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GARY FERRARO SUSAN ANDREATTA CHRIS HOLDSWORTH

AN APPLIED PERSPECTIVE
CANADIAN EDITION
 Preface xix

About the Authors xxiv

1 Anthropology in a Global World 2

2 The Concept of Culture 26

3 Applied Anthropology 48

4 The Growth of Anthropological Theory 66

5 Research Methods in Cultural Anthropology 94

6 Communication and Culture 122

7 Economics, Adaptation, and Subsistence Patterns 158

8 Marriage, Family, and Kinship 188

9 Sex and Gender 226

10 Social Inequality: The Meaning of Difference 260

11 Political Organization and Social Control 292

12 Religion 322

13 Art 352

14 The Modern World Order 374

Glossary 402

References 412
Index 431

NEL vii

Copyright 2018 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202
 Preface xix

About the Authors xxiv

CHAPTER 1
Anthropology in a Global World 2

A Letter to Students 3
What Is Anthropology? 4
Physical or Bio logical Anth ropology 6
Evolutionary Record of Humans 6
Primatology 7
Physical Variation among Humans 7
Archaeology 8
Anth ropological Linguistics 10
Cultural Anth ropology 11
Areas of Specialization 12
Cross-Cultural Miscue 14
Guid ing Principles 14
Holism 14
Comparative Approach 15
Ethnocentrism 15
Cultural Relativism 16
Emic versus Etic Approaches 18
Contributions of Anthropology 18
Enhancing Understanding in a Globalized
World 18
Applied Perspective Tra ns plant Tourism and Advoc acy
Anthropolog y 19
The Relevance of Cultural Anthropology 20 CHAPTER 2
Building Skills for a Globalized World 21 The Concept of Culture 26
T he Bottom Line: Understanding Other Cultures
Adjusting to Canadian University Culture 27
to Understand Our Own 22
What Is Culture? 28
Summary 23
Culture Defin ed 29
KeyTerms 24
Values, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Ideas 30
Critical Th inking Questions 24
Norms 31
Cross-Cultural Miscue 32

NEL ix

Copyright 2018 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202
x • Detailed Contents

CHAPTER 3
Applied Anthropology 48

The China Home Learning PC 49

Characteristics of Culture 32
Culture Influences Biological Processes
Culture Is Symbolic 33
Applied Perspective Open Defecation in India
Culture Is Learned 35
Culture Is Unconscious 37
Cultures Are Generally Integrated 37
Culture Is Shared 39
Culture Is Relative 40
Cultural Universals 40
Culture Is Adaptive and Maladaptive 41
Cross-Cultural Miscue 41
Culture Is Dynamic 41
Inventions and Innovations 42
Cultural Diffusion 42
"Primitive" Cultures 44
Summary 44
KeyTerms 45
Critical Thinking Questions 45
Applying Anthropology 50
The Anthropological Perspective 51
Applying the Anthropological
Perspective 52
Examples of Applied Anthropology 52
Medical Anthropology 52
Cross-Cultural Miscue 53
Applied Perspective Ebola Emergency and
Anthropology's Response 55
Business Anthropology 57
Development Anthropology 59
Environmental Anthropology 59
Educational Anthropology 60
The Greater Use of Anthropological
Knowledge 60
Stories from the Field 61
s Career Opportunities in Applied
&. Anthropology 61
[ Cross-Cultural Miscue 62
~ Applied Perspective If the Food Won 't Kill You, the
B
&.
m Cooking Will 63
~
o Summary 64
KeyTerms 64
Critical Thinking Questions 64
32
CHAPTER 4
The Growth of Anthropological
34
Theory 66
The Hawthorne Studies 67
Theories and Hypotheses 68
Evolutionism 69
Evolutionism in Brief 70
Diffusionism 71
Diffusionism in Brief 71
Fieldwork 72
Functionalism 73
Functionalism in Brief 75
Historical Particularism 75
Historical Particularism in Brief 76
Culture and Personality 76
Applied Perspective Ruth Benedict and National
Character Studies 77

NEL
 Detailed Contents • xi

Postmodernism and Power Relationships 89

Postmodernism 's Impact 89
Postmodernism in Brief 90
Theory, Practice, and Praxis 90
Praxis in Anthropology 90
Concluding Thoughts on Anthropological
Theory 90
Summary 91
KeyTerms 92
Critical Thinking Questions 93

CHAPTER 5
Research Methods in Cultural
Anthropology 94
Fieldwork in Tristan da Cunha 95
Ethnographic Fieldwork 96
Cross-Cultural Miscue 98
Preparing for Fieldwork 99
Stages of Field Research 101
Stage 1: Selecting a Research Problem 101
Stage 2: Formulating a Research Design 101
Stage 3: Collecting the Data 101
Stage 4: Analyzing the Data 101
Stage 5: Interpreting the Data 101
Stage 6: Writing Up and Presenting the
Results 102
Culture and Personality in Brief 19
Data-Gathering Techniques 102
Neoevolutionism and Cultural Ecology 79
Participant Observation 102
Neoevolutionism and Cultural Ecology in Brief 80
Cultural Materialism 80 Applied Perspective Observing Shoppers 103
Cultural Materialism in Brief 81 Interviewing 105
French Structuralism 81 Additional Data-Gathering Techniques 106
French Structuralism in Brief 82 Applied Perspective Climate Change: Food and Water
Cross-Cultural Miscue82 Insecurity 108

Symbolic Anthropology 82 Cross-Cultural Miscue 111

Symbolic Anthropology in Brief 83 Recent Trends in Ethnographic Fieldwork 111
Interpretative Anthropology 83 Reflexive Methods 112
Interpretative Anthropology in Brief 84 Autoethnography 113
Feminist Anthropology 84 Life Histories 113
Feminist Anthropology in Brief 85 Multi-sited Fieldwork 114
Political Economy 85 New Information Technology 115
Political Economy in Brief 86 Mining Social Networking Websites and the Internet
Political Ecology 86 for Socio-cultural Data 115
Political Ecology in Brief 87 Choosing a Technique 116
Postmodernist Anthropology 87 The Ethics of Fieldwork 116
Postmodernism and Fieldwork 87 Ethical Consideration in Private and Public
Postmodernism and Ethnography 88 Sectors 117
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xii • Detailed Contents
The Pains and Gains of Fieldwork
Culture Shock 118
Biculturalism 118
Summary 119
Key Terms 119
Critical Thinking Questions 120
CHAPTER 6
Communication and Culture
Revitalizing First Nations languages
Communication, Language, and
Culture 125
The Nature of Language 126
Cross-Cultural Miscue 126
Anthropological Linguistics 127
Non-human Primate Language 127
Descriptive Linguistics 127
Historical Linguistics 128
Nonverbal Communication 129
117 Kinesics 130
Paralanguage 132
Haptic Communication 132
Proxemics 133
High- and Low-Context Cultures 134
Silence 135
Sociolinguistics 135
Language and Social Status 135
Stories from the Field
136
Language and Gender 136
122
Cross-Cultural Miscue 138
123 When Is a Language a Language? 138
Dial,ect Continuum 138
Lingua Francas, Pidgins, Creoles, Mixed
Languages, Invented Languages 139
Dialects and Accents 141
Diglossia and Code Switching 142
Cross-Cultural Miscue 142
Specialized Vocabularies 142
Language, Nationalism, and Ethnic Identity 142
Endangered Languages 144
How Language Influences Culture 146
The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 146
Applied Perspective Could Your Language Affect Your
Ability to Save Money? 148
Communication and Technology in Today's
World 150
Texting and Instant Messaging 150
Social Media 151
Information Technology and Social
Concerns 152
The Digital Divide 153
Summary 154
Key Terms 155
Critical Thinking Questions 156
CHAPTER 7
Economics, Adaptation, and Subsistence
Patterns 158
The practice of tipping 159
Economics 161
Economic Anthropology 162
8,
Production 162
!
1i,
Allocation of Resources 162
~ Units ofProduction 163
i Division of Labour 163
~ Subsistence Strategies 165
NEL

