent us fish and ficcory. The latter consists of pounded
Guinea corn dried in the sun, mixed with water or milk, and
seasoned with pepper, but has a sour, disagreeable taste.
Katagum, the capital of a province of the same name, is in lat. 12°
17′ 11″ north, and in long. about 11° east. This province formed the
frontier of Bornou before the Felatah conquest. At present it includes
the subject provinces of Sansan and Bedeguna. It extends nearly
one day’s journey to the northward, and five days’ journey to the
southward, where it is bounded by an independent territory, called
after the inhabitants Kurry-kurry. On the east it is bounded by the
kingdom of Bornou, and on the west by the neighbouring province of
Kano. From the best information I could obtain, the whole province
can send into the field about 4,000 horse and 20,000 foot, armed
with bows, swords, and spears. The principal productions are grain
and bullocks, which, with slaves brought from the adjoining territories
of the Kafirs, are the staple articles of trade. Here we found, for the
first time, kowrie shells in circulation as money; for hitherto native
cloth, or some other commodity of standard price, had been the
common medium of exchange. This city was the strongest we had
seen since we left Tripoli. It is in the form of a square, the sides
facing the cardinal points of the compass, with four corresponding
gates, which are regularly opened and shut at sunrise and sunset. It
is defended by two parallel walls of red clay, and three dry ditches,
one without, one within, and the third between the two walls, which
are about twenty feet high and ten feet broad at the base, gradually
decreasing upwards to a breadth just sufficient for a narrow footpath.
This is protected by a low parapet, and is ascended by flights of
steps at convenient distances. Both walls are of the same height,
without loopholes or towers, and, instead of being crenelated,
terminate in a waving line. The gates are defended by a platform
inside over the entrance, where a body of townsmen take their
station to repel assailants. The three ditches are of equal
dimensions, each about fifteen feet deep and twenty feet wide.
There is only one mosque, and this almost in ruins. The governor’s
residence is in the centre of the city, and occupies a space of about
500 yards square. The governor and principal inhabitants have
houses made entirely of clay, besides the coozees already
described. They are flat-roofed, in the Turkish style, and sometimes
of two stories, with square or semicircular openings for windows. The
city may contain from 7,000 to 8,000 inhabitants; including all
merchants and tradesmen, together with the servants or slaves of
the governor.
Not far to the southward of Katagum is the country of Yacoba, of
which I shall mention a few particulars, collected from natives who
were here in slavery, as well as from Hameda. It is called by the
Mahometan nations Boushy, or country of infidels. It is extremely
hilly: the hills, consisting of limestone, are said to yield antimony and
silver. The inhabitants have received the name of Yemyems, or
cannibals; but with what justice I know not. Most probably the
imputation is an idle Arab tale, and undoubtedly the more suspicious,
from the well known Moslem abhorrence of Kafirs. On interrogating
the Arabs more strictly, they allowed they had never witnessed the
fact; but affirmed they had seen human heads and limbs hung up in
the dwellings of the inhabitants. At Mourzuk, when we first arrived, a
similar report was circulated to our defamation; whether in jest or
earnest, I could not ascertain; but the prejudice soon wore off when
we were better known.
The river Yow, which is within a quarter of a mile of Katagum, is
said to take its rise to the southward among the hills of Boushy,
between Adamowa and Jacoba, and after passing Katagum, to turn
abruptly to the eastward; it finally empties itself into the Tshad. Its
waters were dull and sluggish, as far as we observed; and during the
middle of the dry season the naked channel and a few pools of
water, sometimes far apart, are all that remain of the river. The
breadth of the channel, at the place where we last crossed, was, as
above mentioned, about 150 yards; and this may be taken as a fair
average breadth from that spot downwards as far as the lake, where,
however, the depth seemed considerably increased. There is a
prevalent opinion among the inhabitants and Arab merchants that,
during the rainy season, the waters of this river rise and fall
alternately every seven days; which notion, perhaps, originates in a
