Instant Download PDF Chemistry The Molecular Nature of Matter 7th Edition Jespersen Test Bank Full Chapter

Chemistry The Molecular Nature of
Matter 7th Edition Jespersen Test Bank

Go to download the full and correct content document:
https://testbankfan.com/product/chemistry-the-molecular-nature-of-matter-7th-edition-j
espersen-test-bank/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...
Chemistry The Molecular Nature of Matter 7th Edition

Jespersen Solutions Manual
https://testbankfan.com/product/chemistry-the-molecular-nature-
of-matter-7th-edition-jespersen-solutions-manual/
Chemistry The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change 7th

Edition Silberberg Test Bank
of-matter-and-change-7th-edition-silberberg-test-bank/

Edition Silberberg Solutions Manual
of-matter-and-change-7th-edition-silberberg-solutions-manual/

Edition Silberberg Test Bank
of-matter-and-change-8th-edition-silberberg-test-bank/
Ecology The Economy of Nature 7th Edition Ricklefs Test
Bank
https://testbankfan.com/product/ecology-the-economy-of-
nature-7th-edition-ricklefs-test-bank/
Principles of Chemistry The Molecular Science 1st

Edition Moore Test Bank
https://testbankfan.com/product/principles-of-chemistry-the-
molecular-science-1st-edition-moore-test-bank/
Ecology The Economy of Nature Canadian 7th Edition

Kareiva Test Bank
https://testbankfan.com/product/ecology-the-economy-of-nature-
canadian-7th-edition-kareiva-test-bank/
Ecology The Economy Of Nature Canadian 7th Edition

Ricklefs Test Bank
https://testbankfan.com/product/ecology-the-economy-of-nature-
canadian-7th-edition-ricklefs-test-bank/
Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular

Diagnostics 7th Edition Burtis Test Bank
https://testbankfan.com/product/tietz-fundamentals-of-clinical-
chemistry-and-molecular-diagnostics-7th-edition-burtis-test-bank/
Chapter 6
Energy and Chemical Change
Multiple Choice Questions

Section 6.1
Difficulty Level: easy
1. Which is a unit of energy, but is not the SI unit of energy?
a. joule
b. newton
c. pascal
d. watt
e. calorie
Answer: e
Section 6.1
2. Which is a unit of energy?
a. pascal
b. newton
c. joule
d. watt
e. ampere
Answer: c
Section 6.1
3. Chemical energy is
a. the kinetic energy resulting from violent decomposition of energetic chemicals.

b. the heat energy associated with combustion reactions.
c. the electrical energy produced by fuel cells.
d. the potential energy which resides in chemical bonds.
e. the energy living plants receive from solar radiation.
Answer: d
6-1
Section 6.1
Difficulty Level: medium
4. Calculate the kinetic energy (KE) of an object which has a mass of 5.00 × 102 g, and is traveling in
a straight line with a speed of 50.0 m s-1.
Hint: 1 J = 1 kg m2s-2.
a. 0.625 kJ
b. 1.25 kJ
c. 2.5 kJ
d. 6.25 kJ
e. 25 kJ
Answer: a
Section 6.1
5. Calculate the kinetic energy (KE) of an object which has a mass of 9.00  102 g, and is traveling in
a straight line with a speed of 4.0  101 m s-1.
Hint: 1 J = 1 kg m2s-2
a. 0.72 kJ
b. 1.44 kJ
c. 2.88 kJ
d. 16.2 kJ
e. 18 kJ
Answer: a
Section 6.1
6. Calculate the kinetic energy (KE) of an object which has a mass of 1.200  103 g, and is traveling in
a straight line with a speed of 5.0  101 m s-1.
a. 1.5 kJ
b. 3.0 kJ
c. 6.0 kJ
d. 36 kJ
e. 300 kJ
Answer: a
6-2
Section 6.1
7. Calculate the kinetic energy (KE) of an object which has a mass of 2.45 kg, and is traveling in a
straight line with a speed of 12.0 m s-1.
a. 414 J
b. 353 J
c. 36.0 J
d. 176 J
e. 465 J
Answer: d
Section 6.1
8. How many kilojoules are equivalent to 8.18 kilocalories?
a. 1.96 kJ
b. 1,955 kJ
c. 8,180 kJ
d. 34,200 kJ
e. 34.2 kJ
Answer: e
Section 6.1
9. How many kilocalories are equivalent to 18.9 kilojoules?
a. 79.1 kcal
b. 4.52 kcal
c. 9.03 kcal
d. 7.91 kcal
e. 34.2 kcal
Answer: b
6-3
Section 6.2
10. Which statement is true?
a. Molecules in gases possess kinetic energy since they are in constant motion, while
molecules in liquids and solids are not in constant motion, and hence possess no
kinetic energy.
b. Molecules in gases and liquids possess kinetic energy since they are in constant
motion, while molecules in solids are not in constant motion and hence possess no
kinetic energy.
c. Molecules in gases, liquids and solids possess kinetic energy since they are in
constant motion.
d. Polyatomic molecules possess kinetic energy in the liquid and gaseous states since
the atoms can move about in the molecule even if the molecule cannot move.
e. Since solids are rigid, their molecules do not possess kinetic energy unless the solid
is melted.
Answer: c
Section 6.2
11. For a chemical reaction, where the internal energy is given the symbol E,
a. Efinal signifies the internal energy of the reactants.

b. Einitial signifies the internal energy of the products.
c. E = Eproducts - Ereactants
d. E is positive if energy is released to the surroundings.
e. E is positive if energy is released by the chemical reaction.
Answer: c
Section 6.2
12. Which statement is incorrect?
a. Heat can be considered the energy transferred between objects with different
temperatures.
b. Internal energy is the sum of the energies of all the individual particles in a particular
sample of matter.
c. If a system absorbs energy, its internal energy increases.
d. Kinetic molecular theory is related to the total molecular kinetic energy.
e. If the Kelvin temperature is doubled, the average kinetic energy is also doubled.
Answer: d
6-4
Section 6.2
13. Which statement is true?
a. A state function is one whose value for a system depends on the method of preparation of
the reactants and products.
b. A state function is one whose value for a system is determined by the difference in
temperature of the system, and not on the pressure of the system.
c. A state function is one whose value for the system is determined by only the pressure of
the system, and not on the temperature of the system.
d. A state function is one whose value for a system is determined by the temperature of the
system, and not on the composition of the system.
e. A state function is one whose value for a system is determined by the composition of the
system, the volume, the temperature, and the pressure.
Answer: e
Section 6.3
14. A freshly baked pie is placed near an open window to cool. Which of the following statements
best describes this situation?
a. The pie is the system and loses heat to the surroundings.

b. The pie is the system and gains heat from the surroundings.
c. The pie is the surroundings and gains heat from the system.
d. The pie is the surroundings and loses heat to the system.
e. The pie is the surroundings and neither gains nor loses heat.
Answer: a
Section 6.3
15. A system that does not allow the transfer of mass but does allow the transfer of thermal energy
would best be classified as
a. an open system.
b. a closed system.
c. an isolated system.
d. an adiabatic system.
e. an isobaric system.
Answer: b
6-5
Section 6.3
16. A system that allows the transfer of mass and allows the transfer of thermal energy would best be
classified as
a. an open system.
b. a closed system.
c. an isolated system.
d. an adiabatic system.
e. an isobaric system.
Answer: a
Section 6.3
17. A certain oil used in industrial transformers has a density of 1.068 g mL-1 and a specific heat of
1.628 J g-1 °C-1. Calculate the heat capacity of one gallon of this oil. (1 gallon = 3.785 liters)
a. 0.3747 kJ °C-1
b. 0.4027 kJ °C-1
c. 2.483 kJ °C-1
d. 5.770 kJ °C-1
e. 6.581 kJ °C-1
Answer: e
Section 6.3
18. A certain oil used in industrial transformers has a density of 1.086 g mL-1 and a specific heat of
1.826 J g-1 °C-1. Calculate the heat capacity of one gallon of this oil. (1 gallon = 3.785 liters)
a. 0.4442 kJ °C-1
b. 0.5239 kJ °C-1
c. 2.251 kJ °C-1
d. 6.364 kJ °C-1
e. 7.506 kJ °C-1
Answer: e
6-6
Section 6.3
19. A 500.0 gram sample of aluminum is initially at 25.0 °C. It absorbs 32.60 kJ of heat from its sur-
roundings. What is its final temperature, in °C? (specific heat = 0.9930 J g-1 °C-1 for aluminum)
a. 40.4 °C
b. 64.7 °C
c. 65.7 °C
d. 89.7 °C
e. 90.7 °C
Answer: e
Section 6.3
20. A 113.25 gram sample of gold is initially at 100.0 °C. It gains 20.00 J of heat from its surroundings.
What is its final temperature? (specific heat of gold = 0.129 J g-1 °C-1)
a. 98.6 °C
b. -98.6 °C
c. 101.4 °C
d. -101.4 °C
e .96.6 °C
Answer: c
Section 6.3
21. A 225.0 gram sample of copper absorbs 735 J of heat from its surroundings. What is the
temperature change for copper sample?
(specific heat = 0.387 J g-1 °C-1 for copper)
a. 64.0 °C
b. 8.44 °C
c. 92.2 °C
d. 117.3 °C
e. 156.7 °C
Answer: b
6-7
Section 6.3
22. A 350.0 gram sample of copper is initially at 25.0 °C, and it absorbs 12.50 kJ of heat from its sur-
roundings. What is its final temperature?
(specific heat = 0.387 J g-1 °C-1 for copper)
a. 38.8 °C
b. 67.2 °C
c. 92.2 °C
d. 117.3 °C
e. 156.7 °C
Answer: d
Section 6.3
23. A bomb calorimeter consists of metal parts with a heat capacity of 850.0 J °C-1 and 1.100 × 103
grams of oil with a specific heat of 2.184 J g-1 °C-1. What is the heat capacity, in joules per degree,
of the entire calorimeter?
a. 1354 J °C-1
b. 1952 J °C-1
c. 2956 J °C-1
d. 3252 J °C-1
e. 4259 J °C-1
Answer: d
Section 6.3
Difficulty Level: hard
24. A bomb calorimeter consists of metal parts with a heat capacity of 925.0 J °C-1 and 1.100  103
grams of oil with a specific heat of 2.814 J g-1 °C-1. What is the heat capacity, in joules per degree,
of the entire calorimeter?
a. 1321 J °C-1
b. 2028 J °C-1
c. 3703 J °C-1
d. 4020 J °C-1
e. 5698 J °C-1
Answer: d
Section 6.3
6-8
25. A bomb calorimeter consists of metal parts with a heat capacity of 950.0 J °C-1 and 8.50  102 grams
of oil with a specific heat of 2.418 J g-1 °C-1. Calculate the amount of heat energy required, in kJ, to
raise the temperature of the calorimeter from 25.00 °C to 31.60 °C.
a. 4.91 kJ
b. 11.9 kJ
c. 19.8 kJ
d. 20.8 kJ
e. 28.7 kJ
Answer: c
Section 6.3
26. A bomb calorimeter consists of metal parts with a heat capacity of 925.0 J °C-1 and 1.100  103
grams of oil with a specific heat of 2.184 J g-1 °C-1. Calculate the heat required, in kJ, to raise the
temperature of the calorimeter from 24.40 °C to 29.75 °C.
a. 0.827 kJ
b. 7.64 kJ
c. 17.8 kJ
d. 23.7 kJ
e. 99.0 kJ
Answer: c
Section 6.3
27. A 113.25 gram sample of gold is initially at 100.0 °C. It loses 20.00 J of heat to its surroundings.
What is its final temperature? (specific heat of gold = 0.129 J g-1 °C-1)
a. 98.6 °C
b. -98.6 °C
c. 94.6 °C
d. -94.6 °C
e .96.6 °C
Answer: a
6-9
Section 6.3
28. A 25.00 gram gold ingot and a 30.00 gram block of copper are placed in 100.00 grams of water. If
the initial temperatures of the gold, copper, and water were 95.0 °C, 85.0 °C, and 25.0 °C,
respectively, what would the final temperature of the entire system be? The specific heats of gold,
copper, and liquid water are 0.129, 0.387, and 4.18 J g-1 °C-1, respectively.
a. 26.0 °C
b. 28.2 °C
c. 23.1 °C
d. -27.1 °C
e. 27.1 °C
Answer: e
Section 6.3
29. A 25.00 gram pellet of lead (specific heat = 0.128 J g-1 °C-1) at 25 °C is added to 95.3 g of boiling
water (specific heat of 4.18 J g-1 °C-1) at 100 °C in an insulated cup. What is the expected final
temperature of the water?
a. 26.6 °C
b. 62.5 °C
c. 84.4 °C
d. 99.4 °C
e. 100.6 °C
Answer: d

