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Chapter 06 - Thermochemistry
Chapter 06
Thermochemistry
Multiple Choice Questions
1.
Radiant energy is
A. the energy stored within the structural units of chemical substances.

B. the energy associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules.
C. solar energy, i.e. energy that comes from the sun.
D. energy available by virtue of an object's position.
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Difficulty: Easy
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.01
Subtopic: Units of Energy
Topic: Thermochemistry
2. Thermal energy is 4

Difficulty: Easy
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.01
6-1
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
3. Chemical energy is

Difficulty: Easy
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.01
4. Potential energy is

Difficulty: Easy
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.01
5. Heat is
A. a measure of temperature.
B. a measure of the change in temperature.
C. a measure of thermal energy.
D. a measure of thermal energy transferred between two bodies at different temperature.

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.02
Subtopic: System/Surroundings and Heat/work
6-2
6. An endothermic reaction causes the surroundings to

A. warm up.
B. decrease in temperature.
C. become acidic.
D. release CO2.
E. condense.

Difficulty: Easy
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.02
7. An exothermic reaction causes the surroundings to

A. increase in temperature
B. decrease in temperature.
C. become acidic.
D. release CO2.
E. expand.

Difficulty: Easy
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.02
6-3
8. Aluminum metal has a specific heat of 0.900 J/g·C. Calculate the amount of heat required
to raise the temperature of 10.5 moles of Al from 30.5 C to 225C.
A. 1.84 kJ
B. 2.41 kJ
C. 65.1 kJ
D. 49.6 kJ
E. 57.3 kJ
Bloom's Level: 3. Apply

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.05
Subtopic: First Law of Thermodynamics
9. Given the specific heat for aluminum is 0.900 J/g·C, how much heat is released when a
3.8 g sample of Al cools from 450.0C to 25C?
A. 54 J
B. 60 J
C. 86 J
D. 1.5 kJ
E. 1.7 kJ

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.05
6-4
10. Calculate the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 135.0 g of water from
50.4F to 85.0F. The specific heat of water = 4.184 J/g·C.
A. 1.1 kJ
B. 10.9 kJ
C. 16.6 kJ
D. 19.5 kJ
E. 48.0 kJ

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.05
11. How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 1.5 x 103 g of water from 45F to
130.F? The specific heat of water is 4.184 J/g·C.
A. 3.0 x 101 kJ
B. 3.0 x 102 kJ
C. 3.4 x 102 kJ
D. 5.3 x 102 kJ
E. 8.2 x 102 kJ

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.05
6-5
12. Three separate 3.5g blocks of Al, Cu, and Fe at 25C each absorb 0.505 kJ of heat. Which
block reaches the highest temperature? The specific heats of Al, Cu, and Fe are 0.900 J/g·C,
0.385J/g·C, and 0.444 J/g·C, respectively.
A. Al
B. Cu
C. Fe
D. Al and Cu
E. Fe and Cu
Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate

Difficulty: Easy
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.05
13. A beaker contains 115 g of ethanol at 18.2C. If the ethanol absorbs 1125 J of heat
without losing heat to the surroundings, what will be the final temperature of the ethanol? The
specific heat of ethanol is 2.46 J/gC.
A. 4.08C
B. 14.1C
C. 18.4C
D. 22.2C
E. 36.4C

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.05
6-6
14. A 22.0 g block of copper at 45C absorbs 2.50 kJ of heat. Given the specific heat of Cu is
0.385 J/g·C what will be the final temperature of the Cu?
A. 45C
B. 340.C
C. 295C
D. 30.C
E. 250.C

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.05
15. If 10.6 moles of water at 35C absorbs 12.30 kJ, what is the final temperature of the
water? The specific heat of water is 4.184 J/g·C.
A. 15C
B. 20C
C. 35C
D. 50.C
E. 312C

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.05
6-7
16. A 135 g sample of H2O at 85C is cooled. The water loses a total of 15 kJ of energy in the
cooling process. What is the final temperature of the water? The specific heat of water is
4.184 J/g·C.
A. 27C
B. 58C
C. 70C
D. 84C
E. 112C

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.05
17. A piece of copper with a mass of 218 g has a heat capacity of 83.9 J/C. What is the
specific heat of copper?
A. 0.385 J/g·C
B. 1.32 J/g·C
C. 2.60 J/g·C
D. 24.5 J/g·C
E. 1.83  104 J/g·C

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.05
6-8
18. The specific heat of gold is 0.129 J/g·C. What is the molar heat capacity of gold?
A. 0.039 J/mol·C
B. 0.129 J/mol·C
C. 25.4 J/mol·C
D. 39.0 kJ/mol·C
E. 197 J/mol·C

Difficulty: Easy
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.05
19. Suppose a 50.0 g block of silver (specific heat = 0.2350 J/g·C) at 100C is placed in
contact with a 50.0 g block of iron (specific heat = 0.4494 J/g·C) at 0C, and the two blocks
are insulated from the rest of the universe. The final temperature of the two blocks
A. will be higher than 50C.
B. will be lower than 50C.
C. will be exactly 50C.
D. is unrelated to the composition of the blocks.
E. cannot be predicted.
Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.05
6-9
20. When 0.7521 g of benzoic acid was burned in a calorimeter containing 1,000. g of water,
a temperature rise of 3.60C was observed. What is the heat capacity of the bomb calorimeter,
excluding the water? The heat of combustion of benzoic acid is –26.42 kJ/g.
A. 1.34 kJ/C
B. 4.18 kJ/C
C. 5.52 kJ/C
D. 15.87 kJ/C
E. 752.1 kJ/C

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.05
Subtopic: Calorimetry (Measuring Heats of Reaction)
21. Naphthalene combustion can be used to calibrate the heat capacity of a bomb calorimeter.
The heat of combustion of naphthalene is –40.1 kJ/g. When 0.8210 g of naphthalene was
burned in a calorimeter containing 1,000. g of water, a temperature rise of 4.21C was
observed. What is the heat capacity of the bomb calorimeter excluding the water?
A. 1.76 kJ/C
B. 3.64 kJ/C
C. 7.8 kJ/C
D. 15.3 kJ/C
E. 32.9 kJ/

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.05
6-10
22. Which of the following processes is exothermic?

A. CH4(g) + 2 O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l)
B. CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l)  CH4(g) + 2 O2(g)
C. CO2(s) CO2(g)
D. H2O(l) H2O(g)
E. 6 H2O(g) + 4 CO2(g)  2 C2H6(g) + 7 O2(g)

Difficulty: Easy
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.02
Subtopic: Enthalpy (Heats of Reaction)
23.
Which of the following processes is exothermic, given the following:

N2(g) + 2 O2(g)  N2O4(l) H = 9.67 kJ/mol
N2(g) + 2 O2(g)  2 NO2(g) H = 67.70 kJ/mol
A. 2 N2(g) + 4 O2(g)  2 N2O4(l)

B. ½ N2(g) + O2(g)  ½ N2O4(l)
C. N2O4(l) N2(g) + 2 O2(g)
D. 2 N2(g) + 4 O2(g)  2 NO2(g) + N2O4(l)
E. 2 N2(g) + 4 O2(g)  4 NO2(g)

Difficulty: Easy
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.06
6-11
24.
Which of the following processes is endothermic, given the following:

S(s) + O2(g) SO2(g) H = –299 kJ/mol
S(s) + 3/2 O2(g) SO3(g) H = –395 kJ/mol
A. 2 S(s) + 2 O2(g) 2 SO2(g)

B. ½ S(s) + ½ O2(g) ½ SO2(g)
C. 2 S(s) + 5/2 O2(g)  SO2(g) + SO3(g)
D. SO3(g) S(s) + 3/2 O2(g)
E. 2 S(s) + 3 O2(g) 2 SO3(g)

Difficulty: Easy
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.06
25. Which of the following processes is endothermic?

A. O2(g) + 2H2(g)  2H2O(g)
B. H2O(g) H2O(l)
C. 3O2(g) + 2CH3OH(g)  2CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
D. H2O(s) H2O(l)

Difficulty: Easy
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.04
6-12
26.
A 100. mL sample of 0.200 M aqueous hydrochloric acid is added to 100. mL of 0.200 M aqueous ammonia in a calorimeter
whose heat capacity (excluding any water) is 480. J/K. The following reaction occurs when the two solutions are mixed.
HCl(aq) + NH3(aq) NH4Cl(aq)
The temperature increase is 2.34C. Calculate H per mole of HCl and NH3 reacted.
A. –154 kJ/mol
B. –1.96 kJ/mol
C. 1.96 kJ/mol
D. 154 kJ/mol
E. 485 kJ/mol

Difficulty: Difficult
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.05
27. A 0.1326 g sample of magnesium was burned in an oxygen bomb calorimeter. The total
heat capacity of the calorimeter plus water was 5,760 J/C. If the temperature rise of the
calorimeter with water was 0.570C, calculate the enthalpy of combustion of magnesium.
Mg(s) + 1/2O2(g) MgO(s)
A. –3280 kJ/mol
B. –602 kJ/mol
C. –24.8 kJ/mol
D. 106 kJ/mol
E. 435 kJ/mol

Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.05
6-13
28. The reaction that represents the standard enthalpy of formation for acetone (CH3COCH3),
a common ingredient in nail polish remover is:
A. 3 C(graphite) + 3 H2(g) + ½ O2(g)  CH3COCH3(l)
B. 6 C(diamond) + 6 H2(g) + O2(g)  2 CH3COCH3(l)
C. 3 C(diamond) + 3 H2(g) + ½ O2(g)  CH3COCH3(l)
D. CH3COCH3(l) 3 C(graphite) + 3 H2(g) + ½ O2(g)
E. CH3COCH3(l) + 4 O2(g)  3 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(g)

