Instant Download PDF Chemistry Atoms First 2nd Edition Burdge Solutions Manual Full Chapter

Chemistry Atoms First 2nd Edition
Burdge Solutions Manual

Go to download the full and correct content document:
https://testbankfan.com/product/chemistry-atoms-first-2nd-edition-burdge-solutions-m
anual/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...
Chemistry Atoms First 2nd Edition Burdge Test Bank
https://testbankfan.com/product/chemistry-atoms-first-2nd-
edition-burdge-test-bank/
Introductory Chemistry An Atoms First Approach 1st

Edition Burdge Solutions Manual
https://testbankfan.com/product/introductory-chemistry-an-atoms-
first-approach-1st-edition-burdge-solutions-manual/
Introductory Chemistry An Atoms First Approach 1st

Edition Burdge Test Bank
https://testbankfan.com/product/introductory-chemistry-an-atoms-
first-approach-1st-edition-burdge-test-bank/
Chemistry An Atoms First Approach 2nd Edition Zumdahl

Solutions Manual
https://testbankfan.com/product/chemistry-an-atoms-first-
approach-2nd-edition-zumdahl-solutions-manual/
General Chemistry Atoms First 2nd Edition McMurry Test
Bank
https://testbankfan.com/product/general-chemistry-atoms-
first-2nd-edition-mcmurry-test-bank/
Introductory Chemistry Atoms First 5th Edition Russo

Solutions Manual
https://testbankfan.com/product/introductory-chemistry-atoms-
first-5th-edition-russo-solutions-manual/
Chemistry An Atoms First Approach 2nd Edition Zumdahl

Test Bank
https://testbankfan.com/product/chemistry-an-atoms-first-
approach-2nd-edition-zumdahl-test-bank/
Introductory Chemistry Atoms First 5th Edition Russo

Test Bank
https://testbankfan.com/product/introductory-chemistry-atoms-
first-5th-edition-russo-test-bank/
Chemistry 4th Edition Burdge Solutions Manual
https://testbankfan.com/product/chemistry-4th-edition-burdge-
solutions-manual/
Chapter 9: Chemical Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Chapter 9
Chemical Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Practice Problems C
9.1 (i) could be H2CO3
(ii) could be Al2(SO4)3
(iii) could be K2SO4
(iv) could be AlCl3 or Na3PO4
9.2 barium hydroxide
9.3 (i)
9.4 (i)
9.5 CH4 + 2O2 

 CO2 + 2H2O
C(–4), H(+1) + O(0) 
 C(+4), O(–2) + H(+1), O(–2)
9.6  A+(aq) + e–
A(s) 
 C+(aq) + e–
C(s) 
 B+(aq) + e–
B(s) 
 E+(aq) + e–
E(s) 
 D+(aq) + e–
D(s) 
9.7 3M(s) + 2N3+(aq) 

 3M2+(aq) + 2N(s)
M(0), N(+3) 
 M(+2), N(0)
9.8 20.0 mL, 7.50 mL
9.9 (a) 6.25 mL, (b) 12.50 mL, (c) 31.25 mL
9.10 (ii)
9.11 (ii), (i)
9.12 –6, –11, –2
9.13 (ii) and (iv)
9.14 (ii)
295
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or
distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or
part.
9.15 Equivalence point: (i), endpoint: (ii)
9.16 (i)
9.17 The amount of OH– required depends on the number of protons. If one of the acids is diprotic or triprotic, it
will require more OH– to reach the equivalence point.
Visualizing Chemistry
VC 9.1 b VC 9.2 c VC 9.3 c VC 9.4 a
Key Skills
9.1 b 9.2 c 9.3 c 9.4 d
Questions and Problems
9.1 A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. The substance present in the
largest amount is referred to as the solvent, and any substance present in a smaller amount is called
the solute. If a solid is dissolved in a liquid, the liquid is the solvent and the solid is the solute.
9.2 An electrolyte is a substance that dissolves in water to yield a solution that conducts electricity. A
nonelectrolyte is a substance that dissolves in water to yield a solution that does not conduct
electricity.
A weak electrolyte produces ions upon dissolving but exists in solution predominantly as molecules
that are not ionized. A strong electrolyte dissociates completely upon dissolving.
9.3 The single arrow indicates a reaction that goes to completion. The double arrows indicate a
reaction that goes in both directions until the reaction achieves equilibrium.
9.4 The water that comes out of faucets is in lakes and ponds, is in the ocean, or is in pools has electrolytes
dissolved in it. Therefore, it conducts electricity.
9.5 The species present in aqueous solution of the strong electrolytes are:
a. LiF—Li+, F−
b. NH4NO3— NH 4 , NO 3
c. CaBr2—Ca2+, Br
d. Na2CO3—Na+, CO 23 
9.6 Since solutions must be electrically neutral, any flow of positive species (cations) must be balanced by
the flow of negative species (anions). Therefore, the correct answer is (d).
9.7 Dissolve the compound in water and measure the conductance to see if the solution conducts an
electrical current. If the solution is conducting, then we can determine whether the solution is a
strong or weak electrolyte using an apparatus like the one shown in Figure 9.1. If the bulb burns
brightly, X is a strong electrolyte. If the bulb lights dimly, X is a weak electrolyte.
9.8 Strategy: Strong electrolytes dissociate completely upon dissolving in water. The more ions in solution,
the stronger the electrolyte.
Setup: Compound AB: The compound dissociates partially into ions but two of the five molecules
remain intact.
296
part.
Compound AC: The compound dissociates completely into ions in solution.
Compound AD: The compound exists in solution predominately as molecules that are not
ionized. Four of the five molecules remain intact.
Solution: In order of increasing electrolyte strength:
AD < AB < AC
9.9 Strategy: Strong electrolytes dissociate completely upon dissolving in water. The more ions in solution,
the stronger the electrolyte.
Setup: Compound A2E: The compound partially dissociates. All four of the molecules are partially
ionized.
Compound A2F: The compound exists in solution as molecules that are not ionized. The
compound does not dissociate in aqueous solution.
Compound A2G: The compound exists in solution predominately as molecules that are not
ionized. Three of the five molecules are intact, while the remaining two are only partially
ionized.
Solution: In order of increasing electrolyte strength:
A2F < A2G < A2E
9.10 a. Strong electrolyte. The compound dissociates completely into ions in solution.
b. Nonelectrolyte. The compound dissolves in water, but the molecules remain intact.
c. Weak electrolyte. A small amount of the compound ionizes in water.
9.11 When NaCl dissolves in water, it dissociates into Na+ and Cl ions. When the ions are hydrated, the water
molecules will be oriented so that the negative end of the water dipole interacts with the positive sodium
ion, and the positive end of the water dipole interacts with the negative chloride ion. The negative end of
the water dipole is near the oxygen atom, and the positive end of the water dipole is near the hydrogen
atoms. The diagram that best represents the hydration of NaCl when dissolved in water is diagram (c).
9.12 Ionic compounds, strong acids, and strong bases (metal hydroxides) are strong electrolytes (completely
broken up into ions of the compound). Weak acids and weak bases are weak electrolytes. Molecular
substances other than acids or bases are nonelectrolytes.
a. nonelectrolyte (Water is actually a very weak electrolyte.)
b. strong electrolyte (ionic compound)
c. strong electrolyte (strong acid)
d. weak electrolyte (weak acid)
e. nonelectrolyte (molecular compound, neither acid nor base)
297
part.
9.13 Ionic compounds, strong acids, and strong bases (metal hydroxides) are strong electrolytes (completely
broken up into ions of the compound). Weak acids and weak bases are weak electrolytes. Molecular
substances other than acids or bases are nonelectrolytes.
a. strong electrolyte (ionic)
b. nonelectrolyte
c. weak electrolyte (weak base)
d. strong electrolyte (strong base)
e. weak electrolyte (weak acid)
9.14 Hydration is the process of water molecules surrounding the particles of a solute. When an ionic
compound dissociates in water, solvent molecules surround each solute anion with their partial
positive charges (H atoms) oriented toward the negatively charged anion; they also surround each
solute cation with their partial negative charges (O atoms) oriented toward the positively charged
cation. When some covalent compounds dissolve in water, it is because their molecules have polar
–OH bonds that attract the –OH bonds of water more than each other. The polar nature of water
molecules enables water to interact with many different solutes.The bent arrangement of water
molecules allows each one to form four H bonds with solute atoms.
9.15 A molecular equation is a chemical equation written with all compounds represented by their
chemical formulas, making it look as though they exist in solution as molecules or formula units.
An ionic equation is a chemical equation in which any compound that exists completely or
predominantly as ions in solution is represented as those ions.
The net ionic equation includes only the species that are actually involved in the reaction and tells
what actually happens when we combine solutions.
9.16 Strategy: Write the molecular equation for the reaction that occurs when aqueous solutions of KOH and
MgCl2 are combined. Determine which product will precipitate based on the solubility
guidelines in Tables 9.2 and 9.3.
Setup: Predict the products by exchanging the ions and balancing the equation.
Solution: Molecular equation:
2KOH(aq) + MgCl2(aq) 
 2KCl(aq) + Mg(OH)2(s)
According to Table 9.3, Mg(OH)2 is insoluble in water and will precipitate from solution.
KCl contains a metal cation and is therefore an ionic compound. It will dissociate completely
in water and remain as K+ and Cl– ions in solution.
Diagram (b) best represents the mixture.
9.17 Strategy: Write the molecular equation for the reaction that occurs when aqueous solutions of AgNO3
and NaCl are combined. Determine which product will precipitate based on the solubility
298
part.
AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) 
 AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
According to Table 4.2, AgCl is insoluble in water and will precipitate from solution. NaNO3
contains a metal cation and is therefore an ionic compound. It will dissociate completely in
water and remain as Na+ and NO3 ions in solution.
Diagram (c) best represents the mixture.
9.18 Strategy: Predict the products by exchanging the ions and balancing the equation. Determine which
product will precipitate based on the solubility guidelines in Table 9.2. Rewrite the equation
showing strong electrolytes as ions. Identify and cancel spectator ions.
Setup: Molecular equation:
LiNO3(aq) + NaC2H3O2(aq) 
 LiC2H3O2(aq) + NaNO3(aq)
Both products of the reaction are strong electrolytes and are soluble in water according to
Table 9.2.
Solution: Ionic equation:
Li+(aq) + NO 3 (aq) + Na+(aq) + C 2 H 3 O 2 (aq) 

 Li+(aq) + C 2 H 3 O 2 (aq) + Na+(aq) +
NO 3 (aq)
All the ions in the solution are spectator ions; therefore, there is no net ionic equation and
no reaction takes place: reaction (e).
9.19 Strategy: Predict the products by exchanging the ions and balancing the equation. Determine which
product will precipitate based on the solubility guidelines in Tables 9.2 and 9.3. Rewrite the
equation showing strong electrolytes as ions. Identify and cancel spectator ions.
Setup: Molecular equation:
2LiOH(aq) + Cu(NO3)2(aq) 
 2LiNO3(aq) + Cu(OH)2(s)
Ionic equation:
2Li+(aq) + 2OH(aq) + Cu2+(aq) + 2NO3 (aq) 

 2Li+(aq) + 2NO3 (aq) + Cu(OH)2(s)
Net ionic equation:
Cu2+(aq) + 2OH(aq) 
 Cu(OH)2(s)
Solution: According to the net ionic equation, Cu2+ combines with OH in a 1:2 ratio to give Cu(OH)2.
Reaction (d) represents the combination of aqueous solutions of LiOH and Cu(NO3)2.
299
part.
9.20 Refer to Tables 9.2 and 9.3 of the text to solve this problem.
a. CaCO3 is insoluble. Most carbonate compounds are insoluble.
b. ZnSO4 is soluble. Most sulfate compounds are soluble.
c. Hg(NO3)2 is soluble. All nitrate compounds are soluble.
d. HgSO4 is insoluble. Most sulfate compounds are soluble, but those Ag+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Hg2+, and Pb2+ are
insoluble.
e. NH4ClO4 is soluble. All ammonium compounds are soluble.
9.21 Strategy: Although it is not necessary to memorize the solubilities of compounds, you should keep in
mind the following useful rules: all ionic compounds containing alkali metal cations, the
ammonium ion, and the nitrate, bicarbonate, and chlorate ions are soluble. For other
compounds, refer to Tables 9.2 and 9.3 of the text.
Solution: a. Ca3(PO4)2 is insoluble. Most phosphate compounds are insoluble.
b. Mn(OH)2 is insoluble. Most hydroxide compounds are insoluble.
c. AgClO3 is soluble. All chlorate compounds are soluble.
d. K2S is soluble. All compounds containing alkali metal cations are soluble.
e. Pb3(PO4)2 is insoluble. Most phosphate compounds are insoluble.
9.22 a. Ionic: 2Na+(aq) + S2(aq) + Zn2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq) 

 ZnS(s) + 2Na+(aq) + 2Cl(aq)
Net ionic: Zn2+(aq) + S2(aq) → Zn(s)
b. Ionic: 6K+(aq) + 2PO 3  (aq) + 3Sr2+(aq) + 6NO (aq) 

 Sr3(PO4)2(s) + 6K+(aq) + 6NO3 (aq)
4 3
Net ionic: 3Sr2+(aq) + 2PO43  (aq) 

 Sr3(PO4)2(s)
c. Ionic: Mg2+(aq) + 2NO (aq) + 2Na+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) 

 Mg(OH)2(s) + 2Na+(aq) + 2NO3 (aq)
3
Net ionic: Mg2+(aq) + 2OH(aq) 

 Mg(OH)2(s)
9.23 Strategy: Recall that an ionic equation shows dissolved ionic compounds in terms of their free ions.
What ions do the aqueous solutions contain before they are combined? A net ionic equation
shows only the species that actually take part in the reaction.
Solution: a. In solution, AgNO3 dissociates into Ag and NO3 ions and Na2SO4 dissociates into Na+
and SO 24  ions. According to Tables 9.2 and 9.3 of the text, silver ions (Ag+) and sulfate
ions ( SO 24  ) will form an insoluble compound, silver sulfate (Ag2SO4), while the other
product, NaNO3, is soluble and remains in solution. This is a precipitation reaction. The
balanced molecular equation is:
300
part.
2AgNO3(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) 
 Ag2SO4(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
The ionic and net ionic equations are:
Ionic: 2Ag+(aq) + 2NO 3 (aq) + 2Na+(aq) + SO 42  (aq) 

 Ag2SO4(s) + 2Na+(aq) +
2NO 3 (aq)
Net ionic: 2Ag+(aq) + SO 42  (aq) 

 Ag2SO4(s)
b. In solution, BaCl2 dissociates into Ba2+ and Cl ions and ZnSO4 dissociates into Zn2+ and
SO 24  ions. According to Tables 9.2 and 9.3 of the text, barium ions (Ba2+) and sulfate ions
( SO 24  ) will form an insoluble compound, barium sulfate (BaSO4), whereas the other
product, ZnCl2, is soluble and remains in solution. This is a precipitation reaction. The
balanced molecular equation is:
BaCl2(aq) + ZnSO4(aq) 
 BaSO4(s) + ZnCl2(aq)
Ionic: Ba2+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) + Zn2+(aq) + SO 42  (aq) 

 BaSO4(s) + Zn2+(aq) +
2Cl–(aq)
Net ionic: Ba2+(aq) + SO 42  (aq) 

 BaSO4(s)
c. In solution, (NH4)2CO3 dissociates into NH 4 and CO 32  ions and CaCl2 dissociates into
Ca2+ and Cl ions. According to Tables 9.2 and 9.3 of the text, calcium ions (Ca2+) and
carbonate ions ( CO 32  ) will form an insoluble compound, calcium carbonate (CaCO3),
whereas the other product, NH4Cl, is soluble and remains in solution. This is a
precipitation reaction. The balanced molecular equation is:
(NH4)2CO3(aq) + CaCl2(aq) 
 CaCO3(s) + 2NH4Cl(aq)
Ionic: 2NH 4 (aq) + CO 23  (aq) + Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) 

 CaCO3(s) + 2NH 4+ (aq) +
2Cl–(aq)
Net ionic: Ca2+(aq) + CO 23  (aq) 

 CaCO3(s)
9.24 Strategy: Precipitation reactions usually involve ionic compounds, but only certain combinations of
electrolyte solutions result in the formation of a precipitate. Whether or not a precipitate
forms when two solutions are mixed depends on the solubility of the products.
Setup: Predict the products by exchanging the ions and balancing the equations. Determine which
products will precipitate based on the solubility guidelines in Tables 9.2 and 9.3.
301
part.
a. FeCl (aq) + 3LiOH(aq) 

 Fe(OH)3(s) + 3LiCl(aq)
3
b. 2KNO (aq) + CaCl (aq) 

