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True / False
1. Emerging adulthood officially begins when you have your first child.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: 10.1 Emerging Adulthood
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.10.1.1 - What role transitions mark entry into adulthood?
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember
2. Cultures in the developing world tend to have specific practices for marking the transition from adolescence to
adulthood.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
3. Erikson saw young adulthood as involving the psychosocial conflict between generativity and stagnation.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.10.1.3 - What behavioral criteria mark the transition to adulthood?
4. Young adults who return to live with their parents after college increase the rate at which they become independent
adults.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.10.1.4 - How does achieving financial independence reflect the transition to
adulthood?
5. The “quarterlife crisis” involves challenges faced by individuals in their 20s.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
adulthood?
6. Most individuals do not reach their physical peak until their mid-30s.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: 10.2 Physical Development and Health
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.10.2.1 - In what respects are young adults at their physical peak?
7. Over 90 percent of adults age 18-44 claim that their health is good to excellent.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.10.2.2 - How healthy are young adults in general?
8. Lung, mouth, bladder, and cervix cancer are all linked to smoking.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.10.2.3 - How do smoking, alcohol, and nutrition affect young adults’
health?
9. Moderate drinkers have higher risks for cardiovascular disease than abstainers and heavy drinkers.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
health?
10. Limiting access to alcohol appears to be the most effective means of reducing the incidence of binge drinking in
college students.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
health?
11. An individual addicted to alcohol must demonstrate physical dependence on the drug.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
health?
12. Low-density lipoproteins cause fatty deposits to accumulate in the arteries.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
health?
13. Poverty and racism are key reasons for the poor health conditions found in inner-city neighborhoods.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.10.2.4 - How does the health of young adults differ as a function of
socioeconomic status, gender, and ethnicity?
14. The fact that your abilities can be altered with experience underlies the concept of plasticity.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
REFERENCES: 10.3 Cognitive Development
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.10.3.1 - What is intelligence in adulthood?
15. Secondary mental abilities subsume primary mental abilities.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.10.3.2 - What are primary and secondary mental abilities? How do they
change?
16. Fluid intelligence is acquired through life experience.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.10.3.3 - What are fluid and crystallized intelligence? How do they change?
17. Perry found that first-year college students rely heavily on the expertise of authority figures, like their professors.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.10.3.5 - What is postformal though? How does it differ from formal
operations?
18. Most children use reflective judgment when reasoning out real-life dilemmas.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
operations?
19. Real-life dilemmas usually have a correct solution.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
operations?
20. Postformal thinking requires the acceptance of multiple solutions.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
operations?
21. Young adults are the best at integrating emotions into their thinking.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.10.3.6 - How do emotion and logic become integrated in adulthood?
22. Scenarios consist mostly of interpretations of a person’s past.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
REFERENCES: 10.4 Who do you want to be? Personality in Young Adulthood
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.10.4.1 - What is the life-span construct? How do adults create scenarios and
life stories?
23. According to McAdams, a life story helps organize the past events in a person’s life into a coherent sequence.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
life stories?
24. Possible selves become more numerous and varied the older a person gets.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.10.4.2 - What are possible selves? Do they show differences during
adulthood?
25. An individual with a high sense of personal control believes that his or her actions are controlled by environmental
forces.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.10.4.3 - What are personal control beliefs?
Multiple Choice
26. Who is best classified as being in the state of emerging adulthood?

a. Lo, who is 15
b. Whitney, who is 25
c. Audrina, who is 35
d. Spencer, who is 45
ANSWER: b
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply
27. Kalya considers herself more than an adolescent but not yet fully an adult. This would qualify her as being in the state
known as ____ adulthood.
a. tween
b. passage
c. emerging
d. formal
ANSWER: c
28. Role transitions always

a. occur at the same age for individuals within a given cultural population.
b. involve family relationships.
c. lead to significant increases in stress.
d. involve the acquisition of new responsibilities.
ANSWER: d
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
29. The criteria for reaching adulthood are referred to as a role

a. reversal.
b. transition.
c. impedance.
d. reflection.
ANSWER: b
30. Yacef suddenly finds himself newly married and out of school with a new job. Yacef is experiencing
a. role transition.
b. reflective judgment.
c. possible selves.
d. fluid intelligence.
ANSWER: a
31. Which markers best describe the transition into adulthood in most Western societies?
a. Markers that are loosely defined and can consist of any number of events
b. No markers, as adulthood is not viewed as unique time of life in most Western cultures
c. Markers that are specific and tied to marriage and/or having children
d. Markers that are differ by sex, with female transition clearly defined and male transition loosely defined
ANSWER: a
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Thinking Critically
32. In most non-Western developing cultures, ____ is the most important determinant of adult status.
a. completing college
b. marriage
c. getting a job
d. having a child
ANSWER: b
33. As a female growing up in a developing nation, Ozemena’s transition to adulthood is most likely to be based on her
ability to
a. procreate.
b. protect.
c. provide.
d. profit.
ANSWER: a
34. A rite of passage is best classified as a(n)

a. implicit stereotype.
b. biological event.
c. reflective judgment.
d. ritual.
ANSWER: d
35. Smita is a young woman who has been dressed in an elaborate garment and is being separated from the rest of the
community. After three days of various rituals, she will be allowed back into the group as an adult. Smita is most likely
experiencing
a. a social clock.
b. possible selves.
c. a rite of passage.
d. implicit stereotyping.
ANSWER: c
36. The youngest age at which most colleges label an individual as a returning adult student is ____.
a. 25
b. 35
c. 45
d. 55
ANSWER: a
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.10.1.2 - How does going to college reflect the transition to adulthood?
37. Which of 26-year-old Tonya’s characteristics would qualify her as being a “returning adult student?”
a. The fact that she is leaving a job
b. Her age
c. The fact that she is the first in her family to go to school
d. Her sex
ANSWER: b
38. Which of the following statements about returning students is false?

a. Returning students tend to be problem-solvers.
b. Returning students tend to need more direction from instructors.
c. Returning students tend to experience conflicts between school, work, and family.
d. Returning students often have life experience relevant to coursework.
ANSWER: b
39. The desire to live life more fully by experiencing physical and emotionally threatening situations is known as
a. multidimensionality.
b. a rite of passage.
c. edgework.
d. plasticity.
ANSWER: c
40. Nicola is 18 years old and engages in many risky behaviors. For example, she drives very fast and recklessly, and does
not use any protection when having sex. If Nicola is a typical adolescent, these behaviors will ____ when she gets older.
a. significantly increase in frequency
b. slightly increase in frequency
c. remain at the same frequency level
d. decrease in frequency
ANSWER: d
41. In what way is Cheyenne different from Ciara, her teenage daughter?
a. Cheyenne is more likely to have unprotected sex.
b. Cheyenne is less likely to speed while driving.
c. Ciara is more likely to comply with social norms.
d. Ciara is less likely to shoplift.
ANSWER: b
42. Erikson would argue that 30-year-old Rollie is currently experiencing a crisis involving
a. trust versus mistrust.
b. identity versus role confusion.
c. autonomy versus shame and doubt.
d. intimacy versus isolation.
ANSWER: d
43. Who would Erikson say is most capable of true intimacy?

a. Cindy, who is overdependent on her boyfriend
b. Burt, who will go out with different people but finds it scary to go out with someone more than a couple of
times
c. Aileen, who has a clear sense of identity
d. Harrison, who is 16 years old
ANSWER: c
44. Which individual has likely resolved intimacy issues before identity issues?
a. A high school student who is picking out a college at 17
b. A man who joined the work force at 18, and got married at 25
c. A woman who married at 22, had children, and went to college at 30
d. A woman who joined the military at 20
ANSWER: c
45. Research on Erikson’s theory of identity and intimacy produced which conclusion?
a. There are set pathways to achieving both identity and intimacy.
b. There are several ways to achieve identity but only one way to achieve intimacy.
c. There is only one way to achieve identity but several ways to achieve intimacy.
d. There are multiple pathways to achieving identity and intimacy.
ANSWER: d
46. Who is least likely to be considered an adult?

