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[468]

Memorie sulla Storia e Notomia degli Animali senza Vertebre,

1823.

[469]

Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertèbres, vol. iii. 1816, p. 76.

[470]

Le Règne Animal, 2nd ed. 1830.

[471]

γέφῦρα = a bridge, Ann. Sci. Nat. (3), vol. vii. 1847, p. 340.

[472]

Fischer, Abh. Ver. Hamburg, Bd. xiii. 1895, p. 1.

[473]

Cuénot, Arch. Zool. exp. (2) ix. 1891, p. 593.

[474]

Bull. Mus. Harvard, vol. xxi. 1891, p. 143.

[475]

Shipley, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. vol. xxxi. 1890, p. 1.

[476]

Stud. Johns Hopkins Univ. vol. iv. 1887-90, p. 389.

[477]

Conn, Stud. Johns Hopkins Univ. vol. iii. 1884-87, p. 351.

[478]

Arb. Instit. Wien, Bd. v. 1884, p. 61.

[479]

Shipley, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. vol. xxxii. 1891, p. 111.

[480]

Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin. xviii. 1892, p. 17.

[481]

Selenka, Die Sipunculiden. Semper's Reisen im Archipel d.

Philippinen, vol. iv. 1883.

[482]

Stud. Johns Hopkins Univ. vol. iv. 1887-90, p. 389.

[483]

Selenka, Challenger Reports, vol. xiii. 1885.

[484]

Ann. Sci. nat. (7) vol. xx. 1895, p. 1.

[485]

Zool. Anz. ix. 1886, p. 574.

[486]

This is not true of all species.

[487]

Acta Ac. German, Halle, xli. Part II. No. 1, 1879.

[488]

Recueil Zool. Suisse, iii. 1886, p. 313.

[489]

Vide p. 335.
[490]

P. Phys. Soc. Edinb. vol. i. 1856, p. 165; and Edinb. New Phil.
Journ. vol. iv. (n.s.) 1856, p. 313; Ann. Sci. Nat. 4th ser. vol. xi.
1859, p. 150; and F. D. Dyster, Tr. Linn. Soc. London, vol. xxii.
1859, p. 251.

[491]

Ann. Sci. Nat. 4th ser. vol. x. 1858, p. 11.

[492]

"Beiträge zur Anatomie der Phoronis," Inaug. Dissert. Prag. 1889,

and Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. vol. li. 1891, p. 480.

[493]

P. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1st ser. vol. vii. 1883, p. 606; and 2nd
ser. vol. vii. 1893, p. 340.

[494]

Quart. J. Micr. Sci. vol. xxx. 1890, p. 125.

[495]

Challenger Reports, vol. xxvii. 1888; and Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb.
vol. xi. 1882, p. 211.

[496]

Proc. Roy. Soc. London, vol. xxxiv. 1883, p. 371.

[497]

Zapiski Acad. St. Petersb. vol. xi. No. 1, 1867 (Russian). Abstract
in Arch. Naturg. Jahrg. xxxiii. 1867, Bd. ii. p. 235.

[498]

Caldwell, loc. cit. Foettinger, Arch. Biol. vol. iii. 1882, p. 679;
Gegenbaur, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. vol. v. 1854, p. 345; Krohn, Arch.
Anat. Jahrgang 1858, p. 289; Metschnikoff, Nachricht. k. Ges.
Wiss. Göttingen, No. 12, 1869, p. 227, and Zeitschr. wiss. Zool.
vol. xxi. 1871, p. 233; J. Müller, Arch. Anat. Jahrgang 1846, p. 101;
Schneider, Monatsber. Ak. wiss. Berlin, 1861, p. 934, and Arch.
Anat. Jahrgang 1862, p. 47; Wagener, Arch. Anat. Jahrgang 1847,
p. 202; Wilson, Amer. Natural. vol. xiv. 1880.

[499]

Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb. vol. xxi. 1896, p. 59; and Zool. Anz. xix.
1896, p. 266.