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.06
Subtopic: Standard Enthalpies of Formation and Reactions (Hf and Hrxn)
29. The reaction that represents the standard enthalpy of formation for sucrose (C12H22O11) is:
A. C12H22O11(s) + 12 O2  12 CO2(g) + 11 H2O(g)
B. 12 C(diamond) + 11 H2(g) + 11/2 O2(g)  C12H22O11(s)
C. 12 C(graphite) + 11 H2(g) + 11/2 O2(g) C12H22O11(s)
D. 24 C(diamond) + 22 H2(g) + 11 O2(g)  2 C12H22O11(s)
E. C12H22O11(s) 12 C(graphite) + 11 H2(g) + 11/2 O2(g)

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.06
6-14
30. The reaction that represents the standard enthalpy of formation for benzene (C6H6) is:
A. 6 C(diamond) + 3 H2(g)  C6H6(l)
B. 6 C(graphite) + 6 H(g)  C6H6(l)
C. C6H6(l) + 15/2 O2(g)  6 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(g)
D. 6 C(graphite) + 3 H2(g)  C6H6(l)
E. C6H6(l) 6 C(graphite) + 3 H2(g)

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.06
6-15
31.
Which of the following has a Hf= 0 kJ/mol?
A. CO2(g)
B. O3(g)
C. Cl-(aq)
D. NH3(aq)
E. I2(s)

Difficulty: Easy
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.06
32.
Which of the following has a Hf= 0 kJ/mol?
A. NO(g)
B. CS2(l)
C. Fe2+(aq)
D. H2O(l)
E. N2(g)

Difficulty: Easy
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.06
6-16
33.
When 0.560 g of Na(s) reacts with excess F2(g) to form NaF(s), 13.8 kJ of heat is evolved at standard-state conditions. What
is the standard enthalpy of formation (Hf) of NaF(s)?
A. -570 kJ/mol
B. –24.8 kJ/mol
C. –7.8 kJ/mol
D. 24.8 kJ/mol
E. 570 kJ/mol

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.06
34.
When 18.5 g of HgO(s) is decomposed to form Hg(l) and O2(g), 7.75 kJ of heat is absorbed at standard-state conditions.
What is the standard enthalpy of formation (Hf) of HgO(s)?
A. –90.7 kJ/mol
B. –7.75 kJ/mol
C. 0.419 kJ/mol
D. 27.9 kJ/mol
E. 143 kJ/mol

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.06
6-17
35.
Ethanol undergoes combustion in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide gas and liquid water. The standard heat of combustion of
ethanol, C2H5OH(l), is –1366.8 kJ/mol. Given that Hf[CO2(g)] = –393.5 kJ/mol and Hf[H2O(l)] = –285.8 kJ/mol, what is
the standard enthalpy of formation of ethanol?
A. –687.6 kJ/mol
B. –277.6 kJ/mol
C. 687.6 kJ/mol
D. 1,367 kJ/mol
E. 3,010 kJ/mol

Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.06
36.
Find the standard enthalpy of formation of ethylene, C2H4(g), given the following data: heat of combustion of C2H4(g)= –
1411 kJ/mol; Hf[CO2(g)] = –393.5 kJ/mol; Hf[H2O(l)] = –285.8 kJ/mol.
A. 52 kJ/mol
B. 87 kJ/mol
C. 731 kJ/mol
D. 1.41  103 kJ/mol
E. 2.77  103 kJ/mol

Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.06
6-18
37.
Octane (C8H18) undergoes combustion according to the following thermochemical equation:

2C8H18(l) + 25O2(g)  16CO2(g) + 18H2O(l), Hrxn = –11,020 kJ/mol.
Given that Hf[CO2(g)] = –393.5 kJ/mol and Hf[H2O(l)] = –285.8 kJ/mol, calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of
octane.
A. –210 kJ/mol
B. –11,230 kJ/mol
C. 22,040 kJ/mol
D. –420 kJ/mol
E. 420 kJ/mol

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.06
38.
Acetylene (C2H2) undergoes combustion in excess oxygen to generate gaseous carbon dioxide and water. Given
Hf[CO2(g)] = –393.5 kJ/mol, Hf[H2O(g)] = –241.8 kJ/mol, and Hf[C2H2(g)] = 226.6 kJ/mol, how much energy is
released (kJ) when 10.5 moles of acetylene is burned?
A. 2,510.8 kJ
B. 26,400 kJ
C. 13,200 kJ
D. 52,700 kJ
E. 9,050 kJ

Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.06
6-19
39.
Butane (C4H10) undergoes combustion in excess oxygen to generate gaseous carbon dioxide and water. Given Hf[C4H10(g)]
= –124.7 kJ/mol, Hf[CO2(g)] = –393.5 kJ/mol, Hf[H2O(g)] = –241.8 kJ/mol, how much energy is released (kJ) when
8.30 g of butane is burned?
A. 22,100 kJ
B. 2,658.3 kJ
C. 379 kJ
D. 759 kJ
E. 2,910 kJ

Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.06
40.
Glycine, C2H5O2N, is important for biological energy. The combustion reaction of glycine is given by the equation
4C2H5O2N(s) + 9O2(g)  8CO2(g) + 10H2O(l) + 2N2(g) Hrxn = –3857 kJ/mol
Given that Hf[CO2(g)] = –393.5 kJ/mol and Hf[H2O(l)] = –285.8 kJ/mol, calculate the enthalpy of formation of glycine.
A. –3,178 kJ/mol
B. –964 kJ/mol
C. –537.2 kJ/mol
D. –268.2 kJ/mol
E. 2,149 kJ/mol

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.06
6-20
41.
Styrene, C8H8, is one of the substances used in the production of synthetic rubber. When styrene burns in oxygen to form
carbon dioxide and liquid water under standard-state conditions at 25C, 42.62 kJ are released per gram of styrene. Find the
standard enthalpy of formation of styrene at 25C.
(Given: Hf[CO2(g)] = –393.5 kJ/mol, Hf[H2O(l)] = –285.8 kJ/mol, Hf[H2O(g)] = –241.8 kJ/mol)
A. 147.8 kJ/mol
B. 323.8 kJ/mol
C. ~636.7 kJ/mol
D. ~4249 kJ/mol
E. ~8730 kJ/mol

Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.06
42.
Given 2Al(s) + (3/2)O2(g)  Al2O3(s), Hf = –1,670 kJ/mol for Al2O3 (s).
Determine H for the reaction 2Al2O3(s) 4Al(s) + 3O2(g).
A. –3,340 kJ/mol
B. –1,670 kJ/mol
C. –835 kJ/mol
D. 1,670 kJ/mol
E. 3,340 kJ/mol

Difficulty: Easy
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.06
6-21
43.
Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of liquid methanol, CH3OH(l), using the following information:
A. –1,691.5 kJ/mol
B. –238.7 kJ/mol
C. –47.1 kJ/mol
D. 47.1 kJ/mol
E. 1691.5 kJ/mol

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.06
Subtopic: Hess's Law
6-22
44.
Calculate the standard enthalpy change for the reaction

2C8H18(l) + 17O2(g)  16CO(g) + 18H2O(l).
Given
A. –10.450 kJ/mol
B. –6,492 kJ/mol
C. 6,492 kJ/mol
D. 10,450 kJ/mol
E. 15,550 kJ/mol

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.06
6-23
45.
During volcanic eruptions, hydrogen sulfide gas is given off and oxidized by air according to the following chemical
equation:
2H2S(g) + 3O2(g)  2SO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
Calculate the standard enthalpy change for the above reaction given:
A. –1036.1 kJ/mol
B. –742.3 kJ/mol
C. –149.5 kJ/mol
D. 443.3 kJ/mol
E. 742.3 kJ/mol

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.06
46.

2C8H18(l) + 21O2(g)  8CO(g) + 8CO2(g) + 18H2O(l).
Given:
2C8H18(l) + 25O2(g)  16CO2(g) + 18H2O(l) H = –11,020 kJ/mol
2CO(g) + O2(g)  2CO2(g) H = –566.0 kJ/mol
A. –1.0454  104 kJ/mol

B. –8,756 kJ/mol
C. –6,492 kJ/mol
D. 1.0454  104 kJ/mol
E. 1.1586  104 kJ/mol

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.06
6-24
47.

2A + 2A2 + 4AB + B  5A2B
Given:
A. – 95.0 kJ/mol
B. – 60.0 kJ/mol
C. – 15.0 kJ/mol
D. 10.0 kJ/mol
E. 45.0 kJ/mol

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.06
6-25
48.