a. A 16-year-old high school student
b. A 22-year-old living with his or her parents
c. A 22-year-old mother who works on a farm
d. A 17-year-old college student
ANSWER: a
adulthood?
47. Which of Britney’s actions best exemplifies an attempt to achieve adult status?
a. Deciding that she was not old enough to handle the rigors of college
b. Her two marriages
c. Singing a duet with her younger sister
d. Her “wholesome” work as a young teen on the Disney channel
ANSWER: b
adulthood?
48. Who is most likely experiencing a “quarterlife crisis?”

a. 82-year-old Dominica, whose spouse just died
b. 62-year-old Kitt, who just retired
c. 42-year-old Lucia, who just had a baby
d. 22-year-old Aruba, who just graduated from college
ANSWER: d
adulthood?
49. Which statement by 25-year-old Flossie, who is typical for a person of her age, is most likely false?
a. “I am as strong as I will ever be.”
b. “I am a lot less coordinated than I used to be.”
c. “My hearing is not quite as good as it used to be.”
d. “My height has likely reached its peak.”
ANSWER: b
50. The most likely sensory change between age 25 and 50 would involve
a. the loss of ability to taste sour foods.
b. a diminished ability to experience pain.
c. having trouble seeing things that are near.
d. the inability to hear high-pitched sounds.
ANSWER: d
51. Dr. Winslow is doing a health survey of 200 young adults. If this group is typical of young adults in the United States,
____ of them will say they are in good to excellent health.
a. 188
b. 164
c. 132
d. 106
ANSWER: a
52. Kofi, a 27-year-old male living in the United States, recently died. What was the most likely cause of Kofi’s death?
a. Cardiovascular disease
b. Homicide
c. Cancer
d. An accident
ANSWER: d
53. Based on statistics, which of these 30-year-old adults is most likely to die within a year?
a. Buster, a European-American male
b. Tamarick, an African-American male
c. John, an Asian-American male
d. Nik, a Native-American male
ANSWER: b
54. Which group of males in the United States has the lowest incidence of death during young adulthood (age 25-34)?
a. Native Americans
b. African Americans
c. Latinos
d. Asian Americans
ANSWER: d
55. Smoking represents a major medical problem in the United States, with about ____ people each year dying from
smoking-related disorders.
a. 4,000
b. 40,000
c. 400,000
d. 4,000,000
ANSWER: c
health?
56. Whose cancer was most likely related to smoking?

a. Barbara’s, who has lung cancer
b. Nora’s, who has cancer of the cervix
c. Tim’s, who has cancer of the pancreas
d. Daniel’s, who has brain cancer
ANSWER: a
health?
57. Which statement concerning secondhand smoke is true?

a. There is no evidence that secondhand smoke leads to any health problems.
b. Secondhand smoke exposure can lead to death.
c. Less than one-fifth of Americans have been exposed to secondhand smoke.
d. Nonsmokers exposed to secondhand smoke are more likely to die from lung cancer than from cardiovascular
disease.
ANSWER: b
health?
58. All four of these people successfully quit smoking. Which person’s method was most typical of successful quitters?
a. Monette, who went to a treatment center
b. Chuck, who went to a psychologist
c. Mark, who went to his minister
d. Wendy, who quit on her own
ANSWER: d
health?
59. People who quit smoking after smoking for a long time
a. may not get worse, but their overall health will remain bad.
b. show significant improvements in their health.
c. will continue to deteriorate but at a slower rate.
d. will remain at risk for heart attack but not for cancer.
ANSWER: b
health?
60. In the United States, about ____ percent of young adults ages 25 to 44 consume alcohol occasionally.
a. 90
b. 65
c. 30
d. 15
ANSWER: b
health?
61. Gallo drinks exactly two glasses of wine per day. As a result, Gallo can expect to
a. end up in a treatment center for alcoholism.
b. be at risk for cardiovascular disease.
c. be labeled a binge drinker.
d. experience some health-related benefits from his actions.
ANSWER: d
health?
62. How is the consumption of alcohol related to the promotion of health?

a. Abstainers have the greatest benefits.
b. Light drinkers have the greatest benefits.
c. Heavy drinkers have the greatest benefits.
d. Alcohol consumption has not been related to any health benefits.
ANSWER: b
health?
63. Jimmy goes to a party with his college buddies and has six beers in a row. Jimmy’s behavior would be best classified
as
a. alcoholism.
b. light drinking.
c. binge drinking.
d. purge drinking.
ANSWER: c
health?
64. Who could we classify as being a binge drinker?

a. Sarah, who drank three shots of tequila in a row within the past two weeks
b. Susan, who drank four beers in a row within the past two weeks
c. Scott, who drank four shots of scotch in a row within the past two weeks
d. Sarah, Susan, and Scott all reach the criterion for binge drinking.
ANSWER: b
health?
65. Surveys of binge drinking behaviors indicate that it has

a. stayed the same in the general population.
b. increased in the general population.
c. stayed the same in the college population.
d. increased in the college population.
ANSWER: c
health?
66. Who is most likely to be a binge drinker?

a. Jamaal, who is very emotionally expressive
b. Ryan, who is a member of a fraternity
c. Leslie, who works part-time
d. Emily, who studies approximately five hours per day
ANSWER: b
health?
67. Jari is a frequent binge drinker. Which is he less likely to experience than his non-binge-drinking peers?
a. Unprotected sex
b. A hangover
c. Good grades
d. A sexually transmitted disease
ANSWER: c
health?
68. Which approach to diminishing binge drinking on college campuses appears to be least effective?
a. Student involvement in designing the intervention program
b. Programs that focus on younger drinkers
c. Changing the campus climate concerning alcohol consumption
d. Efforts based on limiting access to alcohol
ANSWER: d
health?
69. Amanda is physically dependent on alcohol and experiences withdrawal symptoms when she doesn’t drink. Amanda’s
experience with alcohol would be best described as
a. an addiction.
c. binge drinking.
d. healthy behavior.
ANSWER: a
health?
70. At a chemical level, alcohol addiction results in chemical changes that

a. cause the body to crave alcohol.
b. destroy all GABA receptors.
c. reduce levels of serotonin and dopamine within the brain.
d. increase cellular develop in the medulla oblongata.
ANSWER: a
health?
71. Concerning treatment of alcohol abuse in young adults,

a. only Alcoholics Anonymous has been found to show long-term benefits.
b. the long-term effects for most programs are unknown.
c. behavior modification programs do not work.
d. cognitive therapies help males but are ineffective with females.
ANSWER: b
health?
72. Bernice is very interested in studying how the energy needs of the human body change through the life span. In other
words, Bernice is interested in studying
a. cholesterol.
b. metabolism.
c. lipoproteins.
d. addiction.
ANSWER: b
health?
73. Sixty-year-old Norbert says, “When I was a teenager, I could eat five big meals a day and still feel hungry. Now a
couple of snacks can get me through the day.” What best accounts for this age-related change?
a. Lower metabolic rate
b. Higher blood sugar
c. Drop in thiamine level
d. Addition of muscle mass
ANSWER: a
health?
74. Richard has just been told by his physician that he should cut back on the amount of fat in his diet. His physician is
most likely concerned about the high amount of ____ in Richard’s blood.
a. vitamin D
b. high-density lipoproteins
c. low-density lipoproteins
d. carbohydrates
ANSWER: c
health?
75. Low-density lipoproteins

a. clear fat deposits from arteries.
b. create sickle-shaped blood cells.
c. cause fatty deposits that can lead to blocked arteries.
d. are found in high concentrations in many green vegetables.
ANSWER: c
health?
76. ____ help keep your arteries clear.

a. Trans fats
b. Serotonin
c. High-density lipoproteins
d. Steroids
ANSWER: c
health?
77. Which statement best describes the relationship between LDLs and HDLs?
a. LDLs break down HDLs.
b. HDLs break down LDLs.
c. LDLs transform into HDLs.
d. HDLs transform into LDLs.
ANSWER: b
health?
78. Who is at the greatest risk of a heart attack?