 2KCl(aq) + Ca(NO3)2(aq)
3 2
c. (NH ) CO (aq) + Na CO (aq) 

 (NH4)2CO3(aq) + Na2CO3(aq)
4 2 3 2 3
d. Sr(NO ) (aq) + Ca(OH) (aq) 

 Sr(OH)2(s) + Ca(NO3)2(aq)
3 2 2
Solution: a. precipitation reaction: Fe(OH)3(s)
b. not a precipitation reaction
c. not a precipitation reaction
d. precipitation reaction: Sr(OH)2(s)
9.25 Strategy: Precipitation reactions usually involve ionic compounds, but only certain combinations of
electrolyte solutions result in the formation of a precipitate. Whether or not a precipitate
forms when two solutions are mixed depends on the solubility of the products.
Setup: Predict the products by exchanging the ions and balancing the equation. Determine which
product will precipitate based on the solubility guidelines in Tables 9.2 and 9.3.
a. 2NaNO (aq) + CuSO (aq) 

 Na2SO4(aq) + Cu(NO3)2(aq)
3 4
b. BaCl (aq) + K SO (aq) 

 BaSO4(s) + 2KCl(aq)
2 2 4
c. AgNO (aq) + LiC H O (aq) 

 AgC2H3O2(aq) + LiNO3(aq)
3 2 3 2
Solution: a. Ionic equation:
2Na+(aq) + 2NO 3 (aq) + Cu+(aq) + SO 24  (aq) 

 2Na+(aq) + SO 24  (aq) + Cu+(aq) +
2NO 3 (aq)
All the ions in solution are spectator ions; therefore, there is no net ionic equation. Not a
precipitation reaction.
b. Ionic equation:
Ba2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq) + 2K+(aq) + SO 24  (aq) 

 BaSO4(s) + 2K+(aq) + 2Cl(aq)
Net ionic equation:
Ba2+(aq) + SO 42  (aq) 
 BaSO4(s)
A precipitation reaction will likely result from mixing a BaCl2 solution with a K2SO4
solution. BaSO4 will precipitate.
302
part.
c. Ionic equation:
Ag+(aq) + NO 3 (aq) + Li+(aq) + C 2 H 3 O 2 (aq) 

 Ag+(aq) + C 2 H 3 O 2 (aq) + Li+(aq)
+ NO 3 (aq)
All the ions in the solution are spectator ions; therefore, there is no net ionic equation.
Not a precipitation reaction.
9.26 Acids generally taste sour, react with metals such as calcium, and react with bases. They produce
H+ when dissolved in water.
Bases generally feel slimy or soapy, taste bitter, and react with acids. Bases accept hydrogen ions
(protons) or donate a pair of valence electrons.
9.27 Arrhenius: Acids are substances that ionize in water to produce H+ and bases ionize in water to
produce OH−.
Brønsted: Acids are proton donors, and bases are proton acceptors.
The Brønsted definitions are not restricted to species in aqueous solution.
9.28 Answers will vary. HCl; H2SO4; H3PO4
9.29 A neutralization reaction is a reaction between an acid and a base. In general, an aqueous acid-base
reaction produces water and a salt.
9.30 A salt is an ionic compound made up of the cation from a base and the anion from an acid.
Salts: NaF, CaO, BaSO4, KBr.
9.31 a. weak base
b. strong acid
c. strong base
d. weak acid
e. strong acid
f. weak acid
g. strong base
9.32 a. HI dissolves in water to produce H+ and I, so HI is a Brønsted acid.
b. C2 H3O2 can accept a proton to become acetic acid HC2H3O2, so it is a Brønsted base.
c. H2 PO4 can either accept a proton, H , to become H3PO4 and thus behaves as a Brønsted base or
+
donate a proton in water to yield H+ and HPO24 , thus behaving as a Brønsted acid.
303
part.

d. HSO4 can donate a proton in water to yield H and SO 24  , thus behaving as a Brønsted acid. In
theory, it can also act as a Brønsted base, by accepting a proton to become H2SO4. However, because
H2SO4 is a much stronger acid than water, HSO4 does not behave as a Brønsted base in water.
9.33 Strategy: What are the characteristics of a Brønsted acid? Does it contain at least an H atom? With the
exception of ammonia, most Brønsted bases that you will encounter at this stage are anions.
Solution: a. PO34 in water can accept a proton to become HPO 24  and is thus a Brønsted base.
b. ClO2 in water can accept a proton to become HClO2 and is thus a Brønsted base.
c. NH 4 dissolved in water can donate a proton H+, thus behaving as a Brønsted acid.
d. HCO 3 can either donate a proton to yield H+ and CO 32  , thus behaving as a Brønsted
acid. Or, HCO 3 can accept a proton to become H2CO3, thus behaving as a Brønsted
base.
9.34 Recall that strong acids and strong bases are strong electrolytes. They are completely ionized in solution.
An ionic equation will show strong acids and strong bases in terms of their free ions. A net ionic equation
shows only the species that actually take part in the reaction.
a. The balanced molecular equation is: HBr(aq) + NH3(aq) → NH4Br(aq)
Ionic: H+(aq) + Br(aq) + NH3(aq) 

 NH4+ (aq) + Br(aq)
 NH4+ (aq)
Net ionic: H+(aq) + NH3(aq) 
b. The balanced molecular equation is: 3Ba(OH)2(aq) + 2H3PO4(aq) 

 Ba3(PO4)2(s) + 6H2O(l)
Ionic: 3Ba2+(aq) + 6OH(aq) + 2H3PO4(aq) 

 Ba3(PO4)2(s) + 6H2O(l)
Net ionic: 3Ba2+(aq) + 6OH(aq) + 2H3PO4(aq) 

 Ba3(PO4)2(s) + 6H2O(l)
c. The balanced molecular equation is: 2HClO4(aq) + Mg(OH)2(s) 

 Mg (ClO4)2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
Ionic: 2H+(aq) + 2ClO4 (aq) + Mg2+(aq) + 2OH(aq) 

 Mg2+(aq) + 2ClO4 (aq) + 2H2O(l)
Net ionic: 2H+(aq) + 2OH(aq) 

 2H2O(l) or H+(aq) + OH(aq) 
 H2O(l)
9.35 Strategy: Recall that strong acids and strong bases are strong electrolytes. They are completely ionized
in solution. An ionic equation will show strong electrolytes, including strong acids and strong
bases as separate ions. Weak acids and weak bases are weak electrolytes. They ionize only to
a small extent in solution. Weak acids and weak bases are shown as molecules in ionic and
net ionic equations. A net ionic equation shows only the species that actually take part in the
reaction.
304
part.
Solution: a. HC2H3O2 is a weak acid. It will be shown as a molecule in the ionic equation. KOH is a
strong base. It completely dissociates to K+ and OH ions. Since HC2H3O2 is an acid, it
donates an H+ to the base, OH, producing water. The other product is the salt, KC2H3O2,
which is soluble and remains in solution. The balanced molecular equation is:
HC2H3O2(aq) + KOH(aq) 
 KC2H3O2(aq) + H2O(l)
 C 2 H 3 O 2 (aq) + K+(aq) + H2O(l)

Ionic: HC2H3O2(aq) + K+(aq) + OH(aq) 
 C 2 H 3 O 2 (aq) + H2O(l)
Net ionic: HC2H3O2(aq) + OH(aq) 
b. H2CO3 is a weak acid. It will be shown as a molecule in the ionic equation. NaOH is a
strong base. It completely dissociates to Na+ and OH ions. Since H2CO3 is an acid, it
donates an H+ to the base, OH, producing water. The other product is the salt, Na2CO3,
which is soluble and remains in solution. The balanced molecular equation is:
H2CO3(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) 
 Na2CO3(aq) + 2H2O(l)
 2Na+(aq) + CO 23  (aq) + 2H2O(l)

Ionic: H2CO3(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + 2OH(aq) 
 CO 23  (aq) + 2H2O(l)
Net ionic: H2CO3(aq) + 2OH(aq) 
c. HNO3 is a strong acid. It completely ionizes to H+ and NO 3 ions. Ba(OH)2 is a strong

base. It completely dissociates to Ba2+ and OH ions. Since HNO3 is an acid, it donates an
H+ to the base, OH, producing water. The other product is the salt, Ba(NO3)2, which is
soluble and remains in solution. The balanced molecular equation is:
2HNO3(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq) 
 Ba(NO3)2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
Ionic: 2H+(aq) + 2NO 3 (aq) + Ba2+(aq) + 2OH(aq) 

 Ba2+(aq) + 2NO 3 (aq)
+2H2O(l)
Net ionic: 2H+(aq) + 2OH(aq) 

 2H2O(l) or H+(aq) + OH(aq) 
 H2O(l)
9.36 Answers will vary.
a. combination redox reaction: N2(g) + 3H2(g) 

 2NH3(g)
b. decomposition redox reaction: 2H2O2(aq) 

 2H2O(l) + O2(g)
c. displacement redox reaction: Zn(s) + CuCl2(aq) 

 ZnCl2(aq) + Cu(s)
305
part.
d. disproportionation reaction: 2H2O2(aq) 

 2H2O(l) + O2(g)
9.37 The oxidation number is the charge an atom would have if electrons were transferred completely,
rather than shared in covalent bonds. In redox reactions, there is a change in the oxidation
numbers of one or more atoms. In ionic compounds, the electrons are transferred, rather than shared, so
the oxidation number is equal to the charge. In covalent compounds, the electrons are not transferred, so
the oxidation number has no physical meaning.
9.38 Oxidation number is the charge that an atom would have if electrons were transferred completely
and is always a whole number. Partial charge is a measure of how much charge is actually
transferred from one atom to another and is always less than 1. Both provide us with a way to trace
the distribution of charge in a chemical reaction.
9.39 The activity series is arranged from top to bottom in order of decreasing ease of oxidation. It is
used to determine whether a redox reaction will occur and which species will be oxidized or
reduced.
9.40 Redox reaction: 4Na(s) + O2(g) 

 2Na2O(s)
 Na+ + e− and O2 + 4e− 

Half-reactions: Na   2O2−
Oxidizing agent: O2
Reducing agent: Na
9.41 No. Electrons are transferred from one atom or molecule to another, so some reactants are always
oxidized and others are always reduced.
9.42 (i) Half-Reactions (ii) Oxidizing Agent (iii) Reducing Agent
a. Fe → Fe3+ + 3e O2 Fe
O2 + 4e 
 2O2
b. 2Br 
 Br2 + 2e Cl2 Br
Cl2 + 2e 
 2Cl
Na+ doesn’t change oxidation states. It is a spectator ion.
c. Si 
 Si4+ + 4e F2 Si
F2 + 2e 
 2F
d. H 
 2H+ + 2e Cl2 H2
2
Cl2 + 2e 
 2Cl
306
part.
9.43 Strategy: In order to break a redox reaction down into an oxidation half-reaction and a reduction half-
reaction, you should first assign oxidation numbers to all the atoms in the reaction. In this
way, you can determine which element is oxidized (loses electrons) and which element is
reduced (gains electrons).
Solution: In each part, the reducing agent is the reactant in the first half-reaction and the oxidizing
agent is the reactant in the second half-reaction.
a. The product is an ionic compound whose ions are Sr2+ and O2. The half-reactions are:
 2Sr2+ + 4e and O2 + 4e 

2Sr   2O2
O2 is the oxidizing agent. Sr is the reducing agent.
b. The product is an ionic compound whose ions are Li+ and H. The half-reactions are:
 2Li+ + 2e and H2 + 2e 

2Li   2H
H2 is the oxidizing agent. Li is the reducing agent.
c. The product is an ionic compound whose ions are Cs+ and Br. The half-reactions are:
 2Cs+ + 2e and Br2 + 2e 

2Cs   2Br
Br2 is the oxidizing agent. Cs is the reducing agent.
d. The product is an ionic compound whose ions are Mg2+ and N3. The half-reactions are:
 3Mg2+ + 6e and N2 + 6e 

3Mg   2N3
N2 is the oxidizing agent. Mg is the reducing agent.
9.44 a. +5 b. +1 c. +3 d. +5 e. +5 f. +5
9.45 Strategy: In general, we follow the rules listed in Section 9.4 of the text for assigning oxidation
numbers.
Solution: The oxidation number for hydrogen is +1 and for oxygen is 2. The oxidation number for
sulfur in S8 is zero (rule 1). Remember that in a molecule, the sum of the oxidation numbers
of all the atoms must be zero, and in a polyatomic ion the sum of oxidation numbers of all
elements in the ion must equal the net charge of the ion (rule 2).
H2S (–2), S2– (–2), HS– (–2) < S8 (0) < SO2 (+4) < SO3 (+6), H2SO4 (+6)
The number in parentheses denotes the oxidation number of sulfur.
9.46 All are free elements, so all have an oxidation number of zero.
307
part.
9.47 See the guidelines for assigning oxidation numbers in Section 9.4 of the text.
a. ClF: F (1), Cl (+1)
b. IF7: F ( 1), I (+7)
c. CH4: H (+1), C (4)
d. C2H2: H (+1), C (1)
e. C2H4: H (+1), C (2)
f. K2CrO4: K (+1), O (2), Cr (+6)
g. K2Cr2O7: K (+1), O (2), Cr (+6)
h. KMnO4: K (1), O (2), Mn (
i. NaHCO3: Na (+1), H (+1), O (2), C (+4)
j. Li2: by Rule 1, Li (0)
k. NaIO3: Na (+1), O (2), I (+5)
l. KO2: K (+1), O (1/2)
m. PF  : F (1), P (+5)
6
n. KAuCl4: K (+1), Cl (1), Au (+3)
9.48 a. Mg3N2: Mg (+2), N (3)
b. CsO2: Cs (+1), O (−½)
c. CaC2: Ca (+2), C (−1)
d. CO 2  : O (−2), C (+4)
3
e. C O 2  : O (−2), C (+3)
2 4
f. ZnO 2  Zn (+2), O (−2)

2 :
g. NaBH4: Na (+1), H (−1), B (+3)
h. WO 2  : O (−2), W (+6)
4
308
part.
9.49 a. Cs2O: O (−2), Cs (+1)
b. CaI2: Ca (+2), I (−1)
c. Al2O3: O (−2), Al (+3)
d. H3AsO3: H (+1), O (−2), As (+3)
e. TiO2: O (−2), Ti (+4)
f. MoO 24 : O (−2), Mo (+6)
g. PtCl 24  : Cl (−1), Pt (+2)
h. PtCl 62  : Cl (−1), Pt (+4)
i. SnF2: F (−1), Sn (+2)
j. ClF3: F (−1), Cl (+3)
k. SbF 6 : F (−1), Sb (+5)
9.50 Any metal above hydrogen in the activity series will displace it from water or an acid. Metals below
hydrogen will not react with either water or an acid. Only (b) Li and (d) Ca are above hydrogen in the
activity series, so they are the only metals in this problem that will react with water.
9.51 If nitric acid is a strong oxidizing agent and zinc is a strong reducing agent, then zinc metal will
probably reduce nitric acid when the two react; that is, N will gain electrons and the oxidation
number of N must decrease. Since the oxidation number of nitrogen in nitric acid is +5, then the
nitrogen-containing product must have a smaller oxidation number for nitrogen. The only
compound in the list that doesn’t have a nitrogen oxidation number less than +5 is N2O5 (what is
the oxidation number of N in N2O5?) This is never a product of the reduction of nitric acid.
9.52 a. Cu(s) + HCl(aq)   no reaction, since Cu(s) is less reactive than the hydrogen from acids.
b. Au(s) + NaBr(aq) 
 no reaction, since Au(s) is less reactive than Na(s).
c. Mg(s) + CuSO (aq) 

 MgSO4(aq) + Cu(s), since Mg(s) is more reactive than Cu(s).
4
Net ionic equation: Mg(s) + Cu2+(aq) 

 Mg2+(aq) + Cu(s)
d. Zn(s) + KBr(aq) 
 no reaction, since Zn(s) is less reactive than K(s).
9.53 In order to solve this problem, you need to assign the oxidation numbers to all the elements in the
compounds. In each case oxygen has an oxidation number of 2. These oxidation numbers should then be
compared to the range of possible oxidation numbers that each element can have. (See Figure 9.7 in the
text.) Molecular oxygen is a powerful oxidizing agent. In SO3, the oxidation number of the element
bound to oxygen (S) is at its maximum value (+6); the sulfur cannot be oxidized further. The other
elements bound to oxygen in this problem have less than their maximum oxidation number and can
undergo further oxidation. Only SO3 does not react with molecular oxygen.
309
part.
9.54 a. combination
b. decomposition
c. displacement
d. decomposition (disproportionation)
9.55 a. decomposition (This is a special type of decomposition reaction called a “disproportionation,” in

which a single species undergoes both oxidation and reduction.)
b. displacement
c. decomposition
d. combination
9.56 moles solute

M 
L of solution
Molarity is a convenient unit of concentration because it simplifies the conversion of solution
volume to the number of moles of solute being used in a chemical reaction.
9.57 The mass of solute is determined. From the mass, the moles of solute can be calculated. The
solution is placed in a volumetric flask. It is then filled to the line with the solvent, thus producing a
known volume of solution.
9.58 A known volume of the solution is measured with a pipette. It is added to a volumetric flask. The
flask is then filled to the line, producing a known volume of solution.
9.59 M1V1 = M 2V2 ; the units for molarity are mol/L. The units for volume are L.
9.60 The pH of a solution is defined as the negative base-10 logarithm of the hydronium ion
concentration (in mol/L). Instead of using the hydronium ion concentration that can span an
enormous range (~101 to 1014), chemists discuss acidity in terms of pH which generally ranges
from ~1 to 14.
9.61 Yes, an acidic solution has pH < 7.00. The pH of a solution can be zero or negative. For example, the
pH of a 1.0 M solution is 0.00 and the pH of a 2.0 M solution is negative (0.301).
9.62 First, determine how many moles of NaNO3 250 mL of a 0.707 M solution contains. Then convert to
grams.
0.707 mol NaNO3

Moles NaNO3 = × 250 mL solution = 0.1768 mol
1000 mL solution
Now use the molar mass of NaNO3 as a conversion factor to convert from moles to grams.
M(NaNO3) = 85.00 g/mol.
85.00 g NaNO3
0.1768 mol NaNO3 × = 15.0 g NaNO3
1 mol NaNO3
To make the solution, dissolve 15.0 g of NaNO3 in enough water to make 250 mL of solution.
310
part.
9.63 Strategy: First, calculate the moles of KI needed to prepare the solution, and then convert from moles
to grams. How many moles of KI does 5.00 × 102 mL of a 2.80 M solution contain?
Solution: From the molarity (2.80 M) and the volume (5.00 × 102 mL), we can calculate the moles of
KI needed to prepare the solution.
First, calculate the moles of KI needed to prepare the solution.