30. A 55.00 gram pellet of lead at 25 °C is added to 58.5 g of boiling water (specific heat of 4.18 J g-1
° -1
C ) at 100 °C in an insulated cup. If the final temperature of the water in the cup is 97.9 °C, what is
the specific heat of lead?
a. 17.8 J g-1 °C-1

b. 0.128 J g-1 °C-1
c. 4.17 J g-1 °C-1
d. 22.2 J g-1 °C-1
e. 0.372 J g-1 °C-1
Answer: b
6-10
Section 6.3
31. A sample of chromium weighing 254 g was initially at a temperature of 25.88 °C. It required 843
joules of heat energy to increase the temperature to 32.75 °C. What is the molar heat capacity of the
chromium? ______
a. 21.6 J mol-1 °C-1

b. 25.1 J mol-1 °C-1
c. 33.2 J mol-1 °C-1
d. 37.3 J mol-1 °C-1
e. 17.4 J mol-1 °C-1
Answer: b
Section 6.3
32. A coffee cup calorimeter contains 480.0 grams of water at 25.00 °C. To it are added:
380.0 grams of water at 53.5 °C
Assuming the heat absorbed by the coffee cup is negligible, calculate the expected final temperature
of the water. The specific heat of water is 4.184 J g-1 °C-1.
a. 38.2 °C
b. 48.2 °C
c. 67.6 °C
d. 88.7 °C
e. 94.4 °C
Answer: b
Section 6.3
33. A coffee cup calorimeter contains 525.0 grams of water at 25.0 °C. To it are added:
Neglecting the heat absorbed by the coffee cup, calculate the final temperature of the water. The
specific heat of water is 4.184 J g-1 °C-1.
a. 39.6 °C
b. 45.7 °C
c. 44.8 °C
d. 66.7 °C
e. 92.4 °C
Answer: c
6-11
Section 6.3
34. A constant pressure calorimeter consists of metal parts with a heat capacity of 850.0 J °C-1 and
1.050  103 grams of oil with a specific heat of 2.148 J g-1 °C-1. Both are at 24.50 °C. A 5.00  102
g copper slug, at 220.0 °C is added. What is the final temperature? Specific heat of Cu = 0.3874 J
g-1 °C-1.
a. 33.4 °C
b. 36.0 °C
c. 36.8 °C
d. 89.7 °C
e. 120.5 °C
Answer: b
Section 6.3
35. A constant pressure calorimeter has metal parts (heat capacity of 850.0 J °C-1) and 1.100  103
grams of oil (specific heat = 2.184 J g-1 °C-1), both at 24.50 °C. Adding a 4.60  102 g slug, at 240.0
°
C, caused the temperature to rise to 32.5 °C. Find the specific heat of the metal.
a. 0.236 J g-1 °C-1

b. 0.273 J g-1 °C-1
c. 0.309 J g-1 °C-1
d. 0.357 J g-1 °C-1
e. 2.28 J g-1 °C-1
Answer: b
Section 6.3
36. A constant pressure calorimeter has metal parts (heat capacity of 925.0 J °C-1) and 1.100 103 grams
of oil (specific heat = 2.824 J g-1 °C-1), both at 25.40 °C. Adding a 5.50 102 g slug at 220.0 °C,
caused the temperature to rise to 35.2 °C. Find the specific heat of the metal.
a. 0.365 J g-1 °C-1

b. 0.389 J g-1 °C-1
c. 0.395 J g-1 °C-1
d. 0.551 J g-1 °C-1
e. 1.20 J g-1 °C-1
Answer: b
6-12
Section 6.4
37. During an exothermic chemical reaction,
a. a system becomes warmer, and the chemical substances undergo an increase in potential
energy.
b. a system becomes warmer, and the chemical substances undergo a decrease in potential
energy.
c. a system becomes cooler, and the chemical substances undergo an increase in potential
energy.
d. a system becomes cooler, and the chemical substances undergo a decrease in potential
energy.
e. a system becomes warmer, and additional heat is gained from the surroundings.
Answer: b
Section 6.4
38. During an endothermic chemical reaction,
a. a system becomes warmer, and the chemical substances undergo an increase in potential
energy.
b. a system becomes warmer, and the chemical substances undergo a decrease in potential
energy.
c. a system becomes cooler, and the chemical substances undergo an increase in potential
energy.
d. a system becomes cooler, and the chemical substances undergo a decrease in potential
energy.
e. a system becomes warmer, and additional heat is gained from the surroundings.
Answer: c
Section 6.4
39. Which statement is generally true?
a. A chemical reaction involves only the making of chemical bonds.

b. A chemical reaction involves only the breaking of chemical bonds.
c. Breaking weak chemical bonds require a relatively large amount of energy.
d. When bonds break in chemical reactions, the potential energy of the system tends to
increase.
e. When bonds break in chemical reactions, the potential energy of the system tends to
decrease.
Answer: d
6-13
Section 6.5
40. For a change in a system that takes place at constant pressure, which statement below is true?
a. ΔH = ΔE
b. ΔH = qp - P ΔV
c. ΔH = ΔE - qp
d. ΔH = qp
e. ΔE = qp
Answer: d
Section 6.5
41. For a chemical reaction taking place at constant pressure, which one of the following is true?
a. ΔHsystem = (Kinetic Energy)system + (Potential Energy)system

b. ΔHsystem = (Kinetic Energy)system - (Potential Energy)system
c. ΔHsystem = ΔEsystem - qp
d. ΔHsystem = ΔEsystem + PΔVsystem
e. ΔHsystem = ΔEsystem + qp
Answer: d
Section 6.5
42. An endothermic reaction is one in which there is
a. a positive value for the work done by the system (w > 0 joules).
b. a negative value for the work done by the system (w < 0 joules).
c. a negative value for ΔH (ΔH < 0 joules).
d. a positive value for ΔH (ΔH > 0 joules).
e. a negative value for ΔE (ΔE > 0 joules).
Answer: d
6-14
Section 6.5
43. In the course of measuring fuel content values, a reaction for the conversion of crude oil fuel into
water and carbon dioxide is carried out in two steps
Crude fuel oil + oxygen → CO(g) + H2O
CO(g) + oxygen → CO2(g)
The net reaction taking place is: crude fuel oil + oxygen → CO2(g) + H2O. A large fraction of
the raw material is converted in one step, while the second step is to collect the fraction that was
just partially burned the first time. For the overall or net process, which statement below is always
true?
a. ΔH is independent of the time interval between the two steps, but dependent on the frac-
tion which had to be converted in two steps.
b. ΔH is dependent on the time interval between the two steps, but dependent on the fraction
which had to be converted in two steps.
c. ΔH is independent of the time interval between the two steps, and also independent of the
fraction which had to be converted in two steps.
d. ΔH is dependent on the time interval between the two steps, but independent of the frac-
tion which had to be converted in two steps.
e. ΔH is independent of the time interval between the two steps, but dependent on the time
required for completion of the entire process.
Answer: c
Section 6.5
44. A chemical reaction took place in a 6 liter cylindrical enclosure fitted with a piston (like the
cylinder in an internal combustion engine). Over the time required for the reaction to be completed,
the volume of the system changed from 0.400 liters to 3.20 liters. Which of the following state-
ments below is true?
a. Work was performed on the system.

b. Work was performed by the system.
c. The internal energy of the system increased.
d. The internal energy of the system decreased.
e. The internal energy of the system remained unchanged.
Answer: b
6-15
Section 6.5
45. A chemical reaction took place in a 5 liter cylindrical enclosure fitted with a piston (like the
cylinder in an internal combustion engine). Over the time required for the reaction to be completed,
the volume of the system changed from 1.40 liters to 3.70 liters. Which of the following statements
below is true?
a. The enthalpy of the system remained unchanged.