4A + 2B  2AB + A2
Given:
A. – 95.0 kJ/mol
B. – 60.0 kJ/mol
C. – 15.0 kJ/mol
D. 10.0 kJ/mol
E. 45.0 kJ/mol

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.06
6-26
49.
Calculate the heat required when 2.50 mol of A reacts with excess B and A2B according to the reaction:
2A + B + A2B  2AB + A2
Given:
A. 10.0 kJ
B. 12.5 kJ
C. 25.0 kJ
D. 35.0 kJ
E. 62.5 kJ

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.06
50.
How much heat (kJ) is evolved when 4.50 g of Fe2O3 is reacted with excess carbon monoxide using the equation below?
Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g)  2 Fe(s) + 3 CO2(g) Hrxn = – 24.8 kJ/mol,
A. 0.699 kJ
B. 2.10 kJ
C. 17.9 kJ
D. 24.8 kJ
E. 112 kJ

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.04
6-27
51.
Given H2(g) + (1/2)O2(g)  H2O(l), H = –286 kJ/mol, determine the standard enthalpy change for the reaction 2H 2O(l) 
2H2(g) + O2(g).
A.
H = –286 kJ/mol
B.
H = +286 kJ/mol
C.
H = –572 kJ/mol
D.
H = +572 kJ/mol
E.
H = –143 kJ/mol

Difficulty: Easy
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.06
6-28
52.
Pentaborane B5H9(s) burns vigorously in O2 to give B2O3(s) and H2O(l). Calculate Hrxn for the combustion of 5.00 mol of
B5H9.
Hf[B2O3(s)] = –1,273.5 kJ/mol
Hf[B5H9(s)] = 73.2 kJ/mol
Hf[H2O(l)] = –285.8 kJ/mol
A. – 45,400 kJ
B. 45,400 kJ
C. – 22,700 kJ
D. – 9,090 kJ
E. – 8,790 kJ

Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.06
53.
Concerning the reaction
how many grams of C(graphite) must be burned to release 275 kJ of heat?
A. 0.70 g
B. 8.40 g
C. 12.0 g
D. 17.1 g
E. 22.3 g

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.04
6-29
54.
The combustion of butane produces heat according to the equation

2C4H10(g) + 13O2(g)  8CO2(g) + 10H2O(l), Hrxn= –5,314 kJ/mol.
How many grams of butane must be burned to release 1.00  104 kJ of heat?
A. 30.9 g
B. 61.8 g
C. 109 g
D. 153 g
E. 219 g

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.04
55.
The combustion of butane produces heat according to the equation

2C4H10(g) + 13O2(g)  8CO2(g) + 10H2O(l), Hrxn= –5,314 kJ/mol.
How many grams of CO2 are produced per 1.00  104 kJ of heat released?
A. 23.4 g
B. 44.0 g
C. 82.3 g
D. 187 g
E. 662 g

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.04
6-30
56.
Given that CaO(s) + H2O(l)  Ca(OH)2(s), Hrxn = –64.8 kJ/mol, how many grams of CaO must react in order to liberate
525 kJ of heat?
A. 6.92 g
B. 56.1 g
C. 455 g
D. 606 g
E. 3.40  104 g

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.04
57.
The combustion of pentane produces heat according to the equation

C5H12(l) + 8O2(g)  5CO2(g) + 6H2O(l), Hrxn= –3,510 kJ/mol.
How many grams of CO2 are produced per 2.50  103 kJ of heat released?
A. 0.0809 g
B. 3.56 g
C. 31.3 g
D. 157 g
E. 309 g

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.04
6-31
58.
An average home in Colorado requires 20. GJ of heat per month. How many grams of natural gas (methane) must be burned
to supply this energy?
CH4(g) + 2O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) Hrxn= –890.4 kJ/mol
A. 7.1  10–4 g
B. 1.4  103 g
C. 1.4  104 g
D. 2.2  104 g
E. 3.6  105 g

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.04
59.
Given the thermochemical equation 2SO2(g) + O2(g)  2SO3(g), Hrxn= –198 kJ/mol, how much heat is evolved when 600.
g of SO2 is burned?
A. 5.46  10–2 kJ
B. 928 kJ
C. 1.85  103 kJ
D. 3.71  103 kJ
E. 59,400 kJ

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.04
6-32
60.
Determine the heat given off to the surroundings when 9.0 g of aluminum reacts according to the equation 2Al + Fe 2O3 
Al2O3 + 2Fe, Hrxn= –849 kJ/mol.
A. 1.4  102 kJ
B. 2.8  102 kJ
C. 5.6  102 kJ
D. 2.5  103 kJ
E. 7.6  103 kJ

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.04
61.
Find the heat absorbed from the surroundings when 15 g of O2 reacts according to the equation O + O2  O3, Hrxn= –103
kJ/mol.
A. 4.6  10–3 kJ
B. 32 kJ
C. 48 kJ
D. 96 kJ
E. 110 kJ

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.04
6-33
62.
Ethanol (C2H5OH) burns according to the equation

C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g)  2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l), Hrxn = –1367 kJ/mol.
How much heat is released when 35.0 g of ethanol is burned?
A. 9.61  10–4 kJ
B. 1,040 kJ
C. 1,367 kJ
D. 1,797 kJ
E. 4.78  104 kJ

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.04
63.
Methanol (CH3OH) burns according to the equation

2CH3OH(l) + 3O2(g)  2CO2(g) + 4H2O(l), Hrxn = –1454 kJ/mol.
How much heat, in kilojoules, is given off when 75.0 g of methanol is burned?
A. 727 kJ
B. 3.22  103 kJ
C. 1.45  103 kJ
D. 1.70  103 kJ
E. 3.41  103 kJ

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.04
6-34
64.
Calcium oxide and water react in an exothermic reaction:

CaO(s) + H2O(l)  Ca(OH)2(s), Hrxn = –64.8 kJ/mol.
How much heat would be liberated when 7.15 g CaO(s) is dropped into a beaker containing 152g H 2O?
A. 1.97  10–3 kJ
B. 8.26 kJ
C. 508 kJ
D. 547 kJ
E. 555 kJ

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.04
65.
Solid sodium peroxide (Na2O2) reacts with liquid water yielding aqueous sodium hydroxide and oxygen gas. How much heat
is released when 250.0 L of oxygen gas is produced from the reaction of sodium peroxide and water if the reaction is carried
out in an open container at 1.000 atm pressure and 25C?
(Given: Hf[Na2O2(s)] = –510.9 kJ/mol; Hf[NaOH(aq)] = –469.2 kJ/mol; Hf[H2O(l)] = –285.8 kJ/mol)
A. 141.7 kJ
B. 1740 kJ
C. 2900 kJ
D. 3330 kJ
E. 35,400 kJ

Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.06
Subtopic: The Ideal Gas Law
Topic: Gases
6-35
66.
At 25C, the standard enthalpy of formation of anhydrous sodium carbonate is –1130.9 kJ/mol, whereas the standard
enthalpy of formation of sodium carbonate monohydrate is –1430.1 kJ/mol. Determine H at 25C for the reaction
Na2CO3(s) + H2O(l)  Na2CO3·H2O(s).
(Given: Hf[H2O(l)] = –285.8 kJ/mol)
A. –585.0 kJ/mol
B. –156.3 kJ/mol
C. –299.2 kJ/mol
D. –13.4 kJ/mol
E. –285.8 kJ/mol

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.06
67. According to the first law of thermodynamics:

A. Energy is neither lost nor gained in any energy transformations.
B. Perpetual motion is possible.
C. Energy is conserved in quality but not in quantity.
D. Energy is being created as time passes. We have more energy in the universe now than
when time began.

Difficulty: Easy
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.03
6-36
68. The heat of solution of KCl is 17.2 kJ/mol and the lattice energy of KCl(s) is 701.2
kJ/mol. Calculate the total heat of hydration of 1.00 mol of gas phase K+ ions and Cl– ions.
A. –718 kJ
B. –684 kJ
C. 684 kJ
D. 718 kJ
E. None of these.

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.07
69. The heat of solution of LiCl is –37.1 kJ/mol, and the lattice energy of LiCl(s) is 828
kJ/mol. Calculate the total heat of hydration of 1.00 mol of gas phase Li+ ions and Cl– ions.
A. –865 kJ
B. –791 kJ
C. 791 kJ
D. 865 kJ
E. None of these.

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.07
70. The total heat of hydration of 1.00 mol of gas phase Li+ ions and Cl – ions is –865 kJ. The
lattice energy of LiCl(s) is 828 kJ/mol. Calculate the heat of solution of LiCl.
A. –1,693 kJ/mol
B. –37 kJ/mol
C. 37 kJ/mol
D. 1,693 kJ/mol

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.07
6-37
71.
10.1 g CaO is dropped into a styrofoam coffee cup containing 157 g H 2O at 18.0C.
If the following reaction occurs, what temperature will the water reach, assuming that the cup is a perfect insulator and that
the cup absorbs only a negligible amount of heat? (The specific heat of water = 4.18 J/g·C)
CaO(s) + H2O(l)  Ca(OH)2(s) Hrxn = –64.8 kJ/mol
A. 18.02C
B. 35.8C
C. 42.2C
D. 117C
E. 311C

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.05
Subtopic: First Law of Thermodynamics (Conservation of Energy)
72. The enthalpy change when a strong acid is neutralized by strong base is –56.1 kJ/mol. If
135 mL of 0.450 M HI at 23.15C is mixed with 145 mL of 0.500 M NaOH, also at 23.15C,
what is the maximum temperature reached by the resulting solution? (Assume that there is no
heat loss to the container, that the specific heat of the final solution is 4.18 J/g·C, and that the
density of the final solution is that of water.)
A. 20.24C
B. 26.06C
C. 29.19C
D. 32.35C
E. 36.57C

Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.05
Subtopic: Acid-Base Definitions
Topic: Acids and Bases
6-38
73. The enthalpy change when a strong acid is neutralized by strong base is –56.1 kJ/mol. If
12.0 mL of 6.00 M HBr at 21.30C is mixed with 300. mL of 0.250 M NaOH, also at
21.30C, what is the maximum temperature reached by the resulting solution? (Assume that
there is no heat loss to the container, that the specific heat of the final solution is 4.18 J/g·C,
and that the density of the final solution is that of water.)
A. 18.20C
B. 24.40C
C. 24.53C
D. 34.25C
E. 101.8C

Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.05
74. Calculate the amount of work done, in joules, when 2.5 mole of H2O vaporizes at 1.0 atm
and 25C. Assume the volume of liquid H2O is negligible compared to that of vapor. (1 L·atm
= 101.3 J)
A. 61.1 J
B. 518 J
C. 5.66 kJ
D. 6.19 kJ
E. 6,190 kJ

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.03
6-39
75. A gas is compressed in a cylinder from a volume of 20.0 L to 2.0 L by a constant pressure
of 10.0 atm. Calculate the amount of work done on the system.
A. –1.81  104 J
B. –180 J
C. 180 J
D. 1.01  104 J
E. 1.81  104 J

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.03
76. Calculate the amount of work done against an atmospheric pressure of 1.00 atm when
500.0 g of zinc dissolves in excess acid at 30.0C.
Zn(s) + 2H+(aq)  Zn2+(aq) + H2(g)
A. w = +22.4 kJ
B. w = +24.9 kJ
C. w = 0
D. w = –2.52 kJ
E. w = –19.3 kJ

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.03
6-40
77.
A gas is allowed to expand, at constant temperature, from a volume of 1.0 L to 10.1 L against an external pressure of 0.50
atm. If the gas absorbs 250 J of heat from the surroundings, what are the values of q, w, and E?
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
E. E

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.03
78. Which of the following processes always results in an increase in the energy of a system?
A. The system loses heat and does work on the surroundings.
B. The system gains heat and does work on the surroundings.
C. The system loses heat and has work done on it by the surroundings.
D. The system gains heat and has work done on it by the surroundings.
E. None of these is always true.

