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Chapter 1. The Foundations Logic and Proofs
Chapter 1. The Foundations Logic and Proofs
Contents
1. Propositional Logic
Contents
1. Propositional Logic
2. Propositional Equivalences
Contents
1. Propositional Logic
2. Propositional Equivalences
3. Predicates and Quantifiers
Contents
1. Propositional Logic
2. Propositional Equivalences
3. Predicates and Quantifiers
4. Rules of Inference
Definition
Definition
Definition
Definition
Definition
Truth table
Truth table
Conjunction (hội)
Conjunction (hội)
Disjunction (tuyển)
Disjunction (tuyển)
Exclusive-or(xor)(tuyển loại)
Exclusive-or(xor)(tuyển loại)
Implication: p → q (p implies q)
Implication: p → q (p implies q)
p → q can be expressed as
Quizz
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Thus, p ∧ T ≡ p
Homeworks
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Predicate(vị từ)
Predicate(vị từ)
Example
Example
Example
Application
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
• B(x) = “x is a hummingbird.”
Example
• B(x) = “x is a hummingbird.”
• L(x) = “x is a large bird.”
Example
• B(x) = “x is a hummingbird.”
• L(x) = “x is a large bird.”
• H(x) = “x lives on honey.”
Example
• B(x) = “x is a hummingbird.”
• L(x) = “x is a large bird.”
• H(x) = “x lives on honey.”
• R(x) = “x is richly colored.”
Example
• B(x) = “x is a hummingbird.”
• L(x) = “x is a large bird.”
• H(x) = “x lives on honey.”
• R(x) = “x is richly colored.”
Example
• B(x) = “x is a hummingbird.”
• L(x) = “x is a large bird.”
• H(x) = “x lives on honey.”
• R(x) = “x is richly colored.”
1. All hummingbirds are richly colored.
Example
• B(x) = “x is a hummingbird.”
• L(x) = “x is a large bird.”
• H(x) = “x lives on honey.”
• R(x) = “x is richly colored.”
1. All hummingbirds are richly colored.
2. Birds that do not live on honey are dully colored.
Example
• B(x) = “x is a hummingbird.”
• L(x) = “x is a large bird.”
• H(x) = “x lives on honey.”
• R(x) = “x is richly colored.”
1. All hummingbirds are richly colored.
2. Birds that do not live on honey are dully colored.
3. No large birds live on honey.
Negations
Quantifier negation
¬ ∃xP (x ) is the same as ∀x ¬ P (x )
Quantifier negation
¬ ∃xP (x ) is the same as ∀x ¬ P (x )
and, ¬ ∀xP (x ) is the same as ∃x ¬ P (x )
Quantifier negation
¬ ∃xP (x )
is the same as ∀x ¬ P (x )
and, ¬ ∀xP (x )
is the same as ∃x ¬ P (x )
General rule: to negate a quantification,
• Move negation (¬) to the right,
Quantifier negation
¬ ∃xP (x )
is the same as ∀x ¬ P (x )
and, ¬ ∀xP (x )
is the same as ∃x ¬ P (x )
General rule: to negate a quantification,
• Move negation (¬) to the right,
• Change the quantifier from ∃ to ∀, and from ∀ to ∃.
Example
Example
Example
¬∃x (L(x ) ∧ H (x ))
Example
¬∃x (L(x ) ∧ H (x ))
Example
¬∃x (L(x ) ∧ H (x ))
Example
¬∃x (L(x ) ∧ H (x ))
Example
¬∃x (L(x ) ∧ H (x ))
Biding Variables
Biding Variables
Biding Variables
Biding Variables
Biding Variables
Biding Variables
Biding Variables
Biding Variables
Biding Variables
Example
Example
Example
Example
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction
Addition (thêm)
Addition (thêm)
Simplification
Simplification
I am teacher or doctor.
I am not teacher.
I am teacher or doctor.
I am not teacher.
∴ I am doctor.
I am teacher or doctor.
I am not teacher.
∴ I am doctor.
Fallacies
14 + 6 − 20 = 21 + 9 − 30
Fallacies
14 + 6 − 20 = 21 + 9 − 30
→ 2(7 + 3 − 10) = 3(7 + 3 − 10)
Fallacies
14 + 6 − 20 = 21 + 9 − 30
→ 2(7 + 3 − 10) = 3(7 + 3 − 10)
→2=3
Fallacies
14 + 6 − 20 = 21 + 9 − 30
→ 2(7 + 3 − 10) = 3(7 + 3 − 10)
→2=3
Fallacies
14 + 6 − 20 = 21 + 9 − 30
→ 2(7 + 3 − 10) = 3(7 + 3 − 10)
→2=3
• Rules of inference, appropriately applied give valid
arguments.
Fallacies
14 + 6 − 20 = 21 + 9 − 30
→ 2(7 + 3 − 10) = 3(7 + 3 − 10)
→2=3
• Rules of inference, appropriately applied give valid
arguments.
• Mistakes in applying rules of inference are called
fallacies.(ngụy biện)
Fallacies
Fallacies
Fallacies
Fallacies
Fallacies
Fallacies
Fallacies
Fallacies
Fallacies
Fallacies
Fallacies
Fallacies
Fallacies
Fallacies
Fallacies
Fallacies
Fallacies
Fallacies
Fallacies
Fallacies
Quantified Statements
Quantified Statements
Quantified Statements
Quantified Statements
Example.
Example.
Example.
Quizz
Quizz
Quizz
Quizz