b. The enthalpy of the system decreased.
c. The enthalpy of the system increased.
d. Work was performed by the system.
e. Work was performed on the system.
Answer: d
Section 6.5
46. A closed, uninsulated system was fitted with a movable piston. The introduction of 430 J of heat
caused the system to expand, doing 238 J of work in the process against a constant pressure of 101
kPa (kilopascals). What is the value of ΔE for this process?
a. (430 + 238) joules

b. (430 - 238) joules
c. (238 - 430) joules
d. 430 joules
e. (-238 - 430) joules
Answer: b
Section 6.5
47. A closed, uninsulated system was fitted with a movable piston. Introduction of 430 J of heat caused
the system to expand, doing 238 J of work in the process against a constant pressure of 101 kPa
(kilopascals). What is the value of ΔH for this process?
a. (430 + 238) joules

b. (430 - 238) joules
c. (238 - 430) joules
d. 430 joules
e. (-238 - 430) joules
Answer: d
6-16
Section 6.5
48. A closed, uninsulated system was fitted with a movable piston. Introduction of 483 J of heat
caused the system to expand, doing 320 J of work in the process against a constant pressure of 101
kPa (kilopascals). What is the value of ΔE for this process?
a. (483 + 320) joules

b. (483 - 320) joules
c. (320 - 483) joules
d. 483 joules
e. (-320 - 483) joules
Answer: b
Section 6.5
49. A closed, uninsulated system was fitted with a movable piston. Introduction of 483 J of heat caused
the system to expand, doing 320 J of work in the process against a constant pressure of 101 kPa
(kilopascals). What is the value of ΔH for this process?
a. (483 + 320) joules

b. (483 - 320) joules
c. (320 - 483) joules
d. 483 joules
e. (-320 - 483) joules
Answer: d
Section 6.6
50. For the reaction, D2(s) + 2 AX(g) → A2(g) + 2 DX(g) taking place in an insulated system, the
enthalpy of the reactants is lower than that of the products. Which one of the following is true for
the system?
a. The energy of the system decreases as the reactants are converted to products.
b. The energy of the system increases as the reactants are converted to
products.
c. The total energy of the system decreases as the reactants are converted to products.
d. The total mass of the system decreases as the reactants are converted to products.
e. The total mass of the system increases as the reactants are converted to products.
Answer: b
6-17
Section 6.6
51. When pure sodium hydroxide is dissolved in water, heat is evolved. In a laboratory experiment to
measure the molar heat of solution of sodium hydroxide, the following procedure was followed. To
a calorimeter containing 3.00  102 g of water at 20.00 °C, 10.65 g of NaOH, also at 20.00 °C was
added. The temperature of the solution, which was monitored by a digital thermometer with
negligible heat capacity, increased to 28.50 °C. If the specific heat of the mixture is 4.184 J g-1 °C-1,
and the small heat capacity of the calorimeter is ignored, what is the heat evolved, per mole of
sodium hydroxide?
a. -37.4 kJ
b. -41.5 kJ
c. -45.5 kJ
d. -90.5 kJ
e. -153 kJ
Answer: b
Section 6.6
52. When pure sulfuric acid is dissolved in water, heat is evolved. In a laboratory experiment to
measure the molar heat of solution of sulfuric acid, the following procedure was followed. To a
calorimeter containing 3.00  102 g of water at 20.00 °C, 10.65 g of H2SO4, also at 20.00 °C was
added. The temperature of the solution, which was monitored by a digital thermometer with
negligible heat capacity, increased to 26.55 °C. If the specific heat of the mixture is 4.184 J g-1 °C-1,
and the small heat capacity of the calorimeter is ignored, what is the heat evolved, per mole of
sulfuric acid?
a. -27.4 kJ
b. -72.8 kJ
c. -78.4 kJ
d. -84.6 kJ
e. -292 kJ
Answer: c
6-18
Section 6.6
53. When 0.250 moles of LiCl are added to 200.0 g of water in a constant pressure calorimeter a
temperature change of +11.08°C is observed. Given that the specific heat of the resulting solution
is 4.184 J g-1 °C and we can ignore the small amount of energy absorbed by the calorimeter, what is
the molar enthalpy of solution (Hsol) for LiCl?
a. 37.1 kJ/mol
b. -185.4 kJ/mol
c. -37.1 kJ/mol
d. 18.5 kJ/mol
e. -18.5 kJ/mol
Answer: c
Section 6.7
54. What would be the “standard state” for acetic acid in solution?
a. A solution with a concentration of 1.000 M.

b. A solution at 1.000 bar of pressure.
c. A solution at 1.000 Pascal of pressure.
d. A solution at 298 K.
e. A solution that is in the solid state.
Answer: a
Section 6.7
55. What would be the “standard state” for hydrogen gas at room temperature?
a. A gas sample with a concentration of 1.000 M.

b. A gas sample at 1.000 bar of pressure.
c. A gas sample at 1.000 Pascal of pressure.
d. A liquid solution at 298 K.
e. A liquid solution at 1.000 atm.
Answer: b
6-19
Section 6.7
56. When nitrogen gas reacts with hydrogen gas to form ammonia, 92.38 kJ of heat are given off for
each mole of nitrogen gas consumed, under constant pressure and standard conditions. What is the
correct value for the standard enthalpy of reaction in the thermochemical equation below when
0.750 mol of hydrogen reacts?
N2(g) + 3H2(s) → 2 NH3(g)
a. +34.5 kJ
b. -98.3 kJ
c. +59.2 kJ
d. -59.2 kJ
e. -23.1 kJ
Answer: e
Section 6.7
57. When aluminum metal reacts with iron(III) oxide to form aluminum oxide and iron metal, 429.6 kJ
of heat are given off for each mole of aluminum metal consumed, under constant pressure and
standard conditions. What is the correct value for the standard enthalpy of reaction in the thermo-
chemical equation below?
2 Al(s) + Fe2O3(s) → 2 Fe(s) + Al2O3(s)
a. +429.6 kJ
b. -429.6 kJ
c. +859.2 kJ
d. -859.2 kJ
e. -1289 kJ
Answer: d
6-20
Section 6.7
58. The thermochemical equation for the reaction between dinitrogen monoxide and oxygen to produce
nitrogen dioxide is shown below. Write the thermochemical equation for the reaction when 1.00
mole of nitrogen dioxide is formed.
2 N2O(g) + 3O2(g) → 4NO2(g) Ho = -28.0 kJ
a. N2O(g) + 3O2(g) → NO2(g) Ho = -28.0 kJ

b. N2O(g) + O2(g) → NO2(g) Ho = -28.0 kJ
c. 2 N2O(g) + 3O2(g) → 4NO2(g) Ho = -56.0 kJ
d. ½ N2O(g) + ¾ O2(g) → NO2(g) Ho = -7.00 kJ
e. ½ N2O(g) + O2(g) → NO2(g) Ho = -14.0 kJ
Answer: d
Section 6.7
59. The combustion of butane, C4H10, is given as: 2 C4H10(g) + 13O2(g)  8CO2(g) + 10H2O(l),
ΔHo = -5,314 kJ.
How many grams of butane must be reacted by this reaction to release 15,285 kJ of heat?
a. 167.2 g
b. 83.62 g
c. 668.8 g
d. 333.7g
e. 33.09 g
Answer: d
Section 6.7
60. Propane is often used to heat homes. The combustion of propane follows the following reaction:
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g)  3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g), ΔHo = -2044 kJ.
How many grams of propane must be reacted by this reaction to release 7563 kJ of heat?
a. 3.70 g
b. 44.1 g
c. 81.6 g
d. 243.4 g
e. 162.8 g
Answer: e
6-21
Section 6.7
61. For the reaction below:
CaO(s) + H2O(l)  Ca(OH)2(s) ΔHo = -64.8 kJ.
How many grams of CaO must be reacted by this reaction to release 1050 kJ of heat?
a. 16.2 g
b. 907 g
c. 1817 g
d. 454 g
e. 56.1 g
Answer: b
Section 6.8
62. When nitrogen gas reacts with hydrogen gas to form ammonia, 92.38 kJ of heat is given off for each
mole of nitrogen gas consumed, under constant pressure and standard conditions. What is the value
of Ho for the reverse of the reaction shown?
N2(g) + 3H2(s)  2 NH3(g) Ho = -92.38 kJ
a. +34.5 kJ
b. -46.19 kJ
c. +59.2 kJ
d. -59.2 kJ
e. +92.38 kJ
Answer: e
Section 6.8
63. Consider the following thermochemical equation:
2NO(g) + O2(g)  2 NO2(g) Ho = -113.2 kJ
Calculate H for the reaction below:
o
4 NO2(g)  4NO(g) + 2O2(g) Ho = ??

a. +334.5 kJ
b. -146.19 kJ
c. +226.4 kJ
d. -509.2 kJ
e. +192.38 kJ
Answer: c
6-22
Section 6.8
64. Determine the enthalpy change, H, for the reaction, N2(g) + 2H2(g)  N2H4(l), given the
following thermochemical equations:
N2H4(l) + O2(g)  2H2O(l) + N2(g) H = -622.0 kJ
H2(g) + ½ O2(g)  H2O(l) H = -285.9 kJ
a. -151.7 kJ
b. -236.2 kJ
c. +106.1 kJ
d. +50.2 kJ
e. +567.4 kJ
Answer: d
Section 6.8
65. Determine the enthalpy change, H, for the reaction, W(s) + C(s)  WC(s), given the following
thermochemical equations:
2W(s) + 3O2(g)  2WO3(s) H = -1680.8 kJ
C(s) + O2(g)  CO2(g) H = -393.5 kJ
2WC(s) + 5O2(g)  2WO3(s) + 2CO2(g) H = -2391.4 kJ
a. +33.3 kJ
b. -38.2 kJ
c. +106.1 kJ
d. -52.9 kJ
e. +177.4 kJ
Answer: b
Section 6.8
66. Determine the enthalpy change, H, for the reaction, CS2(l) + 3O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2SO2(g), given
the following thermochemical equations:
C(s) + O2(g)  CO2(g) H = -393.5 kJ
S(s) + O2(g)  SO2(g) H = -296.8 kJ
C(s) + 2S(s)  CS2(l) H = 87.9 kJ
a. +778.2 kJ
b. -602.4 kJ
c. -1075 kJ
d. -778.2 kJ
e. +602.4 kJ
Answer: c
6-23
Section 6.8
67. Determine the standard enthalpy change, Ho, for the reaction,
CCl4(l) + 4HCl(g)  CH4(g) + 4Cl2(g), given the following thermochemical equations:
2HCl(g)  H2(g) + Cl2(g) Ho = 184.6 kJ