Human Adaptation 165
Adapting to the Environment 166
Environment and Technology 166
Major Food-Getting Strategies:
Subsistence 167
Foraging Societies 167
Applied Perspective Fighting Hunger with Edible
Insects 168
Food-Producing Societies
Cross-Cultural Miscue 173
Pastoralism 174
Intensive Agriculture 177
Industrial Agriculture 179
Distribution of Goods and Services
Reciprocity 180
Cross-Cultural Miscue 182
Redistribution 182
Market Exchange 183
NEL
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Detailed Contents • xiii
Summary 185
Key Terms 186
Critical Thinking Questions 187
CHAPTER 8
Marriage, Family, and
Kinship 188
New Reproductive Technologies and
Parenthood 189
Kinship, Marriage, and Family 192
Marriage and the Family 193
Socially Approved 193
Same-Sex Unions 193
Sexual Relations 194
Age at Marriage 195
Permanence 196
Cross-Cultural Miscue 197
Marriage and the Family: Functions 197
Mate Selection: vVho Is Out of
Bounds? 197
Exogamy and Endogamy 199
The Role ofRomantic Love and
Courtship 200
Arranged Marriages 201
Cross-Cultural Miscue 202
The Levirate and Sororate 203
Applied Perspective A Crisis of Births: Family Making
in Italy 204
Number of Spouses 205
Economic Considerations of Marriage 208
Residence Patterns: vVhere Do Wives and Husbands
Live? 210
Family Structure 210
The Nuclear Family 210
The Extended Family 211
Modern-Day Family Structure 212
172
Kinship and Descent 212
Kinship Defined 213
Using Kinship Diagrams 214
Principles of Kinship Classification 215
Different Systems of Classification 217
The Formation ofDescent Groups 218
180
Multilineal Descent Groups 221
Kinship and the Modem World 222
Summary 223
Key Terms 225
Critical Thinking Questions 225
xiv • Detailed Contents

Gender and Subsistence 241

Applied Perspective Combat as a Rite of Passage in
the Canadian Military 242
Child Rearing for Men and Women 243
Gender Roles in Canada 244
Gender Stratification 246
Education 248
Employment 249
Reproductive Health 250
Finance 250
Progress toward Equality for Women 251
Gender-Based Violence 252
Sex-Selective Abortions 252
Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting 253
Male Circumcision 253
Record Gender-Based Violence in Western Society 254
of So1&mnlzation of

Marriage Misogyny 256

This 1s ro cortify U1st Misandry and Violence against Men 257
Summary 258
Key Terms 259
Critical Thinking Questions 259

CHAPTER 9
Sex and Gender 226

Billy Tipton 227

Sex Is Biological and Gender Is
Cultural 229
Gender Is Cultural 230
Gender Ideology 230
The Cultural Construction of
Gender 231
How Gender Is Learned 232
Gender Cross-Culturally 234
Third Genders 234
Cross-Cultural Miscue 238
Human Sexuality 238
Homosexuality 239
Cross-Cultural Miscue 240
Gender Roles 241

NEL

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 Deta iled Contents • xv

CHAPTER 10
Social Inequality: The Meaning of
Difference 260
Black Like Me 261
Dimensions of Differen ce and Social
Inequality 263
Types of Societies 264
Egalitarian Societies 264
Rank Societies 265
Stratified Societies 265
Class versus Caste 266
Class Societies 267
Stories from the Field 268
Caste Societies 272
Cross-Cultural Miscue 273
Cross-Cultural Miscue 276
Race and Ethnicity 276
Applied Perspective Immigration and Discrimination
in Canada 277
A Brief History ofR ace and Racism 281
Race and Intelligence 283
Band Societies 295
Ethnicity 283
Tribal Societies 297
Discrimination , Racialism, and Racism 284
Chief dams 298
Discrimination 284
Cross-Cultural Miscue 300
Racialism 285
State Societies 300
Racism 285
Variatio ns in Political Structures 302
Structural Racism 286
Racial Profiling 286 Types of State Societies 302

Ethnic Cleansing and Cultural Applied Perspective When You Sing It Now, Just Like
Genocide 286 New 303
Residential Schools and Cultural Genocide 287 Information Technology, Social Media, and
The Indian Act 288 Politics 305
Human Nature 289 The Internet and El,ectoral Processes 307
Summary 290 Social Control 307
Key Terms 291 Cross-Cultural Miscue 309
Critical Thinking questions 291 M echanisms of Social Control 309
Justice Systems 315
R etributive versus R estorativeJustice in
CHAPTER 11 Canada 316
Political Organization and Social Warfare 317
Control 292 The Causes of War 317
Summary 319
R. V. Gladue 293
Key Terms 319
Political Organization and Social
Critical T hinking Questions 320
Control 295
Types of Political Organization 295

NEL
xvi • Detailed Contents

CHAPTER 12
Religion 322

St. Joseph, the Underground Real Estate Agent 323

The Anthropological Study of Religion 324
Defining Religion 327
Prob/,ems of Defining Religion 327
Functions of Religion 328
Social Functions of Religion 328
Psychological Functions ofReligion 329
Religion, Magic, Sorcery, and Witchcraft 330
Applied Perspective Burial and Belonging 331
Sorcery 333
Witchcraft 333
Cross-Cultural Miscue 334
Myth and Worldview 334
Types of Religious Organization 335
Individualistic Cults 336
Shamanistic Cults 336
Communal Cults 337
Cross-Cultural Miscue 337
Ecclesiastical Cults 338
Rites of Passage 338
Rites of Solidarity 340
Religion: Continuity and Change 340
Revitalization Movements 340
Wicca 343
Globalization of World Religions 344
Religion in Canada 345 Emotional Gratification for the
The Rise of Fundamentalism 346 Individual 358
Islamic Fundamentalism and Religious Cross-Cultural Miscue 359
Nationalism 347 Social Integration 359
Religious Change and Technology 349 Social Control 360
Summary 349 Preserving or Chal/,enging the Status Quo 361
Key Terms 350 Stories from the Field 361
Critical Thinking Questions 351 Graphic and Plastic Arts 362
Graffiti 363
Tattoos 364
CHAPTER13 Music 367
Ethnomusicology 367
Art 352
Dance 368
The G'psgolox Totem Pole 353 Functions ofDance 368
The Role of Art 354 Dance and Other Aspects of a Culture 368
What Is Art? 355 Film 369
Differences in Art Forms 356 Cross-Cultural Miscue 369
The Functions of Art 358 Art: Continuity and Change 370

NEL

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 Detai led Contents • xvii
Applied Perspective Art a nd Anthropology 371
Summary 372
Key Terms 373
Critical Thinkin g Q uestions 373

