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Instant Download PDF Intermediate Algebra Functions and Authentic Applications 5th Edition Jay Lehmann Test Bank Full Chapter
Instant Download PDF Intermediate Algebra Functions and Authentic Applications 5th Edition Jay Lehmann Test Bank Full Chapter
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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Use words such as linear, quadratic, cubic, polynomial, degree, one variable, and two variables to describe the
expression.
1) -13x + 5 1)
A) Linear (1st degree) polynomial in one variable
B) Quadratic (2nd degree) polynomial in one variable
C) Linear (1st degree) polynomial in two variables
D) Linear, not a polynomial
2) 19z 2 + z 2)
A) 19th - degree polynomial in one variable
B) quadratic (2nd - degree) polynomial in two variables
C) quadratic (2nd - degree) polynomial in one variable
D) quadratic, not a polynomial
3) -18x3 + 4x - 1 3)
A) cubic, not a polynomial
B) cubic (3rd - degree) polynomial in one variable
C) cubic (3rd - degree) polynomial in two variables
D) -18th - degree polynomial in one variable
5) -10x4 + 3x4 y - 3 5)
A) 5th - degree polynomial in one variable B) 5th - degree polynomial in two variables
C) not a polynomial D) 4th - degree polynomial in two variables
8) 6x - 11x6 - 15x6 + 6x 8)
A) -14x B) 6x - 11x6 - 15x6 + 6x
C) -14x6 D) -26x6 + 12x
1
10) 8xy - 3y2 + 2xy + 2x2 10)
A) 9x2 + 9xy + 9y2 B) 16xy - 6x2 y2
C) 2x2 + 10xy - 3y2 D) 10xy - 6x2 y2
1
12) -15x7 - 14x6 y - 6x7 - - 5x6 y + 11x7 12)
7
1 1
A) -29x7 - B) -10x7 - 14x6 y -
7 7
1 1
C) -29x7 - 29x6y - D) -10x7 - 19x6 y -
7 7
2
21) (4x2 - 7) - (-x3 + 9x2 - 2) 21)
A) x3 - 5x2 - 5 B) x3 + 13x2 - 9 C) 5x3 + 2x2 + 2 D) 5x3 + 9x2 - 5
3
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
5 y
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
34) A table of values for a quadratic function are listed in the table below. 34)
i) Find f(1).
ii) Find x when f(x) = 1.
iii) Find x when f(x) = 5.
iv) Find x when f(x) = 6.
x f(x)
-2 -11
-1 -4
0 1
1 4
2 5
3 4
4 1
5 -4
6 -11
4
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
-10 -5 5 10 x
-5
-10
A) B)
y y
10 10
5 5
-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x
-5 -5
-10 -10
C) D)
y y
10 10
5 5
-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x
-5 -5
-10 -10
5
36) y = 3x3 36)
y
8
6
4
2
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x
-2
-4
-6
-8
A) B)
y y
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
-8 -8
C) D)
y y
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
-8 -8
6
4 3
38) f(x) = x2 - x - 5; g(x) = x3 + x2 + x 38)
5 5
Find (f + g)(x).
1 2 1 2
A) (f + g)(x) = 2x3 - x - 4x B) (f + g)(x) = 2x3 - x - 4x
10 5
4 2 1 8 2 1
C) (f + g)(x) = x3 + x + x-5 D) (f + g)(x) = x3 + x + x-5
5 10 5 5
7
49) -4x(-11x + 10) 49)
A) -11x2 - 40x B) 44x2 - 40x C) 4x2 D) 44x2 + 10x
8
62) (4m2 - 2m + 5)(m2 - 3m + 2) 62)
A) 4m4 - 14m3 + 19m2 - 19m + 10 B) 4m4 - 12m 3 + 14m2 - 19m + 10
C) 4m4 - 14m3 + 14m2 - 19m + 10 D) 4m4 - 12m 3 + 19m2 - 19m + 10
Simplify.
66) (x + 9)2 66)
A) x2 + 18x + 81 B) x + 81 C) x2 + 81 D) 81x2 + 18x + 81
9
73) (2x - 9y)2 73)
A) 4x2 + 81y2 B) 2x2 - 36xy + 81y2
C) 2x2 + 81y2 D) 4x2 - 36xy + 81y2
4 4
79) x + x- 79)
7 7
16 8 16 8 16 16
A) x2 + B) x2 - x- C) x2 + x- D) x2 -
49 7 49 7 49 49
1 1
80) x - 10 x + 10 80)
3 3
1 2 20 1 2
A) x - x - 100 B) x - 20
9 3 9
1 2 1 2 20
C) x - 100 D) x + x - 100
9 9 3
10
84) If f(x) = x2 - 3x, find f(x + h). 84)
A) x2 + xh + h 2 - 3x - 3h B) x2 + h 2 - 3xh
C) x2 + h 2 - 3x - 3h D) x2 + 2xh + h 2 - 3x - 3h
11
Divide and simplify.