2.80 mol KI
mol of KI   (5.00  102 mL solution)  1.40 mol KI
1000 mL solution
Converting to grams of KI:

166.0g KI
1.40 mol KI   232g KI
1mol KI
9.64 First calculate moles of KOH and then use the molar mass to convert to grams.
5.50 moles solute

? moles KOH solute  × 35.0 mL solution  0.1925 mol KOH
1000 mL solution
The molar mass of KOH is 56.11 g/mol. Use this conversion factor to calculate grams of KOH.
56.108 g KOH
? grams KOH  0.1925 mol KOH ×  10.8 g KOH
1 mol KOH
9.65 Since the problem asks for moles of solute (MgCl2), you should be thinking that you can calculate moles
of solute from the molarity and volume of solution.
mol = M  L
60.0 mL = 0.0600 L
0.100 mol MgCl2
mol MgCl2   0.0600 Lsolution  6.00 × 103 mol MgCl 2
1Lsoln
9.66 a. 1 mol CH3OH

? mol CH3OH = 6.57 g CH3OH × = 0.205 mol CH3OH
32.042 g CH3OH
0.205 mol CH3OH

M   1.37 M
0.150 L
b. 1 mol CaCl2
? mol CaCl2 = 10.4 g CaCl2 × = 0.09371 mol CaCl2
110.98 g CaCl2
0.09371 mol CaCl2

M   0.426 M
0.220 L
311
part.
c. 1 mol C10 H8
? mol C10 H8 = 7.82 g C10 H8 × = 0.06102 mol C10 H8
128.16 g C10 H8
0.06102 mol C10 H8

M   0.716 M
0.0852 L
9.67 a. molar mass of C2H5OH = 46.068 g/mol
1mol C2 H5OH
?mol C2 H5 OH  29.0g C2 H5OH   0.630 mol C2 H5OH
46.068g C2 H5OH
molsolute 0.630 mol C2 H5OH

Molarity  =  1.16 M
Lsoln 0.545Lsolution
b. molar mass of C12H22O11 = 342.3 g/mol
1mol C12 H 22 O11

? mol C12 H 22 O11  15.4g C12 H 22 O11   0.0450 mol C12 H 22 O11
342.3g C12 H 22 O11
molsolute 0.0450 mol C12 H 22 O11

Molarity    0.608 M
Lsoln 74.0 103 Lsolution
c. molar mass of NaCl = 58.44 g/mol
1mol NaCl
? mol NaCl  9.00g NaCl   0.154 mol NaCl
58.44g NaCl
molsolute 0.154 mol NaCl

Molarity    1.78 M
Lsoln 86.4 103 Lsolution
9.68 A 250 mL sample of 0.100 M solution contains 0.0250 mol of solute (mol = M  L). The computation in
each case is the same:
a. 259.8 g CsI
0.0250 mol CsI    g CsI
1 mol CsI
b. 98.086 g H 2SO4
0.0250 mol H 2SO4   2.45 g H 2SO 4
1 mol H 2SO4
c. 105.99 g Na 2 CO3
0.0250 mol Na 2 CO3   2.65 g Na 2CO 3
1 mol Na 2 CO3
d. 294.2 g K 2 Cr2 O7
0.0250 mol K 2 Cr2 O7   7.36 g K 2Cr2 O7
1 mol K 2 Cr2 O7
312
part.
e. 158.04 g KMnO4
0.0250 mol KMnO4   3.95 g KMnO4
1 mol KMnO4
9.69 First, calculate the moles of each solute. Then, you can calculate the volume (in L) from the molarity and
the number of moles of solute.
a. 1mol NaCl
? mol NaCl  2.14g NaCl   0.03662 mol NaCl
58.44g NaCl
molsolute 0.03662 mol NaCl

Lsoln    0.136 L  136mLsoln
Molarity 0.270 mol/L
b. 1mol C2 H5 OH
? mol C2 H5 OH  4.30g C2 H5 OH   0.09334 mol C2 H5OH
46.068g C2 H5OH
mol solute 0.09334 mol C2 H5 OH

L soln    0.0622 L  62.2 mL soln
Molarity 1.50 mol/L
c. 1 mol HC2 H3O2

? mol HC2 H3O2  0.85 g HC2 H3O2   0.0142 mol HC2 H3O2
60.052 g HC2 H3O2
mol solute 0.0142 mol HC2 H3O2

L soln    0.047 L  47mL soln
Molarity 0.30 mol/L
9.70 Substitute the data into Equation 9.3 of the text.
McLc = MdLd
(0.866 M)(25.0 mL) = Md(500 mL)
(0.866 M )(25.0 mL)

Md  = 0.0433 M
(500 mL)
9.71 Strategy: Because the volume of the final solution is greater than the original solution, this is a dilution
process. Keep in mind that in a dilution, the concentration of the solution decreases, but the
number of moles of the solute remains the same (Equation 9.2).
Solution: We prepare for the calculation by tabulating our data. The subscripts c and d stand for
concentrated and dilute.
Mc = 2.00 M Md = 0.646 M
Lc = ? Ld = 1.00 L
We substitute the data into Equation (9.3) of the text.
McLc = MdLd
You can solve the equation algebraically for Lc. Then substitute in the given quantities to
solve for the volume of 2.00 M HCl needed to prepare 1.00 L of a 0.646 M HCl solution.
313
part.
M d  Ld 0.646 M 1.00 L
Lc   = 0.323 L = 323 mL
Mc 2.00 M
To prepare the 0.646 M solution, you would dilute 323 mL of the 2.00 M HCl solution to a
final volume of 1.00 L.
9.72 First calculate the final volume of the dilute solution. Then, you can subtract 505 mL from this volume to
calculate the amount of water that should be added.
M c  Lc 0.125 M  505 mL
Ld =  = 631 mL
Md 0.100 M
(631  505) mL = 126 mL of water
9.73 You can solve the equation algebraically for Lc. Then substitute in the given quantities to solve for the
volume of 4.00 M HNO3 needed to prepare 60.0 mL of a 0.200 M HNO3 solution.
M d  Ld 0.200 M  60.0 mL
Lc =  = 3.00 mL
Mc 4.00 M
To prepare the 0.200 M solution, you would dilute 3.00 mL of the 4.00 M HNO3 solution to a final
volume of 60.0 mL.
9.74 Moles of Ca(NO3)2 from the 0.568 M solution:
 0.568 mol Ca  NO3 2 

 0.0462 L     0.0262 mol Ca  NO3 2
 1L 
Moles of Ca(NO3)2 from the 1.396 M solution:
 1.396 mol Ca(NO3 )2 

 0.0805 L     0.112 mol Ca(NO3 )2
 1L 
Total moles of Ca(NO3)2 = 0.0262 + 0.112 = 0.138 mol
Assume the volumes are additive. Then, the volume of the final solution will be 0.0462 + 0.0805 = 0.1267 L.
The concentration is 0.138 mol / 0.1267 L = 1.09 M Ca(NO3)2.
9.75 Moles of KMnO4 from the 1.66 M solution:
 1.66 mol KMnO4 

 0.0352 L     0.0584 mol KMnO4
 1L 
Moles of KMnO4 from the 0.892 M solution:
 0.892 mol KMnO4 

 0.0167 L     0.0149 mol KMnO4
 1L 
314
part.
Total moles of KMnO4 = 0.0584 + 0.0149 = 0.0733 mol.
Assume the volumes are additive. Then, the volume of the final solution will be 0.0352 + 0.0167 = 0.0519 L.
The concentration is 0.0733 mol / 0.0519 L = 1.41 M KMnO4.
9.76  4 mg   1 g   1 mol F
  4 
   
 1 L   1000 mg   19.00 g F   2×10 M F

9.77  126 mg   1 g   10 dL   1 mol C6 H12 O6 
      0.00699 M C6 H12 O6
 dL   1000 mg   1 L   180.16 g C6 H12 O6 
9.78 Given [H3O]+, using the equation [H3O]+ = 10−pH ; that is, pH = −log[H3O]+
a. pH = −log (5.3 × 10−4) = 3.28

b. pH = −log (7.1 × 10−6) = 5.15
c. pH = −log (4.8 × 10−12) = 11.32
9.79 Given [H3O]+, using the equation [H3O]+ = 10−pH; that is, pH = −log(2.7 × 10−3)
a. pH= −log(2.7 × 10−3) = 2.57

b. pH= −log(1.9 × 10−9) = 8.72
c. pH= −log(5.6 × 10−2) = 1.25
9.80 a. log[H3O +] = 5.20

[H3O+] =10−pH
= 10−5.20
= 6.3  10−6 M
b. log[H3O +] = 16
[H3O+] = 10−16
= 1  10−16 M
c. pOH = log[OH−]
= log(3.7  10−9)
= 8.43
pH =14  8.43
= 5.57
[H3O+] = 10−5.57
= 2.7  10−6 M
9.81 a. log[H3O +] = 2.42
[H3O +] = 10−2.42
= 3.8  103 M
b. [H3O +] = 10−11.21
= 6.2  1012 M
c. [H3O +] = 10−6.96
= 1.1  107 M
d. [H3O +] = 10−15.00
= 1.0  1015 M
315
part.
9.82 a. basic
b. neutral
c. acidic
9.83
pH [H] Solution is
7
<7 >1.0 × 10 M acidic
>7 <1.0 × 107 M basic
=7 =1.0 × 107 M neutral
9.84 a.  3.25 mol Na 2SO4   2 mol Na 


+
Na2SO4: 
1L   1 mol Na SO   6.50 M Na

  2 4 
 1.78 mol Na 2 CO3   2 mol Na   +

Na2CO3: 
1L   1 mol Na CO   3.56 M Na
  2 3 
 0.585 mol NaHCO3   1 mol Na   +

NaHSO4:    1 mol NaHSO   0.585 M Na
 1L  4 
b.  mol Li    1 mol Li 2 CO3 

 0.595
L
     0.298 M Li 2CO 3
   2 mol Li 
9.85 a.  0.150 mol BaCl2   2 mol Cl

  
BaCl2:  
  1 mol BaCl   0.300 M Cl
 1L  2 

 0.566 mol NaCl   1 mol Cl  
NaCl:     0.566 M Cl
 1L   1 mol NaCl 
 1.202 mol AlCl3   3 mol Cl  

AlCl3: 
1L   1 mol AlCl   3.606 M Cl
  3 
b.  2.55 mol NO32    1 mol Sr  NO3 2 

   2
  1.28 M Sr  NO 3 2
 1L   2 mol NO3 
9.86 
1 mol NH 4 +   1 mol  NH 4 2 SO 4   
 5.75 g NH   18.04
+
4 
g NH +   2 mol NH +

1L
  0.112 mol  NH 4  SO 4
  1.42 L

 4  4  2 
9.87 Moles of nitrate in the 0.992 M solution:
 0.992 mol KNO3   1 mol NO3 

 0.0950 L       0.0942 mol NO3
 1L   1 mol KNO3 
316
part.
Moles of nitrate in the 1.570 M solution:
 1.570 mol Ca  NO 3    2 mol NO  

 0.1555 L   1 L
2  3
  1 mol Ca  NO 3 
  0.4883 mol NO 3

  2 
Total nitrate = 0.0942 mol + 0.4883 mol = 0.5825 mol
Assume the volumes are additive. Then, the volume of the final solution is 0.0950 L + 0.1555 L =
0.2505 L. The concentration of nitrate in the final solution is 0.5825 mol / 0.2505 L = 2.325 M.
9.88 Strategy: Using either a graphing calculator or an Excel spreadsheet, we graph the tabulated data to
verify that the relationship between absorbance and concentration is linear and that the line
goes through the origin. We then use the line and the measured absorbance to determine the
concentration of the unknown solution.
Setup: Graphing the tabulated data with Excel give the following plot:
0.900
0.800
0.700
0.600
0.500
A
0.400
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
0.000 0.200 0.400 0.600 0.800 1.000 1.200 1.400
Concentration(M)
Concentration (M)
Solution: Solving for the unknown concentration gives 0.600 M.
The molar absorptivity is a measure of how strongly the species absorbs light of a particular
wavelength. The quantitative relationship between absorbance and a solution’s concentration
is called the Beer-Lambert law and is expressed as A = εbc.
317
part.
Setup: a. Graphing the data tabulated in Problem 9.88 with Excel gives the following plot:
0.900
0.800
0.700
0.600
0.500
A
0.400
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
0.000 0.200 0.400 0.600 0.800 1.000 1.200 1.400
Concentration
Concentration (M)
b. A = εbc
where ε = molar absorptivity

b = path length of solution (in cm)
c = molar concentration of the solution
b = 1.00 cm
Absorbance is a unitless quantity.
Solution: a. Solving for the unknown absorbance for each of the following concentrations gives:
(M) A
0.4 0.26
0.6 0.40
0.8 0.53
1.1 0.73
A
b. Rearranging to solve for ε, gives   .
bc
0.250 M:
A 0.165
   0.660 L/mol·cm
bc (1 cm)(0.250 mol/L)
318
part.
0.500 M:
A 0.317
   0.634 L/mol·cm
bc (1 cm)(0.500 mol/L)
0.750 M:
A 0.510
   0.680 L/mol·cm
bc (1 cm)(0.750 mol/L)
1.000 M:
A 0.650
   0.650 L/mol·cm
bc (1 cm)(1.000 mol/L)
1.250 M:
A 0.837
   0.670 L/mol·cm
bc (1 cm)(1.250 mol/L)
Calculating the average molar absorptivity gives:
[(0.660 + 0.634 + 0.680 + 0.650 + 0.670)/5] = 0.659 L/mol·cm
9.90 Strategy: Dilution is the process of preparing a less concentrated solution from a more concentrated
one. Remember that adding more solvent to a given amount of stock solution changes
(decreases) the concentration of the solution without changing the number of moles of solute
present in the solution.
Setup: According to Equation 9.2, moles of solute before dilution = moles of solute after dilution.
Solution: (a) best represents the before-and-after molecular-level view of the dilution of a
concentrated stock solution. The volume of solvent has increased, but the number of moles
of solute has remained the same.
9.91 Strategy: First, write the formula for sodium sulfate. Then, identify the compound as ionic or
molecular.
Setup: Na+ and SO 24  combine in a 2:1 ratio to give Na2SO4. Na2SO4 contains a metal cation and is
therefore an ionic compound. Ionic compounds dissociate completely in water and are strong
electrolytes.
Solution: Diagram (e) best represents an aqueous solution of sodium sulfate. There are twice as many
cations as anions (2:1 ion ratio) and the ions have completely dissociated in water as
expected for a strong electrolyte.
9.92 A gravimetric analysis involves the measurement of mass. A dry sample is dissolved and then
precipitated. The compound of interest is purified by washing and drying. The mass is then
determined very accurately. If the formula is known, then so is the gravimetric factor, which
converts the measured mass of the compound into mass of the analyte.
319
part.
9.93 Tap water contains chloride ions from the chlorination process.
9.94 In an acid-base titration, a known volume of the solution to be determined is put into a flask. One to
two drops of indicator are added to it. Using a solution of known concentration, the titration
solution is added from a burette until the indicator changes color. The total volume of the solution
is then calculated and used to determine the concentration of the unknown solution.
9.95 The indicator changes color when the pH of the solution reaches a certain value.
9.96 Yes. The concentration is used in the calculations, not the mass, so the additional water added will be
taken into account.
9.97 Because the pH at the equivalence point is different, it depends on the indicator used.
9.98 The mass of the sample is given in the problem (0.6760 g). Therefore we need to find the mass of Ba in
the original sample. We assume the precipitation is quantitative—that is, all the barium in the sample
has been precipitated as barium sulfate. From the mass of BaSO4 produced, we can calculate the mass of
Ba. There is 1 mole of Ba in 1 mole of BaSO4.
First, we calculate the mass of Ba in 0.4105 g of the BaSO4 precipitate. The molar mass of BaSO4 is
233.4 g/mol.
1 mol BaSO4 1 mol Ba 137.3 g Ba