CHAPTER 14
The Modern World Order 374

A Closing Letter to Students 375

The Growth of the Mode rn World Order:
Colonialism and Globalization 376
Gwbalization and Cownization 376
Theories of Gwbal Inequality 378 Applied Perspective The Nicaragua Gra nd Cana l
Neocownialism 379 Project 394
Decolonization 380 Cultural Survival ofIndigenous Peop!,es 396
Cultural Appropriation 381 Multiculturalism 398
Stories from the Field 383 Summary 399
Cultural Repatriation 384 Key Terms 400
The Forces of Globalization Today 385 Critical Thinking Questions 400
The Effects of Globalization 387
Cross-Cultural Miscue 387
Glossary 402
Cross-Cultural Miscue 388
Global Ch allenges and the Ro le of Applied References 412
Cultural Anthropology 388 Index 431
The Refugee Crisis 389
Sustainabl,e Economic Devewpment for Marginalized
Peop!,es 391

NEL
 APPLIED
PERSPECTIVE

TransplantTourism and Advocacy Anthropology 19 Fighting Hunger with Edible Insects 168
Open Defecation in India 34 A Crisis of Births: Family Making in Italy 204
Ebola Emergency and Anthropology's Response 55 Combat as a Rite of Passage in the Canadian Military 242
If the Food Won't Kill You, the Cooking Will 63 Immigration and Discrimination in Canada 277
Ruth Benedict and National Character Studies 77 When You Sing It Now, Just Like New 303
Observing Shoppers 103 Burial and Belonging 331
Climate Change: Food and Water Insecurity 108 Art and Anthropology 371
Could Your Language Affect Your Ability to Save Money? 148 The Nicaragua Grand Canal Project 394

Chapter 3 61 Chapter 13 361

Chapter 6 136 Chapter 14 383
Chapter 10 268

. ~..... t,.. ,.._ . -~~ "t;'-·~~-~..,,L ~-- ~

CROSS-CULTURAL MISCUE ~ "1"t ;lJ ..:J'"' ·

Chapter 1 14 Chapter 9 238, 240

Chapter 2 32, 41 Chapter 10 273,276
Chapter 3 53,62 Chapter 11 300,309
Chapter 4 82 Chapter 12 334,337
Chapter 5 98, 111 Chapter 13 359,369
Chapter 6 126,138, 142 Chapter 14 387, 388
Chapter 7 173, 182
Chapter 8 197, 202

xviii NEL
Cultural Anthropology: An Applied Perspective has been one
of the best-selling introductory anthropology textbooks
in the United States since 1992. Cultural Anthropology:
An Applied Perspective, Canadian Edition, retains all
the features that made it so successful: its applied
approach, its coverage of core concepts and principles,
its in-depth case studies of applied anthropology,
its cross-cultural miscues, and its easy-to-read style.
But much has changed with this Canadian edition.
Most of the American examples have been replaced
with contemporary Canadian ones, and the work of
Canadian anthropologists highlighted. The text also
takes an anthropological perspective to issues facing
Canada's Indigenous peoples, which are, or should be,
a concern for all Canadians.
The world we live in is vastly different from that
of a few short years ago. Consequently, the issues
anthropologists are interested in and research have
changed. This is reflected not only through discussion
of methodological innovations, such as multi-sited field
research, the use of new technologies, and reflexive
and intersubjective approaches, but also in the topics
covered. Topics that receive greater attention in this
text include human relations with the environment,
religious and political conflict, medical anthropology,
climate change, the growth of information technolo-
gies, international migration , urbanization , develop-
ment, decolonization, and business anthropology.
As a step toward decolonizing anthropology, the
cover of the text does not use an image of an "exotic"
person of colour dressed in traditional costume and
engaged in a traditional activity. Such images tend to
stress inequality, can be dehumanizing, and give stu-
dents the wrong impression about what anthropology
in the 21st century is really all about. This is particularly
important given our increasingly multicultural classes.
Cultures are also not isolates existing in the ethno-
graphic present. Consequently, one of the themes that
runs throughout the text is that cultures are in a con-
stant state of flux and are continually interacting with
each other, both locally and globally.
Over the past three decades, anthropology has
grown steadily in popularity. In large part, this is
because people both inside and outside the discipline
have b egun to recognize that, in today's globalized,
multicultural world, cultural competency is an essen-
tia l skill. All three authors thus share a vision of the
NEL
importance of an applied perspective within the disci-
pline and, particularly, the need for an applied focus
in introductory level anthropology courses. While we
hope students will followup their introductory course
with other courses in anthropology, we realize that
most will not, and so it is important that whatever pro-
fession or career they enter, they can draw upon the les-
sons of anthropology and apply the m in their everyday,
personal and professional lives.
Most employers no longer hire on the basis of what
a job candidate knows, since much of that knowledge
can be acquired while on the job. Instead, they want
to know whether the person can add value to the orga-
nization. Do they have the skills and competencies
needed to be creative and to solve future problems?
Whe ther students work at home or abroad, or whether
they work for government, non-governmental organi-
zations, or private enterprise, or whether they work on
applied projects that facilitate making a difference in
local communities, they will increasingly be interacting
with customers, clients, patients, colleagues, students,
and others from different cultural backgrounds who
will have different ways of thinking and different ways
of doing things. In today's global marketplace it is dif-
ficult to imagine any job that would not require cross-
cultural skills and sensitivities. Even engineers need
to understand how culture influences the people they
work with and the end-users of the things they design.
Because cultural anthropology has always been
the academic discipline best positioned to educate
for cultural competency, it only makes sense to make
our introductory courses as relevant and as applied as
possible . Consequently, we feel that the applied focus
of this textbook is particularly germane to today's
students. It thus has three primary objectives: (1) to
introduce students to the field of social and cultural
anthropology by providing a comprehensive overview
of the discipline while drawing on rich ethnographic
examples; (2) to provide students with an appreciation
for the cultural diversity that exists in the world today;
and (3) to demonstrate how the theories, insights, and
methods of cultural anthropology have been, and can
be, applied to contemporary situations. Our hope is
that students will gain a level of cultural competency
whereby they are able to relate the concepts, findings,
methods, and theories of cultural anthropology to their
own lives.
xix
xx • Preface
The theme of applied anthropology runs throughout
this text and thoroughly integrates the application of
anthropological theories, methods, and examples to
contemporary situations that students are likely to
encounter in everyday life. The applied perspective is
further highlighted by several other features: chapter-
opening case studies, Applied Perspective cases, Cross-
Cultural Miscues, Stories from the Field, and Critical
Thinking Questions.
Please note that the first and last chapters begin
with letters written to students rather than opening
scenarios. The opening letter in Chapter 1 tells stu-
dents essentially what is covered in this preface,
since most instructors do not require their students
to read the preface. The closing letter in Chapter 14
is designed to introduce students to the capstone
chapter, remind them of the importance of the
applied features of the text, and show them how
anthropological understandings and sensitivities are
absolutely essential for the resolution of the human
challenges of today.
Pedagogical Features
The Canadian edition of Cultural Anthropology: An
Applied Perspective contains a number of pedagogical
features designed to enhance student learning and
illustrate the relevance of cultural anthropology in our
everyday lives.
General chapter features include:
• Contemporary examples, most of which are
Canadian, illustrate the application of anthropo-
logical concepts and methods in the field, work-
place, and in one's personal life.
• What We Will Learn introductory statements alert
the student to the key concepts of the chapter.
• Real-life, chapter-opening case studies designed
not only to catch the student's attention, but also
to illustrate the underlying theme of the chapter.
In addition, they demonstrate the importance of
culture and anthropology in understanding the
world around us.
• Concise chapter summaries highlight the key
points of the chapter.
• Applied Perspective boxes demonstra te how the
methods and insights of cultural anthropology
have been applied to the solution of specific
societal and cultural problems and challenges.
Questions for Further Thought in each box are
designed to encourage students to think critically
about the broader implications of the applied case.
• Stories from the Field are brief accounts by
fieldworkers when they came to a sudden
Copyright 2018 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202
understanding or realization of the value of
anthropology or the role of culture.
• Cross-Cultural Miscue boxes demonstrate the
misunderstandings and negative consequences
of failing to understand cultural differences.
They are based on real-life experiences of
anthropologists, business people, politicians,
and others.
• Ten Critical Thinking Questions at the end of each
chapter are designed to make students think about
the material covered in the chapter as well as how
to apply the knowledge in novel situations.
• A running glossary, a list of key terms, as well as
a cumulative glossary familiarize the student with
anthropological concepts.
Chapter Highlights
Chapter 1: Anthropology
in a Global World
1. Applied Perspective on Transplant Tourism and
Advocacy Anthropology
2. Discussion of selective abortion of female fetuses in
China, India, and Canada
3. Discussion of the skills anthropology provides for life
in the contemporary world
Chapter 2: The Concept of Culture
1. Opening discussion of cultural challenges interna-
tional students face in adjusting to school and life
in Canada
2. Comprehensive coverage of the core attributes and
features of culture
3. Discussion about the relationship between culture
and identity
Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology
1. An examination of those aspects of anthropology
that suit it as an applied discipline
2. Extensive coverage of applying anthropology in five
areas: medicine, business, development, the envi-
ronment, and education
3. Opening study that discusses doing anthropological
business research in China
Chapter 4: The Growth of
Anthropological Theory
1. Discussion of the Hawthorne Studies, a historical
example of Applied Anthropology
NEL
 Preface • xxi

2. A comprehensive survey of the theoretical 2. Discussion of changing gender roles in Canada

approaches in anthropology along with summaries 3. Coverage of sex-selective abortions in Canada and
of key points elsewhere
3. In-depth discussion of postmodernist
anthropology
Chapter 10: Social Inequality:
Chapter 5: Research Methods The Meaning of Difference
1. Discussion of class structure in Canada
in Cultural Anthropology
2. Coverage of Immigration and Discrimination in
1. Traces the stages of conducting ethnographic Canada
fieldwork, including obtaining ethics approval
3. Discussion of racism in Canada, with particular
2. Coverage of new data-gathering techniques, such as focus on its impact on Canada's Indigenous
the use of new information technologies peoples
3. Discussion of the requirements for conducting eth-
nographic fieldwork in Canada, including working
with First Nations Chapter 11: Political Organization
and Social Control
Chapter 6: Communication 1. Opening study focusing on justice for Indig-
and Culture enous people, with discussion of the R. V.
Gladue case
1. Chapter opening discussion of the loss and revival
of indigenous languages in Canada 2. Discussion of the impact of the Internet and social
media on governments, as well as means of social
2. Extensive coverage of non-verbal forms of communi- control
cation including kinesics, proxemics, paralanguage,
3. How First Nations bands are constituted and how
and haptic communication
they function
3. Discussion of the relationship between language and
social status, gender, nationalism, and identity
Chapter 12: Religion
Chapter 7: Economics, Adaptation, 1. Discussion of the changing face of religion in
Canada
and Subsistence Patterns
2. Analysis of Islamic Fundamentalism and religious
1. Chapter opening discussion of the practice of tip-
nationalism
ping in Canada
3. Extensive coverage ofWicca
2. A cross-cultural comparison of systems of produc-
tion, distribution, and consumption
3. Coverage of the major food-getting strategies, from Chapter 13: Art
subsistence to market exchange
1. Introductory opening covers the repatriation of
the G'psgolox totem pole
Chapter 8: Marriage, Family, 2. The role of art as a mechanism for social control in
and Kinship complex societies
3. Theoretical discussion of what art is and its place in
1. Chapter opening discussion of surrogacy in
society
Canada and the kinship implications
2. A cross-cultural survey of marriage forms, family
types, and kinship structures Chapter 14: The Modem World
3. Discussion of the impact of new information tech- Order
nologies on interpersonal relationships
1. Discussion of the forces of globalization today
2. Coverage of the challenges facing the world today
Chapter 9: Sex and Gender and the role of applied cultural anthropology
1. Thorough coverage of the cultural construction of 3. Discussion of the struggle for cultural survival of
gender Indigenous peoples
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xxii • Preface
Instructor Resources
G) r10TO ~~~c~~~·;nA!!::~~;:
• engagement I assessment I success (NETA) program delivers
NELSON EDUCATION TEACHING ADVANTAGE research-based instructor
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The following instructor resources have been
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This resource was written by Deidre Rose, University
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tive construction and development of higher-order
questions. Also included are approximately 350 true/
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essay-type questions.
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Microsoft® PowerPoint® lecture slides for every
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Image Library
This resource consists of digital copies of figures, short
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may use these jpegs to customize the NETA Power-
Point or create their own PowerPoint presentations. An
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NETA Instructor Guide
This resource was written by Deidre Rose, University
of Guelph. It is organized according to the textbook
chapters and addresses key educational concerns,
such as typical stumbling blocks student face and how to
address them. Other features include important notes
about what students will learn in the chapter, why the
chapter is important to students, and why they should
care; assorted engagement activities that instructors
may wish to use in class; and various online activities.
MindTap
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1 Offering personalized paths
/' # MINDTAP of dynamic assignments
and applications, MindTap
is a digital learning solution that turns cookie-cutter
into cutting-edge, apathy into engagement, and
memorizers into higher-level thinker s. MindTap
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Acknowledgments
To one degree or another, many people have con-
tributed to this textbook. Some have made explicit
suggestions for revisions, many of which have been
incorporated into various editions. Others have con-
tributed less directly, yet their fingerprints are found
throughout the text. We are particularly grateful to the
many colleagues with whom we have studied at Syracuse
University (Ferraro), Michigan Sate University (Andre-
atta), and University of Calgary (Holdsworth). We owe
a similar debt to the many colleagues over the years
who have shared with us their thinking on anthropolog-
ical research and teaching. Although there are far too
NEL

many names to fit into a small preface, they have had
an important impact on our careers as anthropologists
and thus on the content of this book. They have always
responded graciously to our requests for information
in their various areas of expertise and have taught us
a great deal about teaching introductory anthropology.
We are confident that they know who they are and will
accept our most sincere gratitude.
We are also grateful to Diana E. French, University
of British Columbia Okanagan, and Deidre Rose, Uni-
versity of Guelph, for relating their experiences and
contributing to the Stories from the Field boxes.
This textbook has benefitted from excellent edito-
rial guidance and the comments of many reviewers.
Their valuable and insightful suggestions strengthened
this text. For this Canadian edition we would like to
express our gratitude to:
Beryl Arnaron, Okanagan College
Anna Boshnakova, Sheridan College/Trafalgar
Campus
Jamie Cidro, University of Winnipeg
Diana E. French, University of British Columbia
Okanagan
NEL
Copyright 2018 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202
Preface • xx.iii
Douglas Hudson, University of the Fraser Valley
Liam Kilmurray, University of Ottawa
Erin McGuire, University ofVictoria
Rob Phillips, University of Manitoba
Cathy Prowse, Mount Royal University
Deidre Rose, University of Guelph
Terry Webb, University of Western Ontario
We also want to thank the many unsolicited reviews-
both by professors and students- commenting on
various aspects of the text over the years. We trust that
these reviewers will see that many of their suggestions
have been incorporated into this edition. We encourage
any readers, professors, or students to send comments,
corrections, and suggestions for future improvements
via email to choldwor@ucalgary.ca.
We also want to express our deepest gratitude to our
many students who have helped us define and refine
our anthropological perspectives and, consequently,
the concepts and interpretations of this book.
Gary Ferraro
Susan Andreatta
Chris Holdsworth
 Gary Ferraro, Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at the University of North Carolina-
Charlotte, received his B.A. in history from Hamilton College and his M.A. and Ph.D.
from Syracuse University. He has been a Fulbright Scholar at the University of Swaziland
in Southern Africa (1979-1980) and again at Masaryk University in the Czech Republic
(2003). He has served twice (1983, 2003) as a visiting professor of anthropology in the
University of Pittsburgh's Semester at Sea Program, a floating university that travels
around the world. He has conducted research for extended periods of time in Kenya
and Swaziland and has travelled widely throughout many other parts of the world. He
has served as a consultant and trainer for such organizations as USAID, the Peace Corps,
the World Bank, IBM, G.E. Plastics, and Georgia Pacific, among others. From 1996 to
2000 he served as the Director of the lntercultural Training Institute at UNC-Charlotte,
a consortium of cross-cultural trainers and educators from academia, government, and
business, designed to help regional organizations cope with cultural differences at home
and abroad. He is the author of

The Two Worlds of Kamau (1978)

The Cultural Dimension of International Business ( 1990, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006,
2010, and 2013 with co-author, Elizabeth K Briody)
Anthropology: An Applied Perspective ( 1994)
Applying Cultural Anthropology: Readings (1998)
Global Brains: Knowledge and Competencies for the Twenty-First Century (2002)
Classic Readings in Cultural Anthropology (2004, 2009, 2012)

Susan Andreatta, Professor of Anthropology at the University of North Carolina-

Greensboro, received her B.A. in anthropology and Spanish at the University of
Delaware, her M.A. in anthropology from Iowa State University, and her Ph.D. in
anthropology from Michigan State University. Andreatta also did a two-year post-
doc in England at the University of Hull. During the past 25 years she has conducted
fieldwork in Costa Rica, Jamaica, St. Vincent, Barbados, Antigua, Dominica, Mexico,
Uganda, China, Peru, and North Carolina. Her theoretical orientation lies in political
economy and political ecology as applied to the environment and health. Since 1985
she has participated in a wide range of applied projects, including those that focused
on tourism, migration and resettlement, health and nutrition, agriculture, agroforestry,
fishing, and marketing of fresh local produce and seafood. Her interests in small family
farms, rural communities, fishing communities, and their transformation or resistance
to the expansion of agribusiness and the globalization of agriculture have enabled her
to work both overseas and domestically. In addition, she has been examining traditional
and Western approaches to healthcare in changing economic and political systems. Her
work has been published in Human Organization; Culture and Agriculture; Southern Rural
Sociology; Urban Anthropology; and Home Health Care Management & Practice. Andreatta
is the Director of Project Greenleaf at University of North Carolina-Greensboro, a
project she started in 2001 that provides undergraduate students with hands-on, applied
research experiences. She is a past board member and former secretary for the Society
for Applied Anthropology (SfAA) as well as a past president of the Society for Applied
Anthropology (2007-2009).
xxiv NEL

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biting and scratching her brother, when they were both in the
nursery; and asked, what security John now had, that she might not
beat him out of his own house, or otherwise use him as she thought
proper.
Mrs. Bull herself was ashamed of this argument; for a woman,
whatever she may think, cannot bear to hear her husband meanly
spoke of. But she was soon relieved of this distress, by a person
who set forth John’s manhood to some purpose; and in short, gave
his opinion, that to be afraid of so inferior a force was mean and
dastardly, to express any jealousy of Margaret’s dispositions was
injurious and abominable, as they had every reason to believe, that
she was well satisfied with her brother, and only meant to tread in his
steps, in a matter which would be so honourable for both.
One fellow came running from the pantry, with a bib and an apron,
and quoted the nurse’s dream; he said, that although John Bull had
banished the weavers, it was no reason why his sister Peg should do
the like; that she had more need to have a piece of cloth sent her to
make coats for her children, than authority for any such pernicious
scheme; and that if she and her whole house were at the door, he
would not grant so ruinous a favour; that he remembered to have
heard the condition that both houses were in, when every body
thought himself qualified to fight, that there was then neither wheel
nor loom within the door, and nobody wrought any at all; and he
asked Mrs. Bull, whether she would have those times revived?
To this it was said, that every body might have heard of times,
when people wrought very little, but that they always wrought more
or less; and that if there was less work done formerly than now, it
was because fewer people were bred to business, and because
there was not so ready a market for fine cloaths or other niceties, by
which tradesmen get their livelihood; but that now when every body
is bred to business, and a tradesman’s work is well paid for, it was
absurd to say, they would grow idle, merely because they could keep
their own, and were put in a condition not to be robbed and
plundered.
 This did not hinder others from talking on without end. Some of
your fine-spun faint-hearted thinking people declared, that they did
not think that John Bull or his sister could prosecute this scheme; it
was a fine one indeed, they said, but the brother and sister were now
too old to think of such projects; a good warm bed, an elbow-chair, or
a couch, a glass of cordial, or a bit of comfortable dinner, were
properer subjects for them to think of, than scrambling over hedges,
lying out of nights, and dry blows: That game-keepers might be
dangerous within doors, but that John had now no other chance to
keep off roguish neighbours: That either his own game-keepers, or
those of other people, would lay him in his grave at last: That it
became him and his sister who had so many marks of age about
them, rather to think of preparing themselves for the other world,
than to talk of vapouring any longer in this. In short, there was no
end of the impertinencies which were spoken in this strain, all giving
Mrs. Bull a speedy prospect of widowhood, and turning her thoughts
toward Sir Thomas, or some other of your spruce young gallants.
Some said it was lucky that John heard nothing of all this, for he
was sometimes as jealous as ten furies, and if he had symptoms of
age, he had likewise remains of youth, which would have very ill
brooked such insidious attacks on his honour. For our parts we wish
that he had heard every word of it, and had given the person who
spoke so, a slap in the face; for we do not see what any body has to
do putting people in mind of their age, and we are very sure that
John will not die the sooner, for doing all he can to keep himself
alive; and if he was to die to-morrow, we would rather see him hearty
and well while he lives, were it but for an hour, than moping and
drooping his head, and in terror not only of what is to come in the
other world, but even of every fool who may think to tread upon him
in this.
No sooner the rustling, whispering and hubbub which this speech
had occasioned was over, then in steps a game-keeper, to tell how
much better he could defend the house than any body else. For you
must know that the game-keepers were very angry, and treated John
Bull as little better than a poacher, for pretending to keep a gun in his
own house.
 He told Mrs. Bull that her husband and his family were mere
aukward lubbers, who never could get the strut nor the air of a game
keeper to the end of the world; that a man could not fight unless he
gave his whole time to it; and that unless a man could fight to
purpose, he had better not fight at all.
This speech met with an answer too. It was said, that every body
would fight till he ran away; that some people ran away sooner, and
others later; that nobody, however, could do it sooner than the game-
keepers themselves had done upon occasion; whether their manner
of running away was better than any that John or his sister could
attain, this speaker would not pretend to say; but he saw no harm in
letting them have a gun in their hands now and then, to use them to
it, in order that they might stand as long as possible, if any body
came to attack them; and he could see no objection to this, unless it
was said, that people were the worse for being used to a firelock,
and fought best when they knew nothing of the matter, which from
what he had heard of new hired game-keepers might possibly be the
case; but that people would probably not urge that argument; and for
his part, he had always considered a previous use of arms, as an
advantage in times of danger; and therefore, he thought that not only
Mr. Bull, but his sister too, should have as much of it, as was
consistent with their situation.
 CHAP. XV.
How Mrs. B u l l sat still and heard a great deal more on this subject.
We cannot well tell how it happened, that although Mrs. Bull was
considering only, what answer should be given to sister Peg’s letter,
yet John’s own affairs were brought in head and shoulders, and it
seemed as if people were afraid to hurt Peg, except through John’s
sides. The truth was, that though some people did not like to see the
humour spreading, they did not chuse to stop it by objections
peculiar to Peg, in which they could have been contradicted; and as
the state of disparity to her brother, in which she was put, could by
no means be glossed over, they chose to keep away from it as far as
possible, and speak only in general terms, Peg’s clerks found
themselves obliged to do the same thing. One of them told Mrs. Bull,
that he came there to sollicite a piece of justice for an aged parent,
and was surprized to find so many people ready to dissuade her
from granting it.
If there are, says he, sufficient objections to the use of arms in a
family, discontinue it in your own; if there are not, why disgrace one
part of your house, by refusing what all mankind know to be the
great distinction between masters and slaves?
I am surprized, however, to hear so much concerning the absolute
inconveniencies of this measure. It may be inconvenient for a man to
do any thing at all for his own defence; but if it be necessary for his
preservation, to what purpose talk of inconveniencies? It is certainly
meant by people who speak in this strain, that the method now in
question is more inconvenient than that by game-keepers, which is
the only other one that I have heard of. If this is their opinion, they
should have entered somewhat farther into the question, than at
present they appear to have done.
This family has been for some time in the practice of committing
their defence intirely to a certain class of people, whom they call
game-keepers. Those are the only persons about the house,
supposed to know any thing at all of the use of arms; they are set
apart from the rest of the family, and by their manner of life, are
made to shake off all connection with them as much as possible; and
this, I suppose, that they may be at all times ready to go any where,
or do any thing that their profession may require, without any regret
of their own, or incumbrance from other people.
They are taught, for the same reason, to obey their leader
implicitly, and to know no law but his commands; to all which
conditions they bind themselves for life; and in the mean time, do no
work either in seed-time or harvest, but are fed at the expence of the
family.
This, I apprehend, to be a very fair description of a game-keeper,
as that profession is now maintained. Every body knows that Mr. Bull
has chosen this expedient with great reluctance. He was always
apprehensive, that whoever was master of the only arms in a house,
might soon become master of the house itself. The practice,
however, stole upon him, and for ought I know he might have gone
all lengths in the use of it, if he had not been ashamed of a sudden,
to find himself and all his family afraid to look any enemy in the face.
He bethought himself of the wretched condition he must be in, either
if his game-keepers should turn against him, should desert him, or
even be out of the way at an unlucky time. And to fortify himself
against those calamities, he has distributed a certain quantity of
arms among his children; a certain number are to be named in their
turns; to learn the use of those arms, under the direction of a person,
to whom all his other affairs are so happily intrusted. The people who
receive this instruction live in the family, and mind their business,
with the single interruption, which some days of practice, or
necessary service may occasion. When they have taken their turn,
they leave that station to others, and live as before; with this only
difference, that if the house is alarmed, they are readier to act a part,
in which they have already had some practice.
We have heard enough of the impossibility of putting this scheme
in execution; but, I think, it is found sufficiently practicable, when we
want to have somebody in place of the game-keepers, whom we
employ so liberally elsewhere; and therefore, I shall not now say any
thing at all upon that point.
Has it then any inconveniencies which do not attend every other
method of self-defence? The expence, the interruption of business,
the trouble attending it, do certainly not exceed what is found of the
same kind, in maintaining the profession of game-keepers. In point
of expence, it is evident we can afford a much more numerous body
of men in this way than in any other, if instead of augmenting our
game-keepers without end, to vie with our neighbours, we are
satisfied with a moderate number in ordinary times, and prepare this
resource for ourselves, against any sudden alarm.
With respect to the interruption of work, it must be allowed, that
nobody can possibly work less than a game-keeper. To have so
many people idle in succession, or the same number of individuals
idle for their whole lives, appears to me precisely the same thing,
with this only difference, that a game-keeper is idle, whether there be
occasion to employ him in his profession or no, the other is not.
As for the trouble, I do not know any body who can have cause to
complain of it, except Mr. Bull and his sister; and when they are tired,
they will probably let it alone, without troubling your ladyship for any
orders about the matter.
But I find people of very solemn authority, who tell us that it is
dangerous to trust the youth of a family with arms. That besides
quarrelling among themselves, they will fly in the face of every body
else. That they may even drag your ladyship off that couch where
you sit, and kick us your clerks down stairs. I should be glad to know
from whom it is you are to fear these outrages; or if any body in
reality was to offer them, to whom would you apply for protection, but
to those who call you their lawful superior and their parent. It is
strange, that a parent should be supposed to have no hold in the
affections of her own children, or that they who stand first in point of
esteem and respect in the family, should be in danger of being
maltreated by those with whom they are so nearly connected. For
my part, if the children of this family improve in their courage, their
vigour, and their spirit, I expert to improve with them, and should be
ashamed to own, that I fear losing, in that case, the respect and
affection, with which I am now received among my companions.
At any rate it seems it is owned, that we may quarrel among
ourselves; and pray who is it we would have to be worsted, in case
of such a quarrel? Can we foresee who will be in the right, that we
may arm them, and nobody else? It seems, we are sure, the game-
keeper, at least, will be always in the right, since we are for keeping
him perpetually armed, and for rendering all the rest as tame and
helpless as possible, that he may have the less trouble, or find them
ready subdued to his hand. Or do those who alarm us with the fear
of domestic quarrels, pretend that the game-keeper will never
quarrel with any body? I would gladly avoid this subject, but the
question is forced upon us. I honour the profession of which I speak,
and would often in my life have gladly embraced it. But when I was
describing it to you, I thought that I was pointing out the most
dangerous quarter, into which the spirit of domestic faction can
come. Here is an order of men, who are always in readiness to act,
whose leader is always prepared; in possession at all times of great
power, and at all times desirous of more. Other factions may lurk
under-ground in the seed, or spring into view to be crushed as they
appear. But this is at all times a full grown plant. There needs no
giant to tear it from the roots, nor is there any great address
required, with the help of this weapon, to confound and destroy all
the civil and domestic institutions of men.
I speak not with a view to excite groundless jealousies; I speak in
behalf of an institution, which is now compleated in one part of the
family, and which, if carried to the other, must prove our best security
against ill-designing men, from within, or from without, in either
house. If it be an advantage where it is already established, I hope
that your ladyship will not refuse to share it with an only sister, who
would be glad to employ all her force in your service, and now only
claims her privilege as a piece of justice, from a person to whom she
has intrusted the management of her affairs.
 CHAP. XVI.
How B u mb o gave his evidence.
We are far from commending the practice of certain historians,
who pretend to give the compleat speeches which were spoken
many ages before, by leaders of armies, members of councils, and
orators in popular assemblies; we maintain that nobody can do this,
except the devil, or some person to whom the speaker himself gave
a copy of his harangue in writing. This not being our case, we
content ourselves with giving a few broken hints, such as we have
been able to collect from the best authorities, in order to give our
reader some notion of the substance of what was said to Mrs. Bull
upon this great occasion. With respect to the contents of this
chapter, indeed, we are singularly happy, in having met with the
memoirs of Suck-Fist, a very learned man of that age, who used to
feed the game-keeper’s pointer, and being present with Mrs. Bull on
this occasion, has transmitted to posterity the particulars of Bumbo’s
appearance.
By him we are informed, that Bumbo, after all, was not put to his
oath; that the terrors of a formal oath approaching, he so explained
what he had said about the forgery, that it was not thought expedient
to put him to it in public; and the nurse thought it was better to
hazard a speech from him at large, which if the lady’s bowels could
bear to an end, would at least show the world, that there was one of
Peg’s own people against granting her request.
Bumbo therefore appeared with this view, as no better could be
made of it. Suck-Fist relates, that he began with declaring the
instructions he had got from Margaret, to second her application. He
said, that for his part it was his opinion, that nothing could be more
reasonable than the proposal she made; that if John Bull had arms in
his house, or sent his children to the fencing school for a month or
two, there was no reason why Margaret should be hindered from
doing the same thing; and that there was nothing more desireable
than to have every distinction between the two families abolished.
Were not Suck-Fist a writer of good authority, both in point of
judgment and veracity, we should be apt to question the following
particulars of his narration; they are so repugnant to what went
before, and so totally void of sense or coherence, that not only we,
but all future historians will hesitate before they transcribe this part of
his memoirs into their works. But as fiction is often more probable
than truth, we draw a presumption of veracity from the very want of
likelihood in the case, and are sure that such things could never
have come into any body’s head, if they had not been true. To
dissuade Mrs. Bull from signing the order, which, it seems, was
brought her ready written, relating to Peg’s people, he tells her, that it
was exactly like that she had already given in her own house. He did
not pretend, at least in public, that the Geoffrites were many in Peg’s
house, yet he would not even let Sir Thomas pick and chuse, but
said, it was giving arms indiscriminately, to raise turbulent spirits. He
commended Mac Lurchar extremely, and said it was a pity to take
him off his loom, except he was to be transported; that giving him
arms would spoil his hand as a weaver, and hinder his fighting, in
which he had behaved so gloriously, that he did not deserve to be
discouraged, much less annihilated, till John had made up matters
with Lewis Baboon. He pointed at many bad consequences, that
would attend employing Mac Lurchar, for the defence of the house,
such as spoiling a good weaver, and the like; but he insisted, that no
distinction should be made between him and any body else, by
pushing a line, or any other method that could separate the house
into two parts; I implore, beseech, and intreat, says he, that you
would not push any such line across our house; let us all be treated
alike, and if there be any of us who are not in danger of being
molested, or others who are not fit to carry arms, let us all be refused
them together, that nobody’s mind may be ruffled, nor any heart-
burnings be left, but those which do or may subsist between John
Bull himself and his worthy sister Margaret; they have been used to
more dust than any can raise between them, and can bear it all. He
advised Mrs. Bull to do nothing at all in Peg’s house, lest she should
forget something; when you have shown to us, that you can
remember every circumstance at once, then we will apply for your
directions, or devise a method of our own; and as Margaret has
already born the disgrace of this difference so long, I see no reason
why she may not bear it some time longer; her house can never be
more open, or more defenceless than it is now, nor her children less
qualified to resist thieves; and I see no reason to hurry the supply of
defects, to which she is now so well accustomed. He concluded by
telling Mrs. Bull, what a dangerous thing it would be to give any
orders in Peg’s house, when he was told that her ladyship was just
going to give some fresh order in her own.
These particulars, posterity will no doubt admit upon the testimony
of Suck-Fist; especially as he adds, that if any body shall say, that
Bumbo reasoned upon other principles, he is ready to contradict
them, by saying it is not true. He subjoins, that Jowler paid him great
respect in speaking after him; and we ourselves know, that Small-
Trash exclaimed, that he had gained immortal honour.
 CHAP. XVII.
How Mrs. Bu ll settled her stomach.
Mrs. Bull, in the course of the foregoing speech, was observed by
many people to change colour, and before it was done, hartshorn-
drops and smelling-bottles were produced in abundance. Every one
said, that nobody but Jowler could settle her stomach, for he used to
stun her sometimes, so as to take away the sense of every thing
else, which has often been observed to have very good effects in
trifling illnesses, by drawing off the patient’s attention, as the fear of
drowning will do in the case of sea sickness, and blisters, caustics,
and stimulusses, in the case of other disorders. Jowler accordingly
set to work with her: but for want of the big words, with which he
used to coax John Bull, and which he avoided now for reasons best
known to himself, he could produce nothing that day, but a maukish
sort of stuff, that was little better than the warm water, which people
are made to drink after a vomit.
In short, Mrs. Bull was up and just going, when one of Peg’s clerks
begged her not to be rash in dismissing a business, in which the
interest, the honour, and the preservation of her husband’s family,
were so deeply involved; he told her, that he was surprized, to find
any objections made to the terms of the order that was laid before
her, as they did not pretend to ask any more at that time, than that
she should appoint a day to consider that order, and correct it if she
thought proper; that if she refused that request, the whole world must
say, that she was determined to hear no reason on the subject, and
would be left to suspect, that she had as little inclination to the
measure in Mr. Bull’s own house, as in his sister’s; for he had
scarcely heard one argument, that was not equally strong against it
in both. That whether this was the case or no, he never could think
the establishment secure, whilst it reached only to one part of the
family, nor the union between the two houses compleat, whilst some
were treated like step-children or bastards, and others like
gentlemen and heirs to the paternal estate.
It were painful, says he, to lay before you at large the iniquity of
such a conduct, of which I believe you incapable; but if you are
disposed to hear what may be offered on the point in general, I have
yet those impressions deeply rooted in my breast, which made me
wish for this establishent in your house, as the best security to your
fortune, your honour, and your life. Impressions, which make me
behold with joy, the steps you have pursued, altho’ I am now
reduced to the necessity of begging as a favour, in behalf of a
parent, what, on the foot of equal treatment, she has a right to
demand; and what, if refused, must appear as a stain to her honour,
and a mark of disparity which she was not born to endure. But her
opposers have saved us the trouble of enlarging on this topic, and
wisely made it unnecessary to prove, what is already too plain.
The arguments are such as would make us believe, that every
moment which is bestowed by individuals for the good of the public,
is lost to that family for which it is bestowed. They talk of the
advantage of private industry, but speak of every practice that
connects an individual in his views or affections with the family to
which he belongs, as an allurement to idleness and sloth. To act for
the family, to defend it in times of peril, is the noblest office to which
any individual can aspire; and if he labours within your doors to heap
up wealth, without having a soul capable of this office; you may call
him, indeed, a gainful property, but will scarcely show him among
your children, when they come to appear before those who are
judges of men. Who upon such an occasion would point out a
sneaking mercenary selfish coward, and call him his child? Yet such
is the race which we are desired to propagate, and such is the
character which we are cautioned not to corrupt.
We have heard from many the praise of industry, as if any body
were inclined to dispute that praise. We have heard at large, the
advantages of wealth, as if wealth and industry were inconsistent
with the measure for which we contend. From this source, say they,
your store-houses and your granaries are filled: let them tell us then
from what source the defence of our stores are to proceed? Will our
wealth deter a rapacious enemy? Are the eagles intimidated, when
they are told that the doves are fatter than they? No; but our wealth
will hire a protector. Who then will defend us against the protector
whom we have hired? Is the gripe of a rapacious hireling less to be
feared, than that of a rival at the gate? But our wealth, we are told,
will enable us to maintain a large and a numerous family. But what is
it will render that family worth maintaining, or make the company of
those numbers that we hear of desirable? For my part, I never
thought it a blessing to be placed in a multitude of base, degenerate,
and selfish men. If the people we live with are vile, the more there
are of them, just so much the worse.
I have been surprised, therefore, to hear gentlemen speak of filling
a house with men, without ever mentioning the quality of those
numbers they mean to assemble; and speak of cloaths and food, as
of consequence, whilst the character of him who is to use them is
neglected. A little reflection will convince, that the soul of a man is of
more value than his possessions, and that the happiness of
individuals, as well as that of the families which they compose,
depends more on the generosity, justice and fortitude of their spirit,
than on the trappings in which they are cloathed, or the quantity of
merchandize they sell to their neighbour. They, however, who
contend that the present measure is inconsistent with the success of
industry and traffic, throw these advantages into a light of greater
contempt, than I am disposed to do. We excell our predecessors in
the art of procuring wealth; we excell them in the knowledge of
domestick oeconomy; why should we not excell them too in the skill
and resolution to defend advantages, which so far exceed what they
ever possessed?
Without we carry this quality along with us, other advantages are
of little avail; wealth and affluence are but allurements to rapine;
even a disposition to gentleness, humanity and candour, but
exposes the more to the assaults of others, and doth not secure the
integrity of him who inherits it. If I contend with a knave in behalf of
the innocent, and dare not stand the hazard of a contest when
brought to extremes, my antagonist knows how to prevail from the
first, for I shrink from the countenance of a person who is hardier
than I. I am prepared on the slightest trial to betray my friend, my
brother, my father, and the honour of my race. I am already formed
for a slave, and hold my safety and my life by the tenor of another’s
will. There is no vice, which may not be grafted on cowardice, as
successfully as upon avarice itself, that other stock which we are so
willing to cultivate.
I shall be told that the people of this house are yet far removed
from this despicable extreme. I hope they are, and that every assault
of injustice would meet with a hardy and resolute opposition in the
members of this family; but let us beware of the extremes, to which
our maxims and our practices may finally carry us.
We educate a few only to the use of arms; them, indeed, we
endeavour to inspire with courage and a contempt of danger, but we
endeavour at the same time, by throwing them into a separate way
of life, to weaken their connection with the family, and to stifle the
sentiments of filial tenderness and respect, under the load of artificial
subordinations, to which they are bound for life. The familiar use of
arms may fortify the breast; but more is required to accomplish a
faithful and dutiful child, a tender, a generous affection, to that
parent, whom he is bound to defend.
The flower and choice of our young men, croud into the profession
of which I speak: for what station is more desireable to a man of
spirit, than one in which he can exert the native vigor of his mind,
and stand in the light of a protection and defence to his father’s
house? They place themselves in this station with a glowing and
ardent mind, but their continuance in it seldom fails to extinguish or
depress those sentiments, and leave no impression but that of a
servile dependance on the persons under whose directions they are
placed.
Whilst we thus educate one part of the family, the remainder, we
say, are left to cultivate pacific arts; and those arts must be pacific
indeed, which render the ability of self-defence unnecessary, by
which men are made tools to procure the means of life, and are
scarcely put in mind, that they have a right to defend the privileges of
men, against all who shall presume to attack them. The former are
bred to commit acts of violence, in cold blood, the latter to bear them
with a tame and dejected soul. Did we resolve to try what the utmost
corruption could do, to debase, to sink and destroy a race of men, a
more ingenious contrivance could not be found than this we are
disposed to follow.
It is the business of one man, it seems, to think of nothing but
quarrels and violence; to another, it is not even permitted to defend
himself. In this hopeful partition of your children, where are you to
find the generous, the manly, and the dutiful spirit, equally prepared
for times of quiet and of trouble? A spirit, which the suspension even
of domestic government will not discompose, but which can, by a
well-directed resolution and vigor, restore that order, which it is so
well qualified to adorn and maintain.
If we would have any vestige of such spirit remain among us, let
those who have the habits and affections of children, be likewise
endowed with the force of men; let those who call you parent be
inspired with a resolution to stand by you in all your distresses and
difficulties; and whilst they enjoy the privileges and immunities of
children, be taught to know that it is their duty to defend them.
I was always fond of the measure now under consideration,
because it aimed at producing those happy effects. You need not be
told in what manner it tends to produce them, for your family has
already gained strength by pursuing it; and I feel with pleasure, the
hopes of a gallant and happy race of men, likely to continue in this
house. But let not so wise a measure be partially pursued; let not
one part of your race be doomed to baseness and servility, whilst the
other is formed to elevation and honour. One rotten member is
sometimes found to spread corruption over the whole, and a lurking
humour in one corner, to destroy the soundest constitution.
Your wisest establishments, when confined to a part, may perish
for want of that emulation, which, when all are equally engaged,
must kindle the ardor and spirits of generous minds. And the
implements of slavery may one day be brought from that corner, to
which you now deny the privileges of free-men. Into other families
we have heard that a master has come, who turned his dwelling into
a jail, where nothing is heard but the clank of chains, and the
crashing of iron bars. He himself is distinguished by the gloomy
depression of his look; the whip, which he holds in his hand, and the
instruments of death which are carried before him. But where are the
ministers of his cruel purpose to be found? They are purchased with
gold in those obscure corners of his neighbourhood, where every
man that is born is a slave.
It has been the practice of other families to condemn a particular
race to servile purposes. Their names were never reckoned in the
list of the family, their numbers never estimated as any part of their
strength. For they were such as by their crimes deserved no better
treatment; or by the baseness and servility of their minds, had
naturally sunk into this station. But never did the father of a family, by
any supercilious neglect or act of violence, throw down the offspring
of his own blood, into a state of such deplorable inequality.

FINIS.
 Transcriber’s Notes
Minor errors in punctuation have been corrected.
Page 81: “in the neighbourhod” changed to “in the neighborhood”
Page 126: “more surprizng” changed to “more surprizing”
Page 165: “learned manl” changed to “learned man”
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE HISTORY
OF THE PROCEEDINGS IN THE CASE OF MARGARET,
COMMONLY CALLED PEG, ONLY LAWFUL SISTER TO JOHN
BULL, ESQ ***

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