[500]

The account given in the following pages has been deliberately

restricted, for the most part, to British species. Our own fauna
contains an assemblage of Polyzoa which is so representative that
it has seemed better to do some justice to the British forms than to
attempt to cover the whole ground in the limited number of pages
devoted to this group. Those who desire to make a wider study of
the subject should refer, for marine forms, to Busk's Catalogue of
Marine Polyzoa in the Collection of the British Museum, Parts I.-III.
1852, 1854, 1875; to the Challenger Reports on Polyzoa, Parts 30
(1884), 50 (1886), and 79 (1888); for references and lists of
species, to Vine's Report on Recent Marine Polyzoa,
Cheilostomata and Cyclostomata (Report, 55th meeting Brit. Ass.
Aberdeen, 1885, pp. 481-680); [and to Nickles and Bassler,
Synopsis Amer. Foss. Bryozoa incl. Bibliography (Bull. U.S. Geol.
Survey, No. 173, 1900)]. References to the literature of the fresh-
water forms will be found below, in Chap. XVIII.

[501]

Hooker, quoted by Landsborough, Hist. Brit. Zoophytes, 1852, p.

346.

[502]

Rare and Remarkable Animals of Scotland, ii. 1848, p. 15.

[503]

Arch. Zool. Exp. 2 sér. x. 1892.

[504]

Kraepelin, Abh. Ver. Hamburg, x. 1887, No. ix. p. 19; κάμπτειν, to

bend; δέρμα, skin.

[505]

Parts of the ectocyst of some calcareous forms are covered by an

external investment of cells, which give rise to secondary
thickenings, ridges, and other growths.

[506]

From the Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxxiii. 1892.

[507]

Ibid. p. 123.

[508]

Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxxiii. 1892, p. 147. The experiment was

conducted in a laboratory, and the results may not be perfectly
normal with regard to the time occupied.

[509]

See also Joliet, Arch. Zool. Exp. vi. 1877, p. 202, and explanation
of plate viii. for another series of observations.

[510]

See especially G. J. Allman, Monograph of the Fresh-water

Polyzoa, Ray Society, 1856, p. 41; and H. Nitsche, Zeitschr. wiss.
Zool. xxi. 1871, p. 479.

[511]

Ray Society, 4to, 1856.

[512]

Zoological Researches and Illustrations, v. "On Polyzoa." Cork,

1830.

[513]

"Symbolae Physicae," 1831, and Abh. Ak. Berlin, 1832, i. p. 377,

etc.

[514]

T. cit. p. 92.

[515]

Vol. i. 1880, Introduction, p. cxxxi.

[516]

Élémens de Zoologie, 2nd ed. Animaux sans Vertèbres, 1843, pp.

238, 312. Prof. A. Milne-Edwards has kindly written to me,
informing me that he believes this to have been the first occasion
on which the term was thus used.

[517]

Phil. Trans. vol. cxliii, 1853, p. 62.

[518]

Nitsche, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xx. 1870, p. 34.

[519]

πρωκτός, anus; ἐντός, within; ἐκτός, without.

[520]

λοφός, crest or tuft.

[521]

γυμνός, naked; λαιμός, throat.

[522]

φυλάσσω, I guard.

[523]

κύκλος, circle; στόμα, mouth.

[524]

χεῖλος, lip.

[525]

κτείς, κτενός, comb.

[526]

Miss E. C. Jelly, Synonymic Cat. Recent Marine Bryozoa, London,

1889.

[527]

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxi. 1871, p. 421.

[528]

Fischer, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, ii. 1866, p. 293.

[529]

Ehlers, Abh. Ges. Göttingen, xxi. 1876, p. 3, and Joyeux-Laffuie,

(as Delagia) Arch. Zool. Exp. 2 sér. vi. 1888, p. 135.

[530]

Busk, "Challenger" Reports, Parts 30 and 50.

[531]

Hincks, Brit. Marine Polyzoa, Introduction, p. cxxxv.

[532]

Hincks, Brit. Mar. Polyzoa, i. p. 558.

[533]

See Hincks, Brit. Mar. Polyzoa, i. p. lxiv.; and Busk, Cat. of Marine
Polyzoa in the British Museum, part ii. 1854, p. 103.

