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CHAPTER 8
Motivation and Emotion
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Motivation includes factors that __________ goal-directed behavior.

a. activate
b. direct
c. sustain
d. activate and direct
e. activate, direct, and sustain
ANS: E REF: Motivation: The “Whys” of Behavior
OBJ: 1-Identify and describe biological and psychological sources of motivation.
TOP: MOD: 8.1 KEY: Define/Describe MSC: factual
2. __________ are the particular needs or wants that drive your behavior and help explain why you do
the things you do.
a. Instincts
b. Motives
c. Perceptions
d. Incentives
e. Emotions
ANS: B REF: Motivation: The “Whys” of Behavior
3. Motives address the fundamental question of the _____ of behavior.

a. who
b. what
c. why
d. where
e. when
ANS: C REF: Motivation: The “Whys” of Behavior
TOP: MOD: 8.1 KEY: Define/Describe MSC: conceptual
4. What is an instinct?
a. A drive that is acquired through experience
b. A factor that activates, directs, and sustains goal-directed behavior
c. An innate pattern of responding that is species-specific
d. An internal state that prompts stimulation-seeking behavior
e. An innate reward or other stimulus that motivates one to act
NOT: WWW
5. Instinct theory holds that:
a. behavior is motivated by needs and desires.
b. behavior is motivated by sex and aggression.
c. behavior is motivated by instincts.
d. all behavior is reflexive until it is modified by the environment.
e. all behavior is motivated by drives.
6. Which theorists supported instinct theory?

a. Walter Cannon and Philip Bard
b. William Masters and Virginia Johnson
c. Harry Harlow and Marvin Zuckerman
d. Abraham Maslow and Darryl Bem
e. Sigmund Freud and William James
TOP: MOD: 8.1 KEY: Identify MSC: factual
7. Shelby, an avid bird-watcher, explains that birds build nests because that is their nature. Shelby
advocates the ___________ of motivation.
a. drive theory
b. incentive theory
c. instinct theory
d. arousal theory
e. evolutionary theory
TOP: MOD: 8.1 KEY: Define/Describe | Apply MSC: applied
8. The instinct theory of human motivation was replaced by the:

a. arousal theory.
b. incentive theory.
c. hierarchy of needs theory.
d. drive theory.
e. set point theory.
ANS: D REF: Motivation: The “Whys” of Behavior
9. The foremost advocate of drive theory was:

a. Clark Hull.
b. Sigmund Freud.
c. William James.
d. William McDougall.
e. Harry Harlow.
ANS: A REF: Motivation: The “Whys” of Behavior
10. A need is:
a. another word for instinct.
b. a state of deprivation or deficiency.
c. a state of bodily tension.
d. a learned desire.
e. a reward that motivates.
11. Which of the following is the best definition of drive?

a. An incentive that pulls one in the direction of obtaining it
b. A reward or other stimulus that motivates one to act
c. A state of deprivation or deficiency that serves as a source of motivation
d. A genetically programmed pattern of response specific to members of a particular species
e. A state of bodily tension that arises from an unmet need and is a source of motivation
12. Homeostasis refers to the tendency of the:

a. parts of the body to grow at an even rate
b. body to maintain a steady internal state.
c. stomach to reject harmful substances.
d. brain to prefer constant stimulation.
e. organism to instinctively build a home.
13. Homeostasis is the basis for which theory of motivation?

a. Instinct theory
b. Arousal theory
c. Drive theory
d. Need theory
e. Hierarchy of needs theory
TOP: MOD: 8.1 KEY: Identify MSC: conceptual
14. When Walter’s blood sugar dips, he becomes hungry. He eats, and then he is no longer hungry—his
body is back in balance. This balancing is best described as:
a. the two-factor model.
b. instinct.
c. homeostasis.
d. optimal level of arousal.
e. self-actualization.
15. A proponent of drive theory of motivation would explain that people like to eat at fast-food places
because:
a. when they're hungry, they instinctively gravitate to the fastest source of food.
b. television commercials make them associate such places with psychological rewards.
c. many others are doing so and it gives them a feeling of belonging.
d. doing so satisfies their hunger.
e. they find it more stimulating to eat out than to stay home and eat.
TOP: MOD: 8.1 KEY: Evaluate/Explain | Apply MSC: applied
16. Drive reduction involves:

a. acting upon instincts.
b. an increase in homeostasis.
c. a decrease in homeostasis.
d. satisfaction of a state of bodily tension.
e. the "pull" of a goal or reward.
17. In drive theory, biological drives are also known as:

a. initial drives.
b. essential drives.
c. primary drives.
d. instinctual drives.
e. secondary drives.
18. Which of the following is a secondary drive?

a. Hunger
b. Thirst
c. Sexual desire
d. Desire to earn money
e. Sleep
19. In drive theory, inborn is to ______ as experience is to ______.

a. primary drives; secondary drives
b. biological drives; primary drives
c. homeostasis; imbalance
d. imbalance; homeostasis
e. secondary drives; primary drives
TOP: MOD: 8.1 KEY: Identify | Evaluate/Explain MSC: conceptual
20. Who conducted research suggesting that humans and many other animals have innate needs for
exploration and activity?
a. Charles Darwin
b. David McClelland
c. Abraham Maslow
d. Leon Festinger
e. Harry Harlow
21. Stimulus motives are:

a. internal states that prompt inquisitive and exploratory behavior.
b. essential for survival.
c. observed only in humans.
d. observed in other animals, but not in humans.
e. rewards that motivate animals to act.
22. Regarding stimulus motives, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a. Stimulus motives disappear as people age.
b. Stimulus motives encourage organisms to explore their environments and manipulate
objects.
c. Stimulus motives may represent a biologically based need to maintain an optimal level of
arousal.
d. Stimulus motives are observed in humans as well as other animals.
e. Stimulus motives challenge the idea that all drives satisfy basic needs.
TOP: MOD: 8.1 KEY: Evaluate/Explain MSC: factual
23. With regard to arousal, drive theory suggests that:

a. arousal is irrelevant to motivation.
b. there is a motivation to reduce arousal.
c. there is a motivation to increase arousal.
d. there is a motivation to maintain a constant level of arousal.
e. motivation should first increase arousal and then reduce arousal.
24. Arousal theory suggests that organisms have a motivation to:

a. reduce arousal.
b. increase arousal.
c. maintain a constant level of arousal.
d. maintain an optimal level of arousal.
e. maintain a high level of arousal for peak performance.
25. Generalizing from Zuckerman’s research on sensation seeking, which of the following statements best
describes a sensation-seeker?
a. Someone who prefers being with familiar people over meeting new people
b. Someone who prefers sleeping in a comfortable bed and room over camping out
c. Someone who would probably not be interested in trying hypnosis
d. Someone who seeks to maintain a high level of arousal
e. Someone who prefers quiet parties to wild ones
TOP: MOD: 8.1 KEY: Define/Describe | Evaluate/Explain
MSC: conceptual
26. Incentives are:

a. physiologically based needs.
b. homeostatically controlled drives.
c. rewards that motivate us to behave in a certain way.
d. instinctually based motives.
e. drives acquired through experience.
27. Even though Fabiola does not need a new dress, she buys one because she really feels drawn toward it.
This is an example of:
a. homeostasis.
b. incentive value.
c. primary drive.
d. drive reduction.
e. sensation-seeking.
NOT: WWW
28. After looking at the exotic desserts presented on the dessert tray, Colin decides to have one of the
desserts even though he is not hungry. This is best described as an example of:
a. incentive motivation.
b. drive reduction.
c. instinctual behavior.
d. arousal theory.
e. cognitive dissonance.
29. Regarding the incentive theory of motivation, which of the following statements is FALSE?
a. Incentive values are influenced by past learning experiences.
b. Compared to drive theory, incentive theory is more concerned with internal need states.
c. Incentive values are influenced by expectancies.
d. Compared to drive theory, incentive theory is more concerned with the “pull” than the
“push” of motivation.
e. Cultural influences play a large role in determining individual incentive values.
30. In contrast to ________ theory, which focuses on the "push" of internal states, ________ theory
focuses on the "pull" of external stimuli.
a. arousal; instinct
b. arousal; drive
c. drive; instinct
d. drive; incentive
e. incentive; arousal
31. Festinger and Carlsmith conducted research on motivation that led them to develop a theory of:
a. homeostasis.
b. cognitive dissonance.
c. incentive values.
d. the Yerkes-Dodson law.
e. the hierarchy of needs.
32. Cognitive dissonance results when:

a. homeostatic mechanisms are insufficient.
b. attitudes and behaviors are inconsistent.
c. incentive values are inappropriate.
d. drive reduction is unaccomplished.
e. stimulation levels drop below optimal level.
OBJ: 2-Define cognitive dissonance and explain how it can be reduced.
NOT: WWW
33. Cognitive dissonance theory holds that people are motivated to:
a. resolve discrepancies between their behavior and their attitudes.
b. understand discrepancies between their behavior and their attitudes.
c. evaluate the discrepancies between their behavior and their attitudes.
d. defend discrepancies between their behavior and their attitudes.
e. ignore discrepancies between their behavior and their attitudes
34. Which of the following is NOT a method used to reduce cognitive dissonance?
a. People change their behavior to fit their attitudes or beliefs.
b. People change their attitudes or beliefs to fit their behavior.
c. People increase the discrepancy between their behavior and their beliefs to accentuate the
differences.
d. People explain away inconsistencies between their behavior and their attitudes or beliefs.
e. People ignore discrepancies between their behavior and their beliefs.
TOP: MOD: 8.1 KEY: Evaluate/Explain MSC: conceptual
NOT: WWW
35. Jackie is trying to join a sorority. During "rush week," Jackie has to participate in all types of
humiliating tasks. After the week is over and she is waiting to find out whether she has been accepted,
Jackie's motivation to join the sorority is even higher. What is Jackie doing to reduce her level of
cognitive dissonance?
a. Effort justification
b. Change attitude
c. Change behavior
d. Ignore inconsistencies
e. Be optimistic
TOP: MOD: 8.1 KEY: Evaluate/Explain | Apply MSC: apply
36. Mark drinks about a fifth of bourbon each day, but denies that he’s an alcoholic. When his wife
suggests that he should seek treatment, he angrily replies, “I hold down a job just fine. Drinking just
doesn’t affect me as much as it does other people. If I had problems at work, then maybe I’d be
worried that I have a drinking problem, but I don’t.” What is Mark doing to reduce his level of
cognitive dissonance?
a. Being optimistic
b. Changing his attitude
c. Changing his behavior
d. Ignoring inconsistencies
e. Using self-justification
37. Bruno, a psychologist, is having marital problems. Until recently, he’s been telling himself that as a
psychologist, he doesn’t need therapy. Finally, he acknowledges that the situation isn’t getting any
better and it’s time to try some couples counseling. Bruno is reducing his cognitive dissonance by:
a. being optimistic.
b. changing his attitude.
c. changing his behavior.
d. ignoring inconsistencies.
e. using self-justification.
38. Charlie is most likely to experience cognitive dissonance if he decides to buy the car that:
a. is black inside and outside, which might mean less maintenance, a good thing since he
hates fussing with cars.
b. is advertised as quick to accelerate up to 80 miles per hour, a feature that he looked for
because he likes to pass slow drivers.
c. received a high rating in customer satisfaction, which is important to him because his last
car was a lemon.
d. uses alternative fuel and is therefore environmentally friendly, something Charlie cares
deeply about.
e. is sleek and so much sexier than all the other cars, but is also a gas guzzler and costs much
more than he wants to spend.
TOP: MOD: 8.1 KEY: Define/Describe | Apply MSC: apply
39. In motivation theories, psychosocial needs are also known as:

a. emotional needs.
b. arousal needs.
c. interpersonal needs.
d. homeostatic needs.
e. secondary needs.
40. Sandra has a strong need to have social relationships. Psychologists use the term ______ to describe
Sandra’s needs.
a. need for affiliation
b. need for acceptance
c. need for arousal
d. need for sensation
e. need for achievement
41. Quentin has a strong need to excel at whatever he does. Quentin’s need is called a need for:
a. achievement.
b. arousal.
c. affiliation.
d. sensation.
e. external rewards.
42. Terry is described as having extrinsic motivation for the achievement of his goals. This means that
Terry:
a. focuses on immediate outcomes.
b. focuses on short-term outcomes.
c. has a desire for external rewards.
d. has a desire for internal gratification.
e. has low achievement motivation.
43. Regarding sources of motivation, self-gratification is to ______ as money is to ______.

a. intrinsic; avoidance
b. avoidance; intrinsic
c. extrinsic; avoidance
d. avoidance; extrinsic
e. intrinsic; extrinsic
TOP: MOD: 8.1 KEY: Evaluate/Explain | Identify MSC: conceptual
44. The desire to steer clear of failure is called:

a. achievement motivation.
b. avoidance motivation.
c. performance anxiety.
d. defensive motivation.
e. lack of self-actualization.
45. Anne and Norman were both offered a promotion. Anne willingly accepted the promotion offer
because she felt it would help her be successful in her career, while Norman refused to accept it
because he was afraid he would be unsuccessful. Which motivational concept(s) are Anne and Norman
demonstrating?
a. Anne demonstrates avoidance motivation, while Norman demonstrates achievement
motivation.
b. Anne demonstrates achievement motivation, whereas Norman demonstrates avoidance
motivation.
c. Both are demonstrating achievement motivation.
d. Anne demonstrates achievement motivation, whereas Norman demonstrates performance
anxiety.
e. Anne demonstrates avoidance motivation, whereas Norman demonstrates performance
anxiety.
TOP: MOD: 8.1 KEY: Apply MSC: conceptual
46. When performing tasks that are intrinsically motivated, we tend to have higher enjoyment and
performance when the task involves:
a. competition and cooperation.
b. public recognition.
c. structure and a set of well-defined rules.
d. effortless success.
e. personal effort rather than team effort.
47. If Anita would like to increase the chances that her daughter will have high achievement motivation,
what should she do?
a. Discourage her daughter from attempting activities that may be beyond her
b. Steer her daughter to easier tasks rather than taking a chance that she will stumble if she
attempts difficult ones
c. Help her daughter whenever she appears to be taking on a task that is too difficult for her
d. Reward her daughter whenever she is persistent when faced with difficult tasks
e. Praise her daughter only for achievement, not just for effort.
TOP: MOD: 8.1 KEY: Apply MSC: applied
48. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs has how many levels?

a. Two
b. Three
c. Five
d. Seven
e. Twelve
OBJ: 3-Identify and describe the levels in Maslow’s need hierarchy.
TOP: MOD: 8.1 KEY: Identify | Define/Describe MSC: factual
49. The highest needs in Maslow’s hierarchy are:

a. physiological needs.
b. safety needs.
c. esteem needs.
d. self-actualization needs.
e. love and belongingness needs.
50. What is the typical sequencing of needs in Maslow’s hierarchy?

a. Love, physiological, safety, esteem, self-actualization
b. Safety, physiological, love, esteem, self-actualization
c. Physiological, safety, esteem, love, self-actualization
d. Physiological, love, safety, esteem, self-actualization
e. Physiological, safety, love, esteem, self-actualization
51. All EXCEPT which of the following would be part of one’s esteem needs?
a. Fulfillment of individual potential
b. Achievement
c. Status
d. Respect
e. Approval
52. Maslow referred to the need to fulfill one’s own unique potential as the need for:
a. self-esteem.
b. self-actualization.
c. intrinsic motivation.
d. self-sufficiency.
e. achievement.
NOT: WWW
53. Regarding Maslow’s theory of motivation, which of the following statements is FALSE?
a. Maslow’s model has intuitive appeal.
b. One criticism of Maslow’s model is that the same behavior may reflect multiple needs.
c. Maslow’s theory has been criticized for focusing too much on psychosocial needs and not
enough on biological needs.
d. A person’s needs may not be ordered in the fixed manner suggested by Maslow’s
hierarchy.
e. Maslow believed that we all have the ability to follow our own paths toward achieving
self-actualization.
54. Alexandra is a financially-secure young woman who recently graduated from college, married her high
school sweetheart, and purchased a first home with her spouse. She hopes to become the editor of a
fashion magazine one day. Currently, she is working at an entry-level job at the local newspaper.
Which of the following best describes the need she is working on with her present job?
a. Self-actualization
b. Physiological
c. Safety
d. Esteem
e. Love
TOP: MOD: 8.1 KEY: Apply | Define/Describe MSC: applied
55. Which of the following best explains how hunger is regulated? After not having eaten for a while:
a. blood sugar falls and fat cells absorb excess fat.
b. blood sugar falls and fat cells release fat.
c. blood sugar rises and fat cells absorb excess fat.
d. blood sugar rises and fat cells release fat.
e. blood sugar falls and fat cells are destroyed.
ANS: B REF: Hunger and Eating
OBJ: 4-Explain how appetite and hunger are regulated. TOP: MOD: 8.2
KEY: Evaluate/Explain MSC: factual
56. The __________ helps regulate hunger by detecting changes in __________.

a. hippocampus; blood sugar and fat
b. thalamus; blood sugar and fat
c. cortex; blood chemistry
d. hypothalamus; blood sugar and fat
e. amygdala; amino acids
ANS: D REF: Hunger and Eating
KEY: Evaluate/Explain | Identify MSC: factual
57. In his research on hunger and the brain, Dr. VanderZyl stimulates the lateral hypothalamus of his
animal subjects. This stimulation:
a. induces eating only in animals that have not eaten in a while.
b. induces eating in animals, even if they are full.
c. induces eating only in animals that have recently eaten but are still hungry.
d. reduces eating in animals that are hungry.
e. reduces eating in animals that are full.
KEY: Evaluate/Explain | Apply MSC: applied
58. In contrast to the lateral hypothalamus, stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus:

a. makes a hungry animal eat.
b. makes an animal stop eating.
c. has no effect on eating.
d. makes a full animal start eating.
e. restores homeostasis.
59. Ramona had a stroke that damaged her ventromedial hypothalamus. Generalizing from animal
research, you might expect Ramona to:
a. eat more and lose weight.
b. eat more and gain weight.
c. eat less and lose weight.
d. eat less and gain weight.
e. eat regularly and maintain weight.
60. Which hormone do scientists believe works on the hypothalamus to stimulate appetite and eating?
a. Melatonin
b. Neuropeptide Y
c. Endorphins
d. Dopamine
e. Leptin
KEY: Evaluate/Explain MSC: factual NOT: WWW
61. Which hormone do scientists believe plays a role in putting the brakes on hunger when the body has
consumed enough food?
a. Melatonin
b. Neuropeptide Y
c. Endorphins
d. Dopamine
e. Leptin
ANS: E REF: Hunger and Eating
62. Regarding obesity, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a. Recently, rates of obesity have leveled off among U.S. men, but risen among U.S. women.
b. About two-thirds of the adult American population is overweight.
c. Obesity cuts life expectancy by about six to seven years.
d. Obesity is a major risk factor in many illnesses, including heart disease, diabetes, and
some cancers.
e. Obesity rates in the U.S. are rising among children, with about twice as many overweight
children than twenty-five years ago.
ANS: E REF: Hunger and Eating TOP: MOD: 8.2
63. The most widely used measure for determining obesity is the:
a. individual's absolute weight.
b. body mass index.
c. Cannon-Washburn calculation.
d. set-point test.
e. metabolic measurement.
ANS: B REF: Hunger and Eating TOP: MOD: 8.2
KEY: Identify MSC: factual
64. Each of the following is identified in the text as a factor in obesity EXCEPT:
a. genetics.
b. set point theory.
c. metabolic rate.
d. portion size.
e. willpower.
OBJ: 5-Identify factors contributing to obesity. TOP: MOD: 8.2
KEY: Identify | Evaluate/Explain MSC: factual NOT: WWW
65. According to set point theory, when people lose weight:

a. food intake is increased.
b. food intake is decreased.
c. metabolic rate is increased.
d. metabolic rate is decreased.
e. stores of fat are released.
OBJ: 6-Identify and describe the types of eating disorders and explain causal factors involved in
these disorders. TOP: MOD: 8.2 KEY: Evaluate/Explain
MSC: factual
66. The number of fat cells in one’s body is factor in obesity. Compared with the 25 to 30 billion fat cells
that people of normal weight have, obese people typically have:
a. far less, 10 to 20 billion.
b. slightly less, 25 to 30 billion.
c. slightly more, 30 to 40 billion.
d. twice as much, 50 to 60 billion
e. significantly more, 200 billion or greater.
67. According to the text, each of the following factors plays a major role in obesity EXCEPT:
a. laziness.
b. environmental factors like television commercials.
c. genetics.
d. behavioral patterns.
e. eating in response to emotional cues.
ANS: A REF: Hunger and Eating
KEY: Identify | Evaluate/Explain MSC: factual
68. The theory that the brain regulates body weight around a genetically predetermined level is identified
as :
a. metabolic constancy theory.
b. self-regulatory theory.
c. set point theory.
d. genetic determination theory.
e. basal metabolism theory.
ANS: C REF: Hunger and Eating
69. The body’s downward adjustment of metabolic rate during times of famine is explained by which of
the following theories?
a. Metabolic adjustment theory
b. Self-regulatory theory
c. Dietary control theory
d. Set point theory
e. Basal metabolism theory
KEY: Identify MSC: conceptual
70. Having a greater number of fat cells contributes to obesity because the more fat cells you have:
a. the larger your body mass will be.
b. the hungrier you are in general.
c. the sooner you feel hungrier again after eating.
d. the more Neuropeptide Y you produce.
e. the lower your set point.
ANS: C REF: Hunger and Eating TOP: MOD: 8.2
71. The two main reasons cited by health experts for the rise in obesity are:
a. easier access to food and poorer willpower.
b. an increase in the number of television commercials promoting fast foods and a decrease
in parental supervision of children's diets.
c. genetics and the shift to a service economy.
d. an increase in the number of calories consumed and a decrease in exercise.
e. increased stress and an increase in discretionary income.
72. A group of co-workers at Acme Corporation decides to diet together. Over six months, they
collectively shed 349 pounds. Now that they have lost weight, they would like to maintain their loss.
Based on recommendations from the text, the group should do all EXCEPT which of the following?
a. Learn to control portion sizes.
b. Limit fat intake to less than 30% of daily calories.
c. Eat quickly to avoid being at the table around food.
d. Beware of hidden calories in items like colas and fruit drinks.
e. Engage in regular physical activity to help increase the metabolic rate.
ANS: C REF: Hunger and Eating TOP: MOD: 8.2
73. Regarding research on restaurant portion sizes reported in the text, which of the following statements
is TRUE?
a. Portion sizes have increased, but consumers have responded by asking to take home the
extra food instead of consuming it at the restaurant.
b. People who select larger portions are less likely to exercise.
c. When portions are presented on larger plates, people tend to select more food; however,
portion size does not affect how much food people select to eat.
d. When portion sizes are larger, people tend to select more food to eat, but they do not select
more food when the portions are simply placed on a larger plate.
e. When portion sizes are larger or are offered on larger plates, people tend to select more
food.
74. Anorexia nervosa is:

a. a form of food restriction that results in extremely low body weight.
b. an eating disorder among individuals of relatively normal weight.
c. a disorder in which episodes of binge eating are followed by purging.
d. a major cause of obesity.
e. equally prevalent in men and women.
these disorders. TOP: MOD: 8.2 KEY: Define/Describe
MSC: factual
75. Charlize has anorexia nervosa. She is at risk for developing any of the following EXCEPT:
a. an irregular heartbeat.
b. diabetes.
c. low blood pressure.
d. loss of menstruation.
e. chronic constipation.
ANS: B REF: Hunger and Eating TOP: MOD: 8.2
KEY: Apply | Identify MSC: applied
76. Bulimia nervosa:

a. is a major cause of obesity.
b. involves recurrent episodes of binging and purging, with severe weight loss.
c. involves recurrent episodes of binging and purging, with maintenance of a relatively
normal weight.
d. is a form of self-starvation resulting in extremely low body weight.
e. is a major cause of death among adolescents and young adults.
MSC: factual NOT: WWW
77. All but which of the following are common medical complications arising from bulimia?
a. Potassium deficiency
b. Decay of tooth enamel
c. Constipation
d. Frequent vomiting
e. Loss of menstruation
KEY: Apply | Identify MSC: applied
78. Jane is bulimic. Which of the following might be considered typical behavior for her?
a. Constantly starving herself
b. Binging while eating dinner with her family
c. Consuming enormous amounts of green leafy vegetables
d. Exercising compulsively after an episode of overeating
e. Admiring her body in the mirror
MSC: factual
79. Regarding the relationship between cultural standards of thinness and eating disorders, which of the
following is FALSE?
a. Constant exposure to extremely thin models in the media delivers messages to girls and
young women that fosters feelings of body dissatisfaction and disordered eating.
b. Girls as young as three begin to internalize a “thinness ideal.”
c. Cultural standards of thinness is less of a factor in eating disorders than previously
thought; eating disorders are typically a result of family dysfunction.
d. In one study, one in seven female college students reported feeling embarrassed to buy a
candy bar in a store.
e. Men can also be affected by cultural standards of leanness, particularly those who
participate in certain sports where there is pressure to maintain a certain body weight.
MSC: factual
80. Which of the following is NOT a causal factor involved in eating disorders?
a. Cultural standards of thinness, leanness, and muscularity
b. Ample availability of food
c. Issues of perfectionism and needing to be “in control”
d. History of childhood abuse and/or family conflict
e. Genetic factors
81. Alison is a young ballerina. Her teacher told her she could stand to lose five pounds, so she went on a
diet. Since that time she has lost 25 pounds off her already petite frame and is continuing to lose.
Despite the fact she is gaunt and weak, she looks in the mirror and still perceives herself as fat. What
eating disorder is Alison most likely developing?
a. Bulimia nervosa
b. Body dysmorphic disorder
c. Anorexia nervosa
d. Binge eating disorder
e. Bulimia and anorexia nervosa
these disorders. TOP: MOD: 8.2 KEY: Identify | Apply
MSC: applied
82. Victor is a wrestler and needs to maintain a certain weight in order to wrestle in his class. Since he’s
started college, he’s been under a great deal of stress to maintain his grade point average, participate in
wrestling, and still have time for a social life. Often, he eats when he’s stressed. In addition, when he
gets together with his friends, they tend to eat fattening foods late at night, which he later regrets. In
order to manage his weight, he has started vomiting immediately after eating. Nobody is aware of his
behavior. With what eating disorder is Victor likely struggling?
a. Bulimia nervosa
b. Body dysmorphic disorder
c. Anorexia nervosa
d. Binge eating disorder
e. Anorexia nervosa, bulimic subtype
these disorders. TOP: MOD: 8.2 KEY: Identify | Apply
MSC: applied NOT: WWW
83. Approximately what percentage of young women in the United States develops anorexia nervosa?
a. About 1%
b. About 5%
c. 5 to 10%
d. 11 to 20%
e. 21 to 30%
ANS: A REF: Hunger and Eating TOP: MOD: 8.2
84. Approximately what percentage of young women in the United States develops bulimia nervosa?
a. 1 to 3%
b. 5 to 10%
c. 12 to 15%
d. 16 to 20%
e. 25 to 28%
85. Other factors being equal, which of the following people is most likely to develop an eating disorder?
a. Francine, a 20-year-old White female
b. Buster, a 20-year-old White male
c. D. J., a 40-year-old White female
d. Buffy, a 20-year-old African American female
e. Arthur, a 40-year-old African American male
KEY: Apply | Evaluate/Explain MSC: applied
86. Disordered eating behaviors in young men are associated with:

a. experiencing academic pressure.
b. fear of becoming sexually active.
c. overbearing parents.
d. having a parent with an eating disorder.
e. participation in sports that place a value on leanness.
MSC: factual
87. The three components of emotions are:

a. bodily arousal, cognitions, and memories.
b. expressed behavior, cognitions, and conditioned responses.
c. bodily arousal, cognitions, and expressed behavior.
d. bodily arousal, motives, and expressed behavior.
e. bodily arousal, motives, and nervous system activation.
ANS: C REF: Emotions
OBJ: 7-Identify the basic components of emotions and the six basic emotional expressions.
88. Complex feeling states having physiological, cognitive, and behavioral components are called:
a. complex motives.
b. emotional intelligences.
c. incentives.
d. need and drives.
e. emotions.
ANS: E REF: Emotions
89. Which component of emotions is the result of the activation of the sympathetic branch of the
autonomic nervous system?
a. expressed behavior
b. cognition
c. memory
d. bodily arousal
e. judgment
ANS: D REF: Emotions
90. Subjective, or conscious, experience of feelings is associated with the __________ component of
emotion, whereas the tendency to approach or avoid objects or situations is associated with the
__________ component of emotion.
a. cognitive; behavioral
b. cognitive; bodily arousal
c. bodily arousal; cognitive
d. behavioral; cognitive
e. behavioral; bodily arousal
ANS: A REF: Emotions
91. The behavioral component of an emotion can take one of two forms: __________ or __________.
a. approach; avoidance
b. approach; facial expression
c. flight; fight
d. passive; aggressive
e. posture; vocal tone
ANS: A REF: Emotions
92. The physiological component of an emotional experience involves:

a. feelings of fear or love.
b. the subjective experience of the emotion.
c. release of the hormone melatonin.
d. reduced activation of sympathetic nervous system .
e. bodily arousal
93. Jason has just narrowly avoided being in an accident with another driver. His heart is pounding in his
chest, he is very tense in his body posture, and he is trembling. Jason feels afraid. This subjective
feeling of fear represents the __________ component of his emotional response.
a. physiological
b. cognitive
c. behavioral
d. emotional
e. mental
ANS: B REF: Emotions
TOP: MOD: 8.3 KEY: Identify | Apply MSC: applied
94. Who suggested that emotions evolved because they have an adaptive purpose in helping species
survive and flourish and was also the first to link specific facial expressions to particular emotions?
a. Charles Darwin
b. Joseph LeDoux
c. Guillaume Duchenne de Boulogne
d. William James
e. Paul Ekman
ANS: A REF: Emotions TOP: MOD: 8.3 KEY: Identify
MSC: factual
95. Dr. Diaz is a researcher studying emotions. Specifically, Diaz is interested in the behavioral expression
of emotions. Her research program could involve any of the following EXCEPT:
a. gestures used with various emotions in different cultures.
b. ethnic differences in tone of voice in response to joy.
c. gender differences in body postures in response to anger.
d. the approach-avoidance nature of emotions.
e. age differences in the appraisal of anger.
ANS: E REF: Emotions TOP: MOD: 8.3 KEY: Apply | Evaluate/Explain
MSC: applied
96. Which of the following is not one of the six universally recognized emotional expressions?
a. Fear
b. Sadness
c. Anger
d. Regret
e. Disgust
97. Research has demonstrated that people in many different cultures can identify how many different
emotions on the basis of facial expressions?
a. Four
b. Six
c. Eight
d. Twelve
e. Twenty-four
98. What are the basic emotions that people throughout the world seem to be able to identify through
facial expressions?
a. Anticipation, anger, love, hate, boredom, and happiness
b. Anger, love, hate, sadness, boredom, and happiness
c. Anticipation, surprise, and fear
d. Anger, fear, sadness, and happiness
e. Anger, fear, disgust, sadness, happiness, and surprise
TOP: MOD: 8.3 KEY: Identify MSC: factual NOT: WWW
99. Regarding research on gender differences in emotion, which of the following is FALSE?
a. Women tend to be better than men at expressing their feelings in both words and facial
expressions.
b. Men tend to be less effective than women in recognizing and recalling feelings in others.
c. In many cultures, men are permitted more direct displays of anger, whereas women are
given more permission to express joy, love, and fear.
d. Women tend to experience the emotional states of joy, love, fear, and sadness more often
than men.
e. Women seem to be better at recognizing happy, sad, and angry faces than men.
OBJ: 8-Describe the roles of gender and cultural factors in emotions.
MSC: factual
100. Regarding cultural differences in emotions, which of the following statements is FALSE?
a. Certain emotions are more common in some cultures than others.
b. Compared to Western cultures, Asian cultures tend to discourage public displays of
emotion.
c. Culture influences norms about emotional display and experience.
d. Researchers fail to find differences across cultures in how accurately emotions are
recognized.
e. There appear to be distinctive national styles of smiling.
101. Mrs. Taylor has two new immigrant girls in her fourth-grade class: Soledad from Mexico and Li-Hua
from China. Should she expect the two to differ in how they display emotion?
a. No; the two cultures have similar display rules.
b. No; because they’re both female, they are both likely to express their emotions.
c. No; because they’re both female, they are both likely to suppress their emotions.
d. Yes; Soledad is likely to suppress her emotions, but Li-Hua is likely to express them.
e. Yes; Soledad is likely to express her emotions, but Li-Hua is likely to suppress them.
MSC: factual
102. Which of the following statements is TRUE about gender differences in emotions in Western cultures?
a. Men are more likely than women to express their emotions in both words and facial
expressions.
b. Men are given more latitude than women in the emotional expression of anger.
c. Men are more likely than women to recognize and recall others’ feelings.
d. Men are taught to express anger through indirect channels.
e. Women tend to smile less than men.
MSC: factual
103. Display rules refer to:

a. cultural differences in the basic emotions.
b. cultural guidelines to interpret emotions.
c. cultural guidelines regulating emotional expression.
d. cultural guidelines regulating feelings of emotions.
e. characterizing emotions on the basis of cultural values.
104. In Japan, where there is a greater cultural emphasis on communal values and mutual obligations,
people may report an unpleasant feeling of indebtedness to others, which is known as:
a. beholdenness.
b. oime.
c. fureai.
d. sensai.
e. aijou.
105. Regarding gender differences in emotions, women are generally better at recognizing __________,
whereas men are generally better at recognizing __________
a. angry faces; sad faces
b. happy faces; sad faces
c. provocative faces; rebellious faces
d. sad faces; happy faces
e. happy faces; angry faces
106. Happiness is LEAST likely to be found in which of the following?

a. Development of strong spiritual or personal values
b. Money
c. Investment in family life
d. Involvement in community life
e. Meaningful work
ANS: B REF: Emotions OBJ: 9-Evaluate factors involved in human happiness.
TOP: MOD: 8.3 KEY: Evaluate/Explain | Identify MSC: conceptual
107. Researchers believe that genetic factors influence happiness by means of determining:
a. the availability of norepinephrine in the brain.
b. the likelihood of developing mental illness.
c. the set point around which happiness tends to settle.
d. the speed of transmission of neural messages.
e. the sensitivity of dopamine receptors.
ANS: C REF: Emotions OBJ: 9-Evaluate factors involved in human happiness.
108. Of the following people, who is likely to be the happiest?
a. George, who is a millionaire from his Internet start-up
b. Sal, who remains very close with a group of his friends from college
c. Jamal, who has an IQ of 140
d. Emily, who hasn’t gotten sick once this past year
e. Jana, who just won a large lottery prize last year
ANS: B REF: Emotions OBJ: 9-Evaluate factors involved in human happiness.
NOT: WWW
109. Two of the most important factors associated with happiness are __________ and __________
a. friendship; religion
b. commitment; friendship
c. genetics; environmental factors
d. gratitude; genetics
e. temperament; commitment
MSC: factual
110. Martin Seligman refers to three kinds of happiness: pleasure, gratification, and:
a. sexuality.
b. meaning.
c. knowledge.
d. personal happiness.
e. self-actualization.
ANS: B REF: Emotions TOP: MOD: 8.3 KEY: Identify
MSC: factual
111. Positive psychology focuses on:

a. understanding negative emotions
b. promoting healthy or positive display rules
c. promoting emotions such as happiness
d. decreasing negative thoughts and feelings
e. learning to better manage the experience of anger
ANS: C REF: Emotions TOP: MOD: 8.3 KEY: Define/Describe
MSC: conceptual
112. In an effort to increase her happiness, college student Stacy Hinson tries an exercise described in her
psychology class. She spends time visualizing a person who had a huge effect on her life—someone
she never thanked. Stacy then spends about a week writing a testimonial to that person and then
follows up by calling on the person and sharing her thoughts with the person. Which of Seligman’s
happiness exercises is Stacy trying?
a. Three blessings
b. Savoring
c. Three good things in life
d. One door closes, another opens
e. Gratitude visit
ANS: E REF: Emotions TOP: MOD: 8.3 KEY: Apply | Identify
MSC: applied
113. The facial-feedback hypothesis suggests that:

a. people primarily recognize other people’s emotions by their facial expressions.
b. people primarily recognize their own emotions by their facial expressions.
c. mimicking the facial expression associated with an emotion will result in the experience of
the opposite emotion.
d. mimicking the facial expression associated with an emotion will result in the experience of
that emotion.
e. facial expressions exhibited by one person will be mimicked by another.
ANS: D REF: Emotions TOP: MOD: 8.3 KEY: Define/Describe
MSC: factual
114. What is a Duchenne smile?

a. A fake smile
b. A suppressed grimace
c. A smile in response to another person smiling
d. A type of smile resulting from the facial-feedback effect
e. A genuine smile
ANS: D REF: Emotions TOP: MOD: 8.3 KEY: Define/Describe
MSC: factual
115. Sharon and Lloyd share what Sternberg would categorize as a romantic love for each other.
Accordingly, their relationship includes:
a. intimacy, but no passion, decision, or commitment.
b. intimacy and passion, but no decision or commitment.
c. passion, but no intimacy, decision, or commitment.
d. passion, decision, and commitment, but no intimacy.
e. passion, intimacy, and commitment.
OBJ: 10-Describe the three components of the triangular model of love and apply these components
to different types of loving relationships based on these components.
TOP: MOD: 8.3 KEY: Apply | Define/Describe MSC: applied
NOT: WWW
116. The triangular model can best be described by which of the following components?
a. Friendship, companionship, and marriage.
b. Passion, intimacy, and commitment/decision.
c. Attraction, connection, and commitment/decision
d. Romance, intimacy, and consummation
e. Passion, intimacy, and companionship
NOT: WWW
117. Who proposed a triangular theory of love?

a. Robert Sternberg
b. Paul Ekman
c. Robert Zajonc
d. Joseph LeDoux
e. Daniel Goleman
MSC: factual
118. The intimacy component of Vanessa and Tyler's love was evident in the way they:
a. stuck together even through bad times.
b. desired each other sexually.
c. wanted others to know that they were in love.
d. recognized that they were in love.
e. shared their innermost thoughts and feelings.
119. Michael admits that he loves Susan, but he's just not sure whether he wants to spend the rest of his life
with her. According to Sternberg's model of love, Michael displays the __________ component, but
not the __________ component.
a. loving; liking
b. decisional; commitment
c. passion; intimacy
d. romance; companionship
e. short-term; long-term
120. Psychologists consider love to be:

a. a motive, but not an emotion.
b. an emotion, but not a motive.
c. an emotion and a motive.
d. impossible to study.
e. a topic not worthy of study.
ANS: C REF: Emotions TOP: MOD: 8.3 KEY: Define/Describe
MSC: factual
121. In Sternberg's model of love, the desire to maintain a relationship through good times and bad times is
called:
a. love.
b. passion.
c. intimacy.
d. commitment.
e. decision.
122. Dana and Fox have a relationship in which they have intense sexual desire for each other. Their
relationship is characterized by which component of love in the triangular model?
a. Romance
b. Intimacy
c. Decision
d. Commitment
e. Passion
123. Nancy and Jack married a week after they met at a gambling casino. At the time, they knew almost
nothing about each other, and neither was eager to share personal thoughts and feelings. Both felt that
the sexual attraction between them was so strong that they were fated to be together forever.
According to Sternberg's triangular model, what type of love do Nancy and Jack have?
a. Nonlove
b. Consummate love
c. Empty love
d. Fatuous love
e. Romantic love
124. Paul and Joanna have a love relationship characterized by high levels of intimacy, passion, and
commitment. Using the triangular model, their love would be described as:
a. romantic love.
b. infatuation.
c. fatuous love.
d. consummate love.
e. companionate love.
125. According to Sternberg, the strongest relationships are those characterized by:
a. high levels of all three components of love in at least one partner.
b. high levels of commitment, regardless of levels of intimacy or passion.
c. high levels of commitment and intimacy, regardless of levels of passion.
d. a high level of commitment by both partners.
e. partners who have love triangles that are closely matched.
126. Of the following emotions Ken experiences, which is most likely to be processed in his right prefrontal
cortex?
a. Happiness
b. Joy
c. Excitement
d. Acceptance
e. Disgust
ANS: E REF: Emotions OBJ: 11-Explain how the brain processes emotions.
NOT: WWW
127. Besides the cerebral cortex, the brain structures most involved in the brain’s processing of emotions
are in found in the:
a. reticular activating system.
b. limbic system.
c. autonomic nervous system.
d. endocrine system.
e. somatic nervous system.
ANS: B REF: Emotions OBJ: 11-Explain how the brain processes emotions.
TOP: MOD: 8.3 KEY: Evaluate/Explain | Identify MSC: factual
128. The amygdala:

a. processes contextual information relating to the fear response.
b. evaluates the meaning of emotional stimuli.
c. evaluates stimuli for threat potential.
d. plans how to respond to emotion-provoking stimuli.
e. provides the subjective experience of an emotion.
ANS: C REF: Emotions OBJ: 11-Explain how the brain processes emotions.
129. The right prefrontal cortex:

a. processes contextual information relating to the fear response.
b. is more active when we process positive emotions.
c. evaluates verbal stimuli for threat potential.
d. is more active when we process negative emotions.
e. provides the subjective experience of positive emotions.
ANS: D REF: Emotions OBJ: 11-Explain how the brain processes emotions.
130. In terms of prefrontal activation associated with emotions, the left cerebral cortex is to __________
emotions as right cerebral cortex is to __________ emotions.
a. mimicked; genuine
b. weak; strong
c. strong; weak
d. negative; positive
e. positive; negative
ANS: E REF: Emotions OBJ: 11-Explain how the brain processes emotions.
TOP: MOD: 8.3 KEY: Evaluate/Explain MSC: conceptual
131. Joshua’s cerebral cortex is involved in all EXCEPT which of the following emotional experiences?
a. Helping Joshua evaluate the meaning of emotionally arousing stimuli
b. Triggering fear in Joshua when he encounters a possibly threatening stimulus
c. Assisting Joshua in determining whether to approach or avoid particular stimuli
d. Processing Joshua’s subjective experience of emotion
e. Controlling Joshua’s facial expressions of emotion
ANS: B REF: Emotions OBJ: 11-Explain how the brain processes emotions.
132. The James-Lange theory of emotion suggests that emotions:

a. cause bodily reactions.
b. follow bodily reactions.
c. are not related to bodily reactions.
d. occur simultaneously with bodily reactions.
e. involve arousal and labeling of its causes.
ANS: B REF: Emotions OBJ: 12-Describe the major theories of emotions.
133. You read an article on the Internet that suggests that when people experience emotions, they
simultaneously feel the emotion and have corresponding bodily reactions. You know that this article
was written by someone who supports the __________ theory of emotion.
a. James-Lange
b. two-factor
c. Cannon-Bard
d. facial feedback
e. dual-pathway
ANS: C REF: Emotions OBJ: 12-Describe the major theories of emotions.
134. The two-factor theory of emotion suggests that emotions:

a. occur simultaneously with bodily arousal.
b. follow bodily arousal.
c. are processed by two pathways in the brain.
d. result from a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal.
e. are universal across cultures.
ANS: D REF: Emotions OBJ: 12-Describe the major theories of emotions.
135. Based on his study exposing subjects to Japanese ideographs, Zajonc suggests that liking or disliking
sometimes occurs through:
a. a state of general arousal, accompanied by cognitive appraisal.
b. a state of general arousal only.
c. cognitive appraisal only.
d. activation of the sympathetic nervous system.
e. exposure to a stimulus without cognitive appraisal.
ANS: E REF: Emotions OBJ: 12-Describe the major theories of emotions.
136. In the dual-pathway model of fear, stimulus information is first processed in the:
a. thalamus.
b. hypothalamus.
c. amygdala.
d. cerebral cortex.
e. spinal cord.
ANS: A REF: Emotions OBJ: 12-Describe the major theories of emotions.
TOP: MOD: 8.3 KEY: Define/Describe | Identify MSC: factual
137. In the dual-pathway model of fear, the “high road” leads to the __________ and the “low road” leads
to the __________.
a. hypothalamus; cerebral cortex
b. cerebral cortex; amygdala
c. amygdala; cerebral cortex
d. cerebral cortex; hypothalamus
e. hypothalamus; amygdala
138. Driving along a dark, rural road, Norma sees a deer jump across the road in front of her. Norma
experiences physiological arousal, her heart pounding and her hands trembling. Norma realizes that
she is aroused and says, “I’m terrified.” This characterization of Norma’s emotional experience is most
consistent with which theoretical model of emotion?
a. Cognitive dissonance
b. Two-factor
c. Dual-pathway
d. Cannon-Bard
e. Facial feedback
139. Selena is reading a book when she feels a tear roll down her cheek. At the same time, a feeling of
sadness overwhelms her. This scenario is most in line with which theory of emotion?
a. Robert Zajonc's model
b. The two-factor model
c. The James-Lange theory
d. LeDoux's dual-pathway model
e. The Cannon-Bard theory
ANS: E REF: Emotions OBJ: 12-Describe the major theories of emotions.
140. Emotional intelligence is best defined as:

a. self-awareness of our deepest emotions.
b. the ability to motivate yourself to take action.
c. the ability to control our emotions effectively.
d. the ability to avoid acting in the face of destructive emotions.
e. the ability to recognize and manage emotions.
OBJ: 13-Define emotional intelligence and describe its features.
NOT: WWW
141. One component of emotional intelligence is the ability to motivate yourself, which involves the ability
to:
a. recognize your own true feelings.
b. marshal your emotions in pursuit of your goals.
c. experience empathy for other people’s emotions.
d. soothe yourself in difficult times.
e. help others deal with their feelings.
142. Empathy is most likely to play a role in which aspect of emotional intelligence?
a. Managing your emotions
b. Motivating yourself
c. Knowing your emotions
d. Handling relationships
e. Recognizing emotions in others
143. When Jillian’s three-year-old son has a temper tantrum, she encourages him to identify his emotion
and to say, “I’m angry,” instead of kicking and screaming. With respect to the concept of emotional
intelligence, her behavior can best be described as __________, while her intention is to foster
another, __________, in her son.
a. knowing your emotions; managing your emotions
b. managing your emotions; motivating yourself
c. managing your emotions; knowing your emotions
d. recognizing emotions in others; knowing your emotions
e. recognizing emotions in others; motivating yourself
NOT: WWW
144. Jerome gets cut off by another driver on his commute home from school. Instead of saying, "What a
jerk!" Jerome thinks, "He must really have an emergency going on to drive like that." Which
suggestion for controlling anger is Jerome using?
a. Opposing anger with empathy
b. Reviewing the evidence
c. Practicing adaptive thinking
d. Modulating his verbal responses
e. Learning to express positive feelings
ANS: A REF: Managing Anger
OBJ: 14-Apply techniques of anger management to controlling anger.
TOP: MOD: 8.4 KEY: Apply MSC: applied
145. Jamie says he often gets “hot under the collar” even for the slightest of provocations. Cognitive
theorists would probably suggest that his anger is prompted by:
a. a tendency for his heightened physiological arousal to affect his thinking.
b. underlying cognitive dissonance.
c. deep-seated frustration that is activated by these situations.
d. situations that touch upon unresolved conflicts from the past.
e. angering thoughts he experiences in these situations.
ANS: A REF: Managing Anger
TOP: MOD: 8.4 KEY: Apply MSC: conceptual
146. Cheyenne’s boss made a mistake in a report and blamed it on her when speaking to his superiors.
Cheyenne felt her anger rising, but instead of taking her boss to task, she thought to herself, “I can
handle this, but first I need to calm down before I say something I’ll really regret.” What method for
controlling her anger is Cheyenne using?
a. Opposing anger with empathy
b. Reviewing the evidence
c. Practicing adaptive thinking
d. Modulating her verbal responses
e. Learning to express positive feelings
ANS: C REF: Managing Anger
TOP: MOD: 8.4 KEY: Apply MSC: applied NOT: WWW
ESSAY
1. Summarize the five major theories of motivation addressed in the text.
ANS:
One theory of motivation is instinct theory, which suggests that motivation merely reflects innate
tendencies. At one point, psychologists had compiled a list of over 10,000 instincts. This view has
fallen out of favor, especially in explaining human motivation. A second theory of motivation, drive
theory, suggests that deprivation results in a need state that triggers a state of bodily tension, or drive.
Motivation is the efforts made to reduce the drive. However, this cannot account for all motivation,
since much behavior occurs in the absence of any need. The arousal theory of motivation explains why
we are sometimes motivated to increase tension, which cannot be explained by drive theory. In this
view, people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal. When arousal is unacceptably low,
the motivation is to increase it and when arousal is unacceptably high, the motivation is to decrease it.
Incentive theory views motivation in terms of a pull. We place a stimulus value on certain goals, and
these goals then direct our behavior. Thus, even though we are not really hungry, we may be
motivated to eat a slice of scrumptious pie. Finally, Maslow developed the concept of a
hierarchy of five needs: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization. We are motivated to
meet the basic needs before moving on to the higher order needs. For Maslow, psychological
well-being depends on meeting all five levels of need.
REF: Motivation: The “Whys” of Behavior TOP: MOD: 8.1
2. Discuss the behavioral, genetic, environmental, and emotional factors that contribute to obesity.
ANS:
Obesity occurs when more calories are consumed than are used up. An important behavioral
contributor to obesity is lack of physical exercise. Television and the Internet have produced "couch
potatoes" and "cyberslugs" who spend hours sitting almost motionless. Urban sprawl and suburbia
necessitate the use of a car to get from one place to another, as opposed to walking. Poor eating habits
also contribute to obesity. Many people snack mindlessly when watching television. Moreover,
fast-food restaurants promote obesity by providing cheap, overly large portions of high-calorie,
high-fat foods. There are several genetic factors that affect obesity. One is how well the brain
controls appetite. Another is the rate at which the body burns calories (basal metabolism or metabolic
rate). The slower the person's basal metabolism, the more likely that the person will easily gain
weight. The number of fat cells in a person's body is also determined partially by genetics. Individuals
with a larger number of fat cells tend to feel hungry sooner than those with fewer fat cells. Our
environment is filled with food cues tempting people to eat. Everywhere, there are foods on display; in
supermarkets, on restaurant menus, on billboards, and in print ads. TV viewers are constantly
barraged with commercials pushing the consumption of unhealthful foods. Recent studies also point to
a social network effect. Apparently, people are greatly influenced by the attitudes of their friends
concerning weight and how much to eat. As for emotional factors, food is used by many as medicine to
counteract a negative mood. Some people resort to eating whenever they feel anxious, depressed,
angry, humiliated, or scared. The food makes them feel better and in control, at least in the short run.
REF: Hunger and Eating TOP: MOD: 8.2
3. Summarize the various theories of emotion.
ANS:
The James-Lange theory of emotion suggests that emotional feelings result from bodily arousal. For
example, you experience the emotion of fear after the environmental stimulus has triggered bodily
arousal. This seems a little backwards to many people. According to this theory, a bear bounds out of
the woods and roars, you start running, and when you notice your heart thumping you realize you are
afraid. The Cannon-Bard theory suggests that emotional feelings and bodily arousal occur
simultaneously. Thus when the bear appears, we simultaneously become afraid and experience
physiological arousal. Because there is not much variability in the type of bodily arousal associated
with different emotions, such arousal could not logically "cause" a particular emotional feeling. The
two-factor model proposes that emotional experiences depend on our level of general arousal and on a
cognitive interpretation, or labeling, of that arousal. When we are aroused, we look around for cues
and signals in the environment and then label the arousal as a particular arousal. Hence the same
arousal may be labeled as fear in one situation but as anger in another. The dual-pathway
theory suggests that there are two pathways involved in the processing of emotion. One pathway leads
from the thalamus to the amygdala; it produces the emotional response of arousal. The other pathway
leads to the cortex, where further processing of the stimulus occurs. This pathway produces the
conscious awareness of the emotion.
REF: Emotions TOP: MOD: 8.3
4. Outline steps you can take to control your anger.
ANS:
Although everyone experiences anger at one time or another, some people seem to be better at
controlling their anger. Psychologists have several suggestions to better control anger. First, it is
important to be aware of developing anger. It may be possible to head it off by making efforts to keep
calm. Try to avoid getting steamed easily, avoid cursing or raising your voice, express positive
emotions regularly, and oppose negative attributions with empathic ones. It is also important to make
sure you are not overreacting to a situation; be sure to review the evidence and context of the
situation. Take the time for a competing response, such as walking or counting to ten. Develop
confidence in your ability to manage difficult situations without resorting to anger by practicing
adaptive thinking. Reinforce yourself for not getting angry even though you may feel justified in doing
so.
REF: Managing Anger TOP: MOD: 8.4