kind of vicissitude in the fall of rain that I have remarked myself
during my residence in Bornou.
Jan. 5.—Dr. Oudney thought himself a little better, but the
diarrhœa still continued. The kafila left us this morning for Kano. We
had a visit from the governor; I happened to be from home, and was
sent for. On my return the governor was gone, and had left a
message for me to follow him with the compass, spy-glass, &c. as he
wished me to show them to some men of rank: I followed, and found
him seated in the company of two or three Felatahs, to whom I had
to explain the use of the instruments over again; but a good deal of
trouble was taken off my hands by the governor himself, and his
Fezzanee servants. I was then taken to visit his favourite wife, who
pretended, of course, to be much frightened at the sight of a
Christian; she was a jolly, good looking, black wench. The governor
had a great number of other women besides, whose dwellings were
all very clean and neat. I was next conducted through other quarters
of the residence; and, on reaching the stables, we all sat down in an
open court, where the cadi and another learned Felatah joined us.
The same explanations had again to be repeated. The cadi, who had
made the pilgrimage of Mecca, and was acquainted with Arabic
learning, appeared to be a man of sense and discernment, and
explained the use of the watch to his countrymen with much
perspicuity; he was a Felatah, about fifty years of age,—his
complexion coal black,—with a hook nose, large eyes, and a full
bushy beard. The office of cadi or judge, I may remark, is frequently
hereditary, and there is one in every town to administer justice: his
sole qualification is a competent knowledge of the Koran, although
his decisions can be reversed only by the governor of the province,
or the sultan of the country.
The governor resides in a large square, surrounded by a wall of
red clay, at least thirty feet high, and divided by lower walls into four
principal quarters: besides several flat-roofed houses of clay, it
contained a number of coozees, for the most part ranged in a single
row, just within the great walls. These are principally for the slaves
and guards attached to the governor’s establishment; it was here we
were lodged, the entrance being guarded night and day. Near the
eastern gate there was a sort of council or audience hall, from which
a passage led to the women’s apartments, on the north side of the
square. The stables occupied one quarter, each horse having a hut
to itself. The pillars that supported a room over the western gate
were superior to any I had seen in central Africa; they were formed of
the trunks of the palm tree, fashioned into columns, with rude
pedestals and capitals of no inelegant appearance, all incrusted with
clay.
Jan. 6.—Dr. Oudney was much better to-day. In the afternoon we
had a visit from the governor: I had again to show him the sextant
and other instruments. He was particularly inquisitive about the
rockets we had given to the sheikh of Bornou; he persisted we had
still some of them remaining, and when convinced of the contrary,
seemed exceedingly desirous I should make him a few. I assured
him, with regret, of my inability; while I professed it to be an express
duty imposed on me by the king my master, to instruct him and his
countrymen in every thing useful and curious. Among many other
questions, he asked me if I ever prayed; I said, I should not be a
good man if I did not pray, but that we usually prayed alone: at which
answer he was highly amused.
Hadje Ali Boo Khaloom (the brother of the late commander of our
escort from Mourzuk) arrived here to-day, with a kafila from Kouka:
they left that place seven days after us. I heartily wished never to
see the face of this arrant rogue.
Jan. 7.—The governor paid us an early visit this morning; he
came at once into my tent, while I was writing, and I was again
obliged to show him my instruments. On opening my chest, there
was a small box of powder I had brought from England, still
untouched; I was very loth to tell him what it was, but it attracted his
attention, and I was compelled to yield to his solicitations for a small
supply. To humour him further, I attended him to fire at a mark; I fired
twice with my rifle, and happened to hit the mark both times, at a
distance of sixty or seventy yards, when he called out “Ouda billa
min Sheateen a rajeem,”—“The Lord preserve me from devils!” yet,
in token of his approbation, he threw over my shoulders, with his
own hands, a very handsome tobe.
Jan. 8.—I was indisposed all day, having caught cold.