[534]

J. Linn. Soc. xv. 1881, p. 359.

[535]

"Challenger" Report, part xxx. 1884, pl. ix.

[536]

Hincks, Brit. Mar. Polyzoa, i. p. 58.

[537]

Brit. Mus. Cat. part ii. 1854, p. 106; Hincks, t. cit. p. 181 n.

[538]

p. 475.

[539]

Barentsia Hincks (= Ascopodaria Busk) differs from Pedicellina in

that each stem has a muscular swelling at its base. The genus is
represented by two British species, B. gracilis Sars and B. nodosa
Lomas.

[540]

Arch. Zool. Exp. 2 sér. ix. 1891, p. 91.

[541]

For structure, see Davenport, Bull. Mus. Harvard, xxiv. 1893, p. 1.

[542]

λοξός, oblique; σῶμα, body.

[543]

Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxvii. 1887, pl. xxi. Fig. 10.

[544]

For a recent account of the Entoprocta, see Ehlers, "Zur Kenntniss

d. Pedicellineen," Abh. Ges. Göttingen, xxxvi. 1890, No. iii.

[An important account of the structure of marine Ectoprocta is

given by Calvet, "Contribution à l'Histoire Naturelle des
Bryozoaires Ectoproctes Marins," Trav. Inst. Zool. Montpellier,
N.S., Mém. No. 8, 1900.]

[545]

Kraepelin, K., "Die deutschen Süsswasser-Bryozoen."—Abh. Ver.

Hamburg, x. 1887, No. 9, p. 95.

[546]

Jullien, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, x. 1885, p. 92.

[547]

Hincks, Brit. Marine Polyzoa, i. p. 132.

[548]

T. cit., p. 167.

[549]

Quoted by Kraepelin, t. cit., p. 83.

[550]

Kraepelin, Abh. Ver. Hamburg, xii. 1893, No. 2, p. 65.

[551]

Zool. Anz., xvi. 1893 (1894), p. 385.

[552]

Hyatt, Proc. Essex Institute (U.S.A.) (reprint from vols. iv., v. 1866-
1868), p. 9.

[553]

Rare and Remarkable Animals of Scotland, ii. 1848, p. 93.

[554]

Trembley, Mém. Hist. Polypes, 1744; iii. Mém., p. 217. The same
processes are described by Baker, Employment for the
Microscope, new ed. 1785, p. 311.

[555]

Oka, J. Coll. Japan, iv. 1891, p. 90.

[556]

Hyatt, t. cit. p. 99.

[557]

Verworn, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xlvi. 1888, p. 119.

[558]

Dalyell, t. cit. p. 94.

[559]

Kraepelin, Abh. Ver. Hamburg, x. 1887, No. 9, p. 141.

[560]

Phil. Trans. 1837, p. 396.

[561]

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxi. 1871, p. 426.

[562]
J. Coll. Japan, iv. 1891, p. 113.

[563]

Zool. Anz. xii. 1889, p. 508. This paper contains references to M.

Jullien's writings on the mechanism of protrusion.

[564]

[See P. Cambridge Soc. vol. xi. Part 1, 1901.]

[565]

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xlvi. 1888, p. 124.

[566]

Kraepelin, Abh. Ver. Hamburg, xii. 1893, No. 2, p. 47; Braem, Bibl.
Zool. (Bd. ii.) Heft 6, 1890, pp. 66 f.

[567]

Cf. Kraepelin, Abh. Ver. Hamburg, x. 1887, No. 9, pp. 154 f.

[568]

T. cit. p. 83.

[569]

Joliet, Arch. Zool. Exp. vi. 1877, p. 262.

[570]

Kraepelin, Abh. Ver. Hamburg, xii. 1893, No. 2, p. 22.

[571]

Harmer, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxxiv. 1893, p. 211.

[572]

Arch. Zool. Exp. 2 sér. x. 1892, p. 557.

[573]

Phil. Trans. 1837, p. 408.

[574]

Brit. Marine Polyzoa, Introduction, pp. lxxxvi, xc.

[575]

Arch. Zool. Exp. vi. 1877, p. 261.