Sawyer, who has low levels of both LDLs and HDLs
a. Forrest, who has high levels of LDLs and low levels of HDLs
b. Tucker, who has low level of LDLs and high levels of HDLs
c. Sawyer, who has low levels of both LDLs and HDLs
d. Gump, who has high levels of both LDLs and HDLs
ANSWER: a
health?
79. Which combination would be a sign of good health?

a. LDL level over 160 mg/dL and HDL level under 50 mg/dL
b. LDL level under 160 mg/dL and HDL level under 50 mg/dL
c. LDL level under 160 mg/dL and HDL level over 50 mg/dL
d. LDL level over 160 mg/dL and HDL level over 50 mg/dL
ANSWER: c
health?
80. A doctor is most likely to recommend that you consume higher levels of ____ to increase your HDL level.
a. fiber
b. fat
c. sodium
d. yogurt
ANSWER: a
health?
81. Sheryl’s physician Dr. Crow has just indicated that she needs to begin to take statins. If Dr. Crow is competent, he
would know that Sheryl
a. suffers from clinically depression.
b. has just been diagnosed with ADHD.
c. suffers from alcoholism.
d. has a high level of LDL.
ANSWER: d
health?
82. What is BMI?

a. A measure of cholesterol in the blood
b. A personality test
c. A device used to assess binge drinking
d. An index related to total body fat
ANSWER: d
health?
83. A doctor is attempting to determine how healthy you are. She uses a formula that contains information regarding your
height and weight. What is she most likely measuring?
a. LDL
b. BMI
c. HDL
d. ADA
ANSWER: b
health?
84. If Winchester weighs 100 kilograms (220 pounds) and is 2 meters tall (6 feet 5 inches), his BMI would be
a. 25.
b. 50.
c. 200.
d. 400.
ANSWER: a
health?
85. An individual with a BMI of ____ or less is considered healthy.

a. 24
b. 34
c. 44
d. 54
ANSWER: a
health?
86. Based solely on their BMI, how many of the following people are at risk for health-related diseases: Dick, BMI = 20;
Flick, BMI = 40; Hick, BMI = 60; Nick, BMI = 80?
a. one
b. two
c. three
d. four
ANSWER: c
health?
87. Socioeconomic status and ____ are the two most important social influences on health.
a. education
b. occupation
c. marital status
d. religious status
ANSWER: a
88. Who is likely to be the least healthy?

a. Thales, who lives in poverty
b. Jose, who is a college graduate
c. Luzia, who is African American
d. Fabio, who is very wealthy
ANSWER: a
89. Who has the lowest risk of dying from a chronic disease?
a. Gomez, who is a high school drop-out
b. Mortica, who is a high school graduate
c. Wednesday, who is college drop-out
d. Fester, who is a college graduate
ANSWER: d
90. In the United States, the poorest health conditions are found in those living in
a. inner-city neighborhoods.
b. the South.
c. ethnic neighborhoods.
d. nursing homes.
ANSWER: a
91. Kali has a theory of intelligence that views it as being a combination of several factors such as fine motor skills,
cognitive ability, and emotional control. Kali’s theory is
a life-span construct.
a. multidirectional.
b. multidimensional.
c. conventional.
d. a life-span construct.
ANSWER: b
92. The biggest point of contention among theories who view intelligence as multidimensional concerns the debate over
a. the number of abilities that underlie intelligence.
b. the degree to which race determines intelligence.
c. which single aspect of intellect specifically defines intelligence.
d. whether an individual’s level of intelligence can be measured.
ANSWER: a
93. Intellectual multidirectionality is based on the premise that

a. no two people develop the same way intellectually.
b. there is more than one kind of intelligence.
c. most aspects of intelligence cannot be modified.
d. with age, some aspects of intelligence improve while others may decline.
ANSWER: d
94. The fact that Molly’s spatial performance has declined while her verbal abilities have improved is support for the
notion that intelligence is
a. conventional.
b. multidimensional.
c. multidirectional.
d. a life-span construct.
ANSWER: c
95. The fact that a specific aspect of intelligence can be modified at any time during the life span exemplifies the concept
of
a. interindividual variability.
b. plasticity.
c. multidimensionality.
d. primary mental abilities.
ANSWER: b
96. Lai and Mei are sisters. As they have gotten older, Lai’s cognitive skills have improved while Mei’s have declined.
This is evidence for the ____ of abilities.
a. multidimensionality
b. multidirectionality
c. interindividual variability
d. Plasticity
ANSWER: c
97. Evidence for interindividual variability in intelligence is best demonstrated when

a. a single test of intelligence is based on assessing many different abilities.
b. the same individual shows improvement in language skills while showing declines in math skills.
c. an individual’s singing improves after taking singing lessons.
d. one individual’s reasoning skills improve with age while another’s declines with age.
ANSWER: d
98. A baseball coach tells a pitcher, “With a little training, I think that you could learn to throw a knuckleball.” This
provides a good example of a belief in the ____ of an ability.
a. multidimensionality
b. plasticity
c. Multidirectionality
d. fluid nature
ANSWER: b
99. After taking several college courses, Chuck’s short-term memory ability increased. This exemplifies the concept of
a. plasticity.
b. multidimensionality.
c. interindividual variability.
d. postformal thought.
ANSWER: a
100. Dr. Ique has organized her lecture on intellectual ability around different skills that she has placed into meaningful
groups. What would be the best title for Dr. Ique’s lecture?
a. Plasticity Forever
b. You and Your Primary Mental Abilities
c. Rites of Passage Around the World
d. Avoiding Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
ANSWER: b
change?
101. Which is not a “primary mental ability?”

a. Number
b. Inductive reasoning
c. Spatial orientation
d. Fluid intelligence
ANSWER: d
change?
102. Dr. Merchant points to a picture of elephants and asks you to describe what you see in the picture. Dr. Merchant is
probably assessing
a. verbal meaning.
b. number.
c. word fluency.
d. inductive reasoning.
ANSWER: c
change?
103. Mr. Brady’s talents as an architect are mostly due to his ability to visualize buildings in three-dimensions are they are
being designed. This suggests that Mr. Brady has outstanding ____ abilities.
a. inductive reasoning
b. spatial orientation
c. word fluency
d. number
ANSWER: b
change?
104. Brady has never seen an American football game. After watching about 20 plays, however, he is able to accurately
describe the general premise of the game. This ability suggests that Brady is skilled at
a. inductive reasoning.
b. number interpretation.
c. verbal meaning.
d. spatial orientation.
ANSWER: a
change?
105. Schaie’s influential study on intellectual change over time utilizes the ____ research design he invented.
a. cross-sectional
b. longitudinal
c. sequential
d. postformal
ANSWER: c
change?
106. According to Schaie’s research, the fact that most 60-year-olds today would score higher on an intelligence test than
a group of 60-year-olds would have in 1940 is best explained by a cohort effect involving
a. age.
b. educational experience.
c. heredity.
d. drop-out rate.
ANSWER: b
change?
107. Which factor is not identified by Schaie as a variable that helps reduce the risk of cognitive decline in old age?
a. Living in good housing
b. Having a flexible personality style
c. Being satisfied with life
d. Being single
ANSWER: d
change?
108. The ability to extrapolate from particular facts to general concepts is called
a. deductive reasoning.
b. inductive reasoning.
c. word meaning.
d. factual knowledge.
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
change?
109. Primary mental ability is to secondary mental ability as

a. crystallized intelligence is to fluid intelligence.
b. child is to adult.
c. specific is to general.
d. conventional is to postconventional.
ANSWER: c
change?
110. Which statement is true?