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.03
6-41
79.
For which of these reactions will the difference between H and E be the greatest?
A. 2H2O2(l)  2H2O(l) + O2(g)

B. CaCO3(s)  CaO(s) +CO2(g)
C. NO(g) + O3(g)  NO2(g) + O2(g)
D. 2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g)  4CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)
E. 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g)  4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.04
80.
For which of these reactions will the difference between H and E be the smallest?
A. N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g)

B. 4PH3(g)  P4(g) + 6H2(g)
C. H2(g) + Cl2(g)  2HCl(g)
D. CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)  CH4(g) + 2O2(g)
E. P4(s) + 10Cl2(g)  4PCl5(s)

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.04
6-42
81.
At 25C, the following heats of reaction are known:
At the same temperature, use the above data to calculate the heat released (kJ) when 3.40 moles of ClF(g) reacts with excess
F2:
ClF(g) + F2(g)  ClF3(g)
A. 109 kJ
B. 233 kJ
C. 370. kJ
D. 465 kJ
E. 1,580 kJ

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.06
6-43
82.
The bond enthalpy of the Br–Cl bond is equal to H for the reaction
BrCl(g)  Br(g) + Cl(g).
Use the following data to find the bond enthalpy of the Br–Cl bond.
A. 14.6 kJ/mol
B. 203.5 kJ/mol
C. 219.0 kJ/mol
D. 438.0 kJ/mol
E. 407.0 kJ/mol

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.06
83. The heat of solution of ammonium nitrate is 26.2 kJ/mol. If a 5.368 g sample of NH4NO3
is added to 40.0 mL of water in a calorimeter at 23.5C, what is the minimum temperature
reached by the solution? (The specific heat of water = 4.18 J/g·C; the heat capacity of the
calorimeter = 650. J/C.)
A. –7.7C
B. 14.3C
C. 20.8C
D. 21.4C
E. 25.6C

Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.05
Subtopic: Calorimeter (Measuring Heats of Reactions)
6-44
84. The heat of solution of ammonium chloride is 15.2 kJ/mol. If a 6.134 g sample of NH4Cl
is added to 65.0 mL of water in a calorimeter at 24.5C, what is the minimum temperature
reached by the solution? (The specific heat of water = 4.18 J/g·C; the heat capacity of the
calorimeter = 365. J/C.)
A. 18.6C
B. 19.7C
C. 21.9C
D. 27.1C
E. 30.4C

Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.05
Subtopic: Calorimeter (Measuring Heats of Reactions)
85.
Aluminum oxide can be reduced to aluminum metal using carbon, the other reaction product being carbon monoxide.
Determine the enthalpy change when 12.5 g of aluminum is produced by this method. [Hf(carbon monoxide) = –110.5
kJ/mol; Hf(aluminum oxide) = –1669.8 kJ/mol]
A. 310 kJ
B. 361 kJ
C. 697 kJ
D. 725 kJ
E. 1504 kJ

Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.06
6-45
86.
Ozone (O3) in the atmosphere can be converted to oxygen gas by reaction with nitric oxide (NO). Nitrogen dioxide is also
produced in the reaction. What is the enthalpy change when 8.50L of ozone at a pressure of 1.00 atm and 25C reacts with
12.00 L of nitric oxide at the same initial pressure and temperature? [Hf(NO) = 90.4 kJ/mol; Hf(NO2) = 33.85 kJ/mol;
Hf(O3) = 142.2 kJ/mol]
A. –1690 kJ
B. –167 kJ
C. –97.6 kJ
D. –69.2 kJ
E. –19.7 kJ

Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.06
Subtopic: Gas Stoichiometry
Topic: Gases
True / False Questions
87. Select True or False: Specific heat is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius.
TRUE
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Difficulty: Easy
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.05
6-46
88.
How many grams of ethylene (C2H4) would have to be burned to produce 450 kJ of heat?
C2H4(g) + 3O2(g)  2CO2(g) + H2O(l) Hrxn = –1411 kJ/mol
A. 5.95 g
B. 695 g
C. 7.95 g
D. 8.95 g
E. None of the above

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.04
89.
Calculate the enthalpy of reaction for H2(g) + C2H4(g)  C2H6(g).

[Hf(C2H4(g)) = 52.3 kJ/mol; Hf(C2H6(g)) = –84.7 kJ/mol]
A. –117 kJ/mol
B. –127 kJ/mol
C. –137 kJ/mol
D. –147 kJ/mol

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.06
6-47
90.
The enthalpy of combustion of acetylene C2H2 is described by

C2H2(g) + (5/2)O2(g)  2CO2(g) + H2O(l), Hrxn= –1299 kJ/mol.
Calculate the enthalpy of formation of acetylene, given the following enthalpies of formation
Hf[CO2(g)] = –393.5 kJ/mol
Hf[H2O(l)] = –285.8 kJ/mol
A. 216 kJ/mol
B. 226 kJ/mol
C. 236 kJ/mol
D. 246 kJ/mol

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.06
91.
Given the following H values,
H2(g) + O2(g)  H2O(l) Hf = –285.8 kJ/mol

H2O2(l)  H2(g) + O2(g) Hrxn = 187.6 kJ/mol
calculate Hrxn for the reaction H2O2(l)  H2O(l) + O2(g).
A. –98.2 kJ/mol
B. –88.2 kJ/mol
C. –78.2 kJ/mol
D. –68.2 kJ/mol

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.06
6-48
92. The heat of solution of calcium chloride CaCl2 is –82.8 kJ/mol, and the combined heats of
hydration of 1.00 mole of gaseous calcium ions and 2.00 mole of gaseous chloride ions is –
2327 kJ. What is the lattice energy of calcium chloride?
A. 2,144 kJ/mol
B. 2,244 kJ/mol
C. 2,344 kJ/mol
D. 2,444 kJ/mol

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.07
93. Select True or False: The heat of solution of NH4NO3 is 26.2 kJ/mol. Heat is evolved
when a solution of NH4NO3 is diluted by addition of more water.
FALSE

Difficulty: Easy
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.07
6-49
94. A 26.2 g piece of copper metal is heated from 21.5C to 201.6C. Calculate the amount of
heat absorbed by the metal. The specific heat of Cu is 0.385 J/g·C.
A. 1,620 J
B. 1,720 J
C. 1,820 J
D. 1,920 J

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.05
95. A 0.1946 g piece of magnesium metal is burned in a constant-volume calorimeter that has
a heat capacity of 1349 J/C. The calorimeter contains 500. g of water and the temperature
rise is 1.40C. Calculate the heat of combustion of magnesium metal in kJ/g, given that the
specific heat of water = 4.184 J/g·C.
A. 21.8 kJ/g
B. 22.8 kJ/g
C. 23.8 kJ/g
D. 24.8 kJ/g

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.05
6-50
96. A 0.3423 g sample of pentane, C5H12, was burned in a bomb calorimeter. The temperature
of the calorimeter and the 1.000 kg of water contained therein rose from 20.22C to 22.82C.
The heat capacity of the calorimeter is 2.21 kJ/C. The heat capacity of water = 4.184 J/g·C.
How much heat was given off during combustion of the sample of pentane?
A. 18.6 kJ
B. 17.6 kJ
C. 16.6 kJ
D. 15.6 kJ

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.05
97. A 0.3423 g sample of pentane, C5H12, was burned in a bomb calorimeter. The temperature
of the calorimeter and the 1.000 kg of water contained therein rose from 20.22C to 22.82C.
The heat capacity of the calorimeter is 2.21 kJ/C. The heat capacity of water = 4.184 J/g·C.
What is the heat of combustion, in kilojoules, per gram of pentane?
A. 48.6 kJ/g
B. 47.6 kJ/g
C. 46.6 kJ/g
D. 45.6 kJ/g

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.05
6-51
98. The heat of combustion of propane, C3H8, is 2220 kJ/mol. The specific heat of copper is
0.385 J/gC. How many grams of propane must be burned to raise the temperature of a 10.0
kg block of copper from 25.0C to 65.0C, assuming none of the heat is lost to the
surroundings?
A. 3.36 g
B. 3.26 g
C. 3.16 g
D. 3.06 g

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.05
99. The residential rate for natural gas is about $15 per thousand cubic foot. Burning one
cubic foot of natural gas releases about 1080 kJ of heat. How much would it cost to heat the
water in a 25,000 gallon swimming pool from 52F to 78F, assuming all of the heat from
burning the natural gas went towards warming the water? (1 gal = 3.785 L; the specific heat
of water = 4.184 J/g·C)
A. $69
B. $79
C. $89
D. $99

Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.05
6-52
100.
The heat of neutralization of HCl by NaOH is Hrxn = –56.2 kJ/mol. How much heat is released when 125 mL of 1.750 M
HCl is mixed with 195 mL of 0.667 M NaOH?
A. 7.11 kJ
B. 7.21 kJ
C. 7.31 kJ
D. 7.41 kJ

Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.04
Topic: Analyze
101. The heat released when one mole of water is formed from the elements is 1,198 kJ. An
experiment was conducted that permitted water to form in this manner, and the heat was
contained in 2.0 liters of water. The water temperature before the reaction was 34.5C, and
after the reaction it had risen to 52.0C. How many moles of water were formed? (The
specific heat of water is 4.184 J/g·C.)
A. 0.42 mole
B. 0.32 mole
C. 0.22 mole
D. 0.12 mole

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.05
6-53
102. When an automobile engine starts, the metal parts immediately begin to absorb heat
released during the combustion of gasoline. How much heat will be absorbed by a 165 kg iron
engine block as the temperature rises from 15.7C to 95.7C? (The specific heat of iron is
0.489 J/g·C.)
A. 6,450 kJ
B. 6,350 kJ
C. 6,250 kJ
D. 6,150 kJ

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.05
103.
The value of Hrxn for the following reaction is –6535 kJ/mol.

2C6H6(l) + 15O2(g)  12CO2(g) + 6H2O(g)
How many kilojoules of heat will be evolved during the combustion of 16.0 g of C 6H6(l)?
A. 689 kJ
B. 679 kJ
C. 669 kJ
D. 659 kJ

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.04
6-54
104.
What would be the standard enthalpy change for the reaction of 1.00 mole of H 2(g) with 1.00 mole of Cl2(g) to produce 2.00
moles of HCl(g) at standard state conditions?
[Hf (HCl(g))= –92.3 kJ/mol)]
A. –155 kJ
B. –165 kJ
C. –175 kJ
D. –185 kJ

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.06
105.
Calculate the heat released (kJ) in the reaction of 3.50 g of acetylene (C 2H2) and excess hydrogen gas to form ethane gas:
C2H2(g) + 2H2(g)  C2H6(g)
Given:
2C2H2(g) + 5O2(g)  4CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) H = –2320 kJ/mol
2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g)  4CO2(g) + 6H2O(g) H = –3040 kJ/mol
2H2(g) + O2(g)  2H2O(g) H = –572 kJ/mol
A. 27.5 kJ
B. 28.5 kJ
C. 29.5 kJ
D. 30.5 kJ

Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.06
6-55
106.
Calculate the heat released (kJ) in the reaction of 2.20 g of sulfur dioxide gas and excess oxygen gas to form sulfur trioxide
gas:
2SO2(g) + O2(g)  2SO3(g)
Given:
S(s) + O2(g)  SO2(g) H = –299 kJ/mol
S(s) + 3/2O2(g)  SO3(g) H = –395 kJ/mol
A. 3.10 kJ
B. 3.20 kJ
C. 3.30 kJ
D. 3.40 kJ

Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.06
107.
Find Hrxn for the reaction

CH4(g) + 2O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2H2O(l).
[Hf (CH4(g)) = –74.8 kJ/mol; Hf (CO2(g)) = –393.5 kJ/mol; Hf (H2O(l)) = –285.5 kJ/mol]
A. -879.7 kJ/mol
B. -889.7 kJ/mol
C. -899.7 kJ/mol
D. -909.7 kJ/mol

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.06
6-56
108.

2Ag2S(s) + 2H2O(l)  4Ag(s) + 2H2S(g) + O2(g).
[Hf (Ag2S(s)) = –32.6 kJ/mol; Hf (H2S(g)) = –20.5 kJ/mol; Hf (H2O(l)) = –285.5 kJ/mol]
A. 595.2 kJ/mol
B. 585.2 kJ/mol
C. 575.2 kJ/mol
D. 565.2 kJ/mol

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.06
109.

2Na(s) + 2H2O(l)  2NaOH(aq) + 2H2(g).
[Hf (NaOH(aq)) = –426.8 kJ/mol; Hf (H2O(l)) = –285.5 kJ/mol]
A. –284.6 kJ
B. –282.6 kJ
C. –280.6 kJ
D. –278.6 kJ

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.06
6-57
110. The specific heat of silver is 0.235 J/g·C. How many joules of heat are required to heat
a 75 g silver spoon from 20C to 35C?
A. 240 J
B. 250 J
C. 260 J
D. 270 J

Difficulty: Easy
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.05
111. At body temperature 2,404 joules of energy are required to evaporate 1.00 g of water.
After vigorous exercise, a person feels chilly because the body is giving up heat to evaporate
the perspiration. A typical person perspires 25 mL of water after 20. minutes of exercise. How
much body heat is this person using to evaporate this water?
A. 6.0  104 J
B. 6.3  104 J
C. 6.5 104 J
D. 6.7  104 J

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.04
6-58
112. The combustion of one mole of benzene, C6H6, in oxygen liberates 3268 kJ of heat. The
products of the reaction are carbon dioxide and water. How much heat is given off when 183
g of oxygen are reacted with excess benzene?
A. 2290 kJ
B. 2490 kJ
C. 2690 kJ
D. 2890 kJ

Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.04
113. A feverish student weighing 75 kilograms was immersed in 400. kg of water at 4.0C to
try to reduce the fever. The student's body temperature dropped from 40.0C to 37.0C.
Assuming the specific heat of the student to be 3.77 J/g·C, what was the final temperature of
the water?
A. 2.5C
B. 3.5C
C. 4.5C
D. 55C

Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.05
6-59
114. Select True or False: The specific heats of water and iron are 4.184 and 0.444 J/gC,
respectively. When equal masses of water and iron both absorb the same amount of heat, the
temperature increase of the water will be 2.42 times greater than that of the iron.
FALSE

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.05
115. Select True or False: Chemical reactions in a bomb calorimeter occur at constant
pressure.
TRUE

Difficulty: Easy
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.05
116.
Select True or False: If 2Mg(s) + O2(g)  2MgO(s), H = –1203.6 kJ/mol, then for
Mg(s) + (1/2)O2(g)  MgO(s), the enthalpy change is H = –601.8 kJ/mol.
TRUE

Difficulty: Easy
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.06
6-60
117. Select True or False: The heat capacity of 10.0 g of water is 83.7 J/C.
FALSE

Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.05
118. Select True or False: The work done on the surroundings by the expansion of a gas is w
= –PDV.
TRUE

Difficulty: Easy
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.03
119. Select True or False: The heat absorbed by a system at constant pressure is equal to DE -
PDV.
FALSE