C(s) + 2Cl2(g)  CCl4(l) Ho = -139 kJ
CH4(g)  C(s) + 2H2(g) Ho = 74.8 kJ
a. +55.3 kJ
b. -187 kJ
c. +101 kJ
d. -179 kJ
e. +433 kJ
Answer: b
Section 6.9
68. The thermochemical equation which is associated with H of , the standard enthalpy of formation for
HCl(g), is
a. H(g) + Cl(g) → HCl(g)

b. H2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2 HCl(g)
c. ½ H2(g) + ½ Cl2(g) → HCl(g)
d. H2(g) + Cl2(l) → 2 HCl(g)
e. ½ H2(g) + ½ Cl2(l) → HCl(g)
Answer: c
Section 6.9
H2O(g), is
a. 2 H(g) + O(g) → H2O(g)

b. H2O(l) → H2O(g)
c. 2 H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O(g)
d. H2(g) + ½ O2(g) → H2O(g)
e. 2 H(g) + ½ O2(g) → H2O(g)
Answer: d
6-24
Section 6.9
glucose, C6H12O6(s), is
a. 6 C(s) + 6 H2O(l) → C6H12O6(s)

b. 6 C(s) + 12 H(g) + 6 O(g) → C6H12O6(s)
c. 6 C(s) + 6 H2(g) + 3 O2(g) → C6H12O6(s)
d. 2 C2H5OH(l) + 2 CO2(g) → C6H12O6(s)
e. 6 C(g) + 6 H2(g) + 3 O2(g) → C6H12O6(s)
Answer: c
Section 6.9
acetic acid, C2H4O2(l), is
a. C2(s) + 4 H(g) + O2(g) → C2H4O2(l)

b. 2 C(g) + 4 H(g) + 2 O(g) → C2H4O2(l)
c. C2(s) + 2 H2(g) + O2(g) → C2H4O2(l)
d. 2 C(s) + 2 H2(g) + O2(g) → C2H4O2(l)
e. C(s) + H2(g) + O2(g) → C2H4O2(l)
Answer: d
Section 6.9
urea, CO(NH2)2(s), is
a. CO(g) + 2 NH3(g) → CO(NH2)2(s) + H2(g)