? mass of Ba  0.4105 g BaSO4 × × ×
233.37 g BaSO4 1 mol BaSO4 1 mol Ba
= 0.24151 g Ba
Next, we calculate the mass percent of Ba in the unknown compound.
0.24151 g
%Ba by mass   100%  35.73%
0.6760 g
9.99 The balanced equation is:
CaCl2(aq) + 2AgNO3(aq) 
 Ca(NO3)2(aq) + 2AgCl(s)
We need to determine the limiting reactant. Ag+ and Cl combine in a 1:1 mole ratio to produce AgCl.
Let’s calculate the amount of Ag+ and Cl in solution.
0.100 mol Ag +
mol Ag +  ×15.0 mLsoln  1.50 103 mol Ag +
1000 mLsoln
0.150 molCaCl2 2 molCl

mol Cl    30.0 mL soln  9.00  103 molCl
1000 mL soln 1mol CaCl2
Since Ag+ and Cl combine in a 1:1 mole ratio, AgNO3 is the limiting reactant. Only 1.50  103 mole of
AgCl can form. Converting to grams of AgCl:
143.35g AgCl
1.50 103 mol AgCl   0.215g AgCl
1mol AgCl
320
part.
9.100 Write the ionic equation:
2Na  (aq )  S2  (aq )  Cu 2  (aq )  SO 24  (aq ) 

 2Na  (aq )  SO 24  (aq )  CuS(s )
Cancel the spectator ions and write the net ionic equation:
Cu 2+ (aq )+S 2  (aq ) 

 CuS(s )
Calculate the number of moles of Cu2+ in 0.0177 g of CuS:
 1 mol CuS   1 mol Cu 2  

 0.0177 g CuS   
4
  1.85  10 mol Cu
2
 95.62 g CuS   1 mol CuS 
The concentration of Cu2+ in the discharge is:
1.85 10 4
mol Cu 2    0.800 L   2.31  104 M Cu 2+
9.101 The net ionic equation is: Ag+(aq) + Cl(aq) 
 AgCl(s)
One mole of Cl is required per mole of Ag+. First, find the number of moles of Ag+.
0.0113mol Ag +
mol Ag +   (2.50 102 mLsoln)  2.825 103 mol Ag +
1000 mLsoln
Now, calculate the mass of NaCl using the mole ratio from the balanced equation.
1molCl 1mol NaCl 58.44g NaCl

(2.825 103 mol Ag  )     0.165g NaCl
1mol Ag  1molCl 1mol NaCl
9.102 The reaction between HCl and NaOH is:
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) 
 H2O(l) + NaCl(aq)
We know the volume of the NaOH solution, and we want to calculate the molarity of the NaOH
solution.
need to find
want to calculate
mol NaOH
M of NaOH 
L of NaOH soln
given
If we can determine the moles of NaOH in the solution, we can then calculate the molarity of the
solution. From the volume and molarity of HCl, we can calculate moles of HCl. Then, using the mole
ratio from the balanced equation, we can calculate moles of NaOH.
321
part.
0.312 mol HCl 1 mol NaOH

? mol NaOH = 17.4 mL HCl × ×  5.429  103 mol NaOH
1000 mL soln 1 mol HCl
From the moles and volume of NaOH, we calculate the molarity (M) of the NaOH solution.
mol NaOH 5.429  103 mol NaOH

M of NaOH    0.217 M
L of NaOH soln 25.0  103 L soln
9.103 Strategy: Using the mass given and the molar mass of KHP, determine the number of moles of KHP.
Recognize that the number of moles of KOH in the volume given is equal to the number of
moles of KHP. Divide moles of KOH by volume (in liters) to get molarity.
Setup: The molar mass of KHP (KHC8H4O4) = [39.1 g + 5(1.008 g) + 8(12.01 g) + 4(16.00 g)]
= 204.2 g/mol.
Solution: 0.4218 g
moles of KHP   0.002066 mol KHP
204.2 g/mol
Because moles of KHP = moles of KOH, it follows that moles of KOH = 0.002066 mol.
0.002066 mol
molarity of KOH   0.1106 M
0.01868 L
9.104 Determine the moles of HCl and use the definition of molarity to calculate the volume of HCl needed.
From the volume and molarity of NaOH or Ba(OH)2, calculate moles of NaOH or Ba(OH)2. Then, using
the mole ratio from the balanced equation, calculate moles of HCl.
a. In order to have the correct mole ratio to solve the problem, you must start with a balanced chemical
equation.
 NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
0.300 mol NaOH 1 mol HCl

? mol HCl = 10.0 mL × ×  3.00  103 mol HCl
1000 mL solution 1 mol NaOH
From the molarity and moles of HCl, we calculate volume of HCl required to neutralize the NaOH.
moles of solute
liters of solution =
M
3.00  103 mol HCl

volume of HCl   6.00  103 L  6.00 mL
0.500 mol/L
b. This problem is similar to part (a). The difference is that the mole ratio between acid and base is 2:1.
2HCl(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq) 
 BaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
0.200 mol Ba(OH)2 2 mol HCl

? mol HCl = 10.0 mL × ×  4.00  103 mol HCl
1000 mLsolution 1 mol Ba(OH)2
322
part.
4.00  103 mol HCl

volume of HCl   8.00  103 L = 8.00 mL
0.500 mol/L
9.105 a. In order to have the correct mole ratio to solve the problem, you must start with a balanced chemical
equation.
From the molarity and volume of the HCl solution, you can calculate moles of HCl. Then, using the
mole ratio from the balanced equation above, you can calculate moles of NaOH.
2.430 mol HCl 1 mol NaOH

? mol NaOH  25.00 mL    6.075  102 mol NaOH
1000 mL soln 1 mol HCl
Solving for the volume of NaOH:
moles of solute
liters of solution 
M
6.075 102 mol NaOH

volume of NaOH   4.278 102 L  42.78mL
1.420 mol/L
b. This problem is similar to part (a). The difference is that the mole ratio between base and acid is 2:1.
H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) 
 Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
4.500 mol H 2SO4 2 mol NaOH

? mol NaOH  25.00 mL    0.2250 mol NaOH
1000 mL soln 1mol H 2SO4
0.2250 mol NaOH

volume of NaOH   0.1585 L  158.5 mL
1.420 mol/L
c. This problem is similar to parts (a) and (b). The difference is that the mole ratio between base and
acid is 3:1.
H3PO4(aq) + 3NaOH(aq) 
 Na3PO4(aq) + 3H2O(l)
1.500mol H3 PO4 3mol NaOH

? mol NaOH  25.00mL    0.1125mol NaOH
1000mLsoln 1mol H3 PO4
0.1125mol NaOH
volume of NaOH   0.07923L  79.23mL
1.420mol/L
9.106 Strategy: Write the molecular equation for the reaction that occurs when aqueous solutions of BaCl2
and AgNO3 are combined. Determine which product will precipitate based on the solubility
323
part.
BaCl2(aq) + 2AgNO3(aq) 
 Ba(NO3)2(aq) + 2AgCl(s)
According to Table 9.2, AgCl is insoluble in water and will precipitate from solution. Ag+
combines with Cl– in a 1:1 ratio. Therefore, there will be an equal number of cations and
ions in the precipitate.
Ba(NO3)2 contains a metal cation and is therefore an ionic compound. It will dissociate
completely in water and remain as Ba2+ and NO 3 ions in solution.
Assuming 1L of solution, we have 0.10 moles of BaCl2 and 0.10 moles of AgNO3.
According to the balanced equation, there are 2 moles of AgNO3 for every mole of BaCl2.
To determine which reactant is limiting, calculate the amount of AgNO3 necessary to react
completely with 0.10 mol BaCl2.
2 mol AgNO3
0.10 mol BaCl2 × = 0.20 mol AgNO3
1 mol BaCl2
The amount of AgNO3 reacting with 0.10 mol BaCl2 is more than that the reaction contains.
Therefore, AgNO3 is the limiting reactant. As a result, there will be excess BaCl2 that will be
present in solution as Ba2+ and Cl– ions.
Diagram (b) best represents the mixture.
9.107 Strategy: Write the molecular equation for the reaction that occurs when aqueous solutions of NaCl
and Pb(NO3)2 are combined. Determine which product will precipitate based on the
solubility guidelines in Tables 9.2 and 9.3.
2NaCl(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) 
 2NaNO3(aq) + PbCl2(s)
According to Table 9.2, PbCl2 is insoluble in water and will precipitate from solution. Pb2+
combines with Cl– in a 1:2 ratio. Therefore, there are twice as many anions as cations in the
precipitate.
NaNO3contains a metal cation and is therefore an ionic compound. It will dissociate

completely in water and remain as Na+ and NO3 ions in solution.
Assuming 1 L of solution, we have 0.10 moles of NaCl and 0.10 moles of Pb(NO3)2.
According to the balanced equation, there are 2 moles of NaCl for every mole of Pb(NO3)2.
To determine which reactant is limiting, calculate the amount of Pb(NO3)2 necessary to react
completely with 0.10 mol NaCl.
1 mol Pb  NO3 2
0.10 mol NaCl   0.05 mol Pb  NO3 2
2 mol NaCl
324
part.
0.05 mol of Pb(NO3)2 are required to react completely with 0.10 mol of NaCl. Since there
are 0.10 mol of Pb(NO3)2, all of the NaCl will react before the Pb(NO3)2 is consumed.
Therefore, NaCl is the limiting reactant. As a result, there will be excess Pb(NO3)2, which
will be present in solution as Pb2+ and NO3 ions.
Diagram (c) best represents the mixture.
9.108 Diagram (b) corresponds to H3PO4. Diagram (c) corresponds to HCl. Diagram (d) corresponds to
H2SO4.
9.109 Strategy: Count the number of hydrogen ions consumed in each case to determine how many are
required per formula unit of base. If one H+ ion is consumed per base, the base is monobasic.
If two H+ ions are consumed per base, the base is dibasic.
Solution: Diagram (d) corresponds to the neutralization of NaOH. Diagram (c) corresponds to
the neutralization of Ba(OH)2.
9.110 First, the gases could be tested to see if they supported combustion. O2 would support combustion,
CO2 would not. Second, if CO2 is bubbled through a solution of calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2], a
white precipitate of CaCO3 forms. No reaction occurs when O2 is bubbled through a calcium
hydroxide solution.
9.111 Choice (d), 0.20 M Mg(NO3)2, should be the best conductor of electricity because it has the greatest
concentration of ions; the total ion concentration in this solution is 0.60 M. The total ion concentrations
for solutions (a) and (c) are 0.40 M and 0.50 M, respectively. We can rule out choice (b), because acetic
acid is a weak electrolyte.
9.112 Starting with a balanced chemical equation:
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) 
 MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
From the mass of Mg, calculate moles of Mg. Then, using the mole ratio from the balanced equation
above, calculate moles of HCl that has reacted.
1 mol Mg 2 mol HCl

4.47 g Mg × × = 0.3677 mol HCl reacted
24.31 g Mg 1 mol Mg
Next calculate the number of moles of HCl in the original solution.
2.00 mol HCl

1000 mL soln
 
× 5.00 × 102 mL = 1.00 mol HCl
Moles HCl remaining = 1.00 mol  0.3677 mol = 0.6323 mol HCl
mol HCl 0.6323 mol HCl

conc. of HCl after reaction  =  1.26 mol/L  1.26 M
L soln 0.500 L
9.113 The balanced equation for the displacement reaction is:
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) 
 ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
325
part.
The moles of CuSO4 that react with 7.89 g of zinc are:
1 mol Zn 1 mol CuSO4

7.89 g Zn    0.1206 mol CuSO4
65.41 g Zn 1 mol Zn
The volume of the 0.156 M CuSO4 solution needed to react with 7.89 g Zn is:
mole solute 0.1206 mol CuSO 4

L of soln  =  0.773 L  773 mL
M 0.156 mol/L
2HCl(aq) + Na2CO3(s) 
 CO2(g) + H2O(l) + 2NaCl(aq)
The mole ratio from the balanced equation is 2 moles HCl : 1 mole Na2CO3. The moles of HCl needed
to react with 0.256 g of Na2CO3 are:
1 mol Na 2 CO3 2 mol HCl

0.256 g Na 2 CO3 × ×  4.831  103 mol HCl
105.99 g Na 2 CO3 1 mol Na 2 CO3
moles HCl 4.831  103 mol HCl

Molarity HCl    0.171 mol/L  0.171 M
L soln 0.0283 L soln
9.115 a. Weak electrolyte. Ethanolamine (C2H5ONH2) is a weak base.
b. Strong electrolyte. Potassium fluoride (KF) is a soluble ionic compound.
c. Strong electrolyte. Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) is a soluble ionic compound.
d. Nonelectrolyte. Isopropanol (C3H7OH) is a molecular compound that is neither an acid nor a base.
9.116 a. Nonelectrolyte. Lactose (C12H22O11) is a molecular compound that is neither an acid nor a base.
b. Weak electrolyte. Lactic acid (HC3H5O3) is a weak acid.
c. Weak electrolyte. Dimethylamine [(CH3)2NH] is a weak base.
d. Strong electrolyte. Barium hydroxide [Ba(OH)2] is a strong base (and a soluble ionic compound).
9.117 a. Weak electrolytes exist predominantly as molecules in solution. C2H5ONH2 molecules.
b. Strong electrolytes exist predominantly as ions in solution. K+ and F ions.
c. Strong electrolytes exist predominantly as ions in solution. NH 4+ and NO 3 ions.
d. Nonelectrolytes exist entirely as molecules in solution. C3H7OH molecules.
9.118 a. Nonelectrolytes exist entirely as molecules in solution. C12H22O11 molecules.
b. Weak electrolytes exist predominantly as molecules in solution. HC3H5O3 molecules.
326
part.
c. Weak electrolytes exist predominantly as molecules in solution. (CH3)2NH molecules.
d. Strong electrolytes exist predominantly as ions in solution. Ba2+ and OH ions.
9.119 The neutralization reaction is: HA(aq) + NaOH(aq) 

 NaA(aq) + H2O(l)
The mole ratio between the acid and NaOH is 1:1. The moles of HA that react with NaOH are:
0.1578 mol NaOH 1 mol HA

20.27 mL soln    3.1986  103 mol HA
1000 mL soln 1 mol NaOH
3.664 g of the acid reacted with the base. The molar mass of the acid is:
3.664 g HA
Molar mass   1146 g/mol
3.1986 103 mol HA
9.120 Start with a balanced chemical equation:
HC2H3O2(aq) + NaOH(aq) 
 NaC2H3O2(aq) + H2O(l)
From the molarity and volume of the NaOH solution, calculate moles of NaOH. Then, using the mole
ratio from the balanced equation above, calculate moles of HC2H3O2.
1.00 mol NaOH 1 mol HC2 H 3O 2

5.75 mL solution   = 5.75 × 103 mol HC2H3O2
1000 mL of solution 1 mol NaOH
5.75 103 mol HC2 H3O2

Molarity HC2H3O2 = = 0.115 M
0.0500 L
9.121 Let’s call the original solution, soln 1; the first dilution, soln 2; and the second dilution, soln 3. Start
with the concentration of soln 3, 0.00383 M. From the concentration and volume of soln 3, we can find
the concentration of soln 2. Then, from the concentration and volume of soln 2, we can find the
concentration of soln 1, the original solution.
M2V2 = M3V3
M2 =
M 3V3 (0.00383 M ) 1.000 10 mL