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Title: The master criminal
Author: G. Sidney Paternoster
Illustrator: Charles Johnson Post
Release date: August 29, 2023 [eBook #71516]
Language: English
Original publication: New York: The Cupples & Leon Company, 1907
Credits: Charlene Taylor, Laura Natal, Bruce Albrecht (bgalbrecht)

and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
https://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from images
made available by the HathiTrust Digital Library.)
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE

MASTER CRIMINAL ***
THE MASTER CRIMINAL
BY THE SAME AUTHOR
Gutter Tragedies
Children of Earth
The Folly of the Wise
The Motor Pirate
The Cruise of the Conquistador
The Lady of the Blue Motor
"Five or seven? It won't matter much, will it?"
THE
MASTER CRIMINAL
BY
G. SIDNEY PATERNOSTER
Author of "The Cruise of the Conquistador,"

"The Lady of the Blue Motor,"
"The Motor Pirate," etc.
ILLUSTRATED BY CHARLES JOHNSON POST
NEW YORK
THE CUPPLES & LEON CO.
PUBLISHERS
COPYRIGHT, 1907, BY
G. SIDNEY PATERNOSTER
All Rights Reserved

CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
"LET THEM GET WHO HAVE THE POWER,
I. 7
AND LET THEM KEEP WHO CAN"
CONCERNING THE GREUZE, SOME
II. 22
GENTILES AND A JEW
III. THE MAKING OF A CRIMINAL 33
IV. THE REFLECTIONS OF LYNTON HORA 42
THE COMMANDATORE MAKES A
V. 52
DEDUCTION
WHEREIN A KING'S MESSENGER IS
VI. 62
DESPOILED OF HIS DESPATCHES
VII. MERIEL MAKES AN IMPRESSION 76
A SUCCESSFUL SPECULATION AND ITS
VIII. 87
RESULTS
IX. CONCERNING A GREAT MAN'S VEXATION 97
A NEW VIEW OF THE FLURSCHEIM
X. 105
ROBBERY
XI. GUY FINDS A NEW HOME 116
XII. INSPECTOR KENLY'S LODGER 128
XIII. POISONED WORDS 137
XIV. THE SHADOW-MAN 146
XV. INSPECTOR KENLY FINDS A CLUE 157
XVI. GUY MAKES A RESOLUTION 168
XVII. STAR-DUST 177
CORNELIUS JESSEL DREAMS OF A
XVIII. 190
FORTUNE
XIX. INSPECTOR KENLY REPORTS 201
XX. GUY'S LAST THEFT 213
XXI. EXPECTATION 224
XXII. TEMPTATION 235
XXIII. A FRIEND IN ADVERSITY 248
INSPECTOR KENLY CONTEMPLATES
XXIV. 258
ACTION
XXV. THE PARTING OF THE WAYS 269
XXVI. CAPTAIN MARVEN'S SURPRISE PACKET 280
XXVII. DUTY CALLS 289
XXVIII. THE FRUITS OF A CRIMINAL PHILOSOPHY 300
L'ENVOI 312
THE MASTER CRIMINAL
CHAPTER I
"LET THEM GET WHO HAVE THE POWER, AND
LET THEM KEEP WHO CAN"
The night was of velvety blackness—one of those soft, warm,

dark nights of June when the southwest wind rolls a cloud-curtain
over the stars, when the air is heavy with unshed rain, when lamps
burn dully, and when a nameless oppression broods over the face of
the land.
Seated at an open casement looking out into the London night
was a woman. Her hands grasped each other over her knee with a
tense grip which gave the lie to the calm of her face. Hers was a face
to which in repose Rossetti would have woven an adoring sonnet,
though not as to another "lazy, laughing, languid Jenny, fond of a
kiss, and fond of a guinea," but a sonnet of purity and peace. Yet if
the sonnet had been written, and the woman had read, the full
scarlet lips which seemed to have gathered into them all the colour
from her face, would have parted in scornful laughter.
Her eyes, a part of the night into which they gazed, had dull
shadows beneath them, painted there by weariness, yet she still sat
motionless in a strained attitude of expectation.
Her sole companion, seated a few yards away in an easy chair,
looked up at her occasionally from a book which he held in his hand
and smiled.
Lynton Hora, the Commandatore, as he chose to be called by
the members of his household, was in quite another way an equally
interesting type of humanity. He was a man of seventy inches, broad
shouldered and lean flanked, with well-poised head. His hair was
grey at the sides, his face was clean-shaven. Seen lounging in the
easy chair, with his face in the shadow, he appeared to be a man of
not more than forty—an old-young student, perhaps, for there were
thought lines on his brow and his cheeks were almost as pallid as
those of the woman at the window. Such an impression would,
however, have been speedily put to flight, immediately he looked up.
Then there could be no mistaking the man of action. The keen, hard,
grey eyes, the domineering nose, the firmly cut lips, labelled him
definitely—conclusively.
Presently the woman altered her position. The in-drawing of her
breath, as she turned from the window, might have been a sigh. She
looked around at her companion.
He seemed conscious of the movement, as, without lifting his
eyes, he asked lazily: "Tired, Myra?"
She strove to reproduce the quietude of his tone as she replied:
"A little. What's the time now, Commandatore?" but there was a
tremor in her voice, which showed clearly that she was not so
indifferent as she wished to appear.
The man tossed down his book.
"Listen," he said.
Almost as if in answer to his summons the voice of Big Ben
floated softly in through the window—one—two.
"He ought to be back by now," she said, and rising, she began
to rearrange the roses in a bowl on a table near.
"I don't expect Guy for another hour at least," said the man
carelessly, though he watched the woman keenly as he spoke. "After
that—well, if we don't see him in an hour, we shall probably not see
him for five years, at least."
The woman winced as from a blow.
"Five, or seven? It won't matter much, will it?" she replied
quietly. Then in a moment her self-control dropped from her. Her
lethargy vanished. A light came into her eyes, her nostrils became
vibrant. Without alteration of pitch her voice became passionate. "It
is horrible—brutal of you—to send him on such a business. What
can possess you to do such a thing—can you not spare even——"
"Hush!" The man's voice interrupted her. He spoke with silken
suavity. "How often have I told you that the reiteration of facts known
to both parties to a conversation is the hall-mark of the unintelligent!"
"By Jove, Myra," he continued, changing the subject, "how really
beautiful you are! What a lucky dog Guy is to rouse such an
interest!"
The woman dropped her eyes and the man continued
meditatively, "What a vast alteration has taken place in the ideal of
feminine beauty since the fifteenth century! Do you know, Myra,
while you have been sitting so patiently at the window I have been
measuring you by the canons of beauty laid down by that sleek old
churchman, Master Agnolo Firenzuola"—he tapped the black letter
volume which lay beside him—"and though he, I'm afraid, would
have many faults to find with your features——"
The levity of his tone roused her again to passionate utterance.
"No more," she cried. "Have you no heart left in you,
Commandatore, that you can send your own son to such danger and
sit there calmly reading while——" She broke off abruptly, her voice
choked with a sob.
Lynton Hora rose from his seat and viewed the woman, who
shrank from his steady gaze.
"Have matters gone so far as that?" he asked, and his lips
smiled cynically.
She made no reply.
"You never asked my permission," he continued dispassionately.
"Guy has said nothing. I am afraid, Myra, I shall have to see that he
is protected from your influence."
She looked at him appealingly, and her eyes were as the night,
heavy with unshed rain.
"He—is—your—son," she said slowly. "I—I cannot do him the
harm that you can do him, and yet—I am afraid for him. Perhaps you
had better send me away, Commandatore. My fears may make a
coward of him."
The man spoke as if musing aloud. "Where shall I send you?
Back to the gutter from whence I picked you? Do you remember
anything of your home, Myra?"
"I know. I know," she protested. "You have reminded me often
enough."
He paid no heed to her appeal.
"Yesterday," he said, "I visited the place. No, it has not tumbled
down yet, my dear—the very house where your mother sold you to
me for half-a-crown and a bottle of gin, a dirty child of five. That was
fifteen years ago—fifteen years ago to-day. You were unwanted,
uncared for—I wanted you, I cared for you. Let me tell you how I
found your mother, Myra?"
She lifted her hands with a gesture of appeal, but he
disregarded the action.
"She occupies the same old room. There's but little light finds its
way through the dirty window, though enough to show that your
mother has not changed her habits—nor her rags. She sat there
alone, like a dropsical spider and cried aloud for gin. Would you like
to change this"—his hand directed attention to the apartment—"for a
share of your mother's abode, Myra Norton?"
Myra had seated herself. She made no answer for a while. Her
eyes wandered about the long apartment, with its shaded lights and
its flowers and its luxurious furniture. Her hand dropped on the silken
gauze of her dress. The man watching smiled as he saw the flash of
the diamonds on her fingers and noted the caressing motion of her
fingers upon the shimmering fabric. At last she raised her eyes to her
questioner.
"You could not send me back," she said.
"I could send you to a worse place," he replied coldly. "You know
my power."
She shuddered.
His tone changed completely.
"You little fool," he said roughly, but with a kindliness his speech
had lacked hitherto. "You know very well that I could never let you go
back to the stews from which I rescued you. But I wanted to remind
you, Myra, that you belong to me—that, like myself, you are pledged
to war—a merciless, devouring, devastating war with Society; that
you, even as I myself, are outcast—one from whom the world would
shrink—you have been in danger of forgetting lately, Myra."
"I have not forgotten," she answered with comparative
quietness, "but I have been thinking of what is the use of it all, this
eternal warfare against the world. You have won again and again.
You have told me that you are the richer by what the world has lost.
You lack nothing that money may buy. There must come a time when
the warrior must rest."
"Not while his arm retains its strength to lift his sword," replied
Hora, "and by that time he should have provided someone to take
his place."
"But if that person is unequal to the task?" Myra queried timidly.
"He pays the penalty," answered Hora.
"Even if it is your own son?" she persisted.
"Or your lover," he added coldly.
"Your heart is iron," she murmured despairingly.
He laughed aloud. "Or non-existent," he said. "It was stolen from
me years ago, and I have forgotten what it was like to be possessed
of one. Now I have only my profession—and in that I am first. You
admit that, Myra?"
"I admit that," she replied sullenly.
"Why should I not train my successor to take my place when my
day comes?"
The woman in the listener cried out instinctively "Because he
has what you lack—a heart."
He smiled grimly. "It is easily lost, Myra. What if I should say to
you some day: Take it from him, toss it away, trample on it, break it,
or store it away and treasure it with your trinkets—do as you like with
it?"
"You would——" She rose from her seat and faced him with
extended arms. Her lips were slightly parted. The shadows had
flitted away from her eyes. Her bosom rose stormily from its gauze
veilings. Her lithe form was poised expectantly.
"By Jove, you are beautiful, Myra," he answered.
"I am glad of it—glad," she cried exultantly.
Hora stood in a thoughtful attitude.
"Myra—Myrrha," he half-mused, turning the name about, "a
good name for a love-potion, there's a foreshadowing of the
bitterness of love in it."
Her brow clouded and she turned away. "You are always
mocking me," she muttered.
"No," he said, and he stepped across the room to her side.
There was something strange about his walk. He passed across the
room with the swift, stealthy swing of a panther—a wounded panther,
for one foot dragged after the other and robbed his progress of
complete grace. He came to her side and laid his hand on her arm.
"I am not mocking, Myra," he said seriously. "I have long wanted
to know exactly where Guy was placed in your thoughts. You have
never revealed yourself until to-night. Even now I am not quite sure
——"
Myra's countenance cleared and a happy smile shone on her
face. She looked up at him expectantly.
"You can tell me how much you care for him," he continued. "I
shall not reveal your confidence to Guy."
She dropped her eyes.
"I cannot tell anyone," she whispered with a strange shyness.
Hora smiled whimsically. "What liars love makes of us all," he
said. "Yet perhaps you are speaking truthfully. You cannot tell me
what you do not know."
"I could die—die happily—for him," she murmured softly.
"Fools sometimes die for utter strangers," remarked Hora
sardonically. "That's not love. Could you live for him, could you give
yourself to another for his welfare, could you——"
"Not that, no, not that!" The cry was wrung from her lips. "You
would not condemn me to that, Commandatore?"
"Hush, Myra," he said. "I was merely speaking of possibilities
which might arise in the future."
"I thought," she faltered, "that some scheme had crossed your
brain, which would necessitate—I could not do it now."
"I have thought of no scheme," he replied reassuringly, "which
would wither this new flower which has blossomed in your heart."
"You are mocking again," she remarked.
"I am speaking seriously," he retorted, "of possibilities which
might occur. Guy's mate must be prepared for anything—for
everything. You must remember that I am not to be turned aside from
the object I have in view. Nor is Guy to be turned aside either. His
will is as inflexible as mine. The woman who mates with him must be
at one with him in his purpose, and, if need be, must be ready to
sacrifice herself. Tell me now, Myra, if you can do that, or must I find
a mate for him who will?"
She did not hesitate a moment. The blood rushed to her face.
"For Guy I would do anything," she cried. "All that I ask is to be near
him to help him to——"
"To weaken him with your woman fears," Hora interpolated.
"No," she cried. "He would never know that I feared for his
safety. Let me try, Commandatore. Give a fair chance—only that!"
He meditated a while, then he tapped Myra's arm with his finger.
"You shall have your chance," he said. "But remember it is your
business to keep him to his profession. He has no time for
lovemaking. You shall have your chance, but be sure you use it
wisely. If you do, the day may come when I shall say to Guy, there is
your wife—and the wife will be the child I have picked from the gutter
and educated and treated as my own."
There was a brooding menace in the tone in which he finished,
and the woman feared to waken him to speech again. At last, he
said harshly:
"Have you no thanks, Myra?"
"You frighten me sometimes, Commandatore," she answered
timidly. "I cannot understand you."
"You will do so some day," he replied. He seemed amused at
the idea, for he laughed and spoke good-humouredly. "If you make
good use of your chances, my girl, everything will become clear to
you. You have wit as well as beauty, Myra. Make use of them both.
He is of an age to be caught."
Through the open window the voice of Big Ben solemnly tolled
three.
The light died out of the woman's face. "Cruel," she murmured in
a tense, hoarse whisper. "It was cruel to mock me so. Something
has happened to him. The hour has passed. Oh! Guy, Guy!"
Lynton Hora turned upon her fiercely. "Is this a specimen of your
self-control?" he said. "Haven't you learned that in the profession
Guy has adopted a thousand trivial events may supply reason for
delay? Mind, if I have any snivelling I withdraw my promise."
Myra was constrained into silence. She went to the window.
Already the black night had given place to the grey mists of coming
dawn. She looked out over the park. Uprising from the sea of
shadows objects began to emerge. From the near distance the
music of violins and harps throbbed to a waltz measure. She stood
there unheeding while the light strengthened, and the dawn came up
from the east in a glory of crimson and gold. She stood there
unseeing, her heart throbbing with agony, yet with face schooled to
complete apathy.
The rose and the gold faded from the sky. Another day had
begun. She had forgotten Hora's presence, forgotten everything.
She closed the window and lifted her hand to pull down the blinds
and shut out the day. Hora's voice awakened her.
"Listen," he said, and, rising swiftly from his chair, he pushed
Myra aside and threw open the casement again. The sharp sound of
the bell of an electric brougham entered that window on the eighth
storey just as the voice of Big Ben proclaimed four.
"Only somebody's brougham," said Myra listlessly.
"My brougham," replied Hora curtly. "Bringing Guy home."
She shrugged her shoulders. "Coming back without him, most
likely," she said. Still, in spite of the remark, hope showed itself in her
expression. The carriage stopped. For five minutes a strained
silence endured. It was broken by the sound of an outside door
opening and shutting. Another pause! Both were looking towards the
door of the apartment in which Myra and Hora stood expectantly.
Hora held up his finger warningly to his companion.
The door opened and there entered a young man in evening
clothes, his coat was over his arm, upon which an umbrella was
hooked, and his hat was in his hand.
"Hullo! I didn't expect anyone to be waiting up for me," he
remarked cheerfully. "I thought that was a privilege reserved for the
reprobate sons of evangelical households. I suppose you haven't
been praying for the success of my undertaking."
He laughed joyously. His high spirits seemed infectious. Hora
smiled responsively. Joy illuminated Myra's expressive features like
sunlight on the woodlands after an April shower.
"You surely did not think that I should fail?" he asked, looking
from one to another.
"I did not," replied Hora drily. "Myra scarcely shared my
confidence though. She seemed to think that it was brutal of me to
give you a chance of showing what you could do, when working on
your own account."
The young man laughed again.
"These women—these women," he said. Then he turned to
Myra. "I thought that you, at least, would have had confidence in
me." He tossed his coat on to a chair, and going to her, encircled her
waist with his arm. "Did you really think I should fail in my first coup?"
he asked.
"No—no—no," she cried vehemently. "But, oh, Guy! I was
afraid. If I could only have come with you—to have shared in the
danger."
"Then I probably should have failed," he added. "As it is——"
He turned to Hora and there was a proud gleam in his eyes.
"You must set me a more difficult task next time, Commandatore," he
said.
"Then you have secured the picture?" asked the elder man
eagerly.
For reply, Guy lifted the umbrella from the table where he had
laid it down. To all appearance it was merely a specimen of the
article it pretended to be, but in the young man's hands the handle
unscrewed, revealing the fact that it was a sham. Instead of an
umbrella, a long narrow case was revealed, and from within it Guy
coaxed with infinite care a roll of canvas.
"It was rather a tight fit," he remarked, "but I don't think I have
damaged the picture." He unrolled the canvas carefully on the table.
Hora's eyes sparkled as he looked down upon the painting.
"How I have longed for a genuine Greuze to add to my
collection," he remarked, "and this—this is the most perfect
specimen in the world. My dear Guy, how can I ever be grateful
enough to you?"
Was there a dash of sarcasm in his voice? If so, the young man
did not notice it. He was moved to genuine emotion.
"It is a little thing in return for all you have done for me," he
replied earnestly. He laid his hand on the elder man's arm as he
continued, "There's nothing I would not do which would add to your
happiness—you have given me so much."
Hora shook off the grasp.
"The air is overcharged with sentiment," he said lightly. "Myra
here might have been trained in an English boarding school for
young ladies, she is so full of it. And now you." He held up his hands
in derision.
Guy laughed gaily. He was used to Hora's moods.
"Sentiment does sound a little incongruous from the lips of a
successful burglar, doesn't it?" he said, and he laughed again at the
whimsicality of the idea. "Yet you know that at heart, Commandatore,
you are just as much of a sentimentalist as either Myra or myself.
What else can be the motive of your perpetual enmity with the
world?"
"What else; ay, what else," murmured Hora musingly, a bitter
smile about his lips. "But, all the same, there's no need to debauch
our minds with contemplation of sentiment. It's dangerous."
He returned to an examination of the picture.
"The fool who owned this," he said, "would have sold it. He's no
poorer for the loss. It is not the loss of the work of art that he will
regret, but the loss of the ten thousand guineas he gave for it."
"It is in really appreciative hands now," remarked Guy after a
pause. "By the way," he added, picking up his overcoat from the
chair, "I could not resist the temptation of bringing away a few of the
best examples of Flurscheim's snuff-boxes. I know you have a
vacant corner or two in the cabinets upstairs, and if you think they
are not worthy of being placed in them, well the brilliants in the
settings will make a necklace for Myra."
He thrust his hand into the pockets and took out a number of
superb specimens of the art of a bygone age.
"It was very thoughtful of you," said Hora, as he lifted each box
lovingly as Guy laid it on the table. There were twelve in all, and
eight he placed on one side. "These are really artistic productions,"
he said, "and I shall keep them. The others are worth no more than
the intrinsic value of the stones and of the gold of which they are
made."
Guy turned to Myra. "What will you have them made into, Myra,
a necklet or a bracelet?—I must give you a keepsake to wear in
memory of my first big exploit."
"Anything you like, Guy," she answered softly, while her face
flushed with delight.
"Then we will think of something," he observed carelessly. He
picked up one of the boxes which Hora had placed aside. "I think I
should like to keep this one myself, Commandatore," he remarked,
"as a souvenir of the occasion."
Hora took it from his hand and looked at the box curiously. In the
lid was set an exquisite miniature on ivory of a young girl, with
regular, delicate features and a cloud of golden hair.
"You have good taste, keep it, by all means," urged Hora
carelessly. A slight hesitation in Guy's tone as he proffered the
request was evidence to his swift brain that the young man had not
revealed the whole of his reason for the desire to retain that
particular box. He knew that he could when he liked elicit that
reason. But the morning was advancing. He began to feel wearied.
He would have plenty of time on the morrow to learn all that he
desired to know.
"Come, my children," he said, "it is time we went to bed. Guy,
you will help me put these new possessions of ours into a place of
security. Sleep well, Myra."
The woman accepted the dismissal submissively. She re-
echoed the wish, and, with a last glance over her shoulder at Guy as
she swept out of the room, she left them.
"Myra's getting very fond of you, Guy," remarked Hora when the
door had closed behind her.
"Indeed," he answered carelessly, for his mind was running on
other matters.
Hora laughed at the tone, but he did not renew the subject.
"What made you so late?" he asked.
"Some jolly people I met at the ball," he answered absently. "I
stopped an hour longer than I intended."
"H—m, business before pleasure is as good a motto for your
profession as for any other," said Hora.
"I know," answered Guy, "but still——"
"You are young," commented Hora, "I hope that in your haste
you left no clue."
The young man laughed. "Plenty," he said, "but all false ones."
"Well, you shall tell me all about it in the morning," said Hora.
"Bring the stuff along."
Guy gathered up the sham umbrella and the jewelled snuff-
boxes, slipping the one he had decided to retain for himself into his
pocket.
Hora raised the picture reverently and led the way out of the
room, Guy following him.
CHAPTER II
CONCERNING THE GREUZE, SOME GENTILES,
AND A JEW
Later on that same morning all London was thrilled by the story
of a sensational burglary at the house of Mr. Hildebrand Flurscheim,
the noted connoisseur and dealer in objects of art.
Just at daybreak Mr. Flurscheim had been aroused by the
ringing of the burglar alarm, and, throwing on his dressing-gown, he
had rushed downstairs. There he had found the front door open,
and, running into the street, he commenced to blow frantically the
police whistle which he had in his hand—he always slept with a
police whistle attached to a ribbon round his neck and with a revolver
under his pillow.
He had not been compelled to waste much breath before the
summons was responded to, for a constable was almost instantly on
the spot.
Mr. Hildebrand Flurscheim dwelt in a quarter of London greatly
favoured by rank, fashion, and the children of Abraham. His house
was at the corner of a street turning into Park Lane, and at the shrill
sound of the whistle there emerged from turning after turning
helmeted men in blue who with one accord made their way at paces
varying with each man's temperament to the place where the excited
art dealer stood beckoning vigorously.
Mr. Flurscheim had speedily revealed his reason for giving the
alarm. The house was surrounded by constables, and two of the
force accompanied the owner back into his house, which they
proceeded to search systematically. At this time, Mr. Flurscheim had
not discovered his loss and was disposed to think that the electric
alarm had frustrated an attempt of someone to enter his abode. But
when he arrived, in the course of the search, at his drawing-room on
the first floor, he learned that the thief had been only too successful
in the object which had brought him thither. From the place on the
wall where the gem of his collection, the Greuze, which he had
sworn should never leave his possession until £20,000 should have
been paid into his banking account, had hung, only an empty frame
confronted him, while tossed carelessly aside on the table was an
ordinary table knife which had been used for the purpose of cutting
the canvas from the frame.
Upon the discovery of his loss, Mr. Flurscheim had for a while
been bereft of speech and movement. When volition returned to him,
he behaved as one demented. He wrung his hands, he tore his hair
and his clothes, and he called upon the God of Abraham and Isaac
and Jacob to visit his despoiler with condign punishment.
When a little later he discovered that some more of his choicest
treasures, the jewelled snuff-boxes of which he had the finest
collection in the world, had been carried away, he became absolutely
frantic with grief, so that even the policemen felt moved in their
hearts to pity him.
The frenzy did not endure long. A thing trifling in itself was
sufficient to restore the dealer to full possession of his senses. The
sergeant of police who had accompanied him into the room had
pulled out his note book in readiness to make notes of the
occurrence, when a clock on the mantel-shelf struck four. At the
sound, Flurscheim became still.
"Four o'clock," he murmured. "Four o'clock. There's no time to
lose. We must be doing." He turned to the policeman. "Sergeant," he
said dejectedly, "I shall trust you to forget the exhibition I have made
of myself—I——"
The sergeant answered briskly. "Very natural, I'm sure, sir.
Should have felt just like it myself, though I must admit I've put the
bracelets on many a man who hasn't said half as much as you have
done—of course, in the public streets, sir."
There was a sickly smile on Flurscheim's face as he answered:
"I hope none of them had such good reason for cursing as I have."
He did not pursue the topic. With an effort he forced his mind
from contemplation of the loss. "Hadn't we better leave things in this
room untouched, while we search the rest of the house? There may
be some one of the burglars, if there was more than one, still on the
premises."
The sergeant agreed. But the search was a fruitless one. Mr.
Flurscheim's butler and his four women servants were the only other
persons found on the premises, and after their unsuccessful search
the uniformed members of the force withdrew and the dealer sat
down to await the arrival of the detective with what patience he could
summon to his aid.
It was the bitterest moment in Flurscheim's career. Despite
Lynton Hora's sneer, it was not the monetary value of his loss which
troubled him, for though he dealt in pictures and other art objects, yet
he never parted with any of his treasures without a poignant feeling
of regret. When he sold them, however, he knew that they would
pass into appreciative hands, that they would be guarded carefully
and preserved jealously. To him they were what horses are to one
man or dogs to another. They were his companions, his friends, his
children—and to have the chief of them ruthlessly cut from its frame
and carried away, he knew not where, was as if his household had
been robbed of an only child.
He gazed forlornly at the empty frame. Since the Greuze had
come into his possession, never a night had passed without his
taking a last glance at it before going upstairs to bed, never a
morning dawned but he had feasted his eyes upon it before sitting
down to his breakfast. To live alone without the Greuze seemed to
him an unthinkable existence.
Yet the frame was empty. There took root in his heart a desire
for revenge upon the man who had robbed him.
That thought matured in the days which followed—the days
which came swiftly and passed swiftly, but without bringing him any
trace of his treasure, days in which the detectives continually buoyed
him up with hopes that his picture was on the ace of being restored
to him.
They had indeed thought that the task would not have proved a
difficult one. Their inspection of the room from which the picture had
been stolen had led to the discovery of a number of clues to work
upon. They decided that an entry must have been effected through a
window which opened upon the portico over the front door. At that
window were a number of scarlet berried shrubs, and some of the
berries were found crushed on the carpet inside. On the balcony
they discovered a palette knife, with smears of cobalt and chrome
upon it, which obviously had been used to force back the catch of
the window. For days afterwards, detectives might have been
observed knocking at the doors of London studios and offering
themselves as models to aspiring Academicians, in the hope of
ascertaining the whereabouts of the missing picture. But they found
no trace of the Greuze.
On the knife-handle too, were unmistakable finger-prints, and on
the empty frame were others. All were photographed, and hope was
strong that the identity of the thief would be disclosed thereby,
through comparison with the records of convicts at Scotland Yard.
But when the first comparison seemed to point to the fact that every
print was that of a different person, and closer investigation proved
that the dirty smudges were not finger-prints at all, the problem
became indubitably more complex. As for the knife which had been
used to cut the canvas from the frame, that was an ordinary table-
knife, of which counterparts might have been discovered in every
mean house in the metropolis, and it supplied no basis for any theory
as to the owner. The one fact which chiefly puzzled Scotland Yard,
however, was the fact that no suspicious characters had been
observed anywhere in the neighbourhood, while the position of the
house was such that it was particularly open to observation.
Standing at the corner of two streets, in a neighbourhood where
all the houses would be described in a house agent's catalogue as
"highly desirable family town residences," it was under observation
from at least three quarters. The streets at three or four o'clock were
at that time practically empty of all pedestrians save the police. Yet
not a member of the police on duty in the vicinity had seen a
suspicious looking character.
This was the more astonishing, because two extra constables
were on duty that night in the near neighbourhood. They had been
detailed for duty at the town mansion of one of the most popular of
society hostesses, Lady Greyston, who was giving the first of her
dances for the season. Lady Greyston's house was only six removed
from Mr. Flurscheim's, and until three o'clock one of the constables
had been stationed at the corner of the street, practically at Mr.
Flurscheim's front door, in order to direct the carriages arriving to
pick up departing guests. The stream of carriages had thinned
shortly after three, and then the constable had joined a colleague at
the door, but at no time during the night had anything out of the way
attracted his attention. The police were quite at a loss for an object of
suspicion.
But while Scotland Yard was hopelessly at a loss for a clue, the
newspapers had been busy printing stories of the crime, which did
great credit to the fertility of the imagination of the reporters who
were detailed to work up the case. Those who read these stories
might have had warrant almost for believing that each writer must
have been the principal, so intimately and minutely was the crime
reconstructed.
But throughout the public excitement and conjecture which the
burglary created, Lynton Hora and Guy remained entirely
undisturbed, or, at the most, merely stirred to mild amusement as
each new theory was evolved—each was so very wide of the mark.
Yet audacious as many of these theories were, none of them
paralleled the audacity of the real attempt.
How the burglary had been carried out was explained by Guy
when, refreshed by six hours' sleep and a cold bath, he joined Myra
and Hora at the breakfast table.
"I followed your plans almost exactly," he said to the elder man,
"and I found the interior of the house precisely as you described it."

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1. Motivation includes factors that __________ goal-directed behavior.

3. Motives address the fundamental question of the _____ of behavior.

6. Which theorists supported instinct theory?

8. The instinct theory of human motivation was replaced by the:

9. The foremost advocate of drive theory was:

11. Which of the following is the best definition of drive?

12. Homeostasis refers to the tendency of the:

13. Homeostasis is the basis for which theory of motivation?

16. Drive reduction involves:

17. In drive theory, biological drives are also known as:

18. Which of the following is a secondary drive?

19. In drive theory, inborn is to ______ as experience is to ______.

21. Stimulus motives are:

22. Regarding stimulus motives, which of the following statements is FALSE?

23. With regard to arousal, drive theory suggests that:

24. Arousal theory suggests that organisms have a motivation to:

26. Incentives are:

32. Cognitive dissonance results when:

39. In motivation theories, psychosocial needs are also known as:

43. Regarding sources of motivation, self-gratification is to ______ as money is to ______.

44. The desire to steer clear of failure is called:

48. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs has how many levels?

49. The highest needs in Maslow’s hierarchy are:

50. What is the typical sequencing of needs in Maslow’s hierarchy?

56. The __________ helps regulate hunger by detecting changes in __________.

58. In contrast to the lateral hypothalamus, stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus:

62. Regarding obesity, which of the following statements is FALSE?

65. According to set point theory, when people lose weight:

74. Anorexia nervosa is:

76. Bulimia nervosa:

86. Disordered eating behaviors in young men are associated with:

87. The three components of emotions are:

92. The physiological component of an emotional experience involves:

103. Display rules refer to:

106. Happiness is LEAST likely to be found in which of the following?

111. Positive psychology focuses on:

113. The facial-feedback hypothesis suggests that:

114. What is a Duchenne smile?

117. Who proposed a triangular theory of love?

120. Psychologists consider love to be:

128. The amygdala:

129. The right prefrontal cortex:

132. The James-Lange theory of emotion suggests that emotions:

134. The two-factor theory of emotion suggests that emotions:

140. Emotional intelligence is best defined as:

1. Summarize the five major theories of motivation addressed in the text.

REF: Hunger and Eating TOP: MOD: 8.2

3. Summarize the various theories of emotion.

REF: Emotions TOP: MOD: 8.3

4. Outline steps you can take to control your anger.

REF: Managing Anger TOP: MOD: 8.4

Title: The master criminal

Author: G. Sidney Paternoster

19. In drive theory, inborn is to as experience is to .

43. Regarding sources of motivation, self-gratification is to as money is to .

56. The helps regulate hunger by detecting changes in .