Jan. 9.—This morning Hadje Ali Boo Khaloom left us for Kano. He
tried all in his power to induce us to accompany him, but we knew
him too well of old: he even asked the governor to send one of his
people with him, but was only laughed at for his assurance.
Our servants caught a female rat, or bandicoot, as it is called in
the East Indies, which measured two feet seven inches from the
nose to the tip of the tail. The colour of the body was light grey, the
tail black, and covered with long hairs, and the head much rounder
than that of the common rat.
The diarrhœa of Dr. Oudney had ceased, but the cough was no
better, and he was otherwise extremely ill: he had himself cupped on
the left side of the chest by one of the natives. This operation is
dexterously performed by them; they make the scarifications with a
razor, and afterwards apply a perforated horn, from which they first
extract the air by suction, and then stop the aperture with the thumb.
We had a visit from the wife of the cadi, a sister of Duncowa, I
gave her a brass ring, a pair of scissors, and some beads.
In the afternoon, I was not a little astonished at a message from
the governor, brought us by El Wordee, acquainting us that Hadje Ali
had told him we were spies and bad people, and wishing to know
from us if it was true. I did not think proper to disturb Dr. Oudney by
relating to him this calumny, and merely desired El Wordee to say to
the governor, that as we were in his power he could do with us as he
pleased; at the same time referring him particularly to the letter of the
sheikh of Bornou. El Wordee came back almost immediately, and
assured me the governor was satisfied.
Jan. 10.—To-day we left Katagum; the governor having furnished
us with a guide. We had a bassoor, or frame of wood, put on a
camel, and spread Dr. Oudney’s bed upon it, as he was now too
weak to ride on horseback; I also felt myself unwell. The governor
accompanied us four miles out of town. At half past three o’clock in
the afternoon we were obliged to halt, on account of Dr. Oudney’s
weakness; he was quite worn out, and could proceed no further; the
road, too, being crooked and entangled, and lying along a large
swamp to the south. We passed a number of villages.
Jan. 11.—At eight o’clock in the morning we proceeded on our
journey; but, at noon, were obliged to stop at the town of Murmur, on
account of the alarming situation of Dr. Oudney, who had now
become so feeble and exhausted, that I scarcely expected him to
survive another day. He had been wasting away in a slow
consumption, ever since we left the hills of Obarree, in Fezzan;
where he was seized with inflammation of the chest, in consequence
of sitting down in a current of cold air after being overheated.
Jan. 12.—Dr. Oudney drank a cup of coffee at day-break, and, by
his desire, I ordered the camels to be loaded. I then assisted him to
dress, and, with the support of his servant, he came out of the tent;
but, before he could be lifted on the camel, I observed the
ghastliness of death in his countenance, and had him immediately
replaced in the tent. I sat down by his side, and, with unspeakable
grief, witnessed his last breath, which was without a struggle or a
groan. I now sent to the governor of the town to request his
permission to bury the deceased, which he readily granted; and I
had a grave made about five yards to the north of an old mimosa
tree, a little beyond the southern gate of the town. The body being
first washed, after the custom of the country, was dressed by my
directions, in clothes made of turban shawls, which we were carrying
with us as presents. The corpse was borne to the grave by our
servants, and I read over it the funeral service of the church of
England, before it was consigned to the earth; I afterwards caused
the grave to be enclosed with a wall of clay, to keep off beasts of
prey, and had two sheep killed and distributed among the poor.
Thus died, at the age of 32 years, Walter Oudney, M. D., a man of
unassuming deportment, pleasing manners, stedfast perseverance,
and undaunted enterprise; while his mind was fraught at once with
knowledge, virtue, and religion. At any time, and in any place, to be
bereaved of such a friend, had proved a severe trial; but to me, his
friend and fellow traveller, labouring also under disease, and now left
alone amid a strange people, and proceeding through a country
which had hitherto never been trod by European foot, the loss was
severe and afflicting in the extreme.
FOOTNOTES:
[65]It is much to be regretted that the state of the thermometer