Difficulty: Easy
Gradable: automatic
Section: 06.04
6-61
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
manufacture of arms; but included is work in factories, agriculture,
forestry, work on roads, canals, and dams of importance to the war,
work in brickyards, and so forth, as can be read in detail.
In Document Sauckel-35 we can see how the employment of
prisoners of war took place, namely by co-operation between the
prisoner-of-war camp and the contractors, and how a contract
regulated in detail the conditions under which the employment of
prisoners of war took place. It can be seen from this that Sauckel’s
labor recruitment had nothing to do with that.
In Document Sauckel-36 we find a circular decree concerning
the treatment of prisoners of war—a memorandum concerning the
treatment of prisoners of war—which was drawn up jointly by the
OKW and the Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda:
“Treatment of prisoners of war: Prisoners of war must be
treated in such a way that their full production capacity may
benefit industry and food economy. To insure this, sufficient
nourishment is necessary.”
This I wanted to underline.
Document Sauckel-37 deals with the question of an improved
status, namely the conversion of prisoners of war into civilian
workers for work of importance to the war in Germany. It shows that
in this case they get special allowances, such as an allowance of
money for maintaining a separate household—a so-called
compassionate pay. It shows that these workers were treated like
civilian workers.
The next document, Sauckel-38, is along the same lines and
deals with the visits of relatives to French, Belgian, and Dutch
prisoners of war and to Italian military internees in the Reich. It says
there:
“Visits to French, Belgian, and Dutch prisoners of war as
well as to Italian military internees are permitted only for
wives, parents, children, and brothers and sisters, who work
in Germany or have their homes in Alsace or Lorraine, and
then only on Sundays and holidays.”
This shows that actually the prisoner-of-war status had ceased.
Document Sauckel-39 is a memorandum with respect to general
conditions valid for the employment of prisoners of war. It deals with
the working hours: “The daily working hours, including the time of
marching to and from work, should not be excessive.” And in another
passage it says, “The prisoners of war have a right to a continuous
rest period of 24 hours, to be granted on Sundays when possible...”
Under Paragraph 7 it is stated that neither the employer, nor his
relatives, nor his employees are entitled to carry out any punitive
measures against prisoners of war.
Then there follows an excerpt about housing and other
accommodation in camps. It is Document Sauckel-40, which decrees
—on the basis of Sauckel’s Order Number 9—the inspection of
housing, food, heating, and upkeep of the camps by workmen
employed at the camps. It is dated 14 July 1942. It says:
“By 10 August 1942 an inspection of all industrial
establishments employing foreign labor must be made by
all labor offices in their respective districts to determine
whether they have duly carried out regulations and decrees
governing housing, feeding, and treatment of all foreign
male and female workers and prisoners of war. It is my
desire that the offices of the NSDAP and the DAF should
participate in this inspection to a proportionate extent.
Where shortcomings are discovered, the manager of the
works is to be given a time limit within which such
shortcomings are to be remedied.”
Further on, under 2(a) it is stated that provision should be made
for feeding in winter. And finally: “All factories are to make provision
for camps and billets to be heated when cold weather sets in and to
see that the necessary fuel is ordered in time.” The decree states at
the end that workmen, paid by the factories, are to be employed in
the camps to see to the upkeep of the camps.
Then there is Document Sauckel-18, a memorandum for works
managers and Eastern Workers, which contains camp rules. The
introduction says:
“In response to a wish of the Plenipotentiary General for
Allocation of Labor, Gauleiter Sauckel, I recommend that
the officials satisfy themselves from time to time that the
regulations issued with respect to the employment of
Eastern Workers are being adhered to within the
establishments.”
That shows that control was emphasized here once again.
The camp rules then go on to say:
“Eastern Workers, you are finding in Germany wages and
bread, and by your work you are safeguarding the
maintenance of your families....”
THE TRIBUNAL (Mr. Biddle): Could you not summarize these
documents more shortly?
DR. SERVATIUS: Document Sauckel-41 shows that caring for
the Eastern Workers was especially the task of the German Labor
Front, which is explained here in detail.
Document Sauckel-42 deals with the same subject. It stresses
above all the importance of trade inspection and says that all
necessary measures for the welfare of foreign workers must be
taken immediately and all shortcomings remedied at once. The
inspection officials and the local authorities have to arrange matters
together with the Labor Front. It is issued by Reich Minister of Labor
Seldte, not by Sauckel, which makes it evident that Sauckel had not
become the Reich Minister of Labor.
In Document Sauckel-43 there are explanations of the camp
regulations to which I shall refer in detail later. But in Document
Sauckel-43 I should like to stress again the position of the Trade
Inspection Board. Here the question of responsibility for hygienic
conditions and for the extermination of vermin is regulated; and it
says at the end: “The supervisory authority in accordance with the
new regulations is the Trade Inspection Board....”
Document Sauckel-44 contains specifications about sleeping
quarters: Their size, the number of beds, and the administration of
medical care. This again is signed by the Reich Minister of Labor,
Franz Seldte, and not by Sauckel.
The next group of documents deals with food. Document
Sauckel-45 is the meat inspection law which deals with the question
of how far meat of inferior quality is fit for consumption. That law too
has a certain importance with regard to the witness.
THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Servatius, about the inspection of meat,
we do not require any further information about it.
DR. SERVATIUS: Document Sauckel-46 shows merely that the
foreign workers received their food ration cards when away from the
camp.
Document Sauckel-47 is a decree by the Reich Minister for
Food and Agriculture, and shows that he was responsible for
determining the food quotas. The document also gives the rations. I
mention only a few: For the ordinary workers, 2,600 grams of bread
per week. That increases, and it may be read here, if questions of
importance...
THE PRESIDENT: Page 128 shows that prisoners of war are
employed in the armament industry, does it not? Page 128.
DR. SERVATIUS: It says there: “Food rations of Soviet prisoners
of war working in the armament industry or in trade industries, if they
are accommodated in camps...” and then follows a list of rations. I
cannot see how far that shows...
THE PRESIDENT: 128 in English, Page 128, Lines 4 to 12:
“Treatment of the sick. All prisoners of war and Eastern Workers,
male and female, who are employed in the armament industry...”
DR. SERVATIUS: It says there, “All prisoners of war or Eastern
Workers ... who are employed in the armament industry...” Armament
industry is not the manufacture of weapons.
Document Sauckel-48 only refers to a law—I see the translation
department has left out a short paragraph, but I can do without that.
The heading indicates the subject. It refers to taking food for the
journey home. It thus concerns supplies for the return journey.
Document Sauckel-49 shows a regulation whereby additional
food could also be given; and special diets in the hospitals were also
provided.
In the next group, questions of wages are dealt with. The first
decree is Document Sauckel-50.
THE PRESIDENT: How far you go—it seems to me sufficient if
you give us a group, and then tell us what it deals with.
DR. SERVATIUS: Yes. That is from Documents Sauckel-50 to
59, omitting Document Sauckel-56. The questions of wages and
scales of wages are included here. One will have to look at these
more carefully if these questions become crucial. Therefore, I shall
not make any further specific statements about that now.
Sauckel Document Book Number 3 is a group of documents
containing legal orders. Documents Sauckel-60 to 68 refer to
medical care. I believe here also I need not go through the individual
documents, because they become of interest only when the subject
is dealt with.
THE PRESIDENT: Give us a group and tell us what it is about,
and then we can look at it.
DR. SERVATIUS: Yes. It deals with medical care; and as I said,
the details become of interest only when the question becomes
important. There is no point in speaking of them now.
The next group is speeches made by Sauckel on the subject of
labor allocation, and they are contained in the manual. I should like
to refer to one in particular—a speech of 6 January 1943 which was
made after the conference between Sauckel and Rosenberg. It says
there at the beginning: “The Plenipotentiary General for Allocation of
Labor on 5 and 6 January...”
THE PRESIDENT: Which page?
DR. SERVATIUS: It is 204 in my book, and in the English text it
should also be Page 204.
THE PRESIDENT: Probably that 8,000 should be 800.
DR. SERVATIUS: Yes, it should be 800. I have also mentioned
that document already, and read the main parts.
Documents Sauckel-82 and 83 have also been mentioned
already in their essential parts.
Document Sauckel-84 is a manifesto which has already been
presented in detail.
Document Sauckel-85 shows the generally valid and binding
principles followed by Sauckel, all of them well-known principles. The
main fact is that after 1943 they showed the same tendency as they
had before.
Document Sauckel-86 is a later speech—a speech of 24 August
1943—to the presidents of the Gau labor offices. Here again in his
speech to the responsible Gau labor presidents Sauckel stresses his
basic attitude, as he has often stated it here. He adheres to the
same attitude on 17 January 1944—that is, Document Sauckel-88—
when he again emphasizes to these presidents, that:
“The foreign workers must be treated better. The reception
camps are not to be primitive; rather they must be a
recommendation for us.”
And at the end:
“The more I do for the foreign laborers working in Germany,
the better I treat them, the more I influence them—the
greater the extent of their available production capacity.”
And that was shortly—2 months—before he succeeded in
putting the other foreign workers on an equal footing with the
German workers.
THE PRESIDENT: We have heard the Defendant Sauckel
explain...
DR. SERVATIUS: I beg your pardon?
THE PRESIDENT: ...that the work was carried on. And will you
tell us where the group of speeches—how far does the group go?
DR. SERVATIUS: It is Document Sauckel-89.
Document Sauckel-94 I have read already. Documents Sauckel-
95, 96, 97 I have already read to the extent necessary. And that
brings me to the end of the presentation of documents.
Now, comes an affidavit of the witness Karl Goetz, which is
included in the document book. I submit it as Exhibit Number 10, the
affidavit by Karl Goetz. This is an interrogatory which was submitted
very early and was therefore considered in a very abridged form, as
the details had not become apparent at that time. Consequently, the
witness answered very shortly and could say nothing specific to a
number of questions. Where he did answer the questions, he refers
to an introduction which he wrote, and in answering the questions
raised by the Prosecution he also refers to that introduction.
Therefore, I believe that I might also read this introduction as far as
is necessary.
The affidavit is of 20 March 1946. In this introduction, on the
second page, I should like to call attention to a conference in Paris.
This witness Goetz was a bank expert in Weimar. He had known
Sauckel before and had worked on his staff of experts. He had been
with him in Paris and had taken part in the negotiations with Laval.
He says here:
“The negotiations led to an extensive talk, which was
conducted in a proper and polite manner as far as I could
judge. Laval took note of Sauckel’s proposals and agreed to
accede to his request. But he made counterproposals...”
I do not think I need go into detail, because what was then
negotiated is of minor significance. He says on the third page:
“During a later conference in Paris the proceedings were
similar. Laval assumed a stiffer attitude, and he pointed out
the great difficulties which would impede the recruitment of
additional workers. He emphasized in particular the
necessity of not stripping the French labor market of its best
forces.”
I think I can go on to Page 4. The witness says there under 5:
“My last mission, at Sauckel’s request, was to ascertain
whether it was possible by means of using our banking
connections to purchase an additional amount of grain in
Romania and Hungary—about 50,000 to 100,000 tons was
the figure given. This grain was to be used as additional
food for foreign laborers in the form of a light afternoon
meal.”
Then he says that that project failed due to circumstances. He
gives a general impression of Sauckel, and says briefly:
“Sauckel approached that task with the energy and vigor
peculiar to him. He pointed out repeatedly what conditions
were necessary for the success of the task and repeatedly
emphasized that it was the major duty of all authorities to
see that correct treatment was given to workers at their
places of employment.”
Then he describes the details:
“Above all, he demanded that foreign workers should not be
given the feeling of being imprisoned in their camps. He
demanded the removal of all barbed wire fences.”
He continues by saying:
“...Sauckel said that the workers must return to their native
countries as propaganda agents.”
Then the witness gives an important statement concerning
information as to atrocities and bad conditions. I should like to read
something from Page 6 to show what kind of person this witness
Goetz is. He says...
THE PRESIDENT: What page is your excerpt from?
DR. SERVATIUS: Page 6, or Page 266 of the document book, at
the top of the page.
THE PRESIDENT: Yes. Go on.
DR. SERVATIUS: He says:
“I feel also that I should mention that following my arrest by
the Gestapo, after the affair of 20 July 1944, Sauckel spoke
on my behalf to the RSHA (Kaltenbrunner). I cannot say to
what extent my release from the Ravensbrück
Concentration Camp was brought about by this.
“I wish to state further that I did not receive from Sauckel
any material remuneration, awards, or decorations.
“I found it expedient to conceal from him my own inner
political convictions and my connections with Goerdeler and
Popitz. In his blind obedience to Hitler—and in spite of our
old friendship—he would otherwise no doubt have handed
me over to that Gestapo from which he endeavored to free
me in November 1944.”
I have read this in advance and I return now to Page 265,
because the witness, who was then working on Sauckel’s staff,
states his attitude to that question which is of great interest to all of
us. He says:
“Now that the extent of atrocities in concentration camps
has become known to me from publications, I ponder and
rack my brains as to how the picture drawn above can be
made to tally with the events now brought to light. Although
I have thought it over for weeks, I can find no explanation
for this.”
THE PRESIDENT: What page is this? Page 265?
DR. SERVATIUS: Page 265. It is near the top of the page.
Where it is in the English text, I cannot say; but it should be Page
265.
THE PRESIDENT: Yes.
DR. SERVATIUS: “On one side I see the foreign workers,
men and women who move freely about in great numbers
and associate with the German population. Frenchmen and
Belgians, with whom I spoke out of personal interest, were
usually happy to hear their native tongue, conversed freely,
hoped the war would soon end, and criticized their work,
but rarely sharply. On the other side appears the totally
unbearable sight of the recently revealed mass atrocities.
One had heard that foreign workers were tried and
sentenced—they were certainly subject to the same
arbitrariness and the same methods of punishment as were
the natives—but not that mass sentences were passed. But
that really had nothing to do with the Allocation of Labor. I
find it impossible to reconcile what I heard and what I saw
in those days with the present revelations. Either this was a
development which took place in the last year and a half,
when I was not able to observe the situation because of my
arrest and my retirement to the country, or else there
existed, besides the regular Allocation of Labor, an
employment of concentration camp inmates on a vast
scale. It is also possible that Sauckel was not able to
supervise things and was not informed or that he deceived
himself with his general orders and oral statements, which I
could not comprehend.”
I considered these statements of particular importance, because
the witness stood on the side of the men of 20 July 1944 and
certainly observed carefully, and great importance has to be
attached to his judgment.
As to the questions themselves, Question Number 1 and its
answer I consider irrelevant; also, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. All of these are