3

 0.153 M

V2 25.00 mL
M1V1 = M2V2
M 2V2 (0.153 M )(125.0 mL)

M1    1.28 M
V1 15.00 mL
Zn(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) 
 Zn(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s)
327
part.
Let x = mass of Ag produced. We can find the mass of Zn reacted in terms of the amount of Ag
produced.
1 mol Ag 1 mol Zn 65.41 g Zn

x g Ag × × ×  0.303x g Zn reacted
107.9 g Ag 2 mol Ag 1 mol Zn
The mass of Zn remaining will be:
2.50 g  amount of Zn reacted = 2.50 g Zn  0.303x g Zn
The final mass of the strip, 3.37 g, equals the mass of Ag produced + the mass of Zn remaining.
3.37 g = x g Ag + (2.50 g Zn  0.303 x g Zn)
x = 1.25 g = mass of Ag produced
mass of Zn remaining = 3.37 g  1.25 g = 2.12 g Zn or
mass of Zn remaining = 2.50 g Zn  0.303x g Zn = 2.50 g  (0.303)(1.25 g) = 2.12 g Zn
9.123 The balanced equation is: Ba(OH)2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) 

 BaSO4(s) + 2NaOH(aq)
moles Ba(OH)2: (2.27 L)(0.0820 mol/L) = 0.186 mol Ba(OH)2

moles Na2SO4: (3.06 L)(0.0664 mol/L) = 0.203 mol Na2SO4
Since the mole ratio between Ba(OH)2 and Na2SO4 is 1:1, Ba(OH)2 is the limiting reactant. The mass of
BaSO4 formed is:
1 mol BaSO4 233.37 g BaSO4

0.186 mol Ba(OH)2 ×   43.4 g BaSO4
1 mol Ba(OH)2 1 mol BaSO4
9.124 Using the rules for assigning oxidation numbers given in Section 9.4, H is +1, F is –1, so the oxidation
number of O must be zero.
9.125 In redox reactions, the oxidation numbers of elements change. To test whether an equation represents a
redox process, assign the oxidation numbers to each of the elements in the reactants and products. If
oxidation numbers change, it is a redox reaction.
a. On the left the oxidation number of chlorine in Cl2 is zero (rule 1). On the right it is 1 in Cl (rule 2)
and +1 in OCl. Since chlorine is both oxidized and reduced, this is a disproportionation redox
reaction.
b. The oxidation numbers of calcium and carbon do not change. This is not a redox reaction; it is a
precipitation reaction.
c. The oxidation numbers of nitrogen and hydrogen do not change. This is not a redox reaction; it is an
acid-base reaction.
d. The oxidation numbers of carbon, chlorine, chromium, and oxygen do not change. This is not a redox
reaction; it doesn’t fit easily into any category, but could be considered as a type of combination
reaction.
328
part.
e. The oxidation number of calcium changes from 0 to +2, and the oxidation number of fluorine changes
from 0 to 1. This is a combination redox reaction.
The remaining parts (f) through (j) can be worked the same way.
f. redox
g. precipitation
h. redox
i. redox
j. redox
9.126 The balanced equation is: HNO3(aq) + NaOH(aq) 

 NaNO3(aq) + H2O(l)
0.211 mol HNO3

mol HNO3 = × 10.7 mL soln  2.258  103 mol HNO3
1000 mL soln
0.258 mol NaOH

mol NaOH = × 16.3 mL soln  4.205  103 mol NaOH
1000 mL soln
Since the mole ratio from the balanced equation is 1 mole NaOH : 1 mole HNO3, then 2.258  103 mol
HNO3 will react with 2.258  103 mol NaOH.
mol NaOH remaining = (4.205  103 mol)  (2.258  103 mol) = 1.947  103 mol NaOH
10.7 mL + 16.3 mL = 27.0 mL = 0.0270 L
1.947  103 mol NaOH

molarity NaOH   0.0721 M
0.0270 L
9.127 a. Magnesium hydroxide is insoluble in water. It can be prepared by mixing a solution containing
Mg2+ ions such as MgCl2(aq) or Mg(NO3)2(aq) with a solution containing hydroxide ions such as
NaOH(aq). Mg(OH)2 will precipitate and can be collected by filtration. The net ionic reaction is:
Mg2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) 
 Mg(OH)2(s)
b. The balanced equation is: 2HCl + Mg(OH)2 

 MgCl2 + 2H2O
The moles of Mg(OH)2 in 10 mL of milk of magnesia are:
0.080 g Mg(OH)2 1 mol Mg(OH)2

10 mL soln  ×  0.0137 mol Mg(OH)2
1 mL soln 58.326 g Mg(OH)2
2 mol HCl
Moles of HCl reacted  0.0137 mol Mg(OH)2   0.0274 mol HCl
1 mol Mg(OH) 2
329
part.
mol solute 0.0274 mol HCl

Volume of HCl    0.78 L
M 0.035 mol/L
9.128 Add a known quantity of compound in a given quantity of water. Filter and recover the undissolved
compound, then dry and weigh it. The difference in mass between the original quantity and the
recovered quantity is the amount that dissolved in the water.
9.129 First, calculate the number of moles of glucose present.

0.513 mol glucose
 60.0 mL  0.03078 mol glucose
1000 mL soln
2.33 mol glucose
×120.0 mL  0.2796 mol glucose
1000 mL soln
Add the moles of glucose, and then divide by the total volume of the combined solutions to calculate the
molarity.
60 mL + 120.0 mL = 180.0 mL = 0.180 L
(0.03078  0.2796) mol glucose

Molarity of final solution   1.72 mol/L  1.72 M
0.180 L
9.130 You could accurately measure the electrical conductance of pure water. The conductance of a
solution of the slightly soluble ionic compound X should be greater than that of pure water. The
increased conductance would indicate that some of the compound X had dissolved.
9.131 The three chemical tests might include:

(1) electrolysis to ascertain if hydrogen and oxygen were produced;
(2) the reaction with an alkali metal to see if a base and hydrogen gas were produced;
(3) the dissolution of a metal oxide to see if a base was produced (or a nonmetal oxide to see if
an acid was produced).
9.132 Since both of the original solutions were strong electrolytes, you would expect a mixture of the two
solutions to also be a strong electrolyte. However, since the light dims, the mixture must contain fewer
ions than the original solution. Indeed, H+ from the sulfuric acid reacts with the OH from the barium
hydroxide to form water. The barium cations react with the sulfate anions to form insoluble barium
sulfate.
2H+(aq) + SO 24  (aq) + Ba2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) 

 2H2O(l) + BaSO4(s)
Thus, the reaction depletes the solution of ions and the conductivity decreases.
9.133 Diagram (a), which shows Ag+ and NO 3 ions. The balanced molecular equation for the reaction is:
AgOH(aq) + HNO3(aq) 
 H2O(l) + AgNO3(aq)
9.134 Diagram (a), which shows BaSO4(s). The balanced molecular equation for the reaction is:
Ba(OH)2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) 
 BaSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
330
part.
9.135 a. Check with litmus paper; combine with carbonate or bicarbonate to see if CO2 gas is produced;
combine with a base and check for neutralization with an indicator.
b. Titrate a known quantity of acid with a standard NaOH solution. Since it is a monoprotic acid, the
moles of NaOH reacted equals the moles of the acid. Dividing the mass of acid by the number of moles
gives the molar mass of the acid.
c. Visually compare the conductivity of the acid with a standard NaCl solution of the same molar
concentration. A strong acid will have a similar conductivity to the NaCl solution. The conductivity of
a weak acid will be considerably less than the NaCl solution.
9.136 You could test the conductivity of the solutions. Sugar is a nonelectrolyte and an aqueous sugar
solution will not conduct electricity, whereas NaCl is a strong electrolyte when dissolved in water.
Silver nitrate could be added to the solutions to see if silver chloride is precipitated. In this
particular case, the solutions could also be tested.
9.137 a. Pb(NO3)2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) 

 PbSO4(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
Pb2+(aq) + SO 42  (aq) 
 PbSO4(s)
b. First, calculate the moles of Pb2+ in the polluted water.
1 mol Na 2SO 4 1 mol Pb(NO3 ) 2 1 mol Pb 2+

0.00450 g Na 2SO 4 × × ×  3.17  10 5 mol Pb 2+
142.05 g Na 2SO 4 1 mol Na 2SO 4 1 mol Pb(NO3 ) 2
The volume of the polluted water sample is 500 mL (0.500 L). The molar concentration of Pb2+ is:
mol Pb 2+ 3.17  105 mol Pb 2+

[Pb 2+ ]    6.34 ×10 5 M
L soln 0.500 L soln
9.138 In a redox reaction, the oxidizing agent gains one or more electrons. In doing so, the oxidation
number of the element gaining the electrons must become more negative. In the case of chlorine, the
1 oxidation number is already the most negative state possible. The chloride ion cannot accept any
more electrons; therefore, hydrochloric acid is not an oxidizing agent.
9.139 a. An acid and a base react to form water and a salt. Potassium iodide is a salt; therefore, the acid and
base are chosen to produce this salt.
HI(aq) + KOH(aq) 
 KI(aq) + H2O(l)
The resulting solution could be evaporated to dryness to isolate the KI.
b. Acids react with carbonates to form carbon dioxide gas. Again, chose the acid and carbonate salt so
that KI is produced.
2HI(aq) + K2CO3(aq) 
 2KI(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Again, the resulting solution could be evaporated to dryness to isolate the KI.
9.140 The reaction is too violent. This could cause the hydrogen gas produced to ignite, and an explosion
could result.
331
part.
9.141 All the three products are water insoluble. Use this information in formulating your answer.
a. Combine any soluble magnesium salt with a soluble hydroxide; filter the precipitate.
Example: MgCl2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) 

 Mg(OH)2(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
b. Combine any soluble silver salt with any soluble iodide salt; filter the precipitate.
Example: AgNO3(aq) + NaI(aq) 

 AgI(s) + NaNO3(aq)
c. Combine any soluble barium salt with any soluble phosphate salt; filter the precipitate.
Example: 3Ba(OH)2(aq) + 2H3PO4(aq) 

 Ba3(PO4)2(s) + 6H2O(l)
9.142 The solid sodium bicarbonate would be the better choice. The hydrogen carbonate ion, HCO3 , behaves
as a Brønsted base to accept a proton from the acid.
HCO3 (aq) + H+(aq) 

 H2CO3(aq) 
 H2O(l) + CO2(g)
NaOH would also neutralize the spilled acid,
H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) 
 Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
but unless the stoichiometric amount is used, which is unlikely in such a situation, there will still be a
potential hazard. If too little NaOH is applied, there will be strong acid remaining. If too much NaOH
is applied, there will be excess strong base remaining. Sodium bicarbonate can be added in excess to
ensure complete neutralization of the spilled acid, without producing a hazardous substance.
9.143 a. Add Na2SO4, or any soluble sulfate salt. Barium sulfate would precipitate leaving sodium ions in
solution.
b. Add KOH, or any soluble compound containing hydroxide, carbonate, phosphate, or sulfide ion to
precipitate magnesium cations. In the case of adding KOH, Mg(OH)2 would precipitate leaving
potassium cations in solution.
c. Add AgNO3, or any soluble silver salt. AgBr would precipitate, leaving nitrate ions in solution.
d. Add Ca(NO3)2, or any soluble compound containing a cation other than ammonium or a Group 1A
cation to precipitate the phosphate ions; the nitrate ions will remain in solution.
e. Add Mg(NO3)2, or any solution containing a cation other than ammonium or a Group 1A cation to
precipitate the carbonate ions; the nitrate ions will remain in solution.
9.144 Table salt, NaCl, is very soluble in water and is a strong electrolyte. Addition of AgNO3 will
precipitate AgCl.
Table sugar or sucrose, C12H22O11, is soluble in water and is a nonelectrolyte.
Aqueous acetic acid, CH3COOH, the primary ingredient of vinegar, is a weak electrolyte. It exhibits
all of the properties of acids (Section 9.3).
Baking soda, NaHCO3, is a water-soluble strong electrolyte. It reacts with acid to release CO2 gas.
Addition of Ca(OH)2 results in the precipitation of CaCO3.
332
part.
Washing soda, Na2CO3  10H2O, is a water-soluble strong electrolyte. It reacts with acids to release
CO2 gas. Addition of a soluble alkaline-earth salt will precipitate the alkaline-earth carbonate.
Aqueous washing soda is also slightly basic (Section 9.3).
Boric acid, H3BO3, is weak electrolyte and a weak acid.
Epsom salt, MgSO4  7H2O, is a water-soluble strong electrolyte. Addition of Ba(NO3)2 results in the
precipitation of BaSO4. Addition of hydroxide precipitates Mg(OH)2.
Sodium hydroxide, NaOH, is a strong electrolyte and a strong base. Addition of Ca(NO3)2 results in
the precipitation of Ca(OH)2.
Ammonia, NH3, is a sharp-odor gas that when dissolved in water is a weak electrolyte and a weak
base. NH3 in the gas phase reacts with HCl gas to produce solid NH4Cl.
Milk of magnesia, Mg(OH)2, is an insoluble, strong base that reacts with acids. The resulting
magnesium salt may be soluble or insoluble.
Calcium carbonate, CaCO3, is an insoluble salt that reacts with acid to release CO2 gas.
With the exception of NH3 and aqueous acetic acid, all the compounds in this problem are white
solids.
9.145 reaction 1: SO 23  (aq) + H2O2(aq) 

 SO 42  (aq) + H2O(l)
reaction 2: SO 42  (aq) + Ba2+(aq) 

 BaSO4(s)
9.146 The balanced equation for the reaction is:
XCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) 
 AgCl(s) + XNO3(aq), where X = Na or K
From the amount of AgCl produced, we can calculate the moles of XCl reacted (X = Na or K).
1 mol AgCl 1 mol XCl

1.913 g AgCl × × = 0.013345 mol XCl
143.35 g AgCl 1 mol AgCl
Let x = number of moles NaCl. Then, the number of moles of KCl = 0.013345 mol  x. The sum of the
NaCl and KCl masses must equal the mass of the mixture, 0.8870 g. We can write:
mass NaCl + mass KCl = 0.8870 g
 58.44 g NaCl   74.55 g KCl 

 x mol NaCl ×   (0.013345  x) mol KCl ×   0.8870 g
 1 mol NaCl   1 mol KCl 
x = 6.6958  103 = moles NaCl
mol KCl = 0.013345  x = 0.013345 mol  (6.6958  103 mol) = 6.6492  103 mol KCl
333
part.
Converting moles to grams:

mass NaCl  6.6958  103 mol NaCl ×  58.44 g NaCl
1 mol NaCl
= 0.3913 g NaCl

mass KCl  6.6492  103 mol KCl ×  74.55 g KCl
1 mol KCl
= 0.4957 g KCl
The percentages by mass for each compound are:

0.3913 g
% NaCl   100%  4 4 .1 1 % N a C l
0.8870 g
0.4957 g
% KCl   100%  55.89 % K C l
0.8870 g
9.147 We assume that O has an oxidation state of 2. From this, we determine the ratio of combination of
chlorine and oxygen necessary to make a neutral formula for each of the specified oxidation states of Cl.
Cl2O (Cl = +1) Cl2O3 (Cl = +3) ClO2 (Cl = +4) Cl2O6 (Cl = +6)
Cl2O7 (Cl = +7)
9.148 The number of moles of oxalic acid in 5.00  102 mL is:
0.100 mol H2 C2 O4
1000 mL soln
 
 5.00  102 mL  0.0500 mol H2 C2 O4
The balanced equation shows a mole ratio of 1 mol Fe2O3 : 6 mol H2C2O4. The mass of rust that can be
removed is:
1 mol Fe2 O3 159.7 g Fe2 O3

0.0500 mol H 2 C2 O4 × ×  1.33 g Fe 2 O 3
6 mol H 2 C2 O4 1 mol Fe2 O3
9.149 Since aspirin is a monoprotic acid, it will react with NaOH in a 1:1 mole ratio.
First, calculate the moles of aspirin in the tablet.
0.1466 mol NaOH 1 mol aspirin

12.25 mL soln    1.796 103 mol aspirin
1000 mL soln 1 mol NaOH
Next, convert from moles of aspirin to grains of aspirin.
180.15 g aspirin 1 grain

1.796 103 mol aspirin    4.99 grains of aspirin in one tablet
1 mol aspirin 0.0648 g
334
part.
9.150 The precipitation reaction is: Ag+(aq) + Br(aq) 

 AgBr(s)
In this problem, the relative amounts of NaBr and CaBr2 are not known. However, the total amount of Br
in the mixture can be determined from the amount of AgBr produced. Find the number of moles of Br.
1 mol AgBr 1 mol Br 

1.6930 g AgBr ×   9.0149  103 mol Br 
187.8 g AgBr 1 mol AgBr
The amount of Br comes from both NaBr and CaBr2. Let x = number of moles NaBr. Then, the
9.0149  103 mol  x
number of moles of CaBr2  . The moles of CaBr2 are divided by 2, because
2
1 mol of CaBr2 produces 2 moles of Br. The sum of the NaBr and CaBr2 masses must equal the mass of
the mixture, 0.9157 g. We can write:
mass NaBr + mass CaBr2 = 0.9157 g
 102.89 g NaBr   9.0149  103  x  199.88 g CaBr2 

 x mol NaBr ×     mol CaBr2 ×   0.9157 g
 1 mol NaBr   2  1 mol CaBr2 
2.95x = 0.014751
x = 5.0003  103 = moles NaBr
Converting moles to grams:

mass NaBr  5.0003  103 mol NaBr ×  102.89 g NaBr
1 mol NaBr
= 0.51448 g NaBr
The percentage by mass of NaBr in the mixture is:
0.51448 g
% NaBr   100%  56.18% NaBr
0.9157 g
9.151 a. CaF2(s) + H2SO4(aq) 

 CaSO4(s) + 2HF(g)
2NaCl(s) + H2SO4(aq) 
 Na2SO4(aq) + 2HCl(g)
b. HBr and HI cannot be prepared similarly, because the sulfuric acid would oxidize Br and I ions to
Br2 and I2.
c. PBr3(l) + 3H2O(l) 
 3HBr(g) + H3PO3(aq)
9.152 There are two moles of Cl per one mole of CaCl2.
a. 1 mol CaCl2 2 mol Cl

25.3 g CaCl2 ×   0.4559 mol Cl
110.98 g CaCl2 1 mol CaCl2
335
part.
0.4559 mol Cl

Molarity Cl   1.40 mol/L  1.40 M
0.325 L solution
b. We need to convert from mol/L to grams in 0.100 L.
1.40 mol Cl 35.45 g Cl

  0.100 L soln  4.96 g Cl 
1 L solution 1 mol Cl
9.153 Electric furnace method:
P4(s) + 5O2(g) 
 P4O10(s) (redox)
P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) 
 4H3PO4(aq) (acid-base)
Wet process:
Ca5(PO4)3F(s) + 5H2SO4(aq) 
 3H3PO4(aq) + HF(aq) + 5CaSO4(s)
(acid-base and precipitation)
9.154 a. NH4+ (aq) + OH(aq) 

 NH3(aq) + H2O(l)
b. From the amount of NaOH needed to neutralize the 0.2041 g sample, we can find the amount of the
0.2041 g sample that is NH4NO3.
First, calculate the moles of NaOH.
0.1023 mol NaOH

× 24.42 mL solution  2.4982  103 mol NaOH
1000 mLsolution
Using the mole ratio from the balanced equation, we can calculate the amount of NH4NO3 that reacted.
1 mol NH 4 NO3 80.052 g NH4 NO3

(2.4982  103 mol NaOH) × × = 0.19999 g NH 4 NO3
1 mol NaOH 1 mol NH 4 NO3
The purity of the NH4NO3 sample is:
0.19999 g
% purity   100%  97.99%
0.2041 g
9.155 a. 4KO2(s) + 2CO2(g) 

 2K2CO3(s) + 3O2(g)
b. The oxidation number of oxygen in the O 22  ion is 1/2.
c. 1 mol KO2 2 mol CO2 44.01 g CO2 1 L air

? L air = 7.00 g KO2 ×    = 34 L air
71.10 g KO2 4 mol KO2 1 mol CO2 0.063 g CO2
336
part.
9.156 Ba(OH)2: add an equivalent amount of H2SO4 to produce BaSO4(s) and H2O(l)
BaCl2: add an equivalent amount of Na2SO4 to produce BaSO4(s) and NaCl(aq)
BaCO3: add an equivalent amount of Na2SO4 to produce BaSO4(s) and Na2CO3(aq)
H2SO4: add an equivalent amount of Ba(OH)2 to produce BaSO4(s) and H2O(l)
K2SO4: add an equivalent amount of BaCl2 to produce BaSO4(s) and KCl(aq)
9.157 No. In a redox reaction, electrons must be transferred between reacting species. In other words, oxidation
numbers must change in a redox reaction. In both O2 (molecular oxygen) and O3 (ozone), the oxidation
number of oxygen is zero. This is not a redox reaction.
Setup: Graphing the tabulated data with Excel gives the following plot:
0.900
0.800
0.700
0.600
0.500
A
0.400
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
0.000 0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250 0.300
Concentration (M)
Concentration (M)
Solution: Solving for the unknown concentration gives 0.165 M.
9.159 a. acid: H3O+, base: OH
 
 
 
OH H3O H2O H2O
337
part.
b. acid: NH 4 , base: NH 2
 
 
 
NH4 NH2 NH3 NH3
9.160 Notice that nitrogen is in its highest possible oxidation state (+5) in nitric acid. It is reduced as it
decomposes to NO2.
4HNO3 
 4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O
The yellow color of “old” nitric acid is caused by the production of small amounts of NO2 which is a
brown gas. This process is accelerated by light.
9.161 When a solid dissolves in solution, the volume of the solution usually changes.
9.162 NH4Cl exists as NH4+ and Cl. To form NH3 and HCl, a proton (H+) is transferred from NH4+ to Cl.
Therefore, this is a Brønsted acid-base reaction.
9.163 a. The precipitate CaSO4 formed over Ca preventing the Ca from reacting with the sulfuric acid.
b. Aluminum is protected by a tenacious oxide layer with the composition Al2O3.
c. These metals react more readily with water.
2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) 
 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
d. The metal should be placed below Fe and above H.
e. Any metal above Al in the activity series will react with Al3+. Metals from Mg to Li will work.
9.164 a. First dilution:
1 mol KMnO4
0.8214 g KMnO4 ×  5.1974  103 mol KMnO4
158.04 g KMnO4
mol solute 5.1974  103 mol KMnO4

M    1.0395  102 M
L of solution 0.500 L
Second dilution:
M1V1 = M2V2
(1.0395  102 M)(2.000 mL) = M2(1000 mL)
M2 = 2.079  105 M
Third dilution:
M1V1 = M2V2
(2.079  105 M)(10.00 mL) = M2(250 mL)
M2 = 8.32  107 M
338
part.
b. From the molarity and volume of the final solution, we can calculate the moles of KMnO4. Then, the
mass can be calculated from the moles of KMnO4.
8.32  10 7 mol KMnO 4

 250 mL  2.08  107 mol KMnO 4
1000 mL solution
158.04 g KMnO 4
2.08  10 7 mol KMnO 4 ×  3.29  10 5 g KMnO 4
1 mol KMnO 4
This mass is too small to directly weigh accurately.
9.165 a. The balanced equations are:
(1) Cu(s) + 4HNO3(aq) 

 Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2NO2(g) + 2H2O(l) (redox)
(2) Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) 

 Cu(OH)2(s) + 2NaNO3(aq) (precipitation)
(3) Cu(OH)2(s) 
 CuO(s) + H2O(g) (decomposition)
(4) CuO(s) + H2SO4(aq) 

 CuSO4(aq) + H2O(l) (acid-base)
(5) CuSO4(aq) + Zn(s) 

 Cu(s) + ZnSO4(aq) (redox)
(6) Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) 

 ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) (redox)
1 mol Cu
b. We start with 65.6 g Cu, which is 65.6g Cu  63.55 g Cu  1.032 mol Cu . The mole ratio between the
product and the reactant in each reaction is 1:1. Therefore, the theoretical yield in each reaction is 1.032
moles.
187.57 g Cu(NO3 )2
(1) 1.032 mol   194 g Cu(NO3 )2
1 mol Cu(NO3 )2
97.566 g Cu(OH)2
(2) 1.032 mol   101 g Cu(OH)2
1 mol Cu(OH)2
79.55 g CuO
(3) 1.032 mol   82.1 g CuO
1 mol CuO
159.62 g CuSO4
(4) 1.032 mol   165 g CuSO4
1 mol CuSO4
63.55 g Cu
(5) 1.032 mol   65.6 g Cu
1 mol Cu
(6) The amount of copper recovered in Step 6 will vary with the washing technique used.
339
part.
c. All the reaction steps are clean and almost quantitative; therefore, the recovery yield should be
high.
9.166 Place the following metals in the correct positions on the periodic table framework provided in the
problem.
a. Li, Na b. Co, Ni c. Ag, Au
The most reactive metals in the activity series are in Groups 1A(1) and 2A(2). Reactivity decreases
across a period and down a group; the least reactive metals are at the right of the transition metals
in Groups 1B(11) and 2B(12). Metals that do not react with water or acid will nevertheless dissolve
in these solvents to some extent. For example, in aqua regia (a mixture of nitric acid and
hydrochloric acid), the metals dissolve slightly in the HNO3 and then the chloride ions in the HCl
react with the metal atoms.
9.167 The reaction between Mg(NO3)2 and NaOH is:
Mg(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) 
 Mg(OH)2(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
Magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2, precipitates from solution. Na+ and NO 3 are spectator ions. This is most
likely a limiting reactant problem as the amounts of both reactants are given. Let’s first determine which
reactant is the limiting reactant before we try to determine the concentration of ions remaining in the solution.
1 mol Mg(NO3 )2
1.615 g Mg(NO3 )2   0.010888 mol Mg(NO3 ) 2
148.33 g Mg(NO3 )2
1 mol NaOH
1.073 g NaOH   0.026826 mol NaOH
39.998 g NaOH
From the balanced equation, we need twice as many moles of NaOH compared to Mg(NO3)2. We have more
than twice as much NaOH (2 × 0.010888 mol = 0.021776 mol) and therefore Mg(NO3)2 is the limiting
reactant. NaOH is in excess and ions of Na+, OH, and NO 3 will remain in solution. Because Na+ and NO 3
are spectator ions, the number of moles after reaction will equal the initial number of moles. The excess moles
of OH need to be calculated based on the amount that reacts with Mg2+. The combined volume of the two
solutions is: 22.02 mL + 28.64 mL = 50.66 mL = 0.05066 L.
1 mol Na + 1
[Na + ]  0.026826 mol NaOH  ×  0.5295 M
1 mol NaOH 0.05066 L
2 mol NO3 1
[NO 3 ]  0.010888 mol Mg(NO3 ) 2    0.4298 M
1 mol Mg(NO3 ) 2 0.05066 L
The moles of OH reacted are:
2 mol OH 
0.010888 mol Mg 2    0.021776 mol OH  reacted
1 mol Mg 2
The moles of excess OH are:
0.026826 mol  0.021776 mol = 0.005050 mol OH
340
part.
0.005050 mol
[OH  ]   0.09968 M
0.05066 L
[Mg2+]  0 M
[The concentration of Mg2+ is approximately zero as almost all of it will precipitate as Mg(OH)2.]
9.168 Set up a table showing each reaction, the volume of solution added, and the species responsible for any
electrical conductance of the solution. Note that if a substance completely dissociates into +1 ions and 1
ions in solution, its conductance unit will be twice its molarity. Similarly, if a substance completely
dissociates into +2 ions and 2 ions in solution, its conductance unit will be four times its molarity.
(1) HC2H3O2(aq) + KOH(aq) 

 KC2H3O2(aq) + H2O(l)
Volume (added) Conductance unit
0 L, KOH [HC2H3O2] = 1.0 M, (negligible ions, weak acid) 0 units
1.0 mol
1 L, KOH [KC 2 H 3 O 2 ]  = 0.50 M, (C2H3O 2 , K+) 1 units
2.0 L
1.0 mol 1
2 L, KOH [KC 2 H 3O 2 ]   M , (C2H3O 2 , K+), 1.3 units
3.0 L 3
1.0 mol 1
[KOH] =  M , (K+, OH)
3.0 L 3
(2) NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) 

0 L, NaOH [HCl] = 1.0 M, (H+, Cl) 2 units
1.0 mol
1 L, NaOH [NaCl] =  0.50 M , (Na+, Cl) 1 unit
2.0 L
1.0 mol 1 1.0 mol 1

2 L, NaOH [NaCl] =  M , [NaOH] =  M , (Na+, OH) 1.3 units
3.0 L 3 3.0 L 3
341
part.
(3) BaCl2(aq) + K2SO4(aq) 

 BaSO4(s) + 2KCl(aq)
0 L, BaCl2 [K2SO4] = 1.0 M, (2K+, SO42) 4 units
2.0 mol
1 L, BaCl2 [KCl] =  1.0 M , (K+, Cl) 2 units
2.0 L
2.0 mol 2 1.0 mol 1

2 L, BaCl2 [KCl] =  M , [BaCl2 ] =  M , (Ba2+, 2Cl) 2.7 units
3.0 L 3 3.0 L 3
(4) NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) 

 AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
0 L, NaCl [AgNO3] = 1.0 M, (Ag+, NO3) 2 units
1.0 mol
1 L, NaCl [NaNO3 ] =  0.50 M , (Na+, NO3 ) 1 unit
2.0 L
1.0 mol 1 1.0 mol 1

2 L, NaCl [NaNO3 ] =  M , [NaCl] =  M , (Na+, Cl) 1.3 units
3.0 L 3 3.0 L 3
(5) HC2H3O2(aq) + NH3(aq) 

 NH4C2H3O2
0 L, HC2H3O2 [NH3] = 1.0 M, (negligible ions, weak base) 0 unit
1.0 mol
1 L, HC2H3O2 [NH 4 C 2 H 3O 2 ]  = 0.50 M, (C2H3O 2 , NH 4 ) 1 unit
2.0 L
1.0 mol 1
2 L, HC2H3O2 [NH 4 C2 H3O2 ]   M 0.67 unit
3.0 L 3
Matching these data to the diagrams shown, we find:
Diagram (a): Reactions (2) and (4) Diagram (b): Reaction (5)
Diagram (c): Reaction (3) Diagram (d): Reaction (1)
In each diagram, the point at which the slope changes is the equivalence point.
342
part.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
school where one of his anthems was performed in 1761—'an
elegant anthem,' according to the 'Pennsylvania Gazette.' In 1762 he
received the degree of M.A. from Princeton and perhaps wrote the
music for an entertainment entitled 'The Military Glory of Great
Britain' which was performed at the commencement. Subsequently
he was ordained a minister in the Presbyterian church and preached
the gospel in Nova Scotia, Maine, and elsewhere until his death in
1794.
We have already adverted to Lyon's 'Urania, or a choice Collection of

Psalm-Tunes, Anthems and Hymns from the most approved Authors,
with some entirely new.' This collection exercised an important
influence on subsequent early American psalmodists.[23] The six
tunes marked as new were composed by Lyon. These, together with
settings of the 17th and 19th psalms, a setting of one of Watts' lyric
poems, 'Friendship,' and a 'Marriage Hymn,' are all the known works
of Lyon still extant. 'Their study,' says Mr. Sonneck, 'will induce no
critic to call Lyon a composer of real merit or even a musician fully
conversant with musical grammar. His music, viewed from an
æsthetic standpoint, is in no way remarkable. He certainly gave his
best in the Hymn to Friendship, the minor movement of which
contains a few unexpected rays of beauty. This movement, and the
fact that Lyon energetically occupied himself with music, when music
was in its infancy in colonial America, prove that he possessed some
inborn musical talent. For nobody will compose in a musical
wilderness, no matter how valueless the compositions may be, if not
forced to do so by latent creative powers. Had Lyon been educated
in England, Germany, or Italy his talents would have developed to
greater advantage, and his name might figure in musical dictionaries,
these mausoleums of celebrity, none of which to-day mentions him.
But his importance lies not in the sphere of æsthetics; it lies rather in
the sphere of retrospective history. Not the absolute, but the relative
merits of his music attract our attention. He was a pioneer and
thereupon rests his lasting glory.'
In 1746 was born in Boston a man who bore the undistinguished

name of William Billings. Billings was a tanner by profession and a
musician by instinct. It is unfortunate that this pioneer American
composer should have become the butt of so much ridicule; yet one
must admit that he invited ridicule. There was something ludicrous
even in his personal appearance.
'He was somewhat deformed,' says Ritter, 'blind of one eye, one leg
shorter than the other, one arm somewhat withered, and he was
given to the habit of continually taking snuff. He carried this precious
article in his coat pocket made of leather, and every few minutes
would take a pinch, holding the snuff between the thumb and
clinched hand. To this feature we must add his stentorian voice,
made, no doubt, rough as a saw by the effects of the quantity of
snuff that was continually rasping his throat.'[24] His zeal continually
outran his discretion. Even in church his voice drowned those of his
neighbors. He was of the temperament that cannot approve without
giving three cheers. The very titles of his works provoke a smile. For
instance:
'The New England Psalm Singer: or American Chorister