a. Secondary mental abilities subsume primary mental ability.
b. Primary mental abilities subsume secondary mental ability.
c. Secondary mental abilities develop in childhood, and primary mental abilities develop in adulthood.
d. Primary mental abilities develop in childhood, and secondary mental abilities develop in adulthood.
ANSWER: a
change?
111. Fluid intelligence consists of abilities that

a. allow for more flexible and adaptive thinking.
b. are acquired throughout the life span.
c. are considered primary mental abilities but not secondary mental abilities.
d. include verbal skills but not inductive or abstract thinking.
ANSWER: a
112. Which type of task is best suited to assessing fluid intelligence?

a. A trivial contest
b. A timed maze completion
c. A test of cultural norms
d. A vocabulary test
ANSWER: b
113. Crystallized intelligence is

a. acquired across one’s life.
b. best exemplified by sensory integration.
c. not very useful in solving real-life tasks.
d. best assessed on timed, standardized IQ tests.
ANSWER: a
114. Webster loves playing any game in which he can show off the large vocabulary that he has acquired. A competent
psychologist would suggest that this skill provides the best example of
a. crystallized intelligence.
b. postconventional thought.
c. fluid intelligence.
d. preconventional thought.
ANSWER: a
115. Someone who knows the answers to all the questions on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire would be exhibiting
a. fluid intelligence.
b. crystallized intelligence.
c. postformal thought.
d. reflective judgment.
ANSWER: b
116. Even though Jennings is only 22 years old, he is already the “king of trivia.” If Jennings is typical, his ability to do
well in trivia games will most likely
a. decline with age.
b. remain the same throughout his life.
c. increase with age.
d. increase until he is about 40, then decline dramatically.
ANSWER: c
117. Crystallized intelligence is to fluid intelligence as

a. vocabulary size is to assembling a puzzle.
b. a quiz is to an exam.
c. genius is to smart.
d. math is to language.
ANSWER: a
118. If you wanted to show that age decreases a certain type of intelligence, you should focus on testing participants’
a. general intelligence.
b. fluid intelligence.
c. crystallized intelligence.
d. primary intelligence.
ANSWER: b
119. At what point in an average woman’s life would her crystallized intelligence scores be most significantly greater than
her fluid intelligence scores?
a. Birth
b. Puberty (around age 13)
c. Menopause (around age 43)
d. Retirement (around age 63)
ANSWER: d
120. One of the most likely reasons for the typical developmental path for crystallized intelligence is that
a. practice tends to improve performance.
b. inherited skills tend to remain steady across the life span.
c. neuron pruning leads to a significant reduction in mental flexibility.
d. modern nutrition is better today than at any point in history.
ANSWER: a
121. Research suggests that the higher intelligence in young adulthood
a. is related to lower mortality in middle age.
b. does not provide a health advantage over the course of one’s life.
c. is related to neuron pruning that significantly reduces mental flexibility.
d. does not impact the organization of brain structures.
ANSWER: a
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KAIL.HDEV.16.10.3.4 - How has neuroscience research furthered our understanding of
intelligence in adulthood?
122. The theory that proposes that intelligence comes from a distributed and integrated network of neurons in the parietal
and frontal lobes of the brain is called
a. parieto-frontal integration theory.
b. parietal distribution theory.
c. lobe integration network theory.
d. neuron network distribution theory.
ANSWER: a
123. What is the main criticism of longitudinal research designed to determine when cognitive decline begins to occur?
a. Longitudinal research does not retain enough participants in the sample to answer questions on cognitive
decline.
b. Longitudinal research does not take into account the different experiences of each generation.
c. Retesting makes it difficult for participants to continue getting high scores on measures of cognitive
functioning.
d. Repeated testing masks the true point at which cognitive decline begins because participants improve with
each round of testing.
ANSWER: d
124. Postformal adult thinkers differ from adolescent formal operational thinkers in that the adults are more likely to
a. use deductive logic.
b. consider situational circumstances.
c. be swayed by their own experience.
d. make quick decisions on complex problems.
ANSWER: b
operations?
125. Helen has reached a point where she relies on the logical opinions of her professors to determine where she should
stand on different issues. Helen is most likely
a. at the end of her college career.
b. in the middle of her college career.
c. at the beginning of her college career.
d. a returning adult student.
ANSWER: c
operations?
126. Which student is most likely to ask, “Are there any truths in the world?”
a. Ekoka, who is at the end of his college career
b. Farrell, who is in the middle of his college career
c. DaVon, who is beginning his college career
d. Zell, who is a returning adult student
ANSWER: b
operations?
127. According to Perry (1970), by the end of college, the most advanced students
a. acknowledge the right of others to hold opinions contrary to their own.
b. think in terms of absolute right and wrong.
c. prefer the ideas of others more than their self.
d. have learned to reject reflective judgment.
ANSWER: a
operations?
128. What constitutes the highest level of thinking in adulthood?

a. Conventional thought
b. Sensorimotor thought
c. Postformal thought
d. Hypothetical-deductive thought
ANSWER: c
operations?
129. In order to qualify as a “postformal thinker,” you must be able to accept

a. egocentric thought as a necessity.
b. the existence of a single truth.
c. experience as the source of all knowledge.
d. contradiction as normal.
ANSWER: d
operations?
130. When Satoru ponders the question, “How can light be both a wave and a particle?” he is engaging in
a. a role transition.
d. multidirectionality.
ANSWER: c
operations?
131. When Lorenzo ponders the question, “How can women remain in abusive relationships?” he is engaging in
a. a role transition.
d. multidirectionality.
ANSWER: c
operations?
132. Jason believes that gun control is absolutely wrong and that the right to possess guns is an absolute right. Jason
would probably be closest to the ____ stage of reflective judgment.
a. initial
b. halfway
c. later
d. last
ANSWER: a
operations?
133. Ralphie believes that following school rules is important because a teacher’s authority should not be questioned.
Ralphie would probably be closest to the ____ stage of reflective judgment.
a. initial
b. halfway
c. later
d. last
ANSWER: a
operations?
134. The statement, “Nothing in life can be known for certain” is most likely to be uttered by someone at the ____ stage
of reflective judgment.
a. initial
b. second
c. halfway
d. last
ANSWER: c
operations?
135. When making a court decision, Judge Ito says, “I try to come to reasonable solutions based on the basis of the best
arguments that I have available.” Judge Ito appears to be in the ____ stages of reflective judgment.
a. initial
b. second
c. halfway
d. later
ANSWER: d
operations?
136. Mature thinkers tend to

a. view personal experience as the most critical element in decision-making.
b. view rules as absolute.
c. integrate emotion and logic in decision-making.
d. realize that tolerance and ambiguity have no place in decision-making.
ANSWER: c
137. The Blanchard-Fields (1986) classic study of dilemma-solving in high school students, college students, and middle-
aged adults found that
a. adult participants were most effective at integrating emotion into their thinking.
b. high school participants were most effective at solving everyday dilemmas.
c. college students thought at the most advanced levels on every type of dilemma.
d. the ability to solve dilemmas did not differ by age.
ANSWER: a
138. Which individual is most likely to effectively integrate emotion into their thinking?
a. A female high school student
b. A male college student
c. A female in her mid 30s
d. A male in his mid 40s
ANSWER: d
139. The strength of one’s beliefs about rules, beliefs, and attitudes is linked to
a. specific situations.
b. personal control beliefs.
d. crystallized intelligence.
ANSWER: a
140. When encountering a specific situation, which of the following does not occur in the process of thinking about the
situation?
a. A spiritual reaction
b. An emotional reaction
c. Cognitive belief system activation
d. Social judgments
ANSWER: a
141. The belief that “marriage is more important than a career” is most prevalent among which age group?
a. Children
b. Adolescents
c. Young adults
d. Older adults
ANSWER: d
142. With regard to age, how did different age groups respond to the belief that “you can’t stop love”?
a. Young people endorse this rule.
b. Middle-aged people endorse this rule.
c. Both young and old people endorse this rule.
d. Both young and old people reject this rule.
ANSWER: c
143. Which of the following best describes the way middle-aged people think about a young couple that eloped over their
parents’ objection?
a. They emphasize the role that the parents should play in the situation.
b. They focus on respecting the parents in this situation.
c. They emphasize the pragmatic factors, such as age, in this situation.
d. They focus on the importance of love in this situation.
ANSWER: c
144. Which of the following impacts the development of social beliefs least?
a. Generational differences
b. Intellectual differences
c. The challenges at particular life stages
d. How emotion and cognition integrate
ANSWER: b
145. A graph of the research on the social rule “you can’t stop true love” by age would likely show a
a. flat line.
b. steadily decreasing slope.
c. steadily increasing slope.
d. U-shaped curve.
ANSWER: d
146. A life-span construct represents a

a. unified sense of one’s past, present, and future.
b. multidimensional conceptualization of intelligence.
c. fear that when people act in negative ways expected by others, they are doing a disservice to all members of
their sex.
d. personal timetable concerning when someone else should experience some event.
ANSWER: a
life stories?
147. Costanzia has a firm sense of her childhood, who she is as a person today, and how she will live her life in the future.
This constitutes Costanza’s
a. possible selves.
b. fluid intelligence.
c. life-span construct.
d. scenario.
ANSWER: c
life stories?
148. Omar is thinking about a time to come when he will be married and have a family. This is an example of
a. an implicit stereotype.
b. a life story.
d. a scenario.
ANSWER: d
life stories?
149. Harouna is thinking about graduating from graduate school and finding a job in which he can use his skills. This is an
example of
a. an implicit stereotype.
b. a life story.
c. a scenario.
d. reflective judgment.
ANSWER: c
life stories?
150. Which individual best reflects a “social clock?”

a. Donald, who wants to be a millionaire by age 30
b. Ivana, who has been married four times
c. Melania, who can accurately remember her adolescent “coming-out” party
d. Trump, who is presently going through puberty
ANSWER: a
life stories?
151. Darren wants to be out of graduate school by age 25, married by age 30, and retired by age 50. This is an example of
a
a. life-span construct.
b. personal control belief.
c. life story.
d. social clock.
ANSWER: d
life stories?
152. Gina is 40 years old and often reflects on her life. Special memories of childhood, high school, college, and her early
career all seem to fit together. This is Gina’s
a. life story.
b. life-span construct.
c. scenario.
d. possible selves.
ANSWER: a
life stories?
153. According to McAdams, a person’s developing personality is best reflected by

a. the emotions conveyed in his or her life story.
b. a score on a standardized personality measure (e.g., MMPI).
c. the ability to engage in postformal thought.
d. the degree to which this person becomes reliant on rites of passage.
ANSWER: a
life stories?
154. According to McAdams, in Western society, coherent life stories are first formed in
a. infancy.
b. early adulthood.
c. middle adulthood.
d. old age.
ANSWER: b
life stories?
155. Which of the following would best reflect a life story goal of communion?
a. Being a powerful CEO
b. Winning a Nobel prize
c. A lifelong love
d. Being your own person
ANSWER: c
life stories?
156. How many of these items could be elements of someone’s life story: emotions, main characters, and a legacy?
a. none
b. one
c. two
d. three
ANSWER: d
life stories?
157. According to McAdams, a person’s life story is

a. set in a single direction and uninfluenced by culture.
b. set in a single direction and influenced by culture.
c. fashioned, refashioned, and uninfluenced by culture.
d. fashioned, refashioned, and influenced by culture.
ANSWER: d
life stories?
158. Gabriella often thinks of herself as a mother and dreams of herself as an actress, but is afraid she’ll end up suffering
from alcoholism. These are examples of
a. stereotype threats.
b. possible selves.
c. reflective judgments.
d. life-span constructs.
ANSWER: b
adulthood?
159. What requires the creation of possible selves?

a. Postformal thought
b. Reflective thinking
c. Crystallized intelligence
d. Projecting yourself into the future
ANSWER: d
adulthood?
160. Research on possible selves development has shown that

a. older adults believe that becoming both the hoped-for and the feared self is under their control.
b. younger adults believe that becoming both the hoped-for and the feared self is under their control.
c. older adults believe that becoming the hoped-for self is under their control, but they have little control over the
feared self.
d. younger adults believe that becoming the hoped-for self is under their control, but they have little control over
the feared self.
ANSWER: b
adulthood?
161. ____ tends to be most important domain for hoped- and feared-for self in older age.
a. Intelligence
b. Wealth
c. Love
d. Health
ANSWER: d
adulthood?
162. Who is most likely to believe that she will achieve her hoped-for self?
a. Allie, who is 25 years old
b. Alison, who is 50 years old
c. Ashley, who is 65 years old
d. Abby, who is 85 years old
ANSWER: a
adulthood?
163. Kate thinks that no matter what she does, she will not be able to do well in her developmental psychology class. This
perception is a sample of Kate’s
a. rite of passage.
b. life story.
c. crystallized intelligence.
d. personal control beliefs.
ANSWER: d
164. Merlin believes that he can get what he wants if he tries hard enough. This indicates that he has ____ sense of
personal control.
a. no
b. a low
c. a moderate
d. a high
ANSWER: d
165. Jim believes that he can improve his financial situation by getting a second job. Jim is exercising
a. primary control.
b. secondary control.
c. implicit stereotyping.
d. skill acquisition.
ANSWER: a
166. Which statement best exemplifies the concept of secondary control?

a. “When my job gets tough, I will succeed with effort.”
b. “You can buy your way out of any situation.”
c. “My friends help me when I need assistance.”
d. “Always look to professionals for help.”
ANSWER: a
Completion
167. _______________ adulthood is the time when someone is more than an adolescent and less than a full adult.
ANSWER: Emerging
168. Rituals that mark the initiation to adulthood are known as rites of _______________.
ANSWER: passage
169. People must be over age 25 to qualify as _______________ adult students.

ANSWER: returning
170. According to Erikson, the major psychosocial conflict of young adulthood involves _______________.
ANSWER: intimacy versus isolation
171. A female who drinks four or more drinks in a row is said to be _______________ drinking.
ANSWER: binge
health?
172. The amount of energy the body needs is called _______________.

ANSWER: metabolism
health?
173. _______________ lipoproteins help clear your arteries.

ANSWER: High-density
health?
174. The ratio of body weight and height that is related to body fat is the _______________ index.
ANSWER: body mass
health?
175. The fact that some cognitive abilities improve with age and some decline with age illustrates the concept of
_______________.
ANSWER: multidirectionality
176. The ability to understand relationships between concepts and to respond adaptively to new situations is termed
_______________ intelligence.
ANSWER: fluid
177. The notion that truth varies by situation and ambiguity is the rule, not the exception, characterizes _______________
thought.
ANSWER: postformal
operations?
178. _______________ stereotyping is both automatic and unconscious.

ANSWER: Implicit
179. Tagging a future event to a specific age by which it will be completed creates a social _______________.
ANSWER: clock
life stories?
180. _______________ selves represent who we could become, regardless of whether that person is good or bad.
ANSWER: Possible
adulthood?
181. Hillary’s confidence that she is capable of shaping her own career reflects a sense of strong _______________
beliefs.
ANSWER: personal control
Essay
182. Describe “emerging adulthood” and how the “rite of passage” from adolescence into adulthood differs for people in
Western and non-Western societies.
ANSWER: Emerging adulthood is the period between late teens and mid- to late twenties when
individuals are not adolescents but are not yet fully adults. Rites of passage are rituals
marking initiation into adulthood. In Western society, rites of passage are less formalized and
hard to identify. In non-Western societies, there is more evidence of rites of passage rituals
and they have not changed much over time. Older adults lead young people through the same
rites they themselves experienced years earlier. Some tribal cultures mark the transition to
adulthood in public ways so that the whole community can witness it.
183. Discuss the special conflict that Erikson believed marked young adulthood. Then describe how an individual could
best resolve this conflict.
ANSWER: Intimacy versus isolation is the sixth stage in Erikson’s theory and the major psychosocial
task for young adults. Once a person’s identity is established, Erikson believed that he or she
is ready for intimacy. One study found that a stronger sense of identity was related to higher
levels of intimacy in young adults. Erikson believed that without a clear sense of identity,
young adults would be afraid of committing to a long-term relationship with another person
or might become overly dependent on the partner for his or her identity.
184. Provide both supporting and refuting evidence for the statement, “Physical abilities peak in one’s 20s.” Be sure to
discuss specific physical/sensory abilities, rates of death, and how the lifestyle factor of smoking impact health in middle
age.
ANSWER: Physical strength, coordination, and dexterity peak during the late twenties and early thirties,
declining slowly throughout the rest of life. Sensory acuity is also at its peak in the early
twenties. Visual acuity remains high until middle age, when people tend to become far-
sighted and require glasses for reading. Hearing begins to decline somewhat by the late
twenties, especially for high-pitched tones. Because they are so healthy overall, American
young adults rarely die from disease, but do die from accidents. Smoking is the biggest
contributor to health problems. Smoking has a significant negative impact on cognitive
functioning in adults over age 50. Smoking can damage every part of the body through
cancers and chronic diseases.
KAIL.HDEV.16.10.2.2 - How healthy are young adults in general?
KAIL.HDEV.16.10.2.3 - How do smoking, alcohol, and nutrition affect young adults’
health?
185. Alcohol consumption represents a major risk to health. First, describe how the amount of alcohol consumed
influences its impact on health. Second, discuss the topic of binge drinking. Be sure to describe both its impact and ways
of reducing this behavior.
ANSWER: Moderate alcohol drinkers have a reduction in risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke than
either abstainers or heavy drinkers. Binge drinking is a type of drinking defined for men as
consuming five or more drinks in a row and for women as consuming four or more drinks in
a row within the past two weeks. Binge drinking is a major health problem in the U.S.
Students between the ages of 17 and 23 are more likely than older students to binge drink.
They are significantly more likely to binge drink if alcohol is readily available, if they are a
member of a fraternity or sorority, or if they feel positively about what they are doing. Binge
drinking can lead to driving under the influence and alcohol-related date rape. Programs
designed to reduce binge drinking behavior focus on establishing a low tolerance for the
antisocial behaviors associated with binge drinking; working with athletes, fraternities, and
sororities; changing the expectations of incoming freshmen; and increasing the number of
nonalcoholic activities available to students.
health?
186. Lee is a 30-year-old poor, uneducated, African-American male. His friend Dee is a 31-year-old wealthy, college-
educated Caucasian female. How would you expect that their education, sex/gender, and ethnicity would impact their
health statuses?
ANSWER: The two most important social influences on health are socioeconomic status and education.
Socioeconomic status is a strong predictor of having access to insurance and good health
care. Education is a good predictor of living a healthy lifestyle and avoiding certain diseases.
In some parts of the world, gender differences matter for accessing quality health care.
However, if Lee and Dee live in the U.S. gender would not be a factor that impacts their
health statuses. Lee is more likely to have more health problems than Dee since he is poor
and uneducated.
187. Describe why the terms multidimensional, multidirectional, interindividual variability, and plasticity may be the most
accurate way to describe intelligence in adulthood.
ANSWER: Most theories of intelligence are multidimensional and identify several types of intellectual
abilities. Over time, the various abilities underlying adults intelligence shows
multidirectionality in which some aspects of intelligence improve while others decline during
adulthood. These patterns of change also vary from one person to another which is called
interindividual variability. Plasticity is the concept that intellectual abilities are not fixed, but
can be modified under the right conditions at just about any point in adulthood. These terms
reflect our understanding of intelligence as having many components and these components
showing varying development in different abilities and different people.
188. Compare and contrast primary versus secondary intellectual abilities and fluid versus crystallized intelligence. Then
discuss the developmental path of each between adolescence and older adulthood.
ANSWER: Primary mental abilities are groups of related intellectual skills while secondary mental
abilities are broader intellectual skills that subsume and organize the primary abilities. Fluid
intelligence consists of the abilities that make you a flexible and adaptive thinker, that allow
for inferences, and allow for understanding of relationships among concepts. Crystallized
intelligence is that knowledge you have acquired through life experience and education in a
particular culture. Crystallized intelligence is based partly on the quality of a person’s
underlying fluid intelligence. Fluid intelligence declines throughout adulthood, whereas
crystallized intelligence improves.
change?
KAIL.HDEV.16.10.3.3 - What are fluid and crystallized intelligence? How do they change?
189. Why is postformal thought considered to be the most advanced level of thinking? Does the stage theory of reflective
thought fit with this notion?
ANSWER: Postformal thought is thinking characterized by recognizing that the correct answer varies
from one situation to another, that solutions should be realistic, that ambiguity and
contradiction are typical, and that subjective factors play a role in thinking. Reflective
judgment is the way in which adults reason through real-life dilemmas. Reflective judgment
illustrates the development of thinking in adulthood and supports the notion of postformal
thought as the most advanced level of thinking. In Stages 6 and 7, individuals show true
reflective judgment, understanding that people construct knowledge using evidence and
argument after careful analysis of the problem or situation.
operations?
190. Describe how the integration of emotion into thinking changes through the stages of reflective judgment.
ANSWER: There are differences between how late adolescents or young adults view an emotionally
charged issue compared with the views of middle-aged adults. Younger people may view
unethical behavior at work as completely inexcusable, with firing of the employee an
inescapable outcome. Middle-aged adults may take the contextual factors into account and
consider what factors may have forced the person to engage in the behavior. Middle-aged
adults are better able to integrate emotion into thinking than late adolescents or young adults.
191. Discuss your own development using the concepts of a life-span construct scenario, a social clock, a life story, and
possible selves.
ANSWER: Scenario is a manifestation of the life-span construct through expectations about the future.
One example is planning to complete a doctoral program in psychology. Social clock is
tagging future events with a particular time or age by which they are to be completed. One
example is planning to be a licensed psychologist within two years after graduating from a
doctoral program. A life story is a personal narrative that organizes past events into a
coherent sequence. A life story may start with me describing how I chose and applied to
doctoral programs, how I decided where to attend, and how I arrived at my new school.
Possible selves represent what we could become, what we would like to become, and what
we are afraid of becoming. Some examples include professional psychologist, competitive
rock climber, and collaborative partner in marriage.
life stories?
KAIL.HDEV.16.10.4.2 - What are possible selves? Do they show differences during
adulthood?
KAIL.HDEV.16.10.4.3 - What are personal control beliefs?
192. A friend hears that you are taking a course in human development and asks you to help her make sense of the
nutrition-related terms metabolism, LDL, HDL, and BMI. Provide a written response in which you describe the role that
each of these play in one’s health.
ANSWER: Metabolism refers to the amount of energy the body needs. Body metabolism slows with age.
LDL and HDL are two types of cholesterol. LDL refers to low-density lipoproteins that are
harmful as they cause fatty deposits to accumulate in arteries and result in impeded blood
flow. HDL refers to high-density lipoproteins that are beneficial to health as they break down
LDL and help clear the arteries. The key to good health is a low level of LDL and a high
level of HDL. Your body mass index (BMI) is the ratio of body weight to height and reflects
your total body fat. A BMI of less than 25 is considered healthy.