answers which are of minor importance.
To Question Number 10, Page 276:
“Who was responsible for the billeting, treatment, and
feeding of foreign workers after they had arrived at the
place of work?”
The answer is:
“The only thing I heard was that from the moment work was
started responsibility for that rested with the factory
managers, and in most cases with special employees under
them.”
Question 11 is:
“What kind of orders did Sauckel issue for the treatment of
workers in the factories?”
The witness in his answer refers to the introduction which I have
read.
The next questions—13, 14, 15, 16, and 17—are irrelevant.
Question 18 is:
“Did Sauckel receive reports about irregular conditions?
What measures did he take? Do you know of any individual
cases?”
The answer is:
“I remember only one case. Sauckel was informed that the
workers of a certain factory were still housed in a camp
surrounded by barbed wire. I cannot recollect the name of
the place or the factory concerned. I heard that he ordered
the immediate removal of the fence.”
Then we come to the questions which are put by the
Prosecution. I consider that Question Number 1 is not relevant
because it deals with personal, unofficial relations with Sauckel, and
how he became acquainted with him. He made his acquaintance
when a prisoner of war.
THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Servatius, Mr. Biddle thinks that the
Prosecution ought to be asked to read anything they wish to out of
those interrogatories.
M. HERZOG: The Prosecution, Mr. President, does not wish to
read any excerpts from this interrogatory.
THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Servatius, you know that the witness
Jäger is present, do you not?
DR. SERVATIUS: Yes, he is present.
THE PRESIDENT: You know he is present.
DR. SERVATIUS: Then, with the permission of the Tribunal, I
will call the witness Jäger.
[The witness Jäger took the stand.]
THE PRESIDENT: Will you state your full name, please?
DR. WILHELM JÄGER (Witness): Dr. Wilhelm Jäger.
THE PRESIDENT: Will you repeat this oath after me: I swear by
God—the Almighty and Omniscient—that I will speak the pure truth
—and will withhold and add nothing.
[The witness repeated the oath.]
THE PRESIDENT: You may sit down.
DR. SERVATIUS: Witness, during the war you worked as a
doctor with the firm of Krupp, in Essen, and were entrusted with the
medical care of the camps of foreign workers? Is that true?
JÄGER: Yes.
DR. SERVATIUS: Who put you in charge there?
JÄGER: I was appointed by the firm of Krupp which employed
me when a change in the care of foreign workers was brought about
through the public health administration having to take it over.
DR. SERVATIUS: Were you not also appointed to this post by
the German Labor Front?
JÄGER: No. The contract which the firm of Krupp made with me
was made through the German Labor Front.
DR. SERVATIUS: If I understand you correctly, you did not
conclude the contract directly with the Labor Front; but you were
under obligations to the German Labor Front, were you not?
JÄGER: I have never felt that I had anything to do with the
Labor Front in that respect.
DR. SERVATIUS: Witness, did you not continuously send
reports to the German Labor Front about the conditions in the
camps?
JÄGER: That happened only in a few cases, as far as I can
remember. I generally sent these reports to the public health
authorities and to the firm of Krupp.
DR. SERVATIUS: Did you not also report to the Trade
Inspection Board?
JÄGER: Not always. I reported just a few cases to the health
office of the city of Essen, but only in individual cases when it
appeared important to me that the health office should be informed.
DR. SERVATIUS: Do you know the office for public health and
medical care?
JÄGER: Yes.
DR. SERVATIUS: With what office was that connected?
JÄGER: That was in Essen.
DR. SERVATIUS: I do not mean the locality, but with what office
was it connected? Was it not with the German Labor Front?
JÄGER: I cannot say that precisely. I know only that it was a
subdepartment of the public health administration in Essen.
DR. SERVATIUS: Is it known to you that the foreign workers
were under the care and control of the German Labor Front?
JÄGER: Yes.
DR. SERVATIUS: Also with respect to their health?
JÄGER: On only one occasion did I meet a commission from the
Labor Front in my camp.
DR. SERVATIUS: Do you know the institution of Gau camp
doctors?
JÄGER: An institution of that kind was to have been created in
Essen, but it did not happen. At that time, when we had just had a
typhus epidemic, I suggested to the health officer—who was then Dr.
Heinz Bühler of Mühlheim—that something of the sort should be
instituted. Then also at a meeting I spoke about my idea, but I did
not hear anything more about this Gau office for camp doctors.
DR. SERVATIUS: That will do. How many camps did you
supervise?
JÄGER: That varied. First, there may have been 5 or 6, then
later maybe 17 or 18, and later again it fell to a lower figure. But I am
not able at this moment to give you the exact figure.
DR. SERVATIUS: What was the nature of your task?
JÄGER: Above all, I was supposed to assure the medical care
of foreign workers.
DR. SERVATIUS: Did you have anything to do with the
treatment of the sick?
JÄGER: Only when they were brought to me and when I was in
the camps. I always concerned myself personally with individual
cases in the camps whenever I inspected them.
DR. SERVATIUS: You had not only a supervisory capacity, but
you also gave treatment yourself?
JÄGER: Whenever I was in a camp I would be consulted by the
camp doctors and I would advise them.
DR. SERVATIUS: What was the job of the camp doctors?
JÄGER: The camp doctors had their daily duty in the infirmary
and the care of the patients in general.
DR. SERVATIUS: So your work was supervisory?
JÄGER: Yes; supervisory.
DR. SERVATIUS: Witness, the Prosecution has repeatedly
interrogated you outside this courtroom?
JÄGER: Yes.
DR. SERVATIUS: You have been in Nuremberg before—in this
building here?
JÄGER: Yes.
DR. SERVATIUS: Did you make an affidavit about the conditions
in the Krupp camps?
JÄGER: Yes.
DR. SERVATIUS: I will put this affidavit to you. This is an
affidavit of 15 October 1945. Did you give that affidavit as a witness
for the Prosecution?
JÄGER: As far as I can remember, yes.
DR. SERVATIUS: Now I ask you to state whether you still stand
by the statements which you made at that time?
JÄGER: Yes.
DR. SERVATIUS: I shall read the statements to you: “My name
is Dr. Wilhelm Jäger. I am a physician in Essen...”
THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Servatius, we cannot have the whole
document read to him. You can put to him anything you want to
challenge him upon.
DR. SERVATIUS: Very well.
[Turning to the witness.] You say, at about the middle of the first
page:
“I began my work with a thorough inspection of the camps.
At that time, in October 1942, I found the following
conditions...”—and you go on to say—“The Eastern
Workers were housed in the following camps:
Seumannstrasse, Grieperstrasse, Spendlerstrasse,
Hoegstrasse, Germaniastrasse, Dechenschule...”
THE PRESIDENT: Are you challenging that?
DR. SERVATIUS: Yes.
THE PRESIDENT: Where were these camps?
DR. SERVATIUS: Yes, that is what I want to ask him.
[Turning to the witness.] Did these camps exist at the time, and
were they occupied?
JÄGER: As far as I can remember. One has to take into
consideration that until I started my work I did not know at all what
camps existed. At a meeting which had been called, where there
were doctors of the various nationalities, I asked first of all what
camps there were. They did not know; and then a list was procured
in which the camps were given. Then...
DR. SERVATIUS: Witness, you have mentioned the camps here
by name, and yet you are not certain that these camps existed at
that time, in October 1942?
JÄGER: I have given the camps which existed at the beginning
of my activities, as far as I could remember. I had to go to each one
of these camps personally, and I had to depend entirely upon myself.
DR. SERVATIUS: Further, concerning the food of the Eastern
Workers—if you will look at the second page of the document—you
state the following:
“The food for the Eastern Workers was completely
inadequate. They received 1,000 calories less per day than
the minimum for Germans....”
THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Servatius, below the names of the camps
he says: “...all surrounded by barbed wire and were closely
guarded.” I understand you are challenging that?
DR. SERVATIUS: Were the camps surrounded by barbed wire
and closely guarded, as it says here?
JÄGER: In the beginning, yes.
DR. SERVATIUS: But you do not know whether that was the
same case in all camps, do you?
JÄGER: The camps which I visited, where I was as yet
unknown, for instance, Krämerplatz and Dechenschule, were closely
guarded, and I had to show my credentials in order to get in.
DR. SERVATIUS: I repeat the question concerning the food. You
said the Eastern Workers received 1,000 calories less per day than
the minimum for Germans. Whereas German workers who did hard
work received 5,000 calories per day, the Eastern Workers who
performed the same kind of work received only 2,000 calories per
day. Is that true?
JÄGER: That was true at the beginning of my activities. The
food for Eastern Workers—as could be seen from the posted lists—
had been determined as to quantity, and there was a difference
between that for Eastern Workers and that for German workers. The
5,000 calories mentioned here were given to specific categories of
German workers who did the hardest type of work. That was not
given to everybody.
DR. SERVATIUS: Witness, I shall put to you a chart of the
calories.
I submit to the Tribunal a copy of this chart. That is an exact
table of the calories to which the individual categories of workers
were entitled. It begins with 9 February 1942 and shows the
individual quotas for the various types of workers; and on the last
page there is a summary of the average quotas of calories which
were allotted.
It is shown there in the summary, Group 1. Eastern Workers and
Soviet prisoners of war: Average workers, 2,156 calories; heavy
workers, 2,615; very heavy workers, 2,909; for long hours and night
workers, 2,244. Are you familiar with these figures?
JÄGER: Approximately.
DR. SERVATIUS: Will you compare that with what the German
workers received: The normal consumer, 2,846 calories; heavy
workers, 3,159; very heavy workers, 3,839; for long hours and night
workers, 2,846 calories. Is that in accordance with your statement,
according to which you said that German workers doing the heaviest
work received 5,000 calories, whereas the Eastern Workers received
only 2,000 calories?
THE PRESIDENT: It is very hard to follow these figures unless
you give us the exact page. Are you on the last page?
DR. SERVATIUS: This is a summary.
THE PRESIDENT: Well, on which page are you?
DR. SERVATIUS: On the last page, the last sheet on the right
side. First, there are the food groups 1, 2, 3 on different pages; and
then on the last page, on the right side next to Group 3, which
concerns the Poles, there is a summary of calories for Eastern
Workers, for Germans, and for Poles. If you compare the amounts of
calories here in the columns, that should tally with what the witness
has stated. He singled out the very heavy workers and said that the
Germans received 5,000 calories; the table shows that they received
only 3,839. He also says the Eastern Workers received 2,000
calories; whereas, according to the table, they received 2,900—that
is, instead of a proportion of 5,000 to 2,000, it is from 2,900 to 3,800
—in round figures about 1,000 calories and not, as the witness has
said here, 3,000 calories. Is that correct? Do you stand on your
statement? A distinction has to be made...
THE PRESIDENT: I did not hear the witness’ answer.
MR. DODD: I think it would be more helpful to the Tribunal, and
certainly to the Prosecution, if it were established who made up this
chart, and whether or not the figures given here cover the camps
where this witness had jurisdiction. From looking it over I cannot tell
where it was made up, except on the front page it says:
“According to the food table by Dr. Hermann Schall, Medical
Superintendent of the ‘Westend’ Sanatorium. Calculations
of controlled foodstuffs for the camps of the firm of Krupp...”
And so on.
But these things can be made up by the bale and presented to
witnesses. Unless there is some foundation laid, I think it is an
improper way to cross-examine.
DR. SERVATIUS: I have an affidavit which can prove where that
chart comes from.
THE PRESIDENT: Have you ever seen this chart before?
DR. SERVATIUS: It is the affidavit of the witness Hahn.
JÄGER: Was a question put to me, please?
DR. SERVATIUS: The witness has the original. It is attached.
May I ask the witness to return the document to me?
JÄGER: I wanted to make a statement on this subject.
At the beginning of my activity the Eastern Workers’ food
definitely differed from that of the German people, and also from that
of the so-called western workers—the French, the Belgians, and so
on. It can be seen from the figures that, even though it may not be
stated exactly, at least there is a difference of 700 to 800 calories. In
the beginning until, I believe, February or March 1943, the Eastern
Workers received no additional rations for long hours, heavy work, or
very heavy work. These additional quotas were given only after
Sauckel had ordered it; and that was, if I remember correctly, at the
beginning of 1943. At that time, as far as I remember, the Eastern
Workers were put on an equal footing with the German workers as
far as food was concerned; and they received additional rations for
long hours, heavy work, and very heavy work, which they had not
received at all before.
DR. SERVATIUS: Witness, if I understand you correctly, you
want to say that this chart may be right but that in reality the workers
did not receive what is listed on the chart. Did I understand you
correctly?
JÄGER: Even from this chart you can see the difference.
DR. SERVATIUS: It was a difference of 3,000 calories which you
mentioned, whereas the table shows a difference of about 1,000
calories.
JÄGER: I said before that there were individual categories of
workers doing the heaviest type of work—such as stokers and
miners—and that they received up to 5,200 calories. That, however,
was not the rule. Only very special workers received up to 5,200
calories.
DR. SERVATIUS: Then what you say here is not correct,
because you did not mention that. You say generally that, whereas
the German worker who did the heaviest type of work received 5,000
calories, the Eastern Workers who did the same type of work
received only 2,000 calories per day. That is, however, a general
statement; and it does not show that you are referring to exceptional
cases of individual groups of workers. Is that correct?
JÄGER: That is the way I saw it, and I believe that you
understand it as it appears here.
THE PRESIDENT: Now, where does this chart come from, and
are you putting it in? Will you put it in?
DR. SERVATIUS: In the affidavit this assertion is made, and the
witness said clearly at that time that the workers doing the heaviest
type of work received 5,000 calories if they were German, and if they
were Eastern Workers, they received only 2,000. That is a very clear
statement in the affidavit, which is not in accordance with the chart.
THE PRESIDENT: Are you offering it in evidence?
DR. SERVATIUS: Yes.
THE PRESIDENT: What will it be? What number will it be?
DR. SERVATIUS: That will be Exhibit Sauckel-11.
THE PRESIDENT: Does the affidavit refer to the chart?
DR. SERVATIUS: I asked because I questioned the correctness
of the affidavit.
THE PRESIDENT: No, I asked whether the affidavit refers to
and identifies the chart, the chart which the witness has just had in
his hand.
DR. SERVATIUS: Yes.
THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Servatius, you have put in an affidavit by
Walter Hahn. Does that affidavit mention the chart and say where the
chart comes from and by whom it was made up and to what it
refers?
DR. SERVATIUS: The affidavit which is here as Document
Number D-288 does not mention the chart, but only the affidavit
which I have submitted. Now I understand it is the affidavit by the
witness Hahn, and the chart is attached; and it is covered by the
affidavit made by the witness. That document I submit in evidence.
THE PRESIDENT: I said the affidavit by Walter Hahn—does it
identify and is it attached to the chart? What page? There are seven
pages, you know. We cannot find it unless you tell us.
DR. SERVATIUS: In the German text on Page 4.
THE PRESIDENT: Well, do you mean where it says, “The
amount of calories contained in this food can be seen from the
calorie table made by me which covers the whole period of the war”?
Is that what you mean? That is on Page 4 of our copy. It is under the
heading “C”: “Food Supply of French Prisoners of War and Italian
Military Internees.”
DR. SERVATIUS: It is there, as I have said before, on Page 4 of
the German text, where it says that the rations were based on
calories; and that the caloric content of the food can be seen from
the calculations made which cover the entire duration of the war.
That is the document attached.
THE PRESIDENT: But it is all right to say that the document is
attached, but it does not refer to it by any name.
DR. SERVATIUS: But the document is attached, so that it is
obvious that it must belong to it.