was not here noted; more particularly as a question has arisen as
to the correctness of this statement, which is however repeated
by Dr. Oudney almost in the same words.
SECTION II.
FROM MURMUR TO KANO.
At day-break, on the following morning, I resumed my journey,

trusting to the salutary effects of change of air and abstinence, as
the best remedies both for mind and body. The road was swampy,
and we crossed a narrow stream called Shashum, that falls into the
Yow, near the town. There were numerous villages on all sides.
Jan. 14.—Thermometer 52°. Our road lay through a well
cultivated country; at nine o’clock, A.M., we came to the town of
Digoo, having an indifferent double wall, and a triple ditch nearly
filled up. The town contained very few houses, but date trees were in
great abundance; outside the walls, however, there were several
villages, or rather detached clusters of houses. The country
afterwards began to rise into ridges, running nearly east and west;
our road lying along one of them, gave me an excellent view of
beautiful villages all around, and herds of cattle grazing in the open
country. In the evening we halted under the walls of a town called
Boogawa; this is the last town in the province of Katagum: I did not
enter it.
Jan. 15.—The road to-day was through a thickly wooded country.
Before mid-day, we again crossed the Shashum, which here runs
nearly due north. The camel-drivers brought me a quantity of wild
figs, which they found on the trees by the road side, near the river.
We next entered an open, well cultivated country, and in the evening
halted at a town called Katungwa, which is surrounded by a wall, and
has a number of fine date trees. This was the first town I entered in
the kingdom of Haussa Proper. I was visited by a Felatah, who had
been at Bagdad, Constantinople, Jerusalem, and Mecca, and
belonged to the order of Dervishes. He was a chattering little fellow,
and told me he had seen the Wahabees at Mecca, who, he said,
were the same people and spoke the same language as the
Felatahs. I made him a present of a pair of scissors and a snuff-box,
of which he seemed very proud, and sent me a bowl of bazeen in the
evening. I here saw a range of low rocky hills, stretching nearly
south-west. They are called, in the language of Haussa, Dooshee, or
The Rocks, from which a large town on one of the roads leading
from Katagum to Kano takes its name. Since we left the Wells of
Bellkashiffra, on the southern borders of the great desert, we had not
met with rocks, or even pebbles, till now, the very channels of the
rivers being destitute of stones, and the whole country consisting of
soft alluvial clay. The camels were missing, and I sent all the
servants after them; they were not brought back before midnight,
being found on their return to Bornou.
Jan. 16.—The country still open and well cultivated, and the
villages numerous. We met crowds of people coming from Kano with
goods. Some carried them on their heads, others had asses or
bullocks, according to their wealth. All were armed with bows and
arrows, and several with swords; the Bornouese are known by
carrying spears.
El Wordee and I having advanced before the cavalcade were
waiting for it under a tree, near a town called Zangeia, when a man
from Katagum went, of his own accord, and told the governor of
Zangeia that a friend of the governor of Katagum was close at hand.
The governor of Zangeia sent the man to tell us he would come and
meet us on horseback, and show us a proper place to pitch our
tents. We mounted our horses, and, led by the Katagumite who was
so anxious for the honour of the friend of his master, we met the
governor, about a quarter of a mile from the tree under which we had
reposed ourselves. He was mounted on a very fine white horse, gaily
caparisoned, and had seven attendants behind him, also on
horseback, besides being accompanied by several men on foot,
armed with bows and arrows. He advanced to us at full gallop, and,
after many courteous welcomes, placed himself at our head, and
rode before us into the town. On reaching his own house, he desired
us to pitch our tents before his door, observing, “Here is a place of
great safety.” The camels arriving with the baggage, I presented him
with a razor, a knife, a pair of scissors, and some spices. He sent
me, in return, some milk and bazeen, with grass and gussub for the
horses. Although a governor, I found out he was only a eunuch,
belonging to the governor of Kano. He was in person fat, coarse, and
ugly, with a shrill squeaking voice, and kept me awake half the night,
laughing and talking among his people.
Zangeia is situate near the extremity of the Dooshee range of
hills, and must have been once a very large town, from the extensive
walls which still remain. The inhabitants were slaughtered or sold by
the Felatahs, and plantations of cotton, tobacco, and indigo now
occupy the place where houses formerly stood. Indeed the town may
be said to consist of a number of thinly scattered villages. Within the
walls there is a ridge of loose blocks of stone, connected with the
range of hills in the neighbourhood. These masses of rock may be
about two hundred feet high, and give a romantic appearance to the
neat huts clustering round the base, and to the fine plantations of
cotton, tobacco, and indigo, which are separated from one another
by rows of date trees, and are shaded by other large umbrageous
trees, of whose names I am ignorant. The prospect to the south was
bounded by high blue mountains. It was market day; plenty of beef,
yams, sweet potatoes, &c. for sale.
Drawn by Captn. Clapperton. Engraved by E. Finden.
VIEW INSIDE THE TOWN OF SANGIA.