health?
193. Describe the concept of personal control beliefs, both primary and secondary.
ANSWER: Personal control belief refers to the degree to which you believe your performance depends
on something you do. An individual with a high sense of personal control believes that his
performance is under his control. Primary control involves behaviors affecting one’s external
world (e.g., working a second job to increase earnings). Due to its relationship to biological
factors, the development of primary control is very low in childhood, high in middle age, and
very low in later life. Secondary control involves behaviors or cognitions affecting the
person’s internal world (e.g., believing that you can succeed when facing a challenge).
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Magic of Numbers
By JAMES L. LANYON
That there are a great many magic squares; that the numbers in
these squares are arranged according to a definite system; that
squares with very remarkable properties are easily constructed, are
facts not generally known.
Consider the magic square A of 16 numbers. Add up any four
numbers straight across, up and down, or diagonally—10 ways in all
—and the sum in each case will be 34. But that is not all: Take the
four numbers in any one quarter of the square, as for example, 15,
10, 4, and 5, and the sum will be 34; or take the four central
numbers, or the four corner numbers, and the result will be the
same. But even this does not exhaust the magic of the square. Add
any four numbers arranged symmetrically around the center, as 3,
10, 8, and 13, or 10, 4, 7, and 13, and the result will also be 34. In
fact, it is really not necessary to have them arranged symmetrically,
because it will be found that four numbers arranged as are 6, 10, 11,
and 7, or 1, 4, 16, and 13 will produce the same magic number of 34.
There are two other combinations of the 16 numbers that will give
the same result. They are shown at B and C. In fact the second one,
B, not only exhibits some of the former combinations, but also
includes such sets of four as 14, 5, 3, and 12, or 15, 8, 2, and 9,
which places to the credit of this square numerous combinations.
Such special features as this simply add another element of mystery
and interest. Thus, while the square B has these two combinations
exclusively to its credit, the first, A, and the third, C, have such
special arrangements as 5, 16, 1, and 12, or 15, 6, 11, and 2. Also
10, 3, 5, and 16, or 4, 5, 14, and 11, making the total number of such
combinations for the first square 34.
Magic squares of 25 numbers also have remarkable properties.
Examine the square D and note the many possible combinations
graphically set forth in the small diagrams. Not only do any five
numbers in a row or along a diagonal make 65, but almost any four
arranged around the center, with the center number 13 added, will
give the same result.
This square is a good example by which to illustrate one of the
methods of construction of these interesting devices. Thus, place 1
in the middle square of the top row, and then write the numbers
down consecutively, always working in the direction of the arrows as
indicated. When any number falls outside, as number 2 does at the
start, drop down to the extreme square in the next row and insert the
number there, as was done in this case. It will be observed that 4
falls outside, and so it is moved to the proper square as suggested,
which will be at the extreme left of the next row above. Continuing, it
is found that at 6 it is necessary to drop down one square and
continue in the direction of the arrows. At 9 it is necessary to drop
down to the proper extreme square as shown. The next number, 10,
must again be provided for at the square on the left of the next
higher row. The square ahead being already filled, 11 is placed
below; after this there is “clear sailing” for a time. In this manner
magic squares with seven or nine numbers to the side may be made
easily. When puzzles and catch problems are under discussion, it is
always mystifying to take one’s pencil and quickly make out a magic
square according to this easily remembered method. The small
diagrams at D suggest some of the combinations.
Another method of constructing a square of 25 numbers diagonally
is shown at E. Place the outside numbers in the open spaces at the
opposite side of the square, maintaining the same triangular relation,
which results in the arrangement shown at F. While this combination
is entirely different from the previous one, it exhibits the same
mysterious properties.
15 10 3 6
4 5 16 9
14 11 2 7
1 8 13 12
1 15 14 4
12 6 7 9
8 10 11 5
13 3 2 16
9 7 14 4
6 12 1 15
3 13 8 10
16 2 11 5
C
17 24 1 8 15
23 5 7 14 16
4 6 13 20 22
10 12 19 21 3
11 18 25 2 9
4 COMBINATIONS 6 COMBINATIONS
D
1
6 2
11 7 3
16 12 8 4
21 17 13 9 5
22 18 14 10
23 19 15
24 20
25
11 24 7 20 3
4 12 25 8 16
17 5 13 21 9
10 18 1 14 22
23 6 19 2 15
4 25 18 11 7 11 24 2 20 8 17 6 5 23 14
14 20 2 17 12 9 12 25 3 16 3 24 12 16 10
5 10 13 16 21 17 10 13 21 4 11 20 8 4 22
23 9 24 6 3 5 18 6 14 22 9 2 21 15 18
19 1 8 15 22 23 1 19 7 15 25 13 19 7 1
G
30 39 48 1 10 19 28
38 47 7 9 18 27 29
46 6 8 17 26 35 37
5 14 16 25 34 36 45
13 15 24 33 42 44 4
21 23 32 41 43 3 12
22 31 40 49 2 11 20
The Magic Squares Shown Afford Much

Interest to the Experimenter in Such
Devices: The Mastery of the Principle
Underlying Some of Them will Enable One to
Mystify and Interest Onlookers, with Little
Chance of the Simple Method being
Discovered
Although they do not contain quite so many combinations, the

three magic squares shown at G all add up to this same magic
number of 65, straight across, diagonally, and many other ways. A
square with seven numbers to the side, worked out according to the
first method described, is illustrated at H. The magic number here is
175. Since the general principle is similar to that involved in the
squares described in detail, the working out of the numerous
combinations of the squares shown at G and H will be left to the
interested experimenter.
Muffling the Ticking of a Watch or Clock
When a watch is used on a table in the sick room, the ticking may
be eliminated by placing an ordinary tumbler over the watch. The
face may be seen readily. A large glass vessel, or transparent jar,
may be used in the same way to cover a small clock.—L. E. Turner,
Jamaica, N. Y.
¶To letter on prepared cloth, use colors ground in japan and thin the
mixture with gasoline to the consistency of cream.
A Simple Cipher Code
Adapted for Use in Private Correspondence
By CAPT. W. H. WALDRON, U. S. Army
Have you ever needed a secret code in which to couch the

contents of a message intended for the eyes of one person alone? If
you have, you will remember the difficulties that were experienced in
making up the code and enciphering your letter. Here is a cipher
code that may be mastered in a few minutes; one that is most
difficult to decipher by any person other than those having the key
words, and that is very simple when once understood.
G R A N T
F IJ E L D
Fig. 1
G R A N T
B C H K M
F IJ E L D
O P Q S U
V W X Y Z
Fig. 2
C H A IJ R
B D E F G
K L M Q S
O P T U N
V W X Y Z
Fig. 3
The Cipher Code Illustrated in These Diagrams may be Adapted for Wide
Uses by the Substitution of Appropriate Key Words for Those Shown
It is commonly known as the “Play Fair” code and is in use in
some of the foreign military services. It is a substitutive cipher which
operates with one or more key words, two letters in the code being
substituted for each two letters in the text of the message. In
preparing the cipher code by this method the key words are selected
by the correspondents and their location in the cipher square
mutually agreed upon. A large square divided into 25 smaller
squares is drawn, as shown in Fig. 1, and the letters of the key
words entered into their proper spaces, the remaining spaces being
filled by other letters of the alphabet. The key words must not contain
duplicate letters. The letters I and J are considered as one and
entered in the same space, the letter I being invariably used in
enciphering.
Suppose that the two words “grant” and “field” have been selected
for the key, the same to be entered respectively in the spaces on the
first and third horizontal lines of the square. Then the basis of the
construction would be as indicated in Fig. 1. Now fill in the remaining
fifteen spaces of the square with other letters of the alphabet,
beginning at the blank space at the left of the second line, entering
the letters in rotation and not using any letter of the key words. The
completed cipher would then appear as shown in Fig. 2.
The text of the message to be sent is then divided into groups of
two letters each and the equivalent substituted for each pair. Where
two like letters fall in the same pair the letter X is inserted between
them and when the message is deciphered this additional letter is
disregarded. If one letter is left over after the last pair, simply add an
X to it and make a pair.
Suppose it is desired to send this message in the cipher: “Will you
meet me as agreed.” Having three pairs of the same letter, it will be
necessary to break them up by placing the letter X between them.
The message will then be paired off as follows:
WI LX LY OU ME XE TM EA SA GR EX ED
The message may now be enciphered, after considering three