b. CO(g) + 2 H2(g) + N2(g) → CO(NH2)2(s)
c. C(s) + O(g) + N2(g) + 2 H2(g) → CO(NH2)2(s)
d. C(s) + ½ O2(g) + N2(g) + 2 H2(g) → CO(NH2) 2(s)
e. C(s) + ½ O2(g) + 2 NH2(g) → CO(NH2) 2(s)
Answer: d
6-25
Section 6.9
73. Given the equation for a hypothetical reaction, 3A + 4B  4C + 7D, and the following
standard enthalpies of formation, H of :
A: +15.7 kJ mol-1 B: -86.4 kJ mol-1 C: -52.7 kJ mol-1 D: -71.6 kJ mol-1
calculate the standard enthalpy of reaction, in kJ, for the reaction shown.
a. -53.6 kJ
b. -413.5 kJ
c. -515.6 kJ
d. -853.6 kJ
e. -908.4 kJ
Answer: b
Section 6.9
74. Given the equation for a hypothetical reaction, 5A + 3B  7C + 3D, and the following
A: -15.7 kJ mol-1 B: -86.4 kJ mol-1 C: -52.7 kJ mol-1 D: -71.6 kJ mol-1
what is the standard enthalpy of reaction, in kJ for the reaction shown?
a. +26.6 kJ
b. -53.6 kJ
c. -198.8 kJ
d. -246.0 kJ
e. -413.5 kJ
Answer: d
6-26
Section 6.9
75. Given the equation for the reaction, CO2(g) + 4H2(g)  CH4(g) + 2H2O(g), and the following
CO2(g): -393.5 kJ mol-1
CH4(g): -74.8 kJ mol-1
H2O(g): -241.8 kJ mol-1
H2O(l): -285.8 kJ mol-1
a. -164.9 kJ
b. +76.9 kJ
c. -164.9 kJ
d. +978.3 kJ
e. +995.9 kJ
Answer: a
Section 6.9
76. Given the equation for the reaction, 4NH3(g) + 7O2(g)  4NO2(g) + 6H2O(g), and the following
NH3 (g): -80.3 kJ mol-1
NO2 (g): +33.2 kJ mol-1
H2O(g): -241.8 kJ mol-1
H2O(l): -285.8 kJ mol-1
a. -172.3 kJ
b. -128.3 kJ
c. +157.5 kJ
d. -996.8 kJ
e. +1003.8 kJ
Answer: d
6-27
Section 6.9
77. The standard enthalpy of combustion for xylene, C8H10(l), is -3908 kJ mol-1. Using this information
and the standard enthalpies of formation of the following, H of : H2O(l) = -285.9 kJ mol-1; CO2(g)
= -393.5 kJ mol-1, calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of C8H10(l), in kJ mol-1.
a. -669.5 kJ
b. +3228.6 kJ
c. -3228.6 kJ
d. +4587.4 kJ
e. +8485.5 kJ
Answer: a
Section 6.9
78. A chemical compound has a molecular weight of 89.05 g/mole. 1.400 grams of this compound un-
derwent complete combustion under constant pressure conditions in a calorimeter with a heat ca-
pacity of 2.980  103 J °C-1. The temperature went up by 11.95 degrees. Calculate the standard heat
of combustion of the compound.
a. 35.6 kJ mol-1
b. 686.2 kJ mol-1
c. 1681 kJ mol-1
d. 1886 kJ mol-1
e. 2265 kJ mol-1
Answer: e
Section 6.9
79. The standard heat of combustion for naphthalene, C10H8(s), is -5156.8 kJ mol-1. Using this
information and the standard enthalpies of formation, H of : H2O(l) = -285.9 kJ mol-1; CO2(g)
= -393.5 kJ mol-1, calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of C10H8(s), in kJ mol-1.
a. +78.2 kJ
b. +935.9 kJ
c. -1065.4 kJ
d. +3619.7 kJ
e. -10235.4 kJ
Answer: a
6-28
Section 6.9
80. Complete combustion of hydrocarbons or compounds with only C, H, and O gives CO2 and H2O as
the only products. If carried out under standard conditions, the CO2 is a gas and the H2O is a liquid.
Given these standard enthalpies of combustion:
C2H4(g) = -1411.08 kJ mol-1 C2H2(g) = -1299.65 kJ mol-1
H2(g) = -285.90 kJ mol-1 C(s) = -393.50 kJ mol-1
o
calculate H reaction for the reaction, C2H2(g) + H2(g) → C2H4(g)
a. -174.47 kJ
b. +397.33 kJ
c. -961.47 kJ
d. -2424.83 kJ
e. -2996.63 kJ
Answer: a
Section 6.9
81. Complete combustion of hydrocarbons or compounds with only C, H, and O gives CO2 and H2O as
the only products. If carried out under standard conditions, the CO2 is a gas and the H2O is a liquid.
Given these standard enthalpies of combustion: C6H12(l) = -3919.86 kJ mol-1, C6H6(l) = -3267.80 kJ
mol-1, H2(g) = -285.90 kJ mol-1, C(s) = -393.50 kJ mol-1, calculate H°reaction for the reaction,
C6H6(l) + 3 H2(g) → C6H12(l)
a. -205.64 kJ
b. +366.16 kJ
c. +759.66 kJ
d. +2155.36 kJ
e. +5684.36 kJ
Answer: a
Fill-in-the-Blank Questions
Section 6.2
82. The kinetic energy transferred at the molecular level between objects caused by differences in their
temperatures is called _____________.
Answer: heat
6-29
Section 6.1
83. In the equation for the determination of the kinetic energy of an object, the ‘m’ in the equation
represents its ________________.
Answer: mass
Section 6.1
84. In order for a motorcycle to have the same kinetic energy as a large SUV the SUV would have to be
traveling ______________ than the motorcycle.
Answer: slower
Section 6.1
85. What is the mass of an object which has a kinetic energy of 1 J travelling at a speed of 1 m s-1?
___________.
Answer: 1 kg
Section 6.2
86. The sum of the energies of all the individual particles in a sample of a substance is its
_______________.
Answer: internal energy
Section 6.2
87. When the Kelvin temperature of a sample of molecules is doubled, its average kinetic energy is
_______.
Answer: doubled
Section 6.3
88. A 500.0 gram sample of water is initially at 25.0 °C. It absorbs 50.0 kJ of heat from its surround-
ings. What is its final temperature, in °C? Specific heat of water = 4.184 J g-1 °C-1.
______
Answer: 48.9 °C
6-30
Section 6.3
89. A sample of nickel weighing 425 grams was initially at a temperature of 26.20 °C. It required 975
joules of heat energy to increase the temperature to 31.55 °C. What is the specific heat of the
nickel? ______
Answer: 0.429 J g-1 °C-1
Section 6.3
90. A sample of zinc weighing 425 grams was initially at a temperature of 25.40 °C. It required 1360
joules of heat energy to increase the temperature to 33.70 °C. What is the molar heat capacity of the
zinc? ______
Answer: 25.2 J mol-1 °C-1
Section 6.4
91. The reactions which consume energy and change kinetic energy into chemical energy are said to be
_________.
Answer: endothermic
Section 6.4
92. In a chemical equation, heat can be written as a product. A chemical reaction in which heat is a
product is described as _________.
Answer: exothermic
Section 6.4
93. In an exothermic reaction energy is ___________ the system.
Answer: leaving
Section 6.4
94. In an endothermic reaction energy is ___________ the system.
Answer: entering
6-31
Section 6.5
95. The heat released or absorbed in a chemical reaction is called the _________.
Answer: heat of reaction
Section 6.5
96. The equation for the first law of thermodynamics, E = w + q, applies only to a(n) _________
system.
Answer: isolated
Section 6.5
97. In a gas-phase chemical reaction performed at constant volume, the heat absorbed by the insulated
calorimeter was calculated to be 29.3 kJ. What is qv for the reaction? _________
Answer: -29.3 kJ
Section 6.5
98. In a gas-phase chemical reaction performed at constant atmospheric pressure, the heat absorbed by
the insulated calorimeter was calculated to be 19.8 kJ. What is qp for the reaction? _________
Answer: -19.8 kJ
Section 6.6
99. When a chemical reaction occurs in a bomb calorimeter, the change in volume, V, is equal to
_________.
Answer: zero
Section 6.6
100. For a chemical reaction in which the change is endothermic, the sign of the enthalpy change, H, is
______.
Answer: positive
6-32
Section 6.6
101. At constant pressure, the difference between the enthalpy change, H, and the internal energy
change, E, is equal to _________ .
Answer: PV, or expansion work, w
Section 6.6
102. When 0.250 moles of KCl are added to 200.0 g of water in a constant pressure calorimeter a
temperature change is observed. Given that the specific heat of the resulting solution is 4.184 J g-1
°C, the molar heat of solution of KCl is +17.24 kJ/mol, and that we can ignore the small amount of
energy absorbed by the calorimeter, the observed temperature change should be _________.
Answer: 4.71 °C
Section 6.7
103. The thermochemical equation for the reaction between methane and oxygen to produce carbon
dioxide and water is: CH4(g) + 2O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2H2O(l), ΔHo = -890.5 kJ.
What is the corresponding thermochemical equation for this reaction when 1 mol of oxygen reacts?
__________
Answer: ½ CH4(g) + O2(g)  ½ CO2(g) + H2O(l), ΔHo = -445.2 kJ.
Section 6.7
104. The thermochemical equation for the reaction between sulfur and oxygen to produce sulfur dioxide
is: S(s) + O2(g)  SO2(g), ΔH = -298 kJ.
What is the corresponding thermochemical equation for this reaction when 2 mol of sulfur react?
__________
Answer: 2S(s) + 2O2(g)  2SO2(g), ΔH = -596 kJ
Section 6.7
105. The thermochemical equation for the reaction between hydrazine, N2H4, and dinitrogen tetroxide is
given as: 2N2H4(l) + N2O4(l)  3N2(g) + 4H2O(g), ΔHo = -1049 kJ.
What is the corresponding thermochemical equation for this reaction when 6 mol of nitrogen are
formed? __________
Answer: 4N2H4(l) + 2N2O4(l)  6N2(g) + 8H2O(g), ΔHo = -2098 kJ.
6-33
Section 6.7
106. The thermochemical equation for the reaction of sulfur dioxide, SO2, with oxygen is given as:
2SO2(g) + O2(g)  2SO3(g), ΔHo = -198 kJ.
What is the change in enthalpy when 3 moles of SO2 react by this reaction? __________
Answer: -297 kJ.
Section 6.7
2SO2(g) + O2(g)  2SO3(g), ΔHo = -198 kJ.
What is the change in enthalpy when 5 moles of SO2 react with 2 moles of oxygen by this reaction?
__________
Answer: -396 kJ.
Section 6.7
108. For the reaction of graphite with oxygen the reaction is given as: C(graphite) + O2(g)  2CO2(g),
ΔHo = -393 kJ.
How many grams of graphite must be reacted by this reaction to release 225 kJ of heat?
__________
Answer: 6.87 g.
Section 6.7
109. The combustion of butane, C4H10, is given as: 2 C4H10(g) + 13O2(g)  8CO2(g) + 8H2O(l),
ΔHo = -5,314 kJ.
How many grams of butane must be reacted by this reaction to release 10,525 kJ of heat?
__________
Answer: 230 g.
Section 6.7
2SO2(g) + O2(g)  2SO3(g), ΔHo = -198 kJ.
How much energy is given off when 300 g of SO2 is burned? __________
Answer: 464 kJ.
6-34
Section 6.8
111. For the reaction, N2(g) + 3 H2(g)  2 NH3(g), ΔHo = -92.38 kJ per mole of nitrogen gas.
What is the value of ΔHo for the reaction, NH3(g)  ½N2(g) + 3 H2(g)? _____
2
Answer: +46.2 kJ
Section 6.8
112. For the reaction, 3 N2(g) + H2(g)  2 HN3(g), ΔHo = +264 per mole of hydrogen gas.
What is the value of ΔHo for the reaction, HN3(g)  ½ H2(g) + 3 N2(g)? _____
2
Answer: -132 kJ
Section 6.8
113. Given the thermochemical equation, 2 M2O5(s)  4 MO2(s) + O2(g) with a standard enthalpy
of reaction = +74.2 kJ, calculate the value for the standard enthalpy of reaction in the thermo-
chemical equation, 2 MO2(s) + ½ O2(g) → M2O5(s) ______
Answer: -37.1 kJ
Section 6.8
114. Given the thermochemical equation, 3 M(s) + 3 O2(g)  3 MO2(s) with a standard enthalpy of
o
reaction = -1443 kJ, calculate the value for H reaction for the reaction:
MO2(s)  M(s) + O2(g). __________
Answer: +481 kJ
Section 6.8
115. Use these reactions and standard enthalpies, ΔH°
2 ZbO(s) + ½ O2(g)  Zb2O3(s) -128.0 kJ
2 ZbO(s) + 1½ O2(g)  Zb2O5(s) -344.5 kJ
to find the value for
Zb2O3(s) + O2(g)  Zb2O5(s) ______
Answer: -216.5 kJ
6-35
Section 6.8
116. Use these reactions and standard enthalpies, ΔH°
2 ZbO(s) + ½ O2(g)  Zb2O3(s) -128.0 kJ
2 ZbO(s) + 1½ O2(g)  Zb2O5(s) -344.5 kJ
to find the value for
Zb2O3(s) + Zb2O5(s)  4 ZbO(s) + 2 O2(g) ______
Answer: +472.5 kJ
Section 6.9
117. Using the equation shown, 7A + 5B  3C + 4D, and the standard enthalpies of formation,
H fo : A: 15.7 kJ mol-1 B: -86.4 kJ mol-1 C: -52.7 kJ mol-1 D: -71.6 kJ mol-1
o
calculate H reaction in kJ for the hypothetical reaction above.__
Answer: -122.4 kJ
Section 6.9
118. Using the standard enthalpies of formation, H fo :
CO(g) = -110.5 kJ mol-1 CO(NH2)2(s) = -333.19 kJ mol-1 NH3(g) = -46.19 kJ mol-1
o
calculate H reaction for
CO(NH2)2(s) + H2(g)  2NH3(g) + CO(g) ______
Answer: 130.3 kJ
Section 6.9
119. Complete combustion of hydrocarbons or compounds with C, H, and O as the only elements give
CO2 and H2O as the only products. If carried out under standard conditions, the CO2 is a gas and
the H2O is a liquid. Given these standard enthalpies of combustion: C2H4(g) = -1411.08 kJ mol-1,
C6H12(l) = -3919.86 kJ mol-1, H2(g) = -285.90 kJ mol-1, C(s) = -393.50 kJ mol-1, calculate
o
H reaction for the process: 3 C2H4(g)  C6H12(l). _________
Answer: -313.38 kJ
6-36
Section 6.9
120. Complete combustion of hydrocarbons or compounds with C,H, and O as the only elements give
the H2O is a liquid. Given these standard enthalpies of combustion: CH3CHO(l) = -1166.37
kJ mol-1, C6H12O3(l) = -3340.34 kJ mol-1, H2(g) = -285.90 kJ mol-1, C(s) = -393.50 kJ mol-1. Calcu-
o
late H reaction for the process, 3 CH3CHO(l)  C6H12O3(l). ________
Answer: -158.77 kJ
Section 6.9
121. Complete combustion of hydrocarbons or compounds with C, H, and O as the only elements give
the H2O is a liquid. Given these standard enthalpies of combustion: C2H2(g) = -1299.65 kJ mol-1,
C6H6(l) = -3267.80 kJ mol-1, H2(g) = -285.90 kJ mol-1, C(s) = -393.50 kJ mol-1. Calculate
o
H reaction for the process, 3 C2H2(g)  C6H6(l). __________
Answer: -631.15 kJ
Section 6.9
H2O(l) = -285.9 kJ mol-1; C2H4(g) = 52.284 kJ mol-1; C2H5OH(l) = -277.63 kJ mol-1
o
C2H4(g) + H2O(l)  C2H5OH(l) ______
Answer: -44.0 kJ
Section 6.9
NO(g) = 90.37 kJ mol-1 NO2(g) = 33.8 kJ mol-1
-1
SO2(g) = -296.9 kJ mol SO3(g) = -395.2 kJ mol-1
o
SO2(g) + NO2(g)  SO3(g) + NO(g) _____
Answer: -41.7 kJ
6-37
Section 6.9
CO(g) = -110.5 kJ mol-1 CO2(g) = -393.5 kJ mol-1
-1
SO2(g) = -296.9 kJ mol SO3(g) = -395.2 kJ mol-1
o
CO2(g) + SO2(g)  SO3(g) + CO(g) ______
Answer: 184.7 kJ
Section 6.9
B2O3(s) = -1,273.5 kJ mol-1 B5H9(s) = 73.2 kJ mol-1 H2O(g) = -241.8 kJ mol-1
calculate how much energy would be given off when 104.4 g of B5H9(s) burns in an oxygen
environment to produce B2O3(s) and H2O(g).
Answer: 7200 kJ
True and False Questions
Section 6.1
126. The statement, "the total energy of the universe is constant", is a logical extension of the law of
conservation of energy. ___
Answer: True
Section 6.1
127. The potential energy of an object can be changed to kinetic energy. ___
Answer: True
Section 6.2
128. Heat is energy that is transferred between particles which have different temperatures.___
Answer: True
6-38
Section 6.2
129. Temperature is a measure of the total energy that the particles in a substance possess.___
Answer: False
Section 6.2
130. A property, like energy, which depends only on an object’s current state is called a state
function.______
Answer: True
Section 6.2
131. The concept of an average kinetic energy suggests that there is a distribution of kinetic energies
among the particles of a substance.______
Answer: True
Section 6.3
132. A system cannot allow the transfer of thermal energy, but can allow the transfer of mass
__________.
Answer: False
Section 6.3
133. Isolated systems do not exchange mass or energy with the surroundings.______
Answer: True
Section 6.3
134. As heat is transferred to ice cubes, its water molecules gain kinetic energy, causing the ice to
melt.______
Answer: True
6-39
Section 6.3
135. Processes that occur within closed systems are called adiabatic__________.
Answer: False
Section 6.3
136. The temperature change experienced by an object, is directly proportional to the heat it
absorbs._________
Answer: True
Section 6.3
137. If a 10 g block of metal is placed in a certain volume of water, and the metal loses 25 J of heat,
then the water can only gain 22 J of heat.________
Answer: False
Section 6.4
138. Any chemical reaction in which heat is a product is described as exothermic. ___
Answer: True
Section 6.4
139. Heat energy can always be quantitatively converted into various other forms of energy. ___
Answer: False
Section 6.4
140. In an endothermic reaction, the temperature of the system tends to decrease as the reaction
proceeds.________
Answer: True
6-40
Section 6.4
141. Acid-base neutralization reactions involving strong acids like HCl, and strong bases like NaOH,
are generally endothermic reactions_______.
Answer: False
Section 6.5
142. The first law of thermodynamics is expressed in the equation, ΔH = q + w. ___
Answer: False
Section 6.5
143. The first law of thermodynamics is expressed in the equation, ΔE = Kinetic Energy - Potential
Energy. ___
Answer: False
Section 6.5
144. Based on the terms and symbols used in the discussions on thermochemistry, the expression,
ΔE = ΔH - PΔV is correct. ___
Answer: True
Section 6.5
145. For a chemical reaction taking place at constant pressure in which all reactants and products are
solids or liquids, ΔE ≈ qp. ___
Answer: True
Section 6.6
146. In a bomb calorimeter, no expansion work is done, so PΔV must be equivalent to, or, greater than a
value of 1 at all times. ___
Answer: False
6-41
Section 6.6
147. The heat of reaction measured in a bomb calorimeter, is the heat of reaction at constant volume and
is equivalent to ΔE = qv. ___
Answer: True
Section 6.6
148. A coffee-cup calorimeter can be used to measure heats of reaction at constant volume. ___
Answer: False
Section 6.7
149. All substances in their “standard state” are at 1.000 bar of pressure and 298 K. ___
Answer: False
Section 6.7
150. The following thermochemical equation indicates that 184.8 kJ are released, if two moles of
hydrogen react with nitrogen to form ammonia, N2(g) + 3 H2(g)  2 NH3(g), ΔHo = -92.38 kJ.
___
Answer: False
Section 6.7
151. The following thermochemical equation indicates that 258.9 kJ are absorbed in the reaction, if one
mole of hydrogen reacts with oxygen to form water, H2(g) + ½ O2(g)  H2O(l),
ΔHo = -258.9 kJ ___
Answer: False
Section 6.7
152. It is possible for the combustion of 1 mol of methane to have different values of ΔHo, if the water
produced in the combustion reaction is in the liquid or gaseous state at 25 oC.___
Answer: True
6-42
Section 6.7
153. The combustion of butane, C4H10, is given as: 2 C4H10(g) + 13O2(g)  8CO2(g) + 10H2O(l).
This reaction has the same heat of reaction as: 2 C4H10(g) + 13O2(g)  8CO2(g) + 10H2O(g).
__________
Answer: False.
Section 6.8
154. The value of ΔHo for any reaction which can be written in three steps, is equal to the sum of the
values of ΔHo of each of the individual steps.___
Answer: True
Section 6.8
155. When a thermochemical equation is reversed, the sign of ΔHo for the same reaction is also
reversed.___
Answer: True
Section 6.8
156. The formulas of substances cancelled from both sides of a thermochemical equation must be for the
substance even if it is in different physical states.___
Answer: False
Section 6.9
157. Combustion reactions generally have positive values for ΔHo.___
Answer: False
Section 6.9
158. In combustion reactions, the carbon in the substance that is the fuel, is converted to carbon dioxide
gas, while the hydrogen is converted to water.___
Answer: True
6-43
Section 6.9
159. The standard heat of combustion of a substance is the amount of heat released when 1 mole of the
substance is burned in pure oxygen gas, with all substances at 25 oC at a pressure of 1 bar.___
Answer: True
Section: Chemistry Outside the Classroom 6.1