Containing a number of Psalm-tunes, Anthems and Canons.
In four or five parts. (Never Before Published.)
Composed by William Billings, a native of Boston, in

New England.
Matt. 12. 16. "Out of the Mouths of Babes and Sucklings hast
thou Perfected Praise."
James 5. 13. "Is any Merry? Let him sing Psalms."
"O, praise the Lord with one consent

And in this grand design
Let Britain and the Colonies
Unanimously join."
Boston: New England, Printed by Edes and Gill.'
Nevertheless Hillings was an original genius with an unaffected,

fervent and sincere love of his art. His very naïveté is refreshing in
an age which artistic artificiality had rendered almost sterile. Of
musical knowledge he possessed very little. What knowledge he had
he picked up himself from such limited sources as were at his
disposal. In the preface to his 'New England Psalm-Singer' he
confesses ingenuously: 'For my own part, as I don't think myself
confined to any Rules for Composition laid down by any that went
before me, neither should I think (were I to pretend to lay down rules)
that any who comes after me were anyways obligated to adhere to
them any further than they should think proper: so in fact I think it is
proper for every composer to be his own learner. Therefore, upon
this consideration, for me to dictate or to prescribe Rules of the
Nature for others, would not only be very unnecessary but also a
very great Vanity.' Later he frankly confessed the immaturity that
dictated those statements. He set himself more humbly to the study
of rules for composition and developed an enthusiasm for
counterpoint, of which he speaks in the following terms: 'It has more
than twenty times the power of the old slow tunes; each foot
straining for mastery and victory, the audience entertained and
delighted, their minds surpassingly fluctuated, sometimes declaring
for one part and sometimes for another. Now the solemn bass
demands their attention—next the manly tenor—now, the lofty
counter—now, the volatile treble. Now here—now there, now here
again. O, ecstatic! Rush on, you sons of Harmony!' Even the
tremendous earnestness of the man does not save this from being
funny. It is poor Billings' fate to be funny under nearly all
circumstances.
The 'New England Psalm-Singer' appeared in 1770. It may be

recalled that Beethoven was born in the same year. Eight years later
Billings published 'The Singing Master's Assistant,' a revision of his
first work, which attained wide popularity in New England and was
known as 'Billings' Best.' Following came 'Music in Miniature,' 1779;
'The Psalm-Singer's Amusement,' 1781; 'The Suffolk Harmony,'
1786; and 'The Continental Harmony,' 1794. Besides these Billings
published singly a number of anthems and other compositions. All of
his works show a most primitive conception of the art of composition
and a very hazy knowledge of the rules of harmony and
counterpoint. But they contain melodic and rhythmic force and
originality. Billings could not write a good fugue, but he could write a
good tune. Many of his compositions became very popular in New
England. Although he had invited Britain and the Colonies to join
'unanimously' when he published his first collection, he was one of
the most fiery of patriots when the Revolution broke out. Nothing
could surpass the fierce ardor of his zeal. He expressed in dynamic
terms his love of country and contempt for his enemies, and he
called down all the wrath of an omnipotent deity on his unworthy
head if he should ever prove untrue to Boston—meaning America.
What were written originally as psalm-tunes he had no difficulty in
turning into ringing patriotic songs. Many of them were sung by the
New England soldiers throughout the war, and the tune known as
'Chester' was a favorite with the Continental fifers.
Billings is said to have introduced the use of the 'pitch-pipe' into New
England choirs—where it was badly needed—and he is supposed to
have been the first in New England to use the violoncello in church.
According to Ritter, 'he is credited with the merit of having originated
concerts or musical exhibitions in New England'; but concerts or
musical exhibitions were originated there before he was born.
Billings' merit is that he was the first musician of really independent
and original talent that America produced. He was handicapped by
lack of technical knowledge and lack of a suitable milieu. He wrote
some good tunes which passed into the musical life of the people.
He is a noteworthy figure, but his importance is not overwhelming.
Among Billings' contemporaries may be mentioned Oliver Holden,

Andrew Law, Jacob Kimball, Jr., Samuel Holyoke, Samuel Read, and
Lowell Mason. None of these possessed much more musical
knowledge than Billings and all of them, with one exception,
possessed much less talent. Holden is known chiefly for his
'Coronation' hymn, which is still popular. He published 'The American
Harmony' in 1792. Law was the author of a collection of anthems
and hymns, besides some compilations on musical theory. His taste
was better than the average of his time, but his information and
creative capacity were limited. One of his hymns, 'Archdale,'
acquired wide popularity. There is nothing particular to say about
Kimball, Holyoke or Read. They were of about the same stamp as
Holden and Law—mediocre writers of uninspired and conventional
psalm-tunes.
Lowell Mason stands out above the rest as a musician in the truer
sense of the word. The earnest valor with which he combated the
condition prevalent in the New England churches, flooded with
'fugue tunes' in imitation of the imported variety but devoid of any
musical value, must be recognized. He was a pioneer in the work of
substituting for this worthless stuff tunes at once simple and noble, in
accordance with the principles of harmony, and symmetrical in form.
Mason was born in 1792, at Medfield, Mass., and died in 1872 at
Orange, N. J. He went to Savannah, Ga., and divided his time
between banking and musical study under F. L. Abell. In 1822 he
returned to Boston and published the 'Boston Handel-Haydn
Society's Collection of Church Music,' containing a number of his
own compositions. The most familiar of his tunes are probably
'Corinth' ('I love to steal a while away'), 'Cowper' ('There is a fountain
filled with blood'), 'Bethany' ('Nearer, my God, to Thee'), 'The
Missionary Hymn' ('From Greenland's Icy Mountains'), and 'Mount
Vernon' ('Sister thou wert mild and lovely'). After 1827 Dr. Mason (the
degree of Mus.D. was conferred on him by New York University) took
charge of the music in no less than three churches, but subsequently
confined his labors to Dr. Lyman Beecher's Bowdoin Street Church,
whither pilgrimages were soon made from all over the country 'to
hear the wonderful singing.' His training of boys' voices particularly
was a marvel to his generation. Mason's educational work is indeed
of uncommon importance and will be touched upon in a later
chapter. With Professors Park and Phelps he edited the 'Sabbath
Hymn Book' (1858) and in 1830 he issued the 'Juvenile Lyrics,' said
to be the earliest collection of songs for secular schools published in
America.
Except for the rugged originality of the ludicrous Billings, the opening
of the nineteenth century had still disclosed nothing of American
composition that might be considered other than commonplace. But
at least the pioneer work had been done with commendable
earnestness and under very real handicaps. The actual
achievements of pioneers are never very great, but the value of their
work is incalculable. To the pioneers of American composition we
can at least tender our respect for the undoubted sincerity of their
efforts.
W. D. D.
FOOTNOTES:
[10] Op. cit., p. 54.
[11] Hood: 'History of Music in New England.' See also Ritter: 'Music in America'
and Elson: 'History of American Music.'
[12] William Tansur was a contemporary English Church composer. His collection,
'The Royal Melody Complete,' here alluded to, appeared in 1754.
[13] Aaron Williams was an English music engraver, publisher and composer. 'The
New Universal Psalmodist' appeared in 1763.
[14] The French fleet, of course.
[15] For the following information concerning concerts in New York, Philadelphia
and the South we are indebted wholly to O. G. Sonneck's scholarly and
trustworthy work, 'Early Concert Life in America,' Leipzig, 1907.
[16] Op. cit., Chap. VIII.
[17] Handel.
[18] This was Christian Bach, known as 'the London Bach.' As far as we can
discover Americans left the great J. S. Bach severely alone.
[19] Mr. Sonneck has pointed out that the name of Mozart appeared infrequently
on concert programs before the year 1800, even in Vienna.
[20] The name was spelled thus for several years. Later it became Cecilia, as it is
at present. Recruited from among the social leaders of Charleston, the Society
naturally became an exclusive organization in which social considerations
eventually predominated.
[21] In those days proof-reading was a fine art. The announcement to which we
refer speaks of 'music by the celebrated Italian, Père Golaise.'
[22] Mr. O. G. Sonneck, whose excellent monograph on Francis Hopkinson is our
authority.
[23] For a detailed discussion of 'Urania,' together with some very interesting
reflections on early American sacred music, see Mr. Sonneck's monograph on
James Lyon: 'Francis Hopkinson and James Lyon: Two Studies in Early American
Music,' Washington, 1905.
[24] Op. cit., Chap. III.

CHAPTER III
EARLY CONCERT LIFE
Sources of information—Boston Concerts of the eighteenth

century; New England outside of Boston—Concerts in New York
—Concerts in Philadelphia; open-air concerts—Concert life of the
South; Charleston, Baltimore, etc.; conclusion.
In our last chapter we spoke to some extent of concert life in

America during the eighteenth century, and it may be well to
complete the record here as far as the information at our disposal
will allow. The importance of concerts as reflecting the musical
culture of a people can very easily be overestimated. At best, they
represent the taste of merely a small portion of the community; at
worst they serve simply as occasions for social display and for the
indulgence of various forms of snobbery. It is very difficult at a
distance to judge a true from a false artistic life. For aught we know
to the contrary, the concerts of the American colonists represented
chiefly their ideas of what was socially correct. On the other hand,
we are equally justified in assuming that these concerts reflected
accurately the musical taste of the people. The truth is that we must
accept the record of early concert life in America purely for its
historic interest. Such deductions as we may draw from it must
always be presumptive. On the surface, as we have already said, it
speaks well for the state of musical culture in America of the
eighteenth century. It would be futile—perhaps disappointing—to pry
further into its possible significance.
A certain characteristic indifference to the importance of historical
remains has lost to us irretrievably much documentary evidence that
would be of great value in compiling a complete history of music in
America. Of our earliest newspapers, such as the 'Boston News
Letter,' the 'New York Gazette,' the 'American Weekly Mercury,' and
the 'South Carolina Gazette,' no complete files seem to have been
preserved, and there is an irritating poverty of other documents that
would supplement the information contained therein or fill out such
lacunæ as the lost numbers may have left. For our information on
early concerts in America we are almost totally dependent on old
newspaper files. Even if these files were complete it would not follow
by any means that the information obtainable from them would be
exhaustive, for it is not probable that the newspapers mentioned all
the concerts given. A few diaries and similar documents have been
discovered which throw a little added light on the subject, but there
still remain many dark corners.[25]
I
We cannot say when or where the first public concert was given in
America. The first of which we have any record was advertised in the
Boston 'Weekly News Letter' of December 16-23, 1731. It was 'a
Concert of Music on sundry Instruments at Mr. Pelham's great
Room, being the house of the late Doctor Noyes near the Sun
Tavern.' Further than that we know nothing about it. We find notices
of other concerts at intervals for several years, but nothing is said
about the music played or the people who took part in them. In 1744
a concert was given at the historic Faneuil Hall, which had been built
two years earlier and which was apparently the favorite place for
such functions until about the year 1755, when it was supplanted by
the newly erected Concert Hall in Queen Street.[26]
Most of the concerts at Faneuil Hall were given for the benefit of the
poor and were held, it would appear, only by express permission of
the selectmen. In 1755 we first notice concerts given for the benefit
of private individuals and presumably without the permission of the
selectmen. One was given for John Rice, organist of Trinity Church,
and several for Thomas Dipper, organist of King's Chapel. We know
nothing about these concerts except that they consisted of 'select
pieces by the best masters.' It is possible that there existed from
about the year 1744 a musical organization of which a Mr. Stephen
Deblois was treasurer and which gave frequent concerts. The
minutes of the Boston selectmen meetings, as reprinted in the
'Boston Town Records,' contain an entry under date of Nov. 21,
1744, to the effect that 'Mr. William Sheafe and a number of
gentlemen desire the Use of Faneuil Hall for a Concert of Musick ...
the Benefit arising by the Tickets to be for the Use of the Poor of the
Town....' On Dec. 12, it was reported that 'the Selectmen received of
Mr. Stephen Deblois two hundred and five pounds five shillings old
Tenor being collected by a Concert of Musick in Faneuil Hall for the
Use of the Poor of the Town'—obviously the same concert for which
permission was granted to 'Mr. William Sheafe and a number of
gentlemen.' In September, 1754, Stephen Deblois purchased
Concert Hall for two thousand pounds, with the result that concerts
immediately shifted there from Faneuil Hall. Thomas Dipper, for
whom so many benefits were given, apparently had a hand in the
organization, if there was one. We find an announcement in January,
1761, that 'Mr. Dipper's Public Concert will begin on Tuesday the
20th instant.' This suggests that there may have been also a series
of private concerts for subscribers, as the term 'public' concert was
very unusual in Colonial times. We read in the Boston 'News Letter'
of April 29, 1762: 'The members of the Concert, usually performed at
Concert Hall, are hereby notified that the same is deferred to the end
of the Summer months. And it is desired that in the meantime each
member would settle his respective arrearage with Stephen Deblois,
with whom the several accounts are lodged for that purpose.' We
are, in fact, confronted with suggestions of a musical organization
which held a series of concerts for members and another for non-
members. Whether such an organization existed or not, it is at least
certain that Boston enjoyed the luxury of subscription concerts as
early as 1761.
The 'Massachusetts Gazette' of October 2, 1766, advertised a series
of concerts to begin on October 7, and 'to be continued every
Tuesday evening for eight months.' The concerts were to be held at
Concert Hall and intending subscribers were referred to Stephen
Deblois. Beginning with the year 1770, several series were given by
William Turner, Thomas Hartley, and David Propert, the latter
promising in his announcement selections 'out of Mr. Handel's
oratorios' besides 'select pieces upon the harpsichord with
accompaniment compos'd by the most celebrated masters of Italy
and London.' W. S. Morgan also gave some concerts immediately
before the war. It had not yet become customary to announce the
programs in detail and we are consequently in the dark as to the
nature of most of them. Some of the concerts apparently were
merely operas in concert form. An announcement of June 20, 1770,
speaks of a vocal entertainment of three acts. 'The songs (which are
numerous) are taken from a new celebrated opera, call'd "Lionel and
Clarissa."' In the diary of John Rowe there is the following entry
under date of March 23, 1770: 'In the evening I went to the Concert
Hall to hear Mr. Joan read the Beggar's Opera and sing the songs....'
We find, however, a very fine program announced for May 17, 1771,
by Josiah Flagg—the same of whom we have already spoken as a
prominent compiler of psalm-tunes. Flagg was for many years a
most conspicuous figure in the musical life of Boston. Besides
publishing two good collections of psalm-tunes, he founded and
trained a militia band and was active in promoting concerts of
remarkably high quality. As he was the first to publish programs we
cannot well compare his musical taste with that of his
contemporaries, but it is doubtful if the average concert of the time
rose to the level of the following:
Act I. Overture Ptolemy Handel

Song 'From the East breaks the morn'
Concerto 1st Stanley
Symphony 3d Bach
Act II. Overture 1st Schwindl
Duetto 'Turn fair Clora'
Organ Concerto
Periodical Symphony Stamitz
Act III. Overture 1st Abel
Duetto 'When Phœbus the tops of the hills'
Solo Violin
A new Hunting Song, set to music by Mr. Morgan
Periodical Symphony Pasquale Ricci
The other concerts given by Flagg were of about the same standard.
He seems to have disappeared from Boston about the year 1773.
His most important successor in the promotion of music in Boston
was William Selby, an Englishman, who came over as organist of
King's Chapel, Boston, in 1772, or perhaps earlier. Selby threw
himself into the musical life of his adopted country with an
enthusiasm for the cause which seems always to have been
exclusively confined to foreigners. He played and taught the
harpsichord and organ, composed prolifically, promoted concerts of
fine quality, and was the leading spirit in the Musical Society which
did much for music in Boston between 1785 and 1790. His devotion
to choral music was especially noteworthy and he promoted some
choral concerts of an artistic quality far beyond anything yet heard in
America. We find announced for April 23, 1782, a concert under his
direction, to consist of 'Musica Spiritualis, or Sacred Music, being a
collection of Airs, Duetts, and Choruses, selected from the oritories
[?] of Mr. Stanly, Mr. Smith and the late celebrated Mr. Handel;
together with a favorite Dirge, set to music by Thomas Augustus
Arne, Doctor in Music. Also, a Concert on the Organ, by Mr. Selby.'
In the 'Massachusetts Gazette' of January 2, 1786, there is
announced a remarkable concert to be given by the Musical Society
on January 10. Besides prayers, psalms, and the Doxology, 'as set
to musick by Mr. Selby,' the program consisted of the overture to
Handel's 'Occasional Oratorio'; the recitative 'Comfort ye my people,'
from the 'Messiah,' and the aria, 'Every valley shall be exalted,' from
the same work; the fourth Concerto of Amizon, musica da capella,
op. 7; 'Let the bright Cherubims,' from 'Samson,' and 'The trumpet
shall sound,' from the 'Messiah'; the second organ concerto of
Handel; 'a Solo, Piano, on the organ,' by Mr. Selby; and 'a favourite
overture by Mr. Bach,' performed by 'the musical band.' A similar
program was repeated on January 16, 1787, at a 'Spiritual Concert
for the benefit of those who have known better Days.' The 'Hallelujah
Chorus' from the 'Messiah' was included in the latter program, as
was also Piccini's overture to La buona figliuola, a solo from the
oratorio 'Jonah,' composed by Felsted, and a 'favourite overture' of
Carlo Ditters,[27] played by 'the musical band.'
The Musical Society gave many concerts up to the year 1790—

mostly in subscription series and always, it would seem, under the
leadership of Selby. Apparently there were other musical societies in
Boston as early as the year 1787, for the 'Massachusetts Centinel'
on September 22 of that year announced a 'concert of Sacred
Musick to assist in rebuilding the Meeting House in Hollis Street,
agreeably to the generous intentions of the Musical Societies in this
town.' The name of William Billings appears twice on the program of
this concert. We have already mentioned the concert in honor of
Washington's visit to Boston at which Felsted's oratorio, 'Jonah,' was
given in its entirety—the first time that a complete oratorio had been
given in Boston.[28]
The last mention of Selby's name in connection with a concert was in