simple rules for guidance: Every pair of letters in the square must be
either in the same vertical line; in the same horizontal line; or at the
diagonally opposite corners of a rectangle formed by the smaller
squares within the large square.
In the first case, R and P are in the same vertical line (the second),
and the next letter below, in each case, is substituted for R and P,
which are C and W. If the pair consists of K and Y (fourth vertical),
substitute L for K and go to the first horizontal line (fourth vertical) for
Y, substituting N for Y. In the second case B and H are in the same
horizontal line (the second), and thus substitute the next letters to
the right, which are C and K. If the pair consists of P and U (fourth
horizontal), substitute Q for P and then go back to the first vertical
line (fourth horizontal) and substitute O for U. In the third case, R
and S are at the opposite corners of a rectangle. Each letter of the
pair is substituted by the letter in the other corner of the rectangle on
the same horizontal line with it. Then R would be represented by N,
and S would be represented by P. To illustrate further, NE would be
represented by AL; BZ would be represented by MV; TP by RU.
The message may now be enciphered, applying the rules:
WI LX LY OU ME XE TM EA SA GR EX ED
RP EY SN PO HD AQ MD QH QN RA QA LF
In sending this message, to make it more difficult for the inquisitive

cipher expert, divide the substituted letters into words of five each
and give him the added task of determining whether the cipher used
is the transposition or the substitution method. The message ready
to hand to the telegrapher would read:
RPEYS NPOHD AQMDQ HQNRA QALFX
In deciphering a message the method is reversed. Take the

message as received, divide the letters into pairs, and disregard the
final X, which was put in to make a five-letter word. Then apply the
key reversed. Practice it on the above message to get the system
with respect to letters occurring at the end of the lines. Where the
letters of a pair are in the same vertical line, substitute for each the
letter above; where they are in the same horizontal line, substitute
the letter to the left; where they are in the corners of a rectangle,
substitute the letters at the opposite corners on the same horizontal
line. To test the understanding of the system, the message given in
Fig. 3, with the key words “chair” in the first horizontal line and
“optun” in the fourth line, may be deciphered. The message to be
deciphered is as follows:
FQVUO IRTEF HRWDG APARQ TMMZM RBFVU
PICXM TRMXM AGEPA DONFC BAXAX.
Cheese Grater and Ash Tray Made from a Tin Can
Necessity Resulted in the Making of a Cheese Grater and Ash Tray from a
Tin Can
Being in need of a cheese grater and finding it inconvenient to go

many miles to town, I constructed a satisfactory makeshift. I took a
heavily tinned can and cut it in two, as shown in the sketch. By
punching holes through it from the inside a practical grater resulted.
From the remaining half of the can I made an ash tray, as shown at
the right of the sketch. The semicircular ends were bent over to form
a rest, and by cutting portions at the sides and bending them in, a
convenient rest for a pipe or cigar was afforded.—Gus Hansen,
Peachland, B. C., Canada.
An Improvised Typewriter Desk
Remove the Drawer and Replace It Inverted, to Provide a Convenient Rest for
the Typewriter
Travelers and others who carry typewriters on their journeys

frequently find it inconvenient to use the tables provided because
they are usually too high for typewriters. A method of overcoming
this difficulty is to withdraw the drawer from the table and invert it in
the slide as shown. The typewriter may then be placed upon the
bottom of the drawer and will be considerably lower than if placed
upon the table top.
An Inexpensive Imitation Fire
Window decorations may frequently be made attractive by the use
of an imitation fire in a stove or a fireplace, when an indoor setting is
on display. To produce such an effect, put an electric fan below the
place at which the imitation fire is to be arranged and run an electric-
light cord, with a red globe attached to it, to the center of the “flame.”
Cut a number of strips of Indian red tissue paper and fix the lower
ends of these to form a circular mass above the globe. When the
light is turned on permit the fan to direct a stream of air against the
tissue-paper ribbons, forcing them upward to appear like tongues of
flame. The sketch shows this method applied to a heater. The fan is
placed in the ash box and the electric light is conducted through the
grate.
Jardinière Made of Metal-Lamp Body
Some of the metal bodies of old lamps, and they are usually brass,
are of such ample size and so neatly embossed that they can be
readily used as jardinières instead of being handed to the junk man.
It is only necessary to remove the lamp part, and set the plant pot
into the bowl of the stand, as shown in the sketch.—H. N. Wolfe,
Chicago, Ill.
Replacing a Broken Coffeepot Knob
A knob was broken from the lid of a coffeepot, which was valued
by reason of its associations. Attempts to fasten the broken portions
together were unsatisfactory, and the rough surface, where the
earthenware was broken, was ground smooth and fitted with a
carefully shaped wooden knob. A hole was drilled through the center
of the lid with an old file and the wooden knob bolted into place.
When stained appropriately, the repair was quite satisfactory.
Homemade Magnesium Printer
Length of Magnesium Ribbon Burned Determines the Time of Exposure
A convenient homemade printing device consists of a smooth

board, A, 2 ft. long and 1 ft. wide, and an upright, B, which is 1 ft.
square. Bore a hole in the center of the upright for the small tin
holder E, to carry the magnesium ribbon, made by folding a piece of
tin to fit it. Small pieces of wood, CC, are nailed across the board to
hold the ground glass D and the printing frame G. The ground glass
is 10 in. from the upright, and the printing frame is 10 in. from the
ground glass. The latter is 1 ft. square and is used to diffuse the light
from the magnesium ribbon F, which may be purchased from any
dealer in photographic supplies. The length of exposure varies
according to the length of ribbon which is permitted to burn. This
should be tested out carefully before making exposures.—Gustave
Straub, Albany, N. Y.
¶In sandpapering a varnished surface between coats, especial care

should be taken to avoid rubbing through at sharp edges.

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Development Across The Life Span 7th Edition Feldman

5. The “quarterlife crisis” involves challenges faced by individuals in their 20s.

12. Low-density lipoproteins cause fatty deposits to accumulate in the arteries.

15. Secondary mental abilities subsume primary mental abilities.

16. Fluid intelligence is acquired through life experience.

19. Real-life dilemmas usually have a correct solution.

20. Postformal thinking requires the acceptance of multiple solutions.

22. Scenarios consist mostly of interpretations of a person’s past.

26. Who is best classified as being in the state of emerging adulthood?

28. Role transitions always

29. The criteria for reaching adulthood are referred to as a role

34. A rite of passage is best classified as a(n)

38. Which of the following statements about returning students is false?

43. Who would Erikson say is most capable of true intimacy?

46. Who is least likely to be considered an adult?

48. Who is most likely experiencing a “quarterlife crisis?”

56. Whose cancer was most likely related to smoking?

57. Which statement concerning secondhand smoke is true?

62. How is the consumption of alcohol related to the promotion of health?

64. Who could we classify as being a binge drinker?

65. Surveys of binge drinking behaviors indicate that it has

66. Who is most likely to be a binge drinker?

70. At a chemical level, alcohol addiction results in chemical changes that

71. Concerning treatment of alcohol abuse in young adults,

75. Low-density lipoproteins

76. ____ help keep your arteries clear.

78. Who is at the greatest risk of a heart attack?

79. Which combination would be a sign of good health?

82. What is BMI?

85. An individual with a BMI of ____ or less is considered healthy.

88. Who is likely to be the least healthy?

93. Intellectual multidirectionality is based on the premise that

97. Evidence for interindividual variability in intelligence is best demonstrated when

101. Which is not a “primary mental ability?”

109. Primary mental ability is to secondary mental ability as

110. Which statement is true?

111. Fluid intelligence consists of abilities that

112. Which type of task is best suited to assessing fluid intelligence?

113. Crystallized intelligence is

117. Crystallized intelligence is to fluid intelligence as

128. What constitutes the highest level of thinking in adulthood?

129. In order to qualify as a “postformal thinker,” you must be able to accept

136. Mature thinkers tend to

146. A life-span construct represents a

150. Which individual best reflects a “social clock?”

153. According to McAdams, a person’s developing personality is best reflected by

157. According to McAdams, a person’s life story is

159. What requires the creation of possible selves?

160. Research on possible selves development has shown that

166. Which statement best exemplifies the concept of secondary control?

169. People must be over age 25 to qualify as _______________ adult students.

172. The amount of energy the body needs is called _______________.

173. _______________ lipoproteins help clear your arteries.

178. _______________ stereotyping is both automatic and unconscious.