160. Water has a high specific heat capacity which allows it to gain or lose a significant amount of heat,
while simultaneously undergoing a large change in temperature._____
Answer: False

161. It is known that water has a high specific heat capacity. Due to its high water content, the human
body is therefore able to adjust to large and sudden changes in the outside temperature._____
Answer: True

162. The high heat capacity of water ensures that cities and towns near large bodies of water will have
cooler summers and milder winters compared to other places which are located inland._____
Answer: True
Section: Chemistry and Current Affairs 6.2

163. The heat generated in a typical chemical reaction can be removed by pumping cold water around
the outside of the vessel in which the reaction occurs._____
Answer: True

164. The hazards associated with highly exothermic chemical reactions can be alleviated by calculating
the heat of the reaction from standard heats of formation, knowing how fast the heat is released, and
the rate at which it can be removed from the reaction vessel._____
Answer: True
6-44
165. At elevated temperatures, any volatile substances in a chemical reaction can be quickly converted
to gases, which tend to decrease the pressure within a reaction vessel._____
Answer: False

166. When the rate at which a chemical reaction generates heat is faster than the rate at which the
equipment can remove the heat, the reaction is considered endothermic in nature, and the heat is
used to generate more of the products._____
Answer: False
Critical Thinking Questions
Section 6.1
167. A large oceangoing container vessel (200,000 tons) was drifting at just 1.5 miles per hour on the
tide when it struck the bridge pylon. Last year a 4500 pound speedboat struck the same pylon while
going 48.5 miles per hour. Which possessed more kinetic energy? Use 1 pound = 0.4536 kg =
5.000  10-4 ton, 1 mile = 1.609 km. ___
Answer: The container vessel
Section 6.2
168. Explain how it is possible for a person to freeze to death when the temperature of their surroundings
is above their body temperature.
Answer: Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of a system, not the total kinetic energy
of a system. If a system has a very low density, such as a vacuum, it is possible that the molecules in the
system each have a high energy, but a low overall kinetic energy. Therefore because there are very few
collisions with a human body, very little energy is transferred to the human body. More energy is lost to
the surroundings as molecules leave the human body taking with them energy.
6-45
Section 6.3
169. A constant pressure calorimeter has metal parts (heat capacity of 850.0 J °C-1) and 1020 grams of
oil (specific heat = 2.248 J g-1 °C-1), both at 24.50 °C. Two metal slugs, one a 460.0 g piece of
cobalt and the other a 360.0 g piece of cadmium were removed from an oven which was maintained
at 240.0 °C and added to the calorimeter. If no heat was lost to the surroundings, what would be the
final temperature in the calorimeter? (cadmium, molar heat capacity = 25.34 J mol-1 °C-1; cobalt,
molar heat capacity = 25.12 J mol-1 °C-1) ______
Answer: 42.0 °C
Section 6.6
170. A volume of 500.0 mL of 0.220 M HCl(aq) was added to a high quality constant-pressure
calorimeter containing 500.0 mL of 0.200 M NaOH(aq). Both solutions have a density of 1.000 g
mL-1 and a specific heat of 4.184 J g-1 oC-1. The calorimeter had a heat capacity of 850.0 J °C-1.
The temperature of the entire system rose from 25.60 °C to 26.70 °C. Calculate the heat of reaction,
in kJ, per mole of NaOH(aq). ______
Answer: 55.4 kJ
Section 6.7
171. Propane is often used to heat homes. The combustion of propane follows the following reaction:
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g)  3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g), ΔHo = -2044 kJ.
If during a winter month a houses furnace runs for one hour a day, and the furnace puts out 1,667
BTU’s per minute, how many pounds of propane are needed for that month, assuming a 30 day
month? Hint: 1 BTU = 1055 Joules and 1 kg = 2.2 pounds. __________
Answer: 150 lbs.
Section 6.6
172. A volume of 600.0 mL of 0.240 M perchloric acid, HClO4(aq) was added to a high quality
constant-pressure calorimeter containing 400.0 mL of 0.300 M KOH(aq). Both solutions have a
density of 1.000 g mL-1 and a specific heat of 4.184 J g-1 °C-1. The calorimeter had a heat capacity
of 950.0 J °C-1. The temperature of the entire system rose from 25.30 °C to 26.59 °C. Calculate the
heat of reaction, in kJ, per mole of KOH(aq). ______
Answer: 55.2 kJ
6-46
Section 6.8
173. The formulas of ethylene, water, and ethanol suggests that the reaction,
C2H4(g) + H2O(g) → C2H5OH(l)
could be made to occur under the correct conditions. This is a wild idea, but Mike says it's just a
matter of the right catalyst combination, reactor temperature, and pressure. Using the values in the
table below, what is the calculated value of ΔH° for Mike's proposed reaction?
C(s) + 2 H2(g) → CH4(g) ΔHo = -74.848 kJ

H2(g) + ½ O2(g) → H2O(g) ΔHo = -241.8 kJ
H2(g) + ½ O2(g) → H2O(l) ΔHo = -285.9 kJ
C(s) + 2 H2(g) + ½ O2(g) → CH3OH(l) ΔHo = -238.6 kJ
2 C(s) + 3 H2(g) + ½ O2(g) → C2H5OH(l) ΔHo = -277.63 kJ
2 C(s) + 2 H2(g) → C2H4(g) ΔHo = +52.284 kJ
a. -39.0 kJ
b. -44.0 kJ
c. +44.0 kJ
d. -88.1 kJ
e. +88.1 kJ
Answer: d
Section 6.8
174. Some workers in central research were talking around the lunch table. They claim to have an idea
for a process which might possibly convert C2H4(g) to C2H5OH(l), an alternative fuel. It would
require two steps:
NaOH(s) + C2H4(g) catalyst

 ,heat,pressure
  NaC2H5O(s)
NaC2H5O(s) + H2O(g) → C2H5OH(l) + NaOH(aq)
It is known that for the reaction, NaOH(s) → NaOH(aq), ΔH° = -44.505 kJ. Using the values
below, what is the calculated value of ΔH° for the proposed reaction? ______
C(s) + 2 H2(g) → CH4(g) ΔH° = -74.848 kJ

H2(g) + ½ O2(g) → H2O(g) ΔH° = -241.8 kJ
H2(g) + ½ O2(g) → H2O(l) ΔH° = -285.9 kJ
C(s) + 2 H2(g) + ½ O2(g) → CH3OH(l) ΔH° = -238.6 kJ
2 C(s) + 3 H2(g) + ½ O2(g) → C2H5OH(l) ΔH° = -277.63 kJ
2 C(s) + 2 H2(g) → C2H4(g) ΔH° = +52.284 kJ
Answer: -132.6 kJ
6-47
Section 6.8
175. A check of the formulas of methane, water, and methanol suggests that the reaction,
CH4(g) + H2O(g) → CH3OH(l) + H2(g)
could be made to occur under the correct conditions. This is a wild idea, but the chemist thinks it is
just a matter of the right catalyst combination, reactor temperature, and pressure. Using the values
in the table below, what is the calculated value of ΔH° for Mike’s proposed reaction?
C(s) + 2 H2(g) → CH4(g) ΔH° = -74.848 kJ