[576]

Recherches sur l'Embryologie des Bryozoaires, 4to Lille, 1877.

[577]

Prouho, loc. cit.

[578]

Arch. Zool. Exp. 2 ser. v. 1887, p. 446.

[579]

Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxxiv. 1893, p. 199; xxxix. part i. 1896, p. 71.

[580]

Jullien, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, iii. 1890, p. 381.

[581]

Cori, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. lv. 1893, p. 626.

[582]

Oka, J. Coll. Japan, iv. 1891, p. 109; viii. 1895, p. 339.

[583]

Cf. Seeliger, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xlix. 1890, p. 168; and l. 1890, p.
560.
[584]

Cf. Milne-Edwards (H.), Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. vi. 1836, pp. 5, 321.

[585]

See Norman, Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, xiii. 1894, p. 114.

[586]

See Holdsworth, P. Zool. Soc. pt. xxvi. 1858, p. 306.

[587]

Brit. Mar. Polyzoa, Introduction, p. cxxii.

[588]

Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, xx. 1887, p. 91.

[589]

Aetea, Eucratea, and certain other forms were separated off by Mr.
Busk as a distinct division, the Stolonata.

[590]

Most of the writings of this author are referred to on pp. 277, 278
of Miss Jelly's Synonymic Catalogue, referred to on p. 523.

[591]

Catalogue of Marine Polyzoa in the Collection of the British

Museum, parts i.-iii. 1852-1875; and Challenger Reports, Parts 30
(1884) and 50 (1886).

[592]

Trans. and Proc. R. Soc. Victoria, xxiii. 1887, p. 187, and Tr. R.
Soc. Victoria, iv. 1895, p. 1.

[593]

Tr. Zool. Soc. xiii. 1895, p. 223.

[594]

Zittel, Text Book of Palaeontology (Eng. Trans.), 1900, p. 257

(Bryozoa, by E. O. Ulrich).

[595]

Paléontologie Française. Terrains Crétacés, tome v., Bryozoaires,

8vo. Paris, 1850-1851. This great work refers, however, to recent
as well as to fossil species.

[596]

Heteropora, of which recent species exist, is placed by Dr. Gregory

in the Trepostomata.

[597]

Quart. J. Geol. Soc. l. 1894, pp. 72, 79.

[598]

See, however, Vine, Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 5. xiv. 1884, pp. 87, 88,
and P. Yorksh. Geol. Soc. xii. 1891, p. 74, for possible Palaeozoic
Ctenostomes (Ascodictyon, Rhopalonaria, and Vinella).

[599]

Two vols. 8vo. London (Van Voorst), 1880.

[600]

8vo. London (Dulau), 1889.

[601]

One or two genera of Cheilostomata may be mistaken for

Cyclostomata. In case of doubt, 7 et seq. must be worked through.

[602]

Certain varieties of adherent species occasionally assume an

erect form.
[603]

For Celleporella (colony minute: orifice tubular), see 41 et seq.

[604]

Rhynchozoon (see No. 61), in which the primary orifice becomes

much obscured by the development of a large mucro, is placed in
this section.

[605]

Hincks, J. Linn. Soc. xxi. 1889, p. 123.

[606]

Micropora complanata, Norman, should be placed in the genus

Lepralia. See Hincks, Ann. Nat. Hist. 5 ser. xix. 1887, p. 304.

[607]

See Norman, Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, xiii. 1894, p. 113.

[608]

Hincks, "Marine Polyzoa" (reprints from Ann. Nat. Hist. 1880-91),

Index, p. v. note. (Replacing Rhynchopora, preoccupied for a
Brachiopod.)

[609]

A form of Lepralia pallasiana, in which a mucro is developed, may

be mistaken for Umbonula (see characters given for Lepralia
under No. 59).

[610]

See Arch. Zool. Exp. 2 ser. vi. 1888, p. 135 (as Delagia), and ibid.
x. 1892, p. 594. [See also J. Mar. Biol. Ass. v., 1897-99, p. 51.]

[611]

F. S. Conant, Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ. vol. xv. 1896, p. 82.

[612]

Ibid. vol. xiv. 1896, p. 77.

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