IN HOUSSA.
Published Feb. 1826, by John Murray, London.
Jan. 17.—The country still highly cultivated, and now diversified

by hill and dale. We passed a remarkable range of little hillocks of
grey granite; they were naked rocks, flattened or rounded at top, and
appeared like detached masses of stone rising singly out of the
earth. We also passed several walled towns quite deserted, the
inhabitants having been sold by their conquerors, the Felatahs.
Women sat spinning cotton by the road side, offering for sale, to the
passing caravans, gussub water, roast meat, sweet potatoes,
cashew nuts, &c. In the afternoon, we halted in a hollow, to the west
of a town, or rather a collection of villages, called Nansarina, where it

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Matrix Analysis of Structures 2nd Edition Kassimali

Problem 13.1 m /2 0.604 m 0.104 m

Fig. P13.1a Fig. P13.1b

Stiffness and mass matrices (from Problem 9.5): Part b

T0.604W V21st = 0.604 m V22st = – 0.104 m

V21 (t ) = 0.604 m A1 (t ) V22 (t ) = − 0104

M1 ( t ) = M11 ( t ) + M12 ( t ) = 0. 604 mh A1 ( t ) − 0.104 mh A2 ( t )

Mode Mn Lhn Lθn h Part c

Floor Displacement, Shear, kips Overturning

From Eq. (13.2.9a), the effective modal masses are

Verify Eq. (13.2.14):

L1h Lh2 Part b

where T is available in the solution to Problem 10.10:

Substituting these ua , ub , θa and θb and Eqs. (e)-(f) in

Substituting Eq. (j) in Eq. (i) gives

For the second floor beam, L = 2 h and the nodal

Substituting these ua , ub , θa and θb and Eqs. (e)-(f) in

h EI EI m/2 0.6220m 0.1667m 0.0447m

The first-mode properties are computed from Eq. (13.2.3): R|u (t ) U|

∑mφ = m (0.5) + m (0.866) +

V11st = 2. 3213m V12st = 0.1667 m V13st = 0. 0121m

V1 ( t ) = m 2. 3213 A1 ( t ) + 0.1667 A2 ( t ) + 0. 0121 A3 ( t )

V2 ( t ) = m 1. 6993 A1 ( t ) − 0.1667 A2 ( t ) − 0. 0326 A3 ( t )

V3 ( t ) = m 0. 6220 A1 ( t ) − 0.1667 A2 ( t ) + 0. 0447 A3 ( t )

Mbst1 = mh 0. 6220 (1) + 1. 0773 ( 2 ) + 0. 6220 ( 3)

Mbst2 = mh 0. 3333 (1) + 0 ( 2 ) − 0.1667 ( 3)

Mbst3 = mh 0. 0447(1) − 0. 0773( 2 ) + 0. 0447( 3)

Vibration properties (from Problem 10.12): m/2 0.701m 0.25m 0.049m

EI EI EI m 0.962m 0.25m 0.212m

Combining the modal responses gives the floor st

V3 ( t ) = 0.701mA1 ( t ) − 0.25mA2 ( t ) + 0.049mA3 ( t )

The base overturning moment response is:

V1stn m 0.6220 -0.1667 0.0447

200 179.82 Mode 1

Vbnst m 2.103 0.25 0.147

V 2stn m 1.663 0 -0.163

V3stn m 0.701 -0.25 0.049

= 0.134 m Verify Eq. (13.2.14):

= 0. 5 mh Verify Eq. (13.2.17):

φ = MM 0.686PP ; φ = MM −1/ 2 PP ; φ = MM −2.186PP

M1 =1.069m M2 =m M 3 =15.46m h 2.124h 0.25m

Substituting for m j and φ jn in Eq. (13.2.3) gives Lhn : u&&()

From Eq. (13.2.3), for the first mode: R| 0.3766U|

M1 = (0.3156) 2 m + (0.7451) 2 m + (1) 2

|| 0.4686|| Substituting Dn ( t ) = An ( t ) ω 2n and ω n in terms of E, I,

Combining modal responses gives the total floor a θa = u6 θb = u7

Combining modal contributions to joint rotations gives M a = mh 0.697 A1 ( t ) + 0.102 A2 ( t ) + 0.026 A3 ( t )

Substituting Dn ( t ) = An ( t )/ω 2n and ω n in terms of E, I, m,

2h The joint rotations associated with u1 are

Combining modal contributions to joint rotations gives M a = mh 1555

Substituting Dn ( t ) = An ( t )/ω n2 and ω n in terms of E, I, m,

M a = M b = mh −0.66 A1 ( t ) + 0.05 A2 ( t ) +0.021 A3 ( t )

Mass and lateral stiffness matrices (from Problem

⎡0.200⎤ ⎡ − 0.545⎤ ⎡ 3.220 ⎤ ⎧ 3.220 ⎫ ⎧ 0.399 ⎫