H2(g) + ½ O2(g) → H2O(g) ΔH° = -241.8 kJ
H2(g) + ½ O2(g) → H2O(l) ΔH° = -285.9 kJ
C(s) + 2 H2(g) + ½ O2(g) → CH3OH(l) ΔH° = -238.6 kJ
2 C(s) + 3 H2(g) + ½ O2(g) → C2H5OH(l) ΔH° = -277.63 kJ
2 C(s) + 2 H2(g) → C2H4(g) ΔH° = +52.284 kJ
a. -78.0 kJ
b. +78.0 kJ
c. -122.1 kJ
d. +122.1 kJ
e. +368.9 kJ
Answer: b
Section 6.9
176. The standard enthalpy of combustion for oxalic acid, H2C2O4(s), is -251.9 kJ mol-1. Using this data
and the standard enthalpies of formation, H fo :
H2O(l) = -285.9 kJ mol-1 CO2(g) = -393.5 kJ mol-1
calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of H2C2O4(s), in kJ mol-1. ______
Answer: -821.0 kJ
Section 6.9
177. The standard enthalpy of combustion for ethylene glycol, C2H6O2(l), is -1179.5 kJ mol-1. Using
this information and the standard enthalpies of formation, H fo :
H2O(l) = -285.9 kJ mol-1; CO2(g) = -393.5 kJ mol-1
calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of C2H6O2(l), in kJ mol-1. ______
Answer: -465.2 kJ
6-48
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
SHRIMP CHATNEY.
(Mauritian Receipt.)
Shell with care a quart of fresh shrimps (for the mode of doing this
see Chapter III.), mince them quickly upon a dish with a large sharp
knife, then turn them into a mortar and pound them to a perfectly
smooth paste. Next, mix with them very gradually two or three
spoonsful of salad oil of the best quality, some young green chilies
chopped small (or when these cannot be procured, some good
cayenne pepper as a substitute), some young onions finely minced,
a little salt if required, and as much vinegar or strained lemon juice
as will render the sauce pleasantly acid. Half a saltspoonful or more
of powdered ginger is sometimes used in addition to the above
ingredients.
When they are preferred, two or three small shalots minced and
well bruised with the shrimps may be substituted for the onions.[65]
The proportion of oil should be double that of the vinegar used; but in
this preparation, as in all others of the same nature, individual taste
must regulate the proportion of the most powerful condiments which
enter into its composition. All chatneys should be quite thick, almost
of the consistence of mashed turnips, or stewed tomatas, or stiff
bread sauce. They are served with curries; and also with steaks,
cutlets, cold meat, and fish. In the East the native cooks crush to a
pulp upon a stone slab, and with a stone roller, the ingredients which
we direct to be pounded. On occasion the fish might be merely
minced. When beaten to a paste, they should be well separated with
a fork as the chilies, &c., are added.
65. The sauce can be made without either when their flavour is not liked.
CAPSICUMB CHATNEY.
Slice transversely and very thin, into a bowl or pan of spring water,
some large tender green capsicumbs, and let them steep for an hour
or two; then drain, and dress with oil, vinegar, and salt.
For Tomata and Sausage Chatney, see Chapter of Foreign
Cookery.
CHAPTER VII.
Store Sauces.
Mushrooms, Eschalots, and Tomatas.
OBSERVATIONS.
A well selected stock of these will always prove a convenient

resource in simple cookery for giving colour and flavour to soups,
gravies, and made dishes; but unless the consumption be
considerable, they should not be over-abundantly provided, as few of
them are improved by age, and many are altogether spoiled by long
keeping, especially if they be not perfectly secured from the air by
sound corking, or if stored where there is the slightest degree of
damp. To prevent loss, they should be examined at short intervals,
and at the first appearance of mould or fermentation, such as will
bear the process should be reboiled, and put, when again quite cold,
into clean bottles; a precaution often especially needful for
mushroom catsup when it has been made in a wet season, or when
it has not been very carefully prepared. This, with essence of
anchovies, walnut catsup, Harvey’s sauce, cavice, lemon-pickle,
chili, cucumber, and eschalot vinegar, will be all that is commonly
needed for family use; but there is at the present day an extensive
choice of these stores on sale, some of which are excellent.
CHETNEY SAUCE.
(Bengal Receipt).
Stone four ounces of good raisins, and chop
them small, with half a pound of crabs, sour
apples, unripe bullaces,[66] or of any other hard
acid fruit. Take four ounces of coarse brown
sugar, two of powdered ginger, and the same
quantity of salt and cayenne pepper; grind these
ingredients separately in a mortar, as fine as
possible; then pound the fruits well, and mix the
spices with them, one by one; beat them together
until they are perfectly blended, and add
gradually as much vinegar as will make the sauce
of the consistence of thick cream. Put it into
bottles with an ounce of garlic, divided into
cloves, and cork it tightly.
66. Hard acid fruit in a crude state is, we think, an ingredient
not much to be recommended; and it is always better to
deviate a little from “an approved receipt” than to endanger
health by the use of ingredients of a questionable
character. Gooseberries or tomatas, after being subjected
to a moderate degree of heat, might be eaten with far less
hazard.
Garlic.
Stoned raisins, 4 oz.; crabs, or other acid fruit,
1/2 lb.; coarse sugar, 4 oz.; powdered ginger, 2
oz.; salt, 2 oz.; cayenne pepper, 2 oz.; garlic, 1 oz.; vinegar, enough
to dilute it properly.
Obs.—This favourite oriental sauce is compounded in a great
variety of ways; but some kind of acid fruit is essential to it. The
mango is used in India; here gooseberries, while still hard and green,
are sometimes used for it; and ripe red chilies and tomatas are
mixed with the other ingredients. The sauce keeps better if it be
exposed to a gentle degree of heat for a week or two, either by the
side of the fire, or in a full southern aspect in the sun: the heat of a
very slow oven, in which it might be left for a night, would probably
have a still better effect. In this case it must be put into a jar or
bottles, and well secured from the air. Half a pound of gooseberries,
or of these and tamarinds from the shell, and green apples mixed,
and the same weight of salt, stoned raisins, brown sugar, powdered
ginger, chilies, and garlic, with a pint and a half of vinegar, and the
juice of three large lemons, will make another genuine Bengal
chetney.
FINE MUSHROOM CATSUP.
One of the very best and most useful of store sauces is good
home-made mushroom catsup, which, if really well prepared, imparts
an agreeable flavour to any soup or sauce with which it is mingled,
and at the same time heightens the colour without imparting the
“bitter sweetness” which the burnt sugar used as “browning” in
clumsy cookery so often does. The catsup ought, in fact, to be rather
the pure essence of mushrooms, made with so much salt and spice
only as are required to preserve it for a year or longer, than the
compound of mushroom-juice, anchovies, shalots, allspice, and
other condiments of which it is commonly composed, especially for
sale.
Directions to be observed in making and for keeping the catsup.—
Let the mushrooms be collected when the weather is dry, for if
gathered during, or immediately after rain, the catsup made with
them will not keep well.
Cut off the stalk-ends to which the earth adheres, before the
mushrooms are broken up, and throw them aside, as they should
never be used for the catsup. Reject also such of the flaps as are
worm-eaten or decayed. Those which are too stale for use may be
detected by the smell, which is very offensive.
When the mushroom first opens, the underside is of a fine pale
salmon colour; this changes soon to a sort of ashy-brown, which
deepens almost to black as the mushroom passes from its maturity
to a state of decay. As it yields a greater abundance of juice when it
is fully ripe, it is usually taken in that state for these sauces; but
catsup of fine and delicate flavour, though somewhat pale in colour,
can be made even of mushroom-buttons if they be sliced up small
and turned often in the liquid which will be speedily drawn from them
by the application of salt; a rather smaller proportion of which should
be mingled with them than is directed for the following receipt.
Every thing used in preparing the catsup should be delicately
clean and very dry. The bottles in which it is stored, after being dried
in the usual way, should be laid into a cool oven for an hour or two
before they are filled, to ensure their being free from the slightest
degree of moisture, but they must be quite cold before the catsup is
poured into them. If the corks be sealed so as to exclude the air
effectually, or if well-cleansed bits of bladder first dried, and then
rendered flexible with a little spirit of any kind (spirits of wine is
convenient for such purposes), be tied closely over them, and the
bottles can be kept in a cool place free from damp, the catsup will
remain good for a long time.
MUSHROOM CATSUP.
Receipt:—Break up small into a deep earthen pan, two gallons of

large ripe mushroom-flaps, and strew amongst them three quarters
of a pound of salt, reserving the larger portion of it for the top. Let
them remain two days, and stir them gently with a wooden spoon
often during the time; then turn them into a large stewpan or
enamelled saucepan, heat them slowly, and simmer them for fifteen
or twenty minutes. Strain the liquor closely from them without
pressure; strain and measure it; put it into a very clean stewpan, and
boil it quickly until it is reduced nearly half. For every quart allow half
an ounce of black peppercorns and a drachm of mace; or, instead of
the pepper, a quarter of a teaspoonful (ten grains) of good cayenne;
pour the catsup into a clean jug or jar, lay a folded cloth over it, and
keep it in a cool place until the following day; pour it gently from the
sediment, put into small bottles, cork them well, and rosin them
down. A teaspoonful of salad oil may be poured into each bottle
before it is corked, the better to exclude the air from the catsup.
Mushrooms, 2 gallons; salt, 3/4 lb.; to macerate three or four days.
To each quart of liquor, 1/2 oz. black pepper, or quarter of a
teaspoonful of cayenne; and 1 drachm of mace: to be reduced nearly
half.
Obs. 1.—Catsup made thus will not be too salt, nor will the flavour
of the mushrooms be overpowered by that of the spices; of which a
larger quantity, and a greater variety, can be used at will.
We can, however, answer for the excellence of the present receipt
from long experience of it. When the catsup is boiled down quite
early in the day, it may be bottled the same night: it is necessary
only, that it should perfectly cold before this is done.
Obs. 2.—When the mushrooms are crushed, or mashed, as some
authors direct, the liquor will necessarily be very thick; it is better to
proceed as above, and then to boil the liquor which may afterwards
be extracted from the mushrooms by pressure, with the sediment of
the catsup, and sufficient cloves, pepper, allspice, and ginger, to
flavour it highly: this second catsup will be found very useful to mix
with common thickened sauces, hashes, and stews.
MUSHROOM CATSUP.
(Another Receipt.)
Break a peck of large mushrooms into a deep earthenpan; strew
three quarters of a pound of salt amongst them, and set them into a
very cool oven for one night, with a fold of cloth or paper over them.
The following day strain off the liquor, measure, and boil it for fifteen
minutes; then, for each quart, add an ounce of black pepper, a
quarter of an ounce of allspice, half an ounce of ginger, and two
large blades of mace, and let it boil fast for twenty minutes longer.
When thoroughly cold, put it into bottles, cork them well, and dip the
necks into melted bottle-cement, or seal them so as to secure the
catsup from the air.
Mushrooms, 1 peck; salt, 3/4 lb. Liquor to boil, 15 minutes. To
each quart, 1/2 oz. black pepper; 1/4 oz. allspice; 1/2 oz. ginger; 2
blades mace: 20 minutes.
DOUBLE MUSHROOM CATSUP.
On a gallon of fresh mushrooms strew three ounces of salt, and