1793 when the following program was given for his benefit and that
of Jacobus Pick:
The Overture of Henry IVth[29]

A French Song by Mr. Mallet
A Clarinet Concerto by M. Foucard
A French Song by Madame Douvillier
A Violin Concerto, by Mr. Boullay
An Italian Duetto, by Messrs. Pick and Mallet
A Flute Concerto by Mr. Stone
La Chasse, composed by Hoffmeister
A Piano Forte Sonata, by Mr. Selby
A French Trio, by Madame Douvillier, Messrs. Pick and Mallet
A Duetto on the Harmonica, by Messrs. Pick & Petit
A Symphony, composed by Pichell
This program is important as marking a sharp transition in the style
of Boston concerts. Due partly to the influx of theatrical companies,
following the lifting of the ban on dramatic productions, and partly to
the sudden increase in the number of French musicians, concerts in
Boston after the year 1790 entirely lost their old dignified and solid
demeanor and acquired a strange new lightness, a transatlantic
frivolity, a cosmopolitan air, a flavor of complete worldliness. The 'late
celebrated Mr. Handel' disappears entirely from the concert
programs of a city to which he had for long been the musical
mainstay, and in his stead enter Pleyel, Grétry, Gluck, and 'the
celebrated Haydn.'
Until the beginning of the nineteenth century the leading figures in

the concert life of Boston were Messrs. Pick and Mallet, Mrs.
Pownall, and Dr. Berkenhead. The most important of these was
Mallet, a French gentleman, who is supposed to have come to
America with Lafayette and to have served in the army of the
Revolution. In addition to his concert activities he taught music,
played the organ for the 'Rev. Mr. Kirkland's congregation,' and was
one of the first music publishers in Boston. After the year 1793 we
find his name infrequently on concert programs, and after that year,
too, we notice a decided decline in both the number and the quality
of Boston concerts.
That the concert-life of New England was not altogether confined to

Boston we gather from the old records and newspaper files of
Cambridge, Salem, Newport, Providence, Newburyport, Hartford,
New Haven, and other towns. On the whole, the concerts given in
those towns followed closely the taste of Boston. As far as we can
discover, they were not very frequent; but, when it is considered that
as late as the beginning of the nineteenth century none of the towns
named possessed as many as two thousand inhabitants and some
of them contained less than half that number, it would be
unreasonable to expect that they could have supported serious
concerts to any great extent. Indeed, it is surprising that they should
have lent their patronage to symphonies of Haydn, Pleyel, and
Stamitz; overtures, concertos, quartets, and other numbers
constituting what in the eighteenth century were 'heavy' programs;
and we are not prepared to say how much patronage would be
forthcoming for concerts of the same relative 'heaviness' in American
towns of the same size to-day.
II
Turning to New York, we find that concert life began there about the
same time as it did in Boston. In fact, wherever the first concert in
America may have been held—a disputed point which is not of vital
importance—the impulse to give such musical entertainments seems
to have affected the whole country almost, if not quite,
simultaneously. That there were concerts held in New York as early
as 1733 appears from the publication in the New York 'Gazette' for
December 24-31 of that year of a fearfully bad poem 'written at a
Concert of Music where there was a great Number of Ladies.' In
spite of the indiscriminate taste of the 'Gazette' it is unfortunate that
we have preserved a very few numbers between 1725, when it first
appeared, and 1733, when Zenger's New York 'Weekly Journal' was
started. Possibly it said something in intelligible prose about such
concerts as may have been given before the latter date. We first get
on solid ground in 1736 with the announcement for January 21 of 'a
Consort of Musick, Vocal and Instrumental for the Benefit of Mr.
Pachelbell, the Harpsichord Part performed by himself. The Songs,
Violins and German Flutes by private Hands.' For nearly twenty
years following there is trace of only two concerts, concerning which
no particulars have been vouchsafed us. Then we read in the New
York 'Mercury' of January, 1754, that Mr. Charles Love gave 'a
Concert of vocal and instrumental Musick. To which will be added
several select pieces on the hautboy by Mr. Love. After the concert
will be a Ball.' In the following year William Tuckey advertised in the
'Weekly Post Boy' a 'Concert of Vocal and Instrumental Musick' of
which he was good enough to indicate partially the program. Among
other things he promised 'the celebrated dialogue between Damon
and Chloe, compos'd by Mr. Arne. A two part Song, in Praise of a
Soldier, by the late famous Mr. Henry Purcell. An "Ode on Masonry"
[30] never perform'd in this country, nor ever in England but once in
publick. And a Solo on the German flute by Mr. Cobham.' Mr.
Tuckey's sympathies were pronouncedly English, but his taste was
good. A concert given in 1756 featured a new organ built by a New
Yorker named Gilfert Ash and two songs composed by Mr. Handel,
one of them being 'in praise of musick, particularly of an organ.'
There is no further mention of concerts in the newspapers until 1760
and, except there was a conspiracy of silence on the part of the
press, the concert life of New York up to that year must have been
extremely meagre.
It would appear, however, that subscription series started in 1760, for

we find a notice in the New York 'Gazette' of January 14 that 'the
Subscription Concert will be opened on Thursday next, the 15th
instant,' and that 'those gentlemen that intend to subscribe to the
said concert, are desired to send their names to Messrs. Dienval and
Hulett who will wait on them with tickets, for the season.' In 1762
Messrs. Leonard and Dienval announced 'a publick and weekly
Concert of Musick,' probably a continuation of the subscription series
inaugurated in 1762, though there is no announcement for 1763.
Apparently there were subscription concerts every year until 1767,
presumably under the same auspices. Then there is a hiatus until
1773, when subscription concerts were revived.
John Jones, in the meantime, had given summer concerts at his

Ranelagh Gardens from 1765 until the enterprise failed in 1768.
Also, Edward Bardin started a tri-weekly concert of music at his
'King's Arms Garden in the Broadway' in 1766. We do not know how
long he continued his musical entertainments; we only know that he
went out of business in 1769. Undeterred by the failure of Jones and
Bardin, Samuel Francis opened Vaux Hall Gardens in 1769. He
announced a concert of music, vocal and instrumental, to be given
twice a week, but it would appear that he met with no greater
success than his predecessors.
Besides summer concerts at the various gardens and the
subscription concerts already alluded to, there were between 1760
and 1775 a number of benefit concerts, as well as a few
performances by military bands and theatrical companies. The fine
program given at Mr. Stotherd's benefit on February 9, 1770, has
been quoted in the preceding chapter. About the same year French
and Italian virtuosi began to settle in New York and their presence
soon made itself felt.
The only musician in New York at this period who stands out
prominently is William Tuckey and, though he gave some benefit
concerts, he was concerned mainly with the development of church
music. However, it is worthy of note that he was the first to introduce
the 'Messiah' to America, the occasion being a concert of sacred
music in 1770, devoted largely to excerpts from that oratorio,
including 'the overture and sixteen other pieces, viz. air, recitatives
and choruses.' During the war there were a number of concerts in
New York given by officers of the British army and navy. William
Brown, who also appears in the concert life of Philadelphia and the
South, gave a subscription series in New York in 1783 and again in
1785. Subsequently there seems to have been a lull in the musical
affairs of the city until 1788, when subscription concerts were revived
under the direction of Alexander Reinagle, 'member of the Society of
Musicians in London,' and Henri Capron, a pupil of Gaviniés. They
were continued by Mr. and Mrs. Van Hagen, 'lately from Amsterdam.'
Pleyel, Stamitz, Dittersdorf, Martini, and Haydn shared the chief
honors on the programs of that period, and we find a duet of Mozart
on a program offered by Reinagle and Capron in 1789.
Beginning about the year 1797 the concert season in New York
shifted from the winter to the summer, and regular subscription
concerts consequently declined. Their place was taken by concerts
which the enterprising proprietors of public gardens offered as
special attractions to their patrons. It would seem at first blush that
the musical taste of the people at large was exceptionally good when
concerts of high grade really proved attractive, but the public
gardens of that period usually did not cater to the masses. After the
failure of Samuel Francis's Vaux Hall Gardens, enterprises of the
kind seem to have lost favor. In 1793 we find Mrs. Armory running a
Vaux Hall in Great George Street and announcing a concert of 'the
most favourite overtures and pieces from the compositions of Fisher
and Handel ... the orchestra being placed in the middle of a large
tree.' Joseph Delacroix in the following year gave a very fine concert
under the leadership of James Hewitt at his 'Salloon,' the Ice House
Garden, No. 112 Broadway. Three years later he announced
concerts of vocal and instrumental music to be given with an
orchestra of fifteen of the best musicians three times a week at his
newly decorated Vaux Hall Gardens. In 1798 he raised the number
of his concerts to four a week, but in the following year,
unfortunately, he had to abandon the enterprise. The concerts given
by Delacroix were invariably of the highest grade, according to later
eighteenth-century standards.
During the summers of 1798 and 1799 there were given nightly
concerts of 'vocal and instrumental' music at B. Ishewood's
Ranelagh Garden near the Battery. The programs were made up
almost entirely of popular songs. Joseph Corre, who opened
Columbia Garden, opposite the Battery, in 1798, and Mount Vernon
Garden on Leonard Street in 1800, hit upon the idea of attracting
both æsthete and philistine by a judicious mixture of serious and
popular programs. His serious concerts were similar to those given
by Joseph Delacroix; his popular programs contained the same sort
of stuff as was offered at Ranelagh Gardens.
Besides these summer garden concerts and the winter subscription

series already mentioned there were many single benefit concerts
after the war. The first of these, apparently, was given by William
Brown in 1786, and in the same year Alexander Reinagle gave a
Gargantuan affair that included three Haydn overtures, five excerpts
from the 'Messiah' and 'Samson,' a concerto for violin, a sonata for
pianoforte, a duet for violin and 'cello, and ten miscellaneous vocal
numbers. Between that year and the end of the century benefit
concerts were given by Henri Capron, the Van Hagens, John
Christopher Moller, Jane Hewitt, George Edward Saliment, Mrs.
Pownall, Mrs. Hodgkinson, Mme. De Sèze, and others. As a rule
these concerts followed the prevailing fashion in the make-up of their
programs. Haydn, Pleyel, Stamitz, Sacchini, Martini, Wranitzky,
Kozeluch, and Clementi furnished the pièces de résistance for
programs otherwise consisting of songs, concerts, sonatas and
lesser instrumental forms by unidentified composers. The presence
of a French operatic troupe in 1790 gave a theatrical tinge to a few
concerts in which they participated.
Outside of New York City there was practically no concert life, either
in New York or New Jersey. Occasionally some musician on his way
between New York and Philadelphia or the South would give a
concert in Princeton, Newark, Trenton, or New Brunswick. One
concert in the last-named town featured 'speaking and elegant
dancing between the parts.' Albany, presumably, had the benefit of a
few concerts, perhaps by visiting musicians from New York. Mr.
Sonneck has discovered the announcement of a creditable concert
given there in 1797 by J. H. Schmidt, 'formerly organist of the
cathedral of Schiedam in Holland,' also formerly of Charleston and
Baltimore. On the whole, however, New York and New Jersey,
except for New York City, were musically very backward compared
with New England.
III
Nothing, perhaps, could better illustrate the contradictory complexity
of environmental influences than the state of musical culture in
eighteenth-century Philadelphia. Compared with the Quaker attitude
toward music, that of the Puritans was almost indecently liberal. Yet
Philadelphia was beyond doubt musically the most cultured city in
eighteenth-century America. The cause is not apparent, but we have
ample evidence of the fact. As in the case of other American cities, it
is impossible to say when public concerts started in Philadelphia.
The first mention of concerts there, so far discovered, is in Gottlieb
Mittelberger's Reise nach Pennsylvanien im Jahre 1750. But these,

Instant Download PDF Chemistry Atoms First 2nd Edition Burdge Solutions Manual Full Chapter

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Instant Download PDF Chemistry Atoms First 2nd Edition Burdge Solutions Manual Full Chapter

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chemistry Atoms First 2nd Edition

Burdge Solutions Manual

Chemistry Atoms First 2nd Edition Burdge Test Bank

Introductory Chemistry An Atoms First Approach 1st

Introductory Chemistry An Atoms First Approach 1st

Chemistry An Atoms First Approach 2nd Edition Zumdahl

Introductory Chemistry Atoms First 5th Edition Russo

Chemistry An Atoms First Approach 2nd Edition Zumdahl

Introductory Chemistry Atoms First 5th Edition Russo

Chemistry 4th Edition Burdge Solutions Manual

9.1 (i) could be H2CO3

(ii) could be Al2(SO4)3

(iii) could be K2SO4

(iv) could be AlCl3 or Na3PO4

9.2 barium hydroxide

9.5 CH4 + 2O2 

9.7 3M(s) + 2N3+(aq) 

9.8 20.0 mL, 7.50 mL

9.9 (a) 6.25 mL, (b) 12.50 mL, (c) 31.25 mL

9.11 (ii), (i)

9.12 –6, –11, –2

9.13 (ii) and (iv)

9.15 Equivalence point: (i), endpoint: (ii)

VC 9.1 b VC 9.2 c VC 9.3 c VC 9.4 a

9.1 b 9.2 c 9.3 c 9.4 d

Questions and Problems

Compound AC: The compound dissociates completely into ions in solution.

Solution: In order of increasing electrolyte strength:

Solution: In order of increasing electrolyte strength:

A2F < A2G < A2E

c. Weak electrolyte. A small amount of the compound ionizes in water.

a. nonelectrolyte (Water is actually a very weak electrolyte.)

b. strong electrolyte (ionic compound)

c. strong electrolyte (strong acid)

d. weak electrolyte (weak acid)

e. nonelectrolyte (molecular compound, neither acid nor base)

a. strong electrolyte (ionic)

c. weak electrolyte (weak base)

d. strong electrolyte (strong base)

e. weak electrolyte (weak acid)

Solution: Molecular equation:

Diagram (b) best represents the mixture.

Solution: Molecular equation:

Diagram (c) best represents the mixture.

Setup: Molecular equation:

Solution: Ionic equation:

Li+(aq) + NO 3 (aq) + Na+(aq) + C 2 H 3 O 2 (aq) 

Setup: Molecular equation:

2Li+(aq) + 2OH(aq) + Cu2+(aq) + 2NO3 (aq) 

Net ionic equation:

a. CaCO3 is insoluble. Most carbonate compounds are insoluble.

b. ZnSO4 is soluble. Most sulfate compounds are soluble.

c. Hg(NO3)2 is soluble. All nitrate compounds are soluble.

e. NH4ClO4 is soluble. All ammonium compounds are soluble.

Solution: a. Ca3(PO4)2 is insoluble. Most phosphate compounds are insoluble.

b. Mn(OH)2 is insoluble. Most hydroxide compounds are insoluble.

c. AgClO3 is soluble. All chlorate compounds are soluble.

e. Pb3(PO4)2 is insoluble. Most phosphate compounds are insoluble.

9.22 a. Ionic: 2Na+(aq) + S2(aq) + Zn2+(aq) + 2Cl(aq) 

Net ionic: Zn2+(aq) + S2(aq) → Zn(s)

b. Ionic: 6K+(aq) + 2PO 3  (aq) + 3Sr2+(aq) + 6NO (aq) 

Net ionic: 3Sr2+(aq) + 2PO43  (aq) 

c. Ionic: Mg2+(aq) + 2NO (aq) + 2Na+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) 