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inadequately investigated, it will probably prove to be a very distinct
and isolated one. The species are not well known, but are probably
numerous, and the individuals are believed not to be rare, though the
collections of entomologists are very badly supplied with them. The
resemblance of the tegmina or front wings to leaves is certainly of
the most remarkable nature. During the early life the Insect does not
possess the tegmina, but it is said then to adapt itself to the
appearance of the leaves it lives on, by the positions it assumes and
the movements[196] it makes. When freshly hatched it is of a reddish-
yellow colour. The colour varies at different periods of the life, but
"always more or less resembles a leaf." After the young Insect has
commenced eating the leaves it speedily becomes bright green; and
when the metamorphosis is completed the female Insect is
possessed of the leaf-like tegmina shown in Figs. 154, 156. Before
its death the specimen described by Murray passed "through the
different hues of a decaying leaf." Brongniart has had opportunities
of observing one of these leaf-Insects, and has, with the aid of M.
Becquerel, submitted their colouring matter to spectral analysis,[197]
with the result of finding that the spectrum exhibits slight distinctions
from that of solutions of chlorophyll, but does not differ from that of
living leaves. Mr. J. J. Lister when in the Seychelles brought away
living specimens of Phyllium; and these becoming short of food,
nibbled pieces out of one another just as they might have done out
of leaves. The Phasmidae are purely vegetable feeders, and these
specimens did not seriously injure one another, but confined their
depredations to the leaf-like appendages and expansions.
The males of this genus are totally different from the females; the
foliaceous tegmina being replaced by appendages that are not leaf-
like, while the posterior wings, which are large and conspicuous
parts of the body, have no leaf-like appearance (Fig. 155).
Fig. 156.—Alar organs and one side of thorax of Phyllium crurifolium:
A, tegmen; B, rudiment of wing; C, pronotum; D, anterior division
of mesonotum; E, posterior division; F, metanotum; a, b, c, d, e,
chief wing-nervures; a, mediastinal; b, radial; c, ulnar; d,
dividens?; e, plicata?.
In the female Phyllium the hind wings are not present, being
represented by a minute process (Fig. 156, B). The tegmen of the
female Phyllium is, from various points of view, a remarkable and
exceptional structure. It is the rule that when there is in Insects a
difference between the alar organs of the two sexes it is the male
that has them largest; this is the case in Phyllium so far as the hind
wings are concerned, but in the fore-wings the rule is departed from,
the leaf-like tegmina of the female being very much larger than the
rudimentary wing-covers of the male. In Phasmidae it is the rule that
the tegmina are atrophied, even when the hind wings are largely
developed. This is the case in the male of Phyllium, but in the female
this normal condition is reversed. Although the alar organs of
Phasmidae have received hitherto but a small amount of attention, it
is probable that the female tegmen of Phyllium is as peculiar
morphologically as it is in other respects. In Fig. 156 we give an
accurate representation of the chief nervures in the tegmen of a
female P. crurifolium. It is interesting to compare this with the
diagrams we give of the tegmina of a Blattid (Fig. 121) and of an
Acridiid (Fig. 167); the tegmen of the Phyllium is very different, the
radial vein and all the parts behind it being placed quite close to the
posterior edge of the structure. A similar view is taken by both
Redtenbacher and Brauer. The latter says,[198] "In Phyllium (the
walking-leaf) almost the whole of the front wing is formed by the
praecostal and subcostal fields; all the other fields with their
nervures, including even the costa, are compressed towards the hind
margin into a slender stripe. In the hind wing the costa is, however,
marginal." Unfortunately no examination appears to have been made
of the male tegmen, so that we do not know whether that of the
female differs from it morphologically as strongly as it does
anatomically. It is, however, clear that the tegmina of the female
Phyllium not only violate a rule that is almost universal in the Insecta,
but also depart widely from the same parts of its mate, and are
totally different—and, for a Phasmid, in an almost if not quite unique
fashion—from the other pair of alar organs of its own body.
About 600 species of the family are known; there are only four or five
kinds found in Europe, and they are all confined to the south, only
one of them extending as far north as Central France. The males of
these European Bacilli are extremely rare in comparison with the
females, which are common Insects. Phasmidae are of almost
universal distribution in the warm parts of the world, and even the
species whose individuals are of large size seem to be able to
continue their existence in comparatively small islands. Australia is
perhaps the region where they are most largely developed at
present. Macleay says of Podacanthus wilkinsoni that it is rare in any
part of Australia to find in the summer season a gum-tree without a
few of these Insects grazing on it; and occasionally this Insect has
been so abundant there that the trees for miles around have been
denuded of their foliage by it, and the dead and dying Insects have
been found lying beneath the trees almost in heaps. There are
several Phasmidae in New Zealand, all wingless forms, and different
from those found in Australia. In Brazil a species of the genus
Prisopus has the peculiar habit of seeking shelter under the stones
submerged in the mountain streams; to enable it to do this it is
remarkably constructed, the under side of the body being hollowed,
and various parts set with a dense fringe of hairs; the Insect is
supposed to expel the air from the body in order to adhere to the
upper surface of a stone, where it sits with its fore legs extended in
front of its head, which is directed against the current. Attention has
been called to a still more remarkable form said to be allied to the
Prisopi, by Wood-Mason,[201] who calls the Insect Cotylosoma
dipneusticum. This Insect is apparently known only by a single
example of the female sex; it is 3 or 4 inches in length, has
rudimentary organs of flight, and along the lower margins of the
metathorax there are said to be on each side five conspicuous
fringed plates of the nature of tracheal gills; these coexist with open
stigmata for aerial respiration, as in the imago of Pteronarcys. The
writer has examined this curious Insect, and thinks it very doubtful
whether the plates are branchiae at all. The locality for this Insect is
the island of Taviuni, not Borneo, as stated by Wood-Mason. These
and one or two Acridiidae are the only Insects of the Order
Orthoptera at present believed to possess aquatic habits.
2′. Antennae shorter than the anterior femora,[209] formed of not more
than 20 joints. Old World species.
3. Body slender. Apterous. Tribe 11. Bacillides.
3′. Body very broad, lamina-like. Either wings or tegmina present. Tribe
12. Phylliides. (Fig. 155, Phyllium scythe, male; Fig. 154, idem.,
female.)
CHAPTER XII
ORTHOPTERA CONTINUED—ACRIDIIDAE
Orthoptera with the hind legs differing from the others by being
more elongate and having their femora broader near the base.
Antennae short, with less than 30 joints. No exserted ovipositor
in female. Tarsi short, with three distinct joints. The auditory
organ placed on the side of the upper part of the first abdominal
segment.
The ganglia constituting the brain are simpler in Acridiidae than they
are in the higher Insects, such as bees and wasps, and have been
specially studied by Packard[214] and Viallanes.[215] The other
ganglia of the nervous cord are eight in number, three thoracic and
five abdominal.
The salivary glands are small. The alimentary canal is capacious but
not coiled. It has no gizzard, but the crop has a peculiar structure,
apparently as a substitute. There are diverticula connected with the
true stomach. The Malpighian tubes are elongate and extremely
numerous. The pair of testes is united in a single envelope. The form
and arrangement of the ovaries is remarkable (Fig. 169); the egg-
tubes are united by the convergence of their terminal threads into a
single mass; outside of each ovary there extends a large calyx, into
which the tubes open; each calyx is prolonged at its extremity, and
forms a long, convoluted tube.
Fig. 171.—A, Some of the knobs projecting from the surface of the
femur of Stenobothrus melanopterus, male; B, same of the
female. Highly magnified. (After Graber.)