pour to them a quart of ready-made catsup (that which is a year old
will do if it be perfectly good); keep these stirred occasionally for four
days, then drain the liquor very dry from the mushrooms, and boil it
for fifteen minutes with an ounce of whole black pepper, a drachm of
mace, an ounce of ginger, and three or four grains only of cayenne.
Mushrooms, 1 gallon; salt, 3 oz.; mushroom catsup, 1 quart;
peppercorns, 1 oz.; mace, 1 drachm; ginger, 1 oz.; cayenne, 3 to 4
grains: 15 minutes.
COMPOUND, OR COOK’S CATSUP.
Take a pint and a half of mushroom catsup when it is first made,

and ready boiled (the double is best for the purpose), simmer in it for
five minutes an ounce of small eschalots nicely peeled; add to these
half a pint of walnut catsup, and a wineglassful of cayenne vinegar,
or of chili vinegar; give the whole one boil, pour it out, and when
cold, bottle it with the eschalots in it.
Mushroom catsup, 1-1/2 pint; eschalots, 1 oz.; walnut catsup or
pickle, 1/2 pint; cayenne or chili vinegar, 1 wineglassful.
WALNUT CATSUP.
The vinegar in which walnuts have been pickled, when they have
remained in it a year, will generally answer all the purposes for which
this catsup is required, particularly if it be drained from them and
boiled for a few minutes, with a little additional spice, and a few
eschalots; but where the vinegar is objected to, it may be made
either by boiling the expressed juice of young walnuts for an hour,
with six ounces of fine anchovies, four ounces of eschalots, half an
ounce of black pepper, a quarter of an ounce of cloves, and a
drachm of mace, to every quart; or as follows:—
Pound in a mortar a hundred young walnuts, strewing amongst
them as they are done half a pound of salt; then pour to them a quart
of strong vinegar, and let them stand until they have become quite
black, keeping them stirred three or four times a day; next add a
quart of strong old beer, and boil the whole together for ten minutes;
strain it, and let it remain until the next day; then pour it off clear from
the sediment, add to it half a pound of anchovies, one large head of
garlic bruised, half an ounce of nutmegs bruised, the same quantity
of cloves and black pepper, and two drachms of mace: boil these
together for half an hour, and the following day bottle and cork the
catsup well. It will keep for a dozen years. Many persons add to it,
before it is boiled, a bottle of port wine; and others recommend a
large bunch of sweet herbs to be put in with the spice.
1st Recipe. Expressed juice of walnuts, 1 quart; anchovies, 6 oz.;
eschalots, 4 oz.; black pepper, 1/2 oz.; cloves, 1/4 oz.; mace, 1
drachm: 1 hour.
2nd. Walnuts, 100; salt, 1/2 lb.; vinegar, 1 quart; to stand till black.
Strong beer, 1 quart; anchovies, 1/2 lb.; 1 head garlic; nutmegs, 1/2
oz.; cloves, 1/2 oz.; black pepper, 1/2 oz.; mace, 2 drachms: 1/2
hour.
ANOTHER GOOD RECEIPT FOR WALNUT CATSUP.
Beat a hundred green walnuts in a large marble mortar until they

are thoroughly bruised and broken, and then put them into a stone
jar, with half a pound of eschalots, cut in slices, one head of garlic,
half a pound of salt, and two quarts of vinegar; let them stand for ten
days, and stir them night and morning. Strain off the liquor, and boil it
for half an hour with the addition of two ounces of anchovies, two of
whole pepper, half an ounce of cloves, and two drachms of mace;
skim it well, strain it off, and when it is quite cold pour it gently from
the sediment (which may be reserved for flavouring common
sauces) into small dry bottles, secure it from air by sound corking,
and store it in a dry place.
Walnuts, 100; eschalots, 1/2 lb.; garlic, 1 head, salt, 1/2 lb.;
vinegar, 2 quarts: 10 days. Anchovies, 2 oz.; black pepper, 2 oz.;
mace, 1/4 oz.; cloves, 1/2 oz.: 1/2 hour.
LEMON PICKLE OR CATSUP.
Either divide six small lemons into quarters, remove all the pips
that are in sight, and strew three ounces of salt upon them, and keep
them turned in it for a week, or, merely make deep incisions in them,
and proceed as directed for pickled lemons. When they have stood
in a warm place for eight days, put into a stone jar two ounces and a
half of finely-scraped horseradish, and two ounces of eschalots, or
one and a half of garlic; to these add the lemons with all their liquor,
and pour on them a pint and a half of boiling vinegar in which half an
ounce of bruised ginger, a quarter of an ounce of whole white
pepper, and two blades of mace have been simmered for two or
three minutes. The pickle will be fit for use in two or three months,
but may stand four or five before it is strained off.
Small lemons, 6; salt, 3 oz.: 8 days. Horseradish, 2-1/2 oz.;
eschalots, 2 oz., or garlic 1-1/2 oz.; vinegar, 1-1/2 pint; ginger, 1/2
oz.; whole white pepper, 1/4 oz.; mace, 2 blades: 3 to 6 months.
Obs.—These highly-flavoured compounds are still much in favour
with a certain class of housekeepers; but they belong exclusively to
English cookery: they are altogether opposed to the practice of the
French cuisine, as well as to that of other foreign countries.
PONTAC CATSUP FOR FISH.
On one pint of ripe elderberries stripped from the stalks, pour three
quarters of a pint of boiling vinegar, and let it stand in a cool oven all
night; the next day strain off the liquid without pressure, and boil it for
five minutes with a half-teaspoonful of salt, a small race of ginger, a
blade of mace, forty corns of pepper, twelve cloves and four
eschalots. Bottle it with the spice when it is quite cold.
BOTTLED TOMATAS, OR TOMATA CATSUP.
Cut half a peck of ripe tomatas into quarters; lay them on dishes
and sprinkle over them half a pound of salt. The next day drain the
juice from them through a hair-sieve into a stewpan, and boil it for
half an hour with three dozens of small capsicums and half a pound
of eschalots; then add the tomatas, which should be ready pulped
through a strainer. Boil the whole for thirty minutes longer; have
some clean wide-necked bottles, kept warm by the fire, fill them with
the catsup while it is quite hot; cork, and dip the necks into melted
bottle-resin or cement.
Tomatas, 1/2 peck; salt, 1/2 lb.; capsicums, 3 doz.; eschalots, 1/2
lb.: 1/2 hour. After pulp is added, 1/2 hour.
Obs.—This receipt has been kindly contributed by a person who
makes by it every year large quantities of the catsup, which is
considered excellent: for sauce it must be mixed with gravy or
melted butter. We have not ourselves been able to make trial of it.

Instant Download PDF Chemistry The Molecular Nature of Matter 7th Edition Jespersen Test Bank Full Chapter

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Instant Download PDF Chemistry The Molecular Nature of Matter 7th Edition Jespersen Test Bank Full Chapter

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chemistry The Molecular Nature of

Matter 7th Edition Jespersen Test Bank

Chemistry The Molecular Nature of Matter 7th Edition

Chemistry The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change 7th

Chemistry The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change 7th

Chemistry The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change 8th

Principles of Chemistry The Molecular Science 1st

Ecology The Economy of Nature Canadian 7th Edition

Ecology The Economy Of Nature Canadian 7th Edition

Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular

Multiple Choice Questions

a. the kinetic energy resulting from violent decomposition of energetic chemicals.

a. Efinal signifies the internal energy of the reactants.

a. The pie is the system and loses heat to the surroundings.

Difficulty Level: medium

a. 17.8 J g-1 °C-1

a. 21.6 J mol-1 °C-1

a. 0.236 J g-1 °C-1

a. 0.365 J g-1 °C-1

a. A chemical reaction involves only the making of chemical bonds.

a. ΔHsystem = (Kinetic Energy)system + (Potential Energy)system

a. Work was performed on the system.

a. The enthalpy of the system remained unchanged.

a. (430 + 238) joules

a. (430 + 238) joules

a. (483 + 320) joules

a. (483 + 320) joules

a. A solution with a concentration of 1.000 M.

a. A gas sample with a concentration of 1.000 M.

a. N2O(g) + 3O2(g) → NO2(g) Ho = -28.0 kJ

4 NO2(g)  4NO(g) + 2O2(g) Ho = ??

2HCl(g)  H2(g) + Cl2(g) Ho = 184.6 kJ

a. H(g) + Cl(g) → HCl(g)

a. 2 H(g) + O(g) → H2O(g)

a. 6 C(s) + 6 H2O(l) → C6H12O6(s)

a. C2(s) + 4 H(g) + O2(g) → C2H4O2(l)

a. CO(g) + 2 NH3(g) → CO(NH2)2(s) + H2(g)

Answer: internal energy

Answer: 0.429 J g-1 °C-1

Answer: 25.2 J mol-1 °C-1

Answer: heat of reaction

Answer: PV, or expansion work, w

Answer: ½ CH4(g) + O2(g)  ½ CO2(g) + H2O(l), ΔHo = -445.2 kJ.

Answer: 2S(s) + 2O2(g)  2SO2(g), ΔH = -596 kJ

Answer: 4N2H4(l) + 2N2O4(l)  6N2(g) + 8H2O(g), ΔHo = -2098 kJ.

Answer: -297 kJ.

Answer: -396 kJ.

Answer: 464 kJ.

True and False Questions

Section: Chemistry Outside the Classroom 6.1

Section: Chemistry Outside the Classroom 6.1

Section: Chemistry Outside the Classroom 6.1

Section: Chemistry and Current Affairs 6.2

Section: Chemistry and Current Affairs 6.2

Section: Chemistry and Current Affairs 6.2

Critical Thinking Questions

Answer: The container vessel

Answer: 150 lbs.

C(s) + 2 H2(g) → CH4(g) ΔHo = -74.848 kJ

NaOH(s) + C2H4(g) catalyst

C(s) + 2 H2(g) → CH4(g) ΔH° = -74.848 kJ

C(s) + 2 H2(g) → CH4(g) ΔH° = -74.848 kJ

A well selected stock of these will always prove a convenient