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Multiple Choice Questions

A. the energy stored within the structural units of chemical substances.

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

6. An endothermic reaction causes the surroundings to

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

7. An exothermic reaction causes the surroundings to

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Bloom's Level: 3. Apply

Bloom's Level: 3. Apply

Bloom's Level: 3. Apply

Bloom's Level: 3. Apply

Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate

Bloom's Level: 3. Apply

Bloom's Level: 3. Apply

Bloom's Level: 3. Apply

Bloom's Level: 3. Apply

Bloom's Level: 3. Apply

Bloom's Level: 3. Apply

Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze

Bloom's Level: 3. Apply

Bloom's Level: 3. Apply

22. Which of the following processes is exothermic?

Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate

Which of the following processes is exothermic, given the following:

A. 2 N2(g) + 4 O2(g)  2 N2O4(l)

Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate

Which of the following processes is endothermic, given the following:

A. 2 S(s) + 2 O2(g) 2 SO2(g)

Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate

25. Which of the following processes is endothermic?

Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate

Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate

Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate

Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate

Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate

Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate

Which of the following has a Hf= 0 kJ/mol?

Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate

Which of the following has a Hf= 0 kJ/mol?

Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate

Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze

Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze

Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze

Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze

Octane (C8H18) undergoes combustion according to the following thermochemical equation:

Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze

Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze

Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze

Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze

Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze