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 Chapter 6
Polynomial Functions
Homework 6.1 24.  6x2  3x  1   4x2  8x  3
2. 4x3 + 2x2 + 9 is a cubic expression in one  6 x2  4 x 2  3x  8 x  1  3
variable.
 2 x 2  11x  4
4. –7x2 – 5 is a quadratic expression in one
variable. 26. 5x3  x  6   9 x3  4x2  6
6. 3m6n2 – 9m3n2 + 8mn3 is a polynomial  5 x3  9 x3  4 x 2  x  6  6
expression of degree 8 in two variables.  14 x3  4 x 2  x  12

8. 4 x 2  7 x  3 x 2  9 x  4 x 2  3 x 2  7 x  9 x
2
 7 x  16 x
28. b2  6bc  4c2   5b2  3bc  2c2 
 b 2  5b 2  6bc  3bc  4c 2  2c 2
10. 7 x 2  6 x  4 x3  1  2 x3  x 2  4b 2  9bc  6c 2
 4 x3  2 x3  7 x 2  x 2  6 x  1
 2 x3  8 x 2  6 x  1
30.  6 x 4 y  x3 y 2  3 x 2 y 3 
  4 x3 y 2  3 x 2 y 3  5 xy 4 
12. 2m3n  4mn 2  8m3n  7mn 2
 6 x 4 y  x3 y 2  4 x3 y 2  3 x 2 y 3  3 x 2 y 3
 2m3n  8m3n  4mn 2  7 mn 2
 5 xy 4
 6m3n  3mn 2
 6 x 4 y  3x3 y 2  5 xy 4
14. 3r 4  r 3t  4r 2t 2  6rt 2  4r 2t 2  4rt 3
32. f (4)  2(4) 2  5(4)  3  9
 3r 4  r 3t  4r 2t 2  4r 2t 2  6rt 2  4rt 3
 3r 4  r 3t  6rt 2  4rt 3
34. g (2)  3(2) 2  8(2)  1  5

16. 5x2  3x  6   7 x2  5x  1 36. g (0)  3(0)2  8(0)  1  1

2 2
 5 x  7 x  3x  5 x  6  1
 2 x 2  2 x  5 38. h(2)  2(2)3  4(2)  8

18.  5x3  8x2  4   4 x3  x  9 40. h(1)  2(1)3  4(1)  2

 5 x3  4 x3  8 x 2  x  4  9
42. f(0) = 0
 9 x3  8 x 2  x  5
44. f(2) = 0
20.  6t 2
 2tw  w 2
   4t 2
 9tw  3w 2
 46. a = 0 or a = 2
2 2 2 2
 6t  4t  2tw  9tw  w  3w
48. There is no solution.
 2t 2  7tw  4w2
50. f(3) = 1
22.   
x3 y  5 x 2 y 2  2 xy3  5 x 2 y 2  4 xy 3  7 y 4  52. f(6) = 19
 x y  5 x y  5 x y  2 xy  4 xy  7 y 4
3 2 2 2 2 3 3

 x3 y  2 xy 3  7 y 4 54. x = 2 or x = 4

56. There is no solution.

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

186 ISM: Intermediate Algebra

58. The x-intercepts are x = –1.9 and x = 4.3. The 76. a.  C  R  t 

y-intercept is –5.99.  1.13t  39.29    0.94t  144.88 
60.  1.13t  0.94t  39.29  144.88
 0.19t  184.17

b. For the expression C(t) + R(t), we have

C(t) = annual consumption of chicken in
pounds per person + R(t) = annual
consumption of red meat in pounds per
62. person. The units of the expression are
total annual consumption of both types of
meat in pounds per person.

c.  C  R  48  0.19  48   184.17  193.29

In 1970  48  2018 , the annual
64.
consumption of meat will be
193.29 pounds per person.

d.  C  R  t 
 1.13t  39.29    0.94t  144.88 
66.  1.13t  0.94t  39.29  144.88
 2.07t  105.59

e.  C  R  48  2.07  48   105.59  6.23

This means that in 2018, consumption of
red meat will exceed consumption of
68. f   
 h  x   4 x 2  2 x  8  3 x 2  4 x  9  chicken by 6.23 pounds per person.

2 2
 4 x  3x  2 x  4 x  8  9 78. a. U  C  t 
2
 x  6x  1   0.47t  24.68 

f 2
 h  3   3  6  3  1  10 
 0.13t 2  0.54t  11.24 
2
 0.13t  0.47t  0.54t  24.68  11.24
70.  g  h  x    7 x 2  5 x  1   3x 2  4 x  9   0.13t 2  1.01t  35.92
 7 x 2  3x 2  5 x  4 x  1  9 b. For the expression U(t) + C(t), we have
 10 x 2  9 x  8 U(t) = United States’ market share of
world manufacturing output in percent +
 g  h  4   10  4 2  9  4   8  204 C(t) = China’s market share of world
manufacturing output in percent. The units
72. f   
 h  x   2 x3  4 x  1  x3  3 x 2  2 x  of the expression are market share of world
manufacturing output in percent.
3 3 2
 2 x  x  3x  4 x  2 x  1
 3x3  3 x 2  2 x  1 c. U  C 17   0.13 17 2 1.0117   35.92
3 2
f  h  2   3  2   3  2   2  2   1  9  56.32
In 2000  17  2017 , the total market share

 g  h  x    3x 2  5 x  3   x3  3x 2  2 x 
of world manufacturing output of the
74. United States and China combined will be
  x3  3 x 2  3 x 2  5 x  2 x  3 56.32%.
  x3  3 x  3
 g  h  1    13  3  1  3  5

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.


d. U  C  t 
  0.47t  24.68 

 0.13t 2  0.54t  11.24  84. Answers may vary. Example:
2
 0.13t  0.47t  0.54t  24.68  11.24
 0.13t 2  0.07t  13.44
e. U  C 17 
2
 0.13 17   0.07 17   13.44
 22.94
In 2017, China’s total market share of
world manufacturing output will exceed
that of the United States by 22.94%.
80. Answers may vary. Example:
The student is incorrect because f and g are not
multiplied by x. They are functions of x. For
example:
f ( x)  5 x 2  7 x  4
g ( x)  8 x 2  3 x  1
 f  g  x   f ( x)  g ( x)
  
 5 x 2  7 x  4  8 x 2  3x  1
2
 13 x  4 x  3
82. a. i. No. You cannot add two polynomials
of one degree (e.g., quadratic) to
create a polynomial of a higher degree
(e.g., cubic).
ii. Yes. Two polynomials of the same
degree (e.g., quadratic) can be added
to create another polynomial of the
same degree. For example:
  
3x 2  5 x  4  4 x 2  3x  1
2
 7 x  8x  3
iii. Yes. Adding a quadratic polynomial to
another quadratic polynomial with
opposite values can create a linear
function. For example:
3x2  5x  4   3x2  3x  1
 8 x  3
iv. Yes. Adding a quadratic polynomial to
another quadratic polynomial with
opposite values can create a constant.
For example:
3x2  5x  4   3x2  5x  1  3
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Polynomial Functions 187
b. Two quadratic polynomials can be
summed as another quadratic polynomial,
a linear function, or a constant.
3x 4  2 x 4  x 4  3  x 4  2
 x4  3  2 
 x4  5
 5x4
86. Answers may vary. Example:
A company may have two product lines whose
revenue functions are f(x) and g(x),
respectively. To show the company’s total
revenue from both product lines in a given
year, they can use the sum function f(x) + g(x).
To show how one product line’s revenues is
exceeding the other product line’s revenues,
they can use the difference function f(x) – g(x).
88. d
90. e
92. f
94.  g  f  x   g  f  x  
 g  2 x  3
 4  2 x  3  5
 8 x  12  5
 8x  7
 g  f  3  8  3  7  17
96.  g  f  x   g  x   f  x 
  4 x  5    2 x  3
 4x  5  2x  3
  2x  8
 g  f  2   2  2   8  12
98. 7(3) x  51  83
7(3) x  134
3x  19.1429
x  2.6870
This is an exponential equation in one
variable.
100. 7(3x)  51  83
7(3 x)  134
3x  19.1429
x  6.3810
This is a linear equation in one variable.
188 ISM: Intermediate Algebra

Homework 6.2 28.  5 x  3  2 x 2  7 x  4 

 
2. 5 x3 7 x 6  35 x9  10 x3  35 x 2  20 x  6 x 2  21x  12
 10 x3  29 x 2  41x  12


4. 7 w4 y 3 3w3 y 6  21w7 y 9  30.  a  b   a 2  ab  b2 
6. 9 x  4 x  4   36 x 2  36 x  a3  a 2b  ab 2  a 2b  ab 2  b3
 a 3  b3


8. 7 w2 y 6 w2  2 wy  8 y 2
4 3 2
 42 w y  14 w y  56 w y
10. ( x  9)( x  2)  x 2  2 x  9 x  18
 32.  3x  5 y   4 x 2  2 xy  y 2 
2 3
 12 x3  6 x 2 y  3xy 2  20 x 2 y  10 xy 2  5 y3
 12 x3  14 x 2 y  13 xy 2  5 y 3

 x 2  11x  18
34.  x2  4x  1 x2  3x  2
12. (4 p  7)(2 p  3)  8 p 2  12 p  14 p  21  x 4  3x3  2 x 2  4 x3  12 x 2  8 x  x 2
2
 8 p  2 p  21  3x  2
 x 4  7 x3  15 x 2  11x  2
14.  5 x  6  3x  2   15 x 2
 10 x  18 x  12
2
 15 x  28 x  12 36.  x2  2 xy  y2 3x2  xy  2 y2 
 3x 4  x3 y  2 x 2 y 2  6 x3 y  2 x 2 y 2  4 xy 3
16.  3.5 x  1.3 2.2 x  4.7 
 3x 2 y 2  xy 3  2 y 4
 7.7 x 2  16.45 x  2.86 x  6.11
 3x 4  5 x3 y  7 x 2 y 2  3 xy3  2 y 4
 7.7 x 2  19.31x  6.11

18. 8 p  t  7 p  4t   56 p 2  32 pt  7 pt  4t 2 38.  x  9 2   x  9  x  9 
 56 p 2  25 pt  4t 2  x 2  9 x  9 x  81
 x 2  18 x  81
20.  3m  4 p  3m  6 p 
 9m2  18mp  12mp  24 p 2 40.  x  12   x  1 x  1
 9m2  30mp  24 p 2  x2  x  x  1
 x2  2 x  1
22.  4a2  9b2 3a2  2b2  42.  7 x  2 2   7 x  2  7 x  2 
4 2 2 2 2 4
 12a  8a b  27 a b  18b
 49 x 2  14 x  14 x  4
 12a 4  35a 2b 2  18b 4
 49 x 2  28 x  4
24. 2 x 2  3x  2  2 x  5 
44.  6.7 x  1.9 2
 2x 2
 6x  15x  4 x  10
2
  6.7 x  1.9  6.7 x  1.9 
 2 x 2  6 x 2  11x  10   44.89 x 2  12.73x  12.73x  3.61
 12 x 4  22 x3  20 x 2  44.89 x 2  25.46 x  3.61

  
26. 2 x x 2  7  x  3  2 x x3  3 x 2  7 x  21  46.  3 p  7t 2   3 p  7t  3 p  7t 
 9 p 2  21 pt  21 pt  49t 2
 2 x 4  6 x3  14 x 2  42 x
 9 p 2  42 pt  49t 2

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Chapter 6: Polynomial Functions 189

 5m 2  4 p 2 
2 2
48. 68. f  c  1   c  1  3  c  1
 c 2  2c  1  3c  3
  5m 2  4 p 2  5m2  4 p 2 
 c2  c  2
4 2 2 2 2 4
 25m  20m p  20m p  16 p
2
 25m 4  40m2 p 2  16 p 4 70. f b  2  b  2  3 b  2
 b 2  4b  4  3b  6
2
50. 5 x  3 x  2   5 x  3 x  2  3 x  2   b 2  7b  10
 2
 5 x 9 x  6 x  6 x  4 72. f  a  3  f  a 
 5 x  9 x  12 x  4 
2

3
 45 x  60 x  20 x 2
   a  3 2
  2
 3  a  3   a   3  a  
2 2
 a  6a  9  3a  9  a  3a
52.  x  7  x  7   x 2 2
 7 x  7 x  49  x  49  6a

74. f a  f a  h
 5 x  9  5 x  9   25 x 2  45 x  45 x  81
 a    
54. 2 2
  3a  a  h  3a  h
 25 x 2  81

56.  7m  4n  7m  4n 
2
 2
 a  3a  a  2ah  h  3a  3h 2

2
 2ah  h  3h
 49m 2  28mn  28mn  16n 2
 49m 2  16n 2 76. f  x    x  5
2

  x  5  x  5 
58.  7ab  5c  7ab  5c 
 x 2  5 x  5 x  25
 49a 2b 2  35abc  35abc  25c 2
 x 2  10 x  25
 49a 2b 2  25c 2
2
f  x   4  x  2  7
60. 5 p2  7q2 5 p2  7q2  78.
 4  x  2  x  2   7
 25 p 4  35 p 2 q 2  35 p 2 q 2  49q 4
 25 p 4  49q 4
 
 4 x2  2x  2x  4  7

 4  x2  4x  4  7
62.  x  1 x  1  x 2  1   x 2  x  x  1 x 2  1  4 x 2  16 x  16  7


 x2  1 x2  1   4 x 2  16 x  9

 x4  x2  x2  1 80. f  x   2  x  4   3
2
4
 x 1  2  x  4  x  4   3

64.  2m  5n  2m  5n   4m2  25n2   

 2 x 2  4 x  4 x  16  3

 2  x  8 x  16   3
2

 4m 2  10mn  10mn  25n 2  4m2  25n2 
 2 x 2  16 x  32  3
  4m 2  252  4m2  25n 2 
 2 x 2  16 x  29
4 2 2 2 2 4
 16m  100m n  100m n  625n
 16m4  625n 4 82.  g  h  x    3x  2   2 x 2  4 x  3
2  6 x3  12 x 2  9 x  4 x 2  8 x  6
66. f  6b    6b   3  6b   36b 2  18b
 6 x3  8 x 2  x  6T
 g  h  3  6  33  8  32  3  6  99

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190 ISM: Intermediate Algebra

84.  h  k  x   2 x 2  4 x  3 3x 2  x  5  b. W  N  t    0.084t  0.32  t  31

 0.084t 2  2.924t  9.92
 6 x 4  2 x3  10 x 2  12 x3  4 x 2
 20 x  9 x 2  3x  15 c. For the expression W(t) · N(t), we have
4 3 2
 6 x  10 x  5 x  23 x  15 W(t) = World Internet population in
billions × N(t) number of web pages viewed
 h  k  2   6  2 4  10  2 3  5  2 2  23  2  15 per person per day. The units of the
 27 expression are number of web pages
viewed per day, in billions.
86.  g  g  x    3x  2  3x  2 
 9 x2  6 x  6 x  4 d. W  N 17 
2
 9 x 2  12 x  4  0.084 17   2.924 17   9.92
 83.904
 g  g  4   9  4 2  12  4   4  196 In 2000  17  2017 , the total number of
pages that will be viewed each day by
88.  g  f  x    5 x  3 4 x  1 everyone in the world is 83.904 billion.
 20 x 2  5 x  12 x  3
 20 x 2  17 x  3
e. W  N 18
2
 0.084 18   2.924 18   9.92
 g  f  1  20  12  17  1  3  6
 89.768
If 89.768 billion web pages are viewed
90.  g  k  x    5 x  3  2 x 2  4 x  3 each day in 2018, then the total number of
pages viewed throughout 2018 is
 10 x3  20 x 2  15 x  6 x 2  12 x  9
89.768  365  32,765.32 billion, or about
 10 x3  14 x 2  3x  9 32.765 trillion pages.
 g  k  2   10  2 3  14  2 2  3  2   9
 133 f.

92.  k  k  x   2 x 2  4 x  3 2 x 2  4 x  3
 4 x 4  8 x3  6 x 2  8 x3  16 x 2
 12 x  6 x 2  12 x  9
 4 x 4  16 x3  28 x 2  24 x  9
 k  k 1  4 14  16 13  28 12  24 1  9
1
Between 2000 and 2020, the function
W  N is increasing, which means that the
total number of pages that will be viewed
by everyone is increasing.
96. a. S (t )  1.8t  22

94. a. W  t   0.084t  0.32

N (t )  0.6t 2  9t  670
N  t   t  31

Both models fit the data well.

Both models fit the data well.

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Chapter 6: Polynomial Functions 191

b.  S  N  t  b.  x  4 2   x  4  x  4 
 1.8t  22   0.6t 2  9t  670   x 2  4 x  4 x  16
 1.08t 3  16.2t 2  1206t  13.2t 2  x 2  8 x  16
 198t  14,740
 1.08t 3  29.4t 2  1404t  14,740 c.  x  4 2

c. For the expression S(t) · N(t), we have S(t)

= average salary in thousands of dollars per
professor × N(t) = number of professors in
thousands. The units of the expression are |
in millions of dollars.
x 2  8 x  16
d.  S  N  38 
3 2
 1.08  38   29.4  38   1404  38 
 14,740
 169,807.36
In 1980  38  2018 , the total average
salary for professors at public colleges and 102. The student did not correctly multiply the
universities will be $169,807.36 million, or equation, or did not complete the addition.
about $170 billion.  3x  5 2   3x  5 3x  5
e.  9 x 2  15 x  15 x  25
 9 x 2  30 x  25

104. 8 x  1 x  4   8 x 2  32 x  x  4
 8 x 2  31x  4
The function is increasing. This means that
the total salary of professors at public  x  4 8 x  1  8 x 2  x  32 x  4
colleges and universities has been  8 x 2  31x  4
increasing since 1980 and will continue to
increase through 2020.  
4 2 x 2  1  31x  8 x 2  31x  4

98. The student treated the equation like a 106. Answers may vary.
difference of squares.
 2 x  9 y 2   2 x  9 y  2 x  9 y  108.  g  h  x    4 x  5    2 x 2  3x  1
 4 x 2  18 xy  18 xy  81 y 2
 4 x  5  2 x2  3x  1
2 2
 4 x  36 xy  81y
 2x2  x  4

100. a.  x  4 2  g  h  2   2  2 2   2   4
824
2

110.  g  h  x    4 x  5    2 x 2  3x  1
 8 x3  12 x 2  4 x  10 x 2  15 x  5
2 2
x 4  8 x3  22 x 2  19 x  5
 g  h  1  8  13  22  12  19  1  5
 8  22  19  5
 54

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

192 ISM: Intermediate Algebra

112.  g  f  x   g  f  x    3b 4 c 5 
2
 9b 2c 3 
2

 
 g x2
126.  2 3 
 9b c 
 
  4 5 
 3b c 
 
 4  x2   5
4 6
81b c

9b8c 10
 4 x2  5
9c 6 10
 g  f  3  4  32  5  36  5  31  8 4
b
9c 4
114.  k  h  x   k  h  x    12
b

 k 2 x 2  3x  1  This is an expression in two variables

 
involving exponents.
 2 x2  3x  1  3
Homework 6.3
 2 x 2  3x  4
 k  h  2   2  2 2  3  2   4  8  6  4  6 2 x6  9 x 2 2 x6 9 x2
2.    2 x4  9
x2 x2 x2
116. f  x    4 x  7  4 x  7  Check:
 16 x 2  28 x  28 x  49
 16 x 2  49
This is a quadratic function.

2 2
118. f  x    x  6   x  6
 x 2  12 x  36  x 2  12 x  36 8 x3  20 x 8 x3 20 x
4.    2 x2  5
 24 x 4x 4x 4x
This is a linear function. Check:

120. logb  x  4   logb  x  7   logb  x  4  x  7 


 logb x 2  3 x  28 
122. logb  p  2   2 logb  p  2 
2 10c5  8c3  4c 2 10c5 8c3 4c 2
 logb  p  2  p  2  6.   
 logb  p  2  p  2  p  2  2c 2 2c 2 2c 2 2c 2
 5c3  4c  2
   p  2
 logb p 2  4 Check:
 logb  p3  2 p 2  4 p  8 

124.

18 x5  5 x 4  6 x3 18 x5 5x4 6 x3
8.   
6 x 3 6 x36 x3 6 x3
5
 3x 2  x  1
6
Check:
This is an exponential function in one variable.

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Chapter 6: Polynomial Functions 193

20 x6  35 x 4  10 x 2 20 x6 35 x 4 10 x 2 2x  5
10.    2
5x 3
5x 3
5x 3
5x 3 20. x  3 2 x  11x  15
3 2
 4x  7x  2 x 2  6 x
x
Check: 5 x  15
5 x  15
5x3    4 x3  7 x  2x   20 x6  35x4  10 x2 0
2 x 2  11x  15
 2x  5
2b5  9b 4  15b 2b5 9b 4 15b x3
12.    Check:
3b3 3b3 3b3 3b3
2
 b 2  3b  2
5  x  3   2 x  5   2 x 2  5 x  6 x  15
3 b  2 x 2  11x  15
Check:
5x  3
 3b3    23 b2  3b  b52   2b5  9b4  15b 2
22. x  2 5 x  7 x  6

5 x 2  10 x
x5 y  x 4 y 2  x 2 y 4 x5 y x 4 y 2 x 2 y 4 3x  6
14.   
xy xy xy xy 3x  6
 x 4  x3 y  xy 3 0
Check: 5x2  7 x  6
 5x  3
 xy    x 4 3
 x y  xy 3
 x yx 5 4 2
y x y 2 4
x2
Check:

6 w5 p  12w4 p 2  2 w3 p3  x  2    5 x  3  5 x 2  3x  10 x  6
16.
6 w2 p  5x2  7 x  6
6 w5 p
12w4 p 2 2w3 p3 4w  1
  
6 w2 p 6 w2 p 6 w2 p 2
24. 2w  6 8w  26 w  7
1
 w3  2 w2 p  wp 2
3 8w2  24w
Check: 2w  7
2 w  6
 
 1
6w2 p   w3  2 w2 p  wp 2 
 3

 1
 6w5 p  12 w4 p 2  2w3 p3 8w2  26 w  7 1
 4w  1 
2w  6 2w  6
18 x5 y  9 x 2 y 3  7 xy 4 Check:
18.
3 xy 2
 2w  6    4w  1  1
 8w2  2w  24w  6  1
18 x5 y 9 x 2 y 3 7 xy 4
    8w2  26 w  7
3 xy 2 3 xy 2 3 xy 2
6 x4 7 5x  2
  3xy  y 2
y 3 2
26. 3x  4 15 x  14 x  6
Check:
 6 x4 15 x 2  20 x
7 
 
3 xy 2   
 y

 3xy  y 2 
3 
6 x  6
6x  8
 18 x5 y  9 x 2 y 3  7 xy 4 2
15 x 2  14 x  6 2
 5x  2 
3x  4 3x  4

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194 ISM: Intermediate Algebra

Check: Check:
 3x  4    5 x  2   2  15 x 2
 6 x  20 x  8  2
2
 15 x  14 x  6

3x  5
28. 4 x  1 12 x 2  23x  2
34. 7  13w2  6w3  9w  6 w3  13w2  9 w  7
12 x 2  3 x
3w2  w  2
 20 x  2
20 x  5 2w  5 6 w  13w2  9w  7
3

3
6w3  15w2
2
12 x  23 x  2 3 2 w2  9 w
 3x  5 
4x  1 4x  1 2 w 2  5 w
Check:
 4w  7
 4 x  1   3x  5   3  12 x 2  20 x  3x  5  3 4 w  10
 12 x 2  23 x  2 3
7  13w2  6 w3  9 w 3
2
30. 10b  35  27b  10b  27b  352  3w2  w  2 
2w  5 2w  5
2b  7 Check:
2
5b  4 10b  27b  35

10b 2  8b
35b  35
35b  28
7
36. x 2  5  x 2  0 x  5
10b 2  27b  35 7
 2b  7  x2
5b  4 5b  4 2
Check: x  2 x  0x  5
 5b  4    2b  7   7  x2  2 x
2
 10b  35b  8b  28  7 2x  5
 10b 2  27b  35 2x  4
9
3x2  2 x  4 x2  5 9
 x2
32. 5 x  2 15 x3  4 x 2  24 x  11 x2 x2
Check:
15 x3  6 x 2
10 x 2  24 x
10 x 2  4 x
 20 x  11
20 x  8
3
15 x3  4 x 2  24 x  11 3
 3x 2  2 x  4 
5x  2 5x  2

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 Chapter 6: Polynomial Functions 195

38. 27 x3  64  27 x3  0 x 2  0 x  64 Check:
9 x 2  12 x  16
3x  4 27 x  0 x 2  0 x  64
3

27 x3  36 x 2
36 x 2  0 x
5b  3
36 x 2  48 x 2 3 2
48 x  64 44. 2b  4 10b  6b  20b  17
48 x  64
10b3  0b 2  20b
0
 6b 2  0b  17
27 x3  64
 9 x 2  12 x  16 6b 2  0b  12
3x  4
Check: 5
10b3  6b 2  20b  17 5
2
 5b  3  2
2b  4 2b  4
Check:

40. 6 x3  11x 2  5  6 x3  11x 2  0 x  5

3x 2  4 x  2
2 x  1 6 x3  11x 2  0 x  5
46. 3 2 11 18 9
6 x3  3x 2 6 15 9
2 5 3 0
8 x 2  0 x
8x2  4 x 2 x3  11x 2  18 x  9
 2 x2  5x  3
4x  5 x3
4x  2 Check:
3
6 x3  11x 2  5 3
 3x2  4 x  2 
2x  1 2x  1
Check:

48. 5 4 18 7 15
20 10 15
4 2 3 0
4 x3  18 x 2  7 x  15
 4 x2  2 x  3
2x  5 x5
2 3
42. x  2 2 x  5 x  4 x  7 2 Check:

2 x3  0 x 2  4 x
5 x 2  0 x  7
5 x 2  0 x  10
3
2 x3  5 x 2  4 x  7 3
2
 2x  5  2
x 2 x 2

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196 ISM: Intermediate Algebra

50. 1 2 5 10 60. a.  x  2  x  5   x 2  5 x  2 x  10

2 7
 x 2  7 x  10
2 7 3
3k 2  7k  1 3 x2
 2k  7 
k 1 k 1 b. x  5 x 2  7 x  10
Check:
 x2  5x
2 x  10
2 x  10
0
x 2  7 x  10
 x2
x5
52. 7  3x3  9 x  2 x 2  3x3  2 x 2  9 x  7
2 3 2 9 7 c. Answers may vary.
6 8 2
3 4 1 5 62. Answers may vary. Example:
5 x2  3x  2
7  3 x3  9 x  2 x 2 5  5x  2
 3x 2  4 x  1  x 1
x2 x2
Check: 64. Answers may vary. Example:
If the division of two polynomials has
remainder 0, then there is no remainder, and
the product of the divisor and quotient equals the
dividend.

66. Answers may vary.

54. 2 x3  7 x 2  5  2 x3  7 x 2  0 x  5
3 2 7 0 5 68. Answers may vary.
6 39 117 70. Answers may vary. Example:
2 13 39 112 Multiply the divisor by the quotient and add
2 x3  7 x 2  5 112 the remainder. The result should equal the
 2 x 2  13x  39  dividend.
x3 x3
Check:
72. 8x2  10 x  3  4 x  1
 32 x3  8 x 2  40 x 2  10 x  12 x  3
 32 x3  32 x 2  22 x  3
Check:

56. The student did not simplify the second term

correctly.
3 x5  6 x 2 3 x5 6 x2 3x 6
    2
7 x4 7x 4
7x 4 7 7x

58. The student should have written 2 inside the

divisor box, instead of 2.
2 3 7 3 2
6 26 58
3 13 29 60
3 x3  7 x 2  3 x  2 60
 3x 2  13x  29 
x2 x2

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 Chapter 6: Polynomial Functions 197

74. 8x2  10 x  3   4 x  1 82. 5   2 x  3  x  4

5  2x  3  x  4
 8 x 2  10 x  3  4 x  1 2 x  8  x  4
 8 x 2  14 x  4 3 x  8  4
Check: 3x  4
4
x
3
This is an inequality in one variable.

Homework 6.4

2x  3 2. x 2  17 x  30   x  15  x  2 
2
76. 4 x  1 8 x  10 x  3

8 x 2  2 x 4. x 2  8 x  15   x  5  x  3
 12 x  3
12 x  3 6. k 2  2k  24   k  6  k  4 
0
8 x 2  10 x  3 8. x 2  3x  40   x  8  x  5 
 2x  3
4x  1
Check: 10. This expression is prime since there are no two
integers with a product of –18 and a sum of –11.

12. x 2  14 x  49   x  7  x  7 

14. w2  16 w  64   w  8  w  8 

78.  4 x  12  16 x 2  8 x  1
16. 12  x 2  13x   x  12  x  1
Check:

18. p 2  17 pt  16t 2   p  16t  p  t 

20. x 2  10 xy  21y 2   x  7 y  x  3 y 

80. Solve the equation for y: 22. r 2  4rt  12t 2   r  6t  r  2t 

3x  2 y  4
2 y  3x  4 24. This expression is prime since there are no two
3 integers with a product of –32 and a sum of 2.
y  x2
2
26. m2  mr  42r 2   m  6r  m  7 r 

28. 5 x  20  5  x  4 

This is a linear function in two variables. 30. 21x 2  35 x  7 x  3 x  5 


32. 16 w4  24 w2  8w2 2w2  3 

34. 25 p 2 q  45 pq3  5 pq 5 p  9q 2 

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198 ISM: Intermediate Algebra

36. 32 x3 y  40 x 2 y 4  8 x 2 y 4 x  5 y3   64. Both students are correct. The order of the

factors being multiplied does not matter.

38. 22 x3 y 3  33xy 2  11xy 2 2 x 2 y  3   66.  x  5 x  9   x 2  9 x  5 x  45

 x 2  4 x  45
40. 7 x 2  21x  14  7 x 2  3x  2   x  9  x  5   x 2  5 x  9 x  45
 7  x  2  x  1  x 2  4 x  45

68. a. x 2  6 x  8   x  4  x  2 

42. 4 x 2  4 x  80  4 x 2  x  20 
 4  x  4  x  5  b.

44. 36  6t 2  6t  6 t 2  t  6 
 6  t  3 t  2 
The x-intercepts are x = 2 and x = 4.
2
46. 2 x  24 x  72  2 x  12 x  36  2
 c. The factors in part (a) are equal to the
 2  x  6  x  6  x-intercept of f. This makes sense when
f(x) = 0.

48.  x 2  2 x  35  1 x 2  2 x  35  70. Answers may vary. Examples:
 1 x  7  x  5  x3  2 x 2  24 x  x  x  4  x  6 
x3  12 x 2  36 x  x  x  6  x  6 
50. 2 p 2  20 p  32  2 p 2  10 p  16  x3  36 x  x  x  6  x  6 

52. 2 x3  10 x 2  12 x  2 x x 2  5 x  6   72. To factor x 2  kx  32 , find all the values of p

 2 x  x  3 x  2  and q such that pq = –32 and p + q = k.
Product = 32 Sum = k
4 3
54. t  5t  36t  t 2 2
t 2
 5t  36  1 32   32 1  32  31
2  16   32 2  16  14
t 2
 t  9  t  4 
4  8   32 4  8  4
1 32   32
56. 2 x3  18 x 2 y  28 xy 2  2 x x 2  9 xy  14 y 2   2 16   32
1  32  31
2  16  14
 2 x  x  7 y  x  2 y 
4  8   32 4  8  4

58. 3a3b  3a 2b 2  36ab3  3ab a 2  ab  12b 2   74. Answers may vary.

 3ab  a  4b  a  3b 
 
76. 3  3 x  2  2 x  5   3 6 x 2  15 x  4 x  10

 3  6 x  19 x  10 
4 3 2 2 3
60. 5 x y  20 x y  20 x y 2


 5 x 2 y x 2  4 xy  4 y 2   18 x 2  57 x  30
 5 x 2 y  x  2 y  x  2 y 

62. The student went too far by expanding after


78. 6 p 2  22 p  20  2 3 p 2  11 p  10 
 2  3 p  5  p  2 
factoring.
x 2  10 x  24   x  4  x  6 

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 Chapter 6: Polynomial Functions 199

80.  2 x2  x  33x2  4 x  2 18. 7t 2  24t  9   7t  3 t  3

 6 x 4  8 x3  4 x 2  3 x3  4 x 2  2 x  9 x 2
 12 x  6 20. 6 x 2  19 x  8   3x  8  2 x  1
 6 x 4  5 x3  x 2  14 x  6
22. This expression is prime.
82. 9 y 2  42 y  49   3 y  7  3 y  7 
24. 10m  1  25m2   5m  1 5m  1

84. 98  ab3
26. 8 x 2  9 x  14   8 x  7  x  2 
9  ab8
9
b5  28. 4 x 2  21x  20   4 x  5  x  4 
98
b  0.62
3 30. 12w2  19 w  10  12 w  5  w  2 
98  a  0.62 
a  411.2
x 32. 8m 2  26mn  15n 2   4m  3n  2m  5n 
y  411.2  0.62 
This is an exponential equation in two
variables. 34. 16 p 2  31 pt  2t 2  16 p  t  p  2t 

2 x 1 36. This expression is prime.

86. 3  2  238
22 x 1  79.3333 38. 9b 2  24bc  16c 2   3b  4c  3b  4c 
 2 x  1 ln 2  ln 79.3333
2 x  1  6.3099
40. 6 x 2  9 x  60   6 x  15  x  4 
2 x  7.3099
x  3.6549
This is an exponential equation in one 
42. 10 x 2  8 x  24  2 5 x 2  4 x  12 
variable.  2  5 x  6  x  2 
Homework 6.5

44. 65 x 2  25 x  30 x3  5 x 13 x  5  6 x 2 
3 2

2. x  2 x  5 x  10  x  5  x  2  2
  5 x  3x  5  2 x  1


4. 2 x3  4 x 2  5 x  10  2 x 2  5  x  2   
46. 56 x 4  44 x3  8 x 2  4 x 2 14 x 2  11x  2 
 4x 2
 7 x  2  2 x  1

6. 15k 3  10k 2  3k  2  5k 2  1  3k  2  

48. 8 x 2 y  40 xy 2  50 y 3  2 y 4 x 2  20 xy  25 y 2 

8. 6 x3  9 x 2  2 x  3  3x 2  1  2 x  3   2 y  2 x  5 y  2 x  5 y 

10. ax  5ay  3bx  15by   x  5 y  a  3b  50. 15a3b  36a 2b 2  12ab3


 3ab 5a 2  12ab  4b 2 

12. 3ax  7 ay  3b 2 x  7b 2 y  a  b 2  3 x  7 y    3ab  5a  2b  a  2b 

14. 5 x 2  13 x  6   5 x  3 x  2  52. x 2  3 x  18   x  6  x  3

16. 3x 2  19 x  14   3 x  2  x  7  
54. 5t 3  15t 2  4t  12  5t 2  4  t  3 

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200 ISM: Intermediate Algebra


56. 6a 2b3  36ab 4  48b5  6b3 a 2  6ab  8b 2
 6b3  a  4b  a  2b 
58. This expression is prime.
60. 8 x 2  37 x  15   8 x  3 x  5 
62. x  3xy  28 y   x  7 y  x  4 y 
2 2
 Factor by method in Section 6.4:
Find m and n using the previous method. Use
m and n to write the factors.
x 2  6 x  8   x  4  x  2 
The second method is easier. Answers may
vary.
80. Answers may vary.


82. 2 x3  20 x 2  42 x  2 x x 2  10 x  21 
3 2
64. 5k  40k  80k  5k k  8k  16  2
  2 x  x  7  x  3

 5k  k  4  k  4 

84. 5 y  2 y  3 2 y  3  5 y 4 y 2  6 y  6 y  9 

66. 3x  6  30 x 2  3 10 x 2  x  2   5 y  4 y2  9
 3  5 x  2  2 x  1  20 y 3  45 y

68. 2ax  4ay  3bx  6by   x  2 y  2a  3b 


86. 24 x 2  48 x  3x3  3 x 8 x  16  x 2 
70. This expression is prime.  3 x  x  4  x  4 

72. 24 w4 y  44 w3 y 2  40w2 y3 88.  w2  5  w  7   w3  7w2  5w  35

2
 2
 4 w y 6w  11wy  10 y 2

 4 w y  3w  2 y  2w  5 y 
2 90. 3  2t  5   2  2t  3  12
6t  15  4t  6  12
74. The student did not factor properly. 2t  21  12
2t  33
4 x 2  8 x  3   2 x  3 2 x  1
t  16.5
This is a linear equation in one variable.
76. The answer is correct, but it would have been
 5 x  2   3x 2  4 x  2 
easier to factor out 4 first and then factor the
quadratic expression. 92.


4 x 2  32 x  60  4 x 2  8 x  15   15 x3  20 x 2  10 x  6 x 2  8 x  4
 4  x  3 x  5   15 x3  26 x 2  18 x  4
This is a cubic polynomial in one variable.
78. Factor by grouping:
Homework 6.6
In x 2  6 x  8 , a  1 , b  6 , and c  8 . Find
all the values of m and n such that mn = ac = 8 2. x 2  9   x  3 x  3
and m + n = c = 6.
Product = 8 Sum = 6?
4. t 2  81   t  9  t  9 
1 8  8 1 8  9
2  4  8 2  4  6  Success!
6. 25 x 2  16   5 x  4  5 x  4 
1 8   8 1   8   9
2  4   8 2   4   6 8. This expression is prime.
2 2
x  6x  8  x  2x  4x  8
10. 81k 2  49r 2   9k  7r  9k  7r 
 x  x  2  4  x  2
  x  4  x  2 

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 Chapter 6: Polynomial Functions 201

12. 45 x 2  20  5 9 x 2  4   40. x6  y 6
 5  3x  2  3 x  2  
 x3  y 3  x3  y3 

  x  y  x 2  xy  y 2   x  y   x2  xy  y2 
3 3
14. 50m t  72mt  2mt 25m  36t  2 2

 2mt  5m  6t  5m  6t  42. p 2  9 pt  20t 2   p  4t  p  5t 

  
16. 81x 4  1  9 x 2  1 9 x 2  1

44. 4 x3 y  4 y 4  4 y x3  y 3 
  9 x 2  1  3 x  1 3x  1

 4 y  x  y  x 2  xy  y 2 

18. a 4  81b 4  a 2  9b 2  a2  9b2  46. 2 x  x 2  80   x  10  x  8 
  a 2  9b 2   a  3b  a  3b 
48. 2 x 4 y  24 x3 y 2  70 x 2 y 3

20. x3  64   x  4  x 2  4 x  16   
 2 x 2 y x 2  12 xy  35 y 2 
 2 x 2 y  x  5 y  x  7 y 
22. x3  27   x  3 x 2  3 x  9  

50. t 2  18t  81  1 t 2  18t  81 
24. r  1   r  1 r  r  1
3
 2
  1 t  9  t  9 

52. This expression is prime.

26. 27 x3  64   3 x  4  9 x 2  12 x  16  

54. 4 x3  x 2  16 x  4  x 2  4  4 x  1 
28. 1000 x  27  10 x  3 100 x  30 x  9
3
 2
   x  2  x  2  4 x  1

30. 8w3  125 y3   2w  5 y  4 w2  10 wy  25 y 2   56. 15 x 4  55 x3  20 x 2  5 x 2 3 x 2  11x  4  

 5x 2
 3x  1 x  4 
32. 64c  125d   4c  5d  16c  20cd  25d
3 3
 2 2


58. 75r 2  27 y 2  3 25r 2  9 y 2 
34. 10 x3  640  10 x3  64    3  5r  3 y  5r  3 y 

 10  x  4  x 2  4 x  16  60. 6 x 2  11x  10   2 x  5  3 x  2 

36. 4 x5  32 x 2 y 3  4 x 2 x3  8 y3   62. 36 x 4  21x3 y  3 x 2 y 2  3x 2 12 x 2  7 xy  y 2  

 4x 2
 x  2y x 2
 2 xy  4 y 2
  3x 2
 4 x  y  3x  y 


38. t 6  64  t 3  8 t 3  8   64. This expression is prime.

  t  2   t 2  2t  4   t  2   t 2  2t  4  
66. 64 x3  125   4 x  5  16 x 2  20 x  25 
68. r 2  20r  100   r  10  r  10 

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202 ISM: Intermediate Algebra

70. 9 x3  27 x 2  x  3  9 x 2  1  x  3   90. A2  AB  B 2  x 2  xy  y 2
  3 x  1 3x  1 x  3 Answers may vary. Example:
The only possible factors that would produce
the first and last terms are  x  y  and
72. 64 x 2  16 x  1   8 x  1 8 x  1
 x  y  . But no combination of these factors
74. This expression is prime. will result in the given expression.

3 2 5
 x  y  x  y   x2  2 xy  y 2
76. 5a b  5000b
 x  y  x  y   x 2  2 xy  y 2

 5b 2 a3  1000b3   x  y  x  y   x 2  y 2
 5b 2
 a  10b   a 2
 10ab  100b 2 
92. Answers may vary.
3 2
78. 2 x  20 x  32 x  2 x x  10 x  16  2
 94. 8 x  18 x  1  64 x 2  1
 2 x  x  8  x  2 
96. 81c 2  25   9c  5  9c  5 
80. 98 x3  18 x  2 x 49 x 2  9  
 2 x  7 x  3 7 x  3 98.  w  3  w2  3w  9   w3  27
82. 16m4  n 4

100. 8m3  125   2m  5  4m 2  10m  25 

 4m  n 2
 4m  n 
2 2 2

  4m2  n 2   2m  n  2m  n  102. log3  4w  2   4

4 w  2  34
84. The student incorrectly made the subtraction 4w  79
sign an addition sign. w  19.75
x3  27   x  3 x 2  3x  9  This is a logarithmic equation in one variable.

8b6c3   4b4c6 
23 12
86. The student incorrectly wrote 2ax instead of 104.
ax.  2 6 2 3 2   1 4 1 6 1 
x3  a3   x  a  x 2  ax  a 2    83 b 3 c 3   42 b 2 c 2 
  
  
88. a. x3  x 2  4 x  4  x 2  4  x  1    
 4b 4 c 2 2b 2 c 3 
4  2 2  3
  x  2  x  2  x  1  4  2 b c
2 1
 8b c
b. 8
 2
b c
This is an expression in two variables
involving exponents.

The x-intercepts are x = –2, x = 1, and Homework 6.7

x = 2.
2.  x  3 x  9   0
c. The factors in part (a) match the x  3 or x  9
x-intercepts of f. This makes sense because
the cubic function equals 0 when x = 1,
x = 2, or x = –2.

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Chapter 6: Polynomial Functions 203

4. r 2  3r  28  0 22. 10 x 2  30 x  20
 r  7  r  4   0 2
10 x  30 x  20  0
r  7 or r  4

10 x 2  3 x  2  0 
10  x  1 x  2   0
6. x2  6 x  5  0
x  1 or x  2
 x  5  x  1  0
x  5 or x  1
24. 4 w  4  w2
2
8. 16  x 2  8 x  0 w  4w  4  0
 x  4  x  4   0  w  2  w  2   0
w2
x  4

10. 36  y 2  5 y  0 26. 49 x 2  4

 y  4  y  9   0 49 x 2  4  0
y  4 or y  9  7 x  2  7 x  2   0
2 2
2
x or x 
12. 64 x  9  0 7 7
 8 x  3 8 x  3  0
3 3 28. 4 x3  100 x  0
x   or x 
8 8 
4 x x 2  25  0 
4 x  x  5  x  5   0
14. 4 p 2  3 p  10  0 x  0, x  5, or x  5
 4 p  5 p  2   0
5 30. 5 p 2  35 p
p or p  2
4
5 p 2  35 p  0
5 p  p  7  0
16. 2 x 2  6 x  80  0
p  0 or p  7

2 x 2  3x  40  0 
2  x  8  x  5   0 32. 10 x  8 x 2  3
x  8 or x  5 8 x 2  10 x  3  0
 4 x  3 2 x  1  0
18. 12 x3  2 x 2  2 x  0
3 1

2 x 6 x2  x  1  0  x
4
or x  
2
2 x  3x  1 2 x  1  0
1 1 34. 36 x  24 x 2  4 x3
x  0, x   , or x  4 x3  24 x 2  36 x  0
3 2

2

4 x x2  6 x  9  0 
20. x  11x  12
4 x  x  3 x  3  0
x 2  11x  12  0 x  0 or x  3
 x  12  x  1  0
x  12 or x  1

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

204 ISM: Intermediate Algebra

36. 8 x3  14 x 2  4 x 48. y 3  3 y 2  4 y  12  0
3 2
8 x  14 x  4 x  0  y 2  4   y  3  0

2 x 4x2  7 x  2  0   y  2  y  2  y  3  0
2 x  4 x  1 x  2   0 y  2, y  2, or y  3
1
x  0, x   , or x  2
4 50. 3 x 2  4 x  12  x3
3 2
x  3x  4 x  12  0
38.
2
9 x  24 x  16  0
24 x  9 x 2  16
 x 2  4   x  3  0
 x  2  x  2  x  3  0
 3x  4  3x  4   0 x  2, x  2, or x  3
4
x
3 52. x  x  3  3x  x  4 
1 2 3 x  3 x  3x 2  12 x  0
2
40. x  x2
8 4 2 x 2  9 x  0
1 2 3
x  x20  x  2x  9  0
8 4 9

1 2
8
x  6 x  16  0  x  0 or x 
2
1
 x  8  x  2   0 54. 2w2  2  w  1  w 1  w 
8
x  8 or x  2 2 w 2  2 w  2  w  w2  0
3w2  w  2  0

42.
t 2
t
 
1  3w  2  w  1  0
5 2 5 2
2 w or w  1
t t 1 3
  0
5 2 5
1
10

2t 2  5t  2  0  56.  x2  7 x  6 x2  3x  4  0
1  x  6  x  1 x  4  x  1  0
 2t  1 t  2   0 x  4, x  1, or x  6
10
1
t  or t  2 58. Substitute 0 for f(x) and solve for x:
2
x 2  4 x  21  0
44.
1
x2 
0  x  7  x  3  0
49 x  7 or x  3
 1  1 The x-intercepts are (7, 0) and (3, 0).
 x   x    0
 7  7
1 1 60. Substitute 0 for f(x) and solve for x:
x  or x  
7 7 16 x 2  81  0
 4 x  9  4 x  9   0
46.  x  3 x  2   24
9 9
x 2  x  6  24  0 x or x  
4 4
x 2  x  30  0 9   9 
The x-intercepts are  , 0  and   , 0  .
 x  6  x  5  0 4   4 
x  6 or x  5

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Chapter 6: Polynomial Functions 205

62. Substitute 0 for f(x) and solve for x:

6 x3  15 x 2  6 x  0

3x 2 x 2  5 x  2  0
3x  2 x  1 x  2   0
1 x = –1.45, x = 2 or x = 3.45
x  0, x   , or x  2
2 82. x = 0 or x = 2
 1 
The x-intercepts are (0, 0),   , 0  , and
 2  84. x = 1
  2, 0  . 86. a.

64. Substitute 0 for f(x) and solve for x:

4 x3  12 x 2  9 x  27  0
 4 x 2  9   x  3  0 A quadratic function would fit the data
 2 x  3 2 x  3 x  3  0 best. Answers may vary.
3 3
x   , x  , or x  3 b.
2 2
 3  3 
The x-intercepts are   , 0  ,  , 0  , and
 2  2 
 3, 0  .
The model fits the data fairly well.
2
66. f (4)   4    4   6  14
c. The n-intercept is 74, which means that in
2000, 74 million U.S. households had
68. x2  x  6  6 VCRs.
x 2  x  12  0
 x  4  x  3  0 d. 18  t 2  10t  74
x  4 or x  3 0  t 2  10t  56
0  t 2  10t  56
70. x = –3 or x = 1 0  (t  4)(t  14)
t  4 or t  14
72. There is no solution.
In 2014, 18 million U.S. households will
74. x = 0 or x = 3 have VCRs.

76. x = –1, x = 1, or x = 3 88. a.

78.

The model fits the data well.

x = –1.79 or x = 2.79 b. The c-intercept is 43, which means that in

2000, 43 million metric tons of coal were
80. exported by the United States.

2
c. f 17   17   9 17   43  179
In 2017, 179 million metric tons of coal
will be exported by the United States.

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

206 ISM: Intermediate Algebra

d. 79  t 2  9t  43 It does not make sense for first-quarter

2 Internet advertising revenues to be
0  t  9t  36 $3 billion in 1993, as there was very little
0   t  3 t  12  Internet commerce at the time. So, in 2005,
t  3 or t  12 Internet advertising revenues were
In 1997 and 2012, 79 million metric tons $3 billion.
of coal were exported by the United States.
92. a.
14 2
e.  is the ratio of U.S. coal imports to
63 9
U.S. coal outputs in 2011.
The number of metric tons of coal that will
be exported in 2018 is The model fits the data well.
2
f 18   18   9 18   43  205 b. 2017  2005  12
Let x be the number of metric tons of coal 2
f 12   34 12   383 12   1370  1670
that will be imported in 2018.
x 2 In 2017, the new-home sales rate will be
 1670 thousand, or 1.67 million homes per
205 9
year.
9 x  410
410
x  45.6 c. 34t 2  383t  1370  1370
9
About 45.6 metric tons of coal will be 34t 2  383t  0
imported in 2018. t  34t  383  0
383
90. a. t  0 or t   11.3
34
The sales rate in July will be
1370 thousand homes in 2016.

d. Answers may vary. Example:

The model fits the data well. The model predicts the new-home sales
rate will continue to increase The function
8 f might model the situation well for some
b. The r-intercept is  1.6 , which means
5 number of years.
that in 2000, first-quarter Internet
advertising revenues were $1.6 billion. 94. l  2w  3
l  w  65
c. f 18  
1 2 8
18 2  18    16  2w  3 w  65
25 25 5
2 w2  3w  65  0
In 2018, first-quarter Internet advertising
revenues will be $16 billion.  2w  13 w  5   0
w  6.5 or w  5
d.
1 2 2
t  t 3
8 l  2  6.5   3  10
25 25 5 The garden is 10 feet long by 6.5 feet wide.
1 2 2 7
t  t 0
25 25 5
1 2
25

t  2t  35  0 
1
 t  7  t  5  0
25
t  7 or t  5

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 Chapter 6: Polynomial Functions 207

96. l  w  6 104. The student treated the 2 as a solution, when it

2l  2 w  108 is a multiplier.
2  w  6  2 w   108  0 2 x 2  18 x  36  0
 
2 2w2  12 w  108  0 
2 x 2  9 x  18  0 
4w2  24 w  108  0 2  x  6  x  3  0


4 w2  6 w  27  0 x  6 or x  3

4  w  9  w  3  0 106. Answers may vary. Examples:

w  3 or w  9 f  x   x2  4 x  4
l  36  9
f ( x)  3x 2  12 x  12
The original rectangle is 9 meters long and
3 meters wide. f ( x)   x 2  4 x  4

98. A  (8  12)  96  44  140 108. Answers may vary. Example:

8  2 x 12  2 x   A f  x   ( x  4)( x  4)
8  2 x 12  2 x   140  x 2  8 x  16
96  40 x  4 x 2  140  0
110. Answers may vary. Example:
4 x 2  40 x  44  0

4 x 2  10 x  11  0 
4  x  11 x  1  0
x  1 or x  11
The border is 1 foot wide. The quadratic function g  x    x 2  6 x  9 is
100. A  (15  9)  112  135  112  247 a possible match for the graph.

15  2 x  9  2 x   A 112. Answers may vary.

15  2 x  9  2 x   247
135  48 x  4 x 2  247  0 25 x 2  64  0
114.
4 x 2  48 x  112  0
 5 x  8  5 x  8   0

4 x 2  12 x  28  0  x
8
5
or x 
8
5
4  x  14  x  2   0
x  2 or x  14 116. 25 x 2  64   5 x  8  5 x  8 
The frame has a border width of 2 inches. The
actual width of the frame is 13 inches. 118. 4w3  20w2  9w  45
102. The student did not bring the 12 over to the  
 4 w2  9  w  5 
left side to make the right side equal to 0.   2w  3 2 w  3 w  5 
 x  3 x  7   12
x 2  10 x  21  12  0 120. 4 w3  20w2  9w  45  0
 4 w2  9   w  5   0
2
x  10 x  9  0
 x  9  x  1  0
x  9 or x  1
 2w  3 2w  3 w  5   0
3 3
w   , w  , or w  5
2 2

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208 ISM: Intermediate Algebra

122. 4  3 x  5   2(5 x  1)  20 6.  f  g  x 
12 x  20  10 x  2  20
2 x  22  20
  
 3x3  7 x 2  4 x  2  2 x3  5 x 2  3 x  1 
3 2
2 x  42  x  2 x 7 x  3
x  21  f  g  2    2 3  2  2 2  7  2   3  11
124. 4 w3  20w2  w  5 7.  f  g  x 
4 w3  20 w2  w  5  0
  
 3 x3  7 x 2  4 x  2  2 x3  5 x 2  3x  1 
 4w  1  w  5  0
2
3
 5 x  12 x  x  1 2
 2w  1 2w  1 w  5   0 3 2
f  g  3  5  3  12  3   3  1
1 1  239
w   , , or 5
2 2
8.  x  7  x  7   x2  49
126. log 4 r  5
3

r 3  45
3

9. 8a 2b 5a3b5  40a5b6 
r  1024
r  10.0794 10.  4 p  9t  2 p  5t   8 p 2  2 pt  45t 2
128. log 2  2 x  3  log 2  x  2   2
log 2  2 x  3 x  2    2 11.  4 x  3  5 x 2  2 x  4   20 x3  23x 2  22 x 12
 2 x  3 x  2   22
2 x2  x  6  4 12.  3x  7 y 2  9 x 2  42 xy  49 y 2
2 x 2  x  10  0
 2 x  5 x  2   0 13.  6 p2  9t3  6 p2  9t3   36 p4  81t 6
x  2.5 or x  2

130. Answers may vary.

 
14. 3rt 3 2r 2  5rt  3t 2  6r 3t 3  15r 2t 4  9rt 5

2
132. Answers may vary. 15. 4 x  3 x  2   36 x3  48 x 2  16 x
134. Answers may vary.

Chapter 6 Review
16. 3m2  mp  2 p2  2m2  3mp  4 p2 
 6m4  7 m3 p  11m 2 p 2  10mp 3  8 p 4
1.  7 x3  5x2  9   2 x3  8x2  3x  17.
2
f  a  4    a  4   2  a  4   a 2  10a  24
 5 x 3  3 x 2  3 x  9
f  a  3  f  a 
5a3b  2a2b2  9ab3   8a3b  4a2b2  ab3 
18.
2.
3 2 2
 3a b  6a b  10ab 3
2
  a  3   2  a  3   a 2  2a 
 6a  3
2
3. f  2   3  2   5  2   2  24 2
19. f  x   2  x  4   3  2 x 2  16 x  29
4. f  2  9
20.  f  g  x    3x  7   2 x 2  4 x  3
5. x = 2 or x = 4  6 x3  26 x 2  37 x  21
 f  g  3  6  33  26  32  37  3  21  18

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 Chapter 6: Polynomial Functions 209

6 x5  2 x3  9 x 6 x5 2 x3 9x 26. 3 2 10 15 4
21. 2
 2
 2
 2 6 12 9
3 x 3 x
3x 3 x
2 3 2 4 3 5
3
 2 x  x 
3 x 2 x3  10 x 2  15 x  4 5
 2 x2  4 x  3 
x3 x3
20 w4 p  15w3 p 2  35w2 p3
22.
5 w2 p 27. 5 y 2  8  3 y 3  6 y  3 y3  5 y 2  6 y  8
20w4 p 15w3 p 2 35w2 p3 2 3 5 6 8
  
2
5w p 5w p 2
5 w2 p 6 2 8
3 1 4 0
 4 w2  3wp  7 p 2
5 y 2  8  3 y3  6 y
 3y2  y  4
4x  5 y2
23. 2 x  1 8 x 2  6 x  8
28. x3  x 2  16  x3  x 2  0 x  16
8 x 2  4 x
3 1 1 0 16
10 x  8
3 6 18
10 x  5
1 2 6 2
3
8x2  6 x  8 x3  x 2  16 2
 4x  5 
3  x2  2 x  6 
2x  1 2x  1 x3 x3

29. x 2  25   x  5  x  5 
2 x2  4 x  3
24. 3x  2 6 x3  16 x 2  17 x  2 2
30. x 2  12 x  36   x  6  x  6    x  6 
3 2
3 x  4 x
12 x 2  17 x 31. a 2  5ab  36b 2   a  9b  a  4b 
12 x 2  8 x
9x  2
9 x  6

32. 16a5b3  20a3b 2  4a3b 2 4a 2b  5 
4 33. This expression is prime.
6 x3  16 x 2  17 x  2 4
 2 x2  4 x  3 
3x  2 3x  2 34. 3w2  5wy  8 y 2   3w  8 y  w  y 

16b 2  12b  9  
35. 81t 4  16w4  9t 2  4w2  3t  2 w  3t  2w 
25. 4b  3 64b3  0b 2  0b  27

64b3  48b 2 36. 6 x 4  20 x3  16 x 2  2 x 2  3 x  2  x  4 

48b 2  0b
37. This expression is prime.
48b 2  36b
36b  27
38. x 2  3 x  54   x  6  x  9 
36b  27
0
64b3  27 
39. 2 y 3  54  2  y  3 y 2  3 y  9 
 16b 2  12b  9
4b  3
40. 5r 2t  30rt 2  45t 3  5t  r  3t  r  3t 
2
 5t  r  3t 

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210 ISM: Intermediate Algebra

41. 2ax  10ay  3bx  15by   2a  3b  x  5 y  49. f  x   3x3  3x 2  18 x

42. x 2  2 x  24  0

 3x x 2  x  6 
 3x  x  3 x  2 
 x  6  x  4   0
x  6 or x  4 The x-intercepts are (0, 0), (3, 0), and (2, 0).

50. x = –5 and x = 1
43. 64t 2  9
64t 2  9  0 51. x = –3 and x = 1
8t  38t  3  0
52. a.  B  A t 
 
3 3
t   or t   2.42t 2  80.8t  76
8 8

44. 3x  x  10   6 x3

 2.29t 2  76.8t  227 
 2.42t 2  80.8t  76  2.29t 2  76.8t
6 x3  3x 2  30 x  0
 227

3x 2 x 2  x  10  0   4.71t 2  157.6t  303
3x  2 x  5  x  2   0
b. For the expression B(t) + A(t), we have B(t)
5
x  0, x  or x  2 = number of bank tellers in thousands +
2 A(t) = number of ATMs in thousands. The
units of the expression are in thousands of
45. x3  4 x  12  3x 2 bank tellers and ATMs.
3 2
x  3 x  4 x  12  0
 x  2  x  2  x  3  0 c.  B  A 22 
2
x  2, x  2 or x  3  4.71  22   157.6  22   303
 884.56
m2 7m 1 It means that in 1990  22  2012 , there
46.   0 were a total of about 885 thousand bank
2 6 3 tellers and ATMs.
3m 2  7m  2  0
 3m  1 m  2   0 d.  B  A t 
m
1
3
or m  2 
 2.42t 2  80.8t  76 
 2
 2.29t  76.8t  227 
47. 32 x 2  24 x  2.42t  80.8t  76  2.29t 2  76.8t
2
2
32 x  24 x  0  227
8 x  4 x  3  0  0.13t 2  4t  151
3
x  0 or x 
4 e.  B  A 22   0.13  22 2  4  22   151
 176.08
48. 4 p  5 p  6    2 p  3 2 p  3 It means that, in 2012, there were about
20 p 2  24 p  4 p 2  9 176 thousand more bank tellers than
ATMs.
16 p 2  24 p  9  0
 4 p  3 4 p  3  0 53. a.
3
p
4

The model fits the data well.

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 Chapter 6: Polynomial Functions 211

b.
2
f  7   2  7   19  7   203  238 8.  4 x  7 y  3x  5 y   12 x 2  xy  35 y 2
In 2012, there will be 238 million
prescriptions of synthetic narcotics, 9.  2w  5t   3w2  wt  4t 2 
morphine/opium derivatives, and codeine.
 6 w3  17 w2t  13wt 2  20t 3
c. 2t 2  19t  203  193
2
2t 2  19t  10  0 10. 3x  2 x  3  12 x3  36 x 2  27 x
2t 2  19t  10  0
 2t  1 t  10   0 11. 3x2  x  5 2 x2  4 x  1
t
1
or t  10  6 x 4  14 x3  9 x 2  21x  5
2
In 2005  10  2015 , the total number of
prescriptions of synthetic narcotics,
12.  4 x2  9 y 2  4 x2  9 y 2   16x4  81y 4
morphine/opium derivatives, and codeine
2
will be 193 million prescriptions. 13. f  a  5    a  5   3  a  5   a 2  13a  40

54. l  w  8 2
14. f  x   3  x  4   7  3 x 2  24 x  55
2l  2 w  192
2  w  8  2 w   192
4 w2  32w  192  0
15.  
f  g  2 x 2  5 x  4  3x  2 

 2
4 w  8w  48  0  3 2
 6 x  19 x  22 x  8
4  w  12  w  4   0  f  g  3  6  33  19  32  22  3  8  49
w  12 or w  4
l  4  8  12 8a 4b  12a3b 2  20a 2b3
16.
The original rectangle is 12 meters long and 4ab 2
4 meters wide. 8a b 12a3b 2 20a 2b3
4
  
4ab 2 4ab 2 4ab 2
Chapter 6 Test
2a 3
  3a 2  5ab
1.  4a3b  9a2b2  2ab3  b

  5a3b  4a 2b 2  3ab3  17. 14 x  18  8 x 2  8 x 2  14 x  18

2x  5
 a3b  5a 2b 2  ab3 2
4 x  3 8 x  14 x  18
2.   
f  g  4 x 2  5 x  9  6 x 2  3x  7  8 x 2  6 x
 2 x 2  8 x  16 20 x  18
2 20 x  15
f  g  2   2  2   8  2   16  40
3
3. f (3)  3 14 x  18  8 x 2 3
 2x  5 
4x  3 4x  3
4. There is no solution.
18. 3 4 10 5 1
5. x = 1 12 6 3
4 2 1 2
6. x = –3 and x = 5
4 x3  10 x 2  5 x  1 2
 4 x2  2 x  1 

7. 2 xy 2 7 x 2  3 xy  6 y 2  x3 x3

 14 x3 y 2  6 x 2 y 3  12 xy 4

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212 ISM: Intermediate Algebra

19. x 2  10 x  24   x  12  x  2  30. f  x   10 x 2  19 x  6   5 x  2  2 x  3
2  3 
The x-intercepts are  , 0  and  , 0  .
20. 18 x  2 x3  12 x 2  2 x  x  3 x  3  5  2 
2
 2 x  x  3
31.

21. 16 x 2  26 x  12  2  8 x  3 x  2 

22. 9m2  64t 2   3m  8t  3m  8t 

x = –2.06 and x = 2.19
4 3 2 2 3
23. 16a b  36a b  18a b 32. a. R (t )  7.8t  564
 2a 2b  4a  3b  2a  3b 

24. 54m3  128 p3


 2  3m  4 p  9m 2  12mp  16 p 2 
P (t )  26t  1784
25. 25 x 2  16
25 x 2  16  0
 5 x  4  5 x  4   0
4 4
x or x  
5 5 The models fit the data well.

26. 5w3  15w2  50w  0 b.  R  P  t   7.8t  564  26t  1784 

 2
5w w  3w  10  0   202.8t 2  13,915.2t  14,664t
 1,006,176
5w  w  5  w  2   0
w  0, w  5 or w  2  202.8t 2  748.8t  1,006,176

c. For the expression R(t) · P(t), we have

27.  2 x  7  x  3  10 R(t) = number of deaths per 100,000
2 x 2  13 x  11  0 people × P(t) = population in hundred-
 2 x  11 x  1  0 thousands. The units of the expression are
total number of deaths in the U.S.
11
x or x  1
2 d.  R  P  58 
2
28. 2t 3  3t 2  18t  27  202.8  58   748.8  58   1,006,176
 367, 387.2
2t 3  3t 2  18t  27  0
This means that in 1960  58  2018 , there
 2t  3  t 2  9   0 will be about 367,387 deaths from heart
 2t  3 t  3 t  3  0 disease.
3
t   , t  3 or t  3
2

29. 3 x  2 x  5   4 x  2  x  3
6 x 2  13 x  6  0
 3x  2  2 x  3  0
2 3
x or x 
3 2

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 Chapter 6: Polynomial Functions 213

e.

The function R  P is decreasing for values

of t between 5 and 60. This means that the
number of people dying from heart disease
decreased and will continue to decrease
between the years 1965 and 2020. The
number of deaths from heart disease is
decreasing at a faster rate than the
population is growing.

33. a.

The model fits the data well.

2
b. f 17   17   13 17   70  138
In 2000  17  2017 , the opium
cultivation will be 138 thousand hectares.

c. t 2  13t  70  100
t 2  13t  30  0
 t  2  t  15   0
t  2 or t  15
The model estimates that the opium
cultivation was 100 thousand hectares in
2000  2  1998 and the opium cultivation
will be 100 thousand hectares in
2000  15  2015 .

34. 11  2 x 15  2 x   120  165

4 x 2  52 x  120  0
4  x  15  x  2   0
x  15 or x  2
The width of the border is 2 inches. The actual
width of the frame is 15 inches.

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 CHAPTER VIII
B U I L D I N G T H E H O U S E — G E N E R A L L AY- O U T

The reader will understand that no attempt is made to treat this

subject in detail nor strictly from the architect’s viewpoint. A casual
observation will make it self-evident that the structures on farms
have received little attention as to beauty of form, economy of
construction, or adaptation of means to ends. Like many others, I
have noted all this and have made a somewhat careful study of the
causes which usually have produced this want of harmony, durability,
adaptability and economy in the construction of rural homesteads.
The many illustrations of detail are designed to emphasize
underlying principles. Principles are always the same: details may be
varied to suit conditions. While the numerous illustrations are meant
to explain the details, it is believed that they will also give help to a
large part of the rural population who have had little opportunity to
secure any adequate instruction in the art and science of home
building.
Usually the cellar would better be extended under the entire
house, although it is neither wise nor healthy to store large quantities
of material in it which, if not cared for, may decay and vitiate the air
in the rooms above. If the cellar be properly constructed there is no
objection to storing family supplies of fruit and vegetables for the
winter in this partly underground room. Large quantities of
vegetables held for future sale should not find storage in the house
cellar. Now that the floors of houses are made tight, often double
with paper between, and carpets or rugs to cover them, the cold no
longer enters the cellar through the floor. The cellar wall may
therefore extend upwards on three sides, well above ground, that
opportunity may be given for the introduction of light and air. With
only single-glazed cellar windows, no building paper, and floors and
boarding of unseasoned lumber, the pioneer was compelled to place
the cellar well under ground, or bank the walls with manure if the
winter’s supply of vegetables was to be made secure.
 Fig. 43. Cellar under the upright only. Fig. 44. Cellar under the entire house.

A common form of the foundation for farm houses is shown in Fig.

43—a main structure, reinforced by a wing which, in most cases, has
no cellar under it. Fig. 44 shows the cellar under the whole structure.
If the walls of the unexcavated wing are placed 3¹⁄₂ feet below
ground, as they should be in a cold climate, and extend 2 feet above
ground, it will take more stone to construct the foundation walls of
the house with a cellar under only a part than when it extends under
the entire structure. The stone saved by leaving out the wall between
the two sections of the house will more than suffice for building the
walls of the wing to their full height. In the latter case, it would cost
slightly more for excavation than in the former. Since cellars, when
appropriately used, are in some respects the most useful and
cheapest rooms in the structure, there is no economy in not placing
them under the entire house. A cellar may be divided by 4-inch brick
walls into various rooms, corresponding in shape to those above,
thereby securing for the partitions in the superstructure, separate
compartments, in order that the vegetables, fruit, milk, and furnace
may be separate one from the other.
 Fig. 45. A footing course under the Fig. 46. Showing a layer of material to
cellar wall. stop vermin.

To prevent rats from entering the cellar under the walls, either one
of two methods may be adopted. A footing-course projecting beyond
the outside of the wall arrests the rodents, for having dug down to it
they have not sufficient intelligence to dig around the footing-course
(Fig. 45). Or the desired result may be accomplished by placing a
thin layer of refuse broken glass against the outside of the wall two
to three feet from the surface of the ground (Fig. 46). Cellars would
be much improved if they had higher ceilings. At least 7 feet should
be allowed between the cellar floor and the under side of the
overhead joists. All cellars should have concrete floors and plastered
ceilings, for both warmth and cleanliness. In an extremely rigorous
climate, the upper angle of the wall should be lathed and plastered
as shown in Fig. 47.

Fig. 47. Protecting the cellar from frost by plastering across the upper corners.

If the front cellar wall and the greater part of the side walls extend
2 to 3 feet above the earth, a good sized window (which may be
single- or double-glazed) can be secured. The rear walls should
extend not more than one foot above ground. If the earth slopes
rearward, then grade up to the wall until not more than two steps will
be necessary to reach the kitchen floor; it is easier to climb a gentle
ascent than steps. The front steps are used but a comparatively few
times, while the rear ones are used many times, so it matters little if
the front of the house is several steps above grade.
It makes a visitor unhappy to know that the busy housewife must
descend three steps, walk forty feet and ascend two steps to reach
the well platform, then reverse the journey, to secure the drink of
cold water desired (Fig. 48). The illustration in Fig. 49 shows how the
farmer solved the difficulty by building an elevated plank walk from
the kitchen to the well. Fig. 50 shows how he might have solved it in
another way.

Fig. 48. The daily route to the well.

Fig. 49. A short-cut to the well.
Fig. 50. An elevated earth walk to the well.

The hillside wall may be kept dry and the cellar free from water by
drainage or by backing the wall with loose rubble stone, or by both
(Fig. 51).
 BUILDING THE FOUNDATIONS

The walls should be placed below the frost line and have fairly
broad bases, standing on naturally or artificially drained earth.
Perhaps no part of the house structure receives so little attention as
do the foundation walls; therefore, I shall enter somewhat into the
details of construction. Bricks which have been recently burned and
those which do not contain considerable quantities of moisture
should be thoroughly wet before they are placed in the wall. If the
mortar sets too quickly by reason of the dryness of the bricks, a
strong wall cannot be secured, however good the mortar may be in
which they are laid.
The foundation walls for most houses, however, are made of
stones laid in mortar composed of lime or cement, or a mixture of the
two, and sand. A large proportion of all the sand used for foundation
work is markedly inferior, and the mortar is usually very imperfectly
mixed. If water lime is used with the sand it is frequently old, and if
old, inferior. Even the cements deteriorate somewhat with age, and
the common stone lime is often used after it is partially or entirely air-
slaked. If the binding material be inferior and the sand have
quantities of fine earth or vegetable matter mixed with it, it will be
seen how impossible it is to secure a strong and binding mortar.
Even if fresh lime and sharp sand are used, in accordance with the
usual specifications in building contracts, the mortar bond may still
be weak by reason of careless or imperfect mixing. All mortar, even
that used for laying stones and bricks, should be mixed until a lime
film surrounds every particle of sand. Plastering the outside of the
wall below the grade line and pointing the wall above cannot make a
firm, good wall out of one which has been carelessly laid or one
bedded in inferior mortar.
Chimneys may provide for one or more flues. Better draft is likely
to be secured when separate flues are provided for each stove or
heater than when one flue serves for two or more stoves. The
diagram, Fig. 52, shows three flues in one stack or chimney. One is
for the furnace, another for the fireplace, and another for the laundry
stove.

Fig. 52. Three flues in the chimney, one of them leading from a fire-place.

All chimneys should have broad footing courses, which should rest
on solid earth to prevent settling. They should not be supported by
means of brackets (Fig. 53) or on the tops of small cupboards
attached to the wall. Chimney walls of only 4-inch thickness are not
safe; if they be double, or 8 inches thick, the number of bricks
required are increased by more than 100 per cent, and the cost of
the foundation is also increased. The heavy walls are objectionable
by reason of added weight and cost, and because of the room they
occupy. The introduction of fire-clay chimney lining makes it possible
to construct safe chimneys with 4-inch walls. Then, too, the lining
costs rather less than the extra course of brick, and the completed
flue is smooth and of uniform dimensions on the inside.
 Fig. 53. Chimney standing on a bracket.

The openings made in the frame for the chimney are often too
small, in which case the chimney is likely to be “hung” on either the
joists or rafters. There should be a clear space between the
woodwork and chimney. If the opening in the frame is too small, the
mason will be tempted to clip the brick where the chimney passes by
the wood and then restore the chimney to its full size when the
obstruction is passed. This results in hanging the chimney on some
member of the frame. Should the foundation settle, the wall may part
and sparks may then easily reach the dry wood in the room or at the
roof of the house.
It is believed that the farmer, after reading these lines, may secure
a good wall and one which fulfils the specifications, if he watches the
work carefully as it progresses. If he does, he will have a much
better wall than the average. Since the material and the kind of work
desired vary so widely, it is not wise to lay down any fast rule for the
proportions of the binding material and sand which may be used. It
may be said, however, that the proportions vary from 1 of lime or
cement to 2 of sand, to 1 of the former and 6 of the latter.
 WOODEN HOUSES—THE FRAME

Almost any variety of wood will suffice for the frame of the house,
provided it does not twist and spring out of shape too much before or
after it is put into the building. Since the sills are to be placed on
solid, continuous walls, they need not be large. The only objection to
box and small sills is that they may allow too easy access of air and
rodents from the walls of the rooms to the cellar, and vice versa,
unless the spaces above the sills and between the studding are
bricked in as high as the top of the first tier of joists. A rough floor
laid before the upright studding is placed is shown in Fig. 54. This
first floor should be laid diagonally, for the one which is laid
immediately upon it should not be placed either parallel or at right
angles to the boards of the first floor, or parallel with the joists. A little
reflection will reveal the reasons for all this.

Fig. 54. The rough floor laid before the studding is erected.
 Joists should be bridged. Fig. 55 shows the more common method
of bridging. The joists may be 2 × 8 in small, inexpensive houses,
and 2 × 10 or 2 × 12 in large ones, bridged once in a 12-foot span,
twice in a 16-, and three times in an 18- or 20-foot span. The
bridging is of the utmost importance and should never be omitted, as
it serves to strengthen the floor joints and prevents the disagreeable
trembling of the floors so annoying in many of the older houses.

Fig. 55. Bridging the joists.

The studding for a balloon frame is either 2 × 4, 2 × 5 or 2 × 6, and

the length desired. The 2 × 4 studding are too light for an ample two-
story house, and they do not give enough thickness of wall for the
most desirable window- and door-jambs. The doors are not held
firmly in place, and when they are closed quickly by the wind or by
children, the plastering is injured. Studding 5 inches broad, fortified
by outside diagonal boarding (Fig. 56), gives the ideal conditions
unless the house is unusually large, in which case the studding
should be 6 inches broad. The diagonal boarding costs a trifle more
in material and labor than the horizontal, but it is so much superior
that the extra expense may well be incurred. Every board forms a
double brace, one where nailed to the studding and one where the
siding or “clap boards” are nailed to the rough boards and the studs.
Nothing has yet been discovered which is so satisfactory, and which
gives such strength and protection to the frame as does this
preliminary diagonal boarding, covered with paper. When completed
it forms a wall open enough to prevent dry rot and tight enough to
prevent the entrance of wind.

Fig. 56. A wall strengthened by diagonal sheathing.

The second-story joists rest on stringers or light girders 1 × 5

inches, as shown in Fig. 57. If the girder is set flush with the inside of
the stud, A, the laths must lie directly upon the face of the girt. This
gives no room for the mortar to form clinches behind the lath. This 5-
inch girder swells when the mortar is put on and shrinks when it
dries, which may result in a crack in the wall in the angle near A.
Since, by reason of faulty construction, there are no clinches behind
the lath, the plastering becomes loosened, and this is likely to be the
beginning of serious trouble. If the girder is let in so that its face is
not flush with the inside of the stud and then furrowed out with small
pieces of lath, the effects of the shrinking of the girder will be
obviated and room will be left for clinches behind the lath.
 Fig. 57. Second-story joist.

In windy, cold climates, where lumber is at all abundant, a second

boarding may be placed inside, covered with paper and furrowed out
with a single thickness of lath to allow, as in the former case, the
formation of clinches. There is no objection to boarding horizontally
on the inside, if the outside has been boarded diagonally. The term
“rough boarding” has been used, but it should be said that the
boarding which forms the first covering, sometimes called sheathing,
should be brought to uniform thickness and matched or rabbeted.
 Wherever greater strength of wall is desired than can be formed
by a single 2 × 5 studding, as at the corners, or by a single 2 × 10
joist, as where partitions are to be placed, it is better to spike two or
more pieces together than to have pieces sawed of the dimensions
desired. These made-up pieces or timbers are stronger than solid
pieces of the same character and dimensions, since the continuity of
the cross-grain of the wood is broken in the made-up pieces. In the
construction of large bridges the timbers, where exposed to the
weather, are made up of smaller timbers, since they are then not
only stronger but more durable and less subject to dry rot than if they
are solid (Fig. 58).

Fig. 58. Construction of a large bridge.

Plates are made up of material 2 inches thick and as broad as the

studding is wide, doubled, with joints mismatched. This most
valuable principle of building up timbers of several thin pieces is a
somewhat recent practice. Where very large timbers are required, as
in trussed or self-supporting roofs, the timbers of which are not
exposed to view, they are frequently made up of boards 1 inch thick
and as broad as the vertical dimensions desired. This method is
sometimes used in constructing timbers for both houses and barns
(Fig. 59).
Roofs of houses are, of necessity, extremely variable, as the
house is not planned to suit the roof, but the roof to suit the house.
Flat metal roofs of all kinds should be avoided, as far as possible, on
the farm house, however well they may be adapted to buildings in
the city. Metal roofs are not objectionable in themselves, but only
when they are laid flat on farm houses.
Fig. 59. A made-up plate, constructed of boards.
 Fig. 60. Showing the principle of construction of Fig. 59.

The pitch of roofs, like their shape, is also variable. Nothing below
one-third pitch should be used except for special conditions. In Fig.
38, page 127, is an illustration of the common pitch of roofs in
fashion fifty years ago. Some roofs were even flatter than the one
shown. The fashion now is to construct house roofs with nearly or
quite half pitch. While steep roofs are desirable if made of wood,
there is some danger that the change from the nearly flat roof to the
steep one will be carried too far (see Fig. 13, page 95). Various
pitches of roofs are shown in Fig. 61. Steep roofs do not require as
strong rafters, thrust less upon the plates, are more durable, and are
less likely to leak than flat roofs.

Fig. 61. Pitches of roofs.—¹⁄₂, ¹⁄₃, ¹⁄₄, ¹⁄₈.

Since roofs are of various pitches, they require rafters of various

lengths and bevels. Farmers and many carpenters have much
difficulty in getting the length and bevels of both rafters and braces.
Most carpenters’ squares have so-called brace rules stamped upon
their tongues.[3] These give the length of the brace for the shorter
and more common runs,[4] but they do not give the angles of the
ends of the brace. Then, too, the length is given in inches and
hundredths of inches, and carpenters’ squares are not divided into
hundredths, so this complicated brace-rule is as useful as a steam
whistle on an ox-cart.

[3] The short end of the square.

[4] The perpendicular and horizontal distances covered by the brace.

The methods by which the length and bevels of any member of a

frame which departs from any other member at an angle are so
easily understood that the wonder is that all are not familiar with
them. For a simple illustration, let it be supposed that rafters for a
building 18 feet broad, with one-third pitch, are to be laid out (Fig.
62). The rafter, R, takes the form of a brace. The run is 9 feet
horizontally or half the width of the building, and 6 feet
perpendicularly. If the square be laid upon the stick designed for the
rafter, as 6 is to 9, one side of the square will give the shorter and
the other the longer angle or bevel (Fig. 63). If the square is laid on
12 times at 9 and 6 inches, it will give the length of the rafter, for 12
times 9 is 108, half the width of the building, and 12 times 6 is 72,
the height of the peak above the plates. If the square is laid on 18 ×
12 inches, the proportion is preserved, and hence the angles; the
square would only have to be laid on six times.

Fig. 62. Laying out a roof.

Fig. 63. Laying out a rafter.
Fig. 64. Laying out a timber.
Consider a building 20 feet broad and 6 inches above one-third
pitch. The half of 20 feet equals 10 feet, or 120 inches. Seven feet 2
inches (86 inches) is the height of the peak above the plate. It is
quickly seen that this problem, like the other, can be solved in more
than one way. If the long end of the square is laid on at 20 inches
and the short end at 14¹⁄₃ inches, and this is repeated six times, both
the bevels and the length will be secured (Fig. 64), for 6 multiplied by
20 equals 120 inches, half the width of the building, and 6 multiplied
by 14¹⁄₃ equals 86 inches, the height of the peak. Or the long end of
the square might be laid on at 24 and the
short end at 15¹⁄₅ five times, but squares are
not marked in fifths of inches, hence the
previous method would be best.[5] The same
results would be reached by laying the
square on at 15 and 10³⁄₄ inches; eight steps
would then be required instead of six. The
longer and fewer the steps within the limits
of the square, the better.

[5] Since the square is laid on, see Figs. 61, 62,
in the same manner as for cutting a stair; each
Fig. 65. A brace.
one of these spaces is called a “step.”

If it is desired to cut a brace 3 × 4 feet run, 3 steps, using the

lengths 12 and 16, will give both the length of the brace and the
bevels (Fig. 65). Take a rafter which has a projection requiring a
notch to be cut in the lower side, and the same rule will apply. The
line A, Fig. 66, is horizontal and the face of the plate is
perpendicular; therefore, the line B must be at right angles to A. The
only thing now to be determined is how deep the notch shall be, for it
is evident that if the line A represents the long end of the square and
B the short end of the square, the notch will fit the plate.