24r8 - 40r5
94) 94)
8r
A) 3r9 - 5r6 B) 24r7 - 40r4 C) 3r7 - 5r4 D) 3r8 - 5r5
12x2 + 16x - 11
95) 95)
4x
11 11 11
A) 12x + 16 - B) 3x - 7 C) 3x + 4 - D) 3x2 + 4x -
4x 4x 4
5x - 2x3 + 3x2
96) 96)
4x
5 5 1 2 3 5 1 2 3 5 1 3 3 2
A) - 2x2 + 3x B) - x + x C) + x - x D) - x + x
4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4
-12x8 - 15x6
97) 97)
-3x4
A) -12x8 + 5x2 B) 4x4 - 15x6 C) 9x10 D) 4x4 + 5x2
-8x8 + 18x6
99) 99)
-2x4
A) 4x4 + 18x6 B) -5x10 C) 4x4 - 9x2 D) -8x8 - 9x2
8x3y3 + 40xy - x2 y2
102) 102)
8xy
xy x2 y2
A) x2y2 + 5 - xy B) x2 y2 + 5 - 8xy C) x2y2 + 5 - D) xy + 5 -
8 8
12
Perform long division.
x2 + 10x + 24
103) 103)
x+4
A) x + 10 B) x2 + 10 C) x + 6 D) x2 + 6
p2 + 3p - 19
104) 104)
p+7
9 9 4
A) p - 4 + B) p + 4 + C) p - 4 D) p - 9 +
p+7 p+7 p+7
6m2 + 44m - 32
105) 105)
m+8
7
A) 6m - 4 B) 6m + 4 C) 6m - 4 + D) m - 4
m-4
9x2 - 57x + 90
107) 107)
-3x + 9
A) -3x - 10 B) 3x + 10 C) -3x + 9 D) -3x + 10
-38 + x2 + 8x
108) 108)
11 + x
-5 -5 10 5
A) x + 3 + B) x - 3 + C) x + 9 + D) x - 3 +
11 + x 11 + x 11 + x 11 + x
13
7x4 - 2x2 + 14x3 - 4x
112) 112)
7x + 14
2 49x
A) x3 - x B) x3 - 14x +
7 7x + 14
2 2 8x
C) x3 + x D) x3 - x -
7 7 7x + 14
x3 + 5x2 + 5x - 22
113) 113)
x2 - 3
8x + 7 x3 5 5x 22
A) x + 5 + B) - + +
x2 - 3 3 3 3 3
8x - 7 8x - 7
C) x + 5 + D) x2 + 5x +
x2 - 3 x2 - 3
x4 + 3x2 + 4
114) 114)
x2 + 1
2
A) x2 + 2 B) x2 + 2x + 1 +
x2 + 1
2 1
C) x2 + 2 + D) x2 + 2x +
2
x +1 2
x2 - 64
115) 115)
x+8
A) x2 - 8 B) x + 64 C) x - 8 D) x - 64
x2 - 49
116) 116)
x-7
A) x + 7 B) x2 - 7 C) x - 49 D) x + 49
x3 + 729
117) 117)
x+9
A) x2 - 9x + 81 B) x2 + 81 C) x2 - 9x - 81 D) x2 + 9x + 81
x3 - 512
118) 118)
x-8
A) x2 - 8x + 64 B) x2 - 64 C) x2 - 8x - 64 D) x2 + 8x + 64
14
-51 + x2 + 7x
120) 120)
11 + x
-7 -7 7 14
A) x + 4 + B) x - 4 + C) x - 4 + D) x + 12 +
11 + x 11 + x 11 + x 11 + x
4x3 - 2x2 - 4x + 13
122) 122)
-2x - 1
2
A) x2 + 1 + B) -2x2 + 2x + 1
-2x - 1
17 14
C) -2x2 + 2x + 1 + D) -2x2 + 2x + 1 +
-2x - 1 -2x - 1
124) x2 + 2x - 80 124)
A) (x - 10)(x + 1) B) (x - 10)(x + 8) C) (x + 10)(x - 8) D) x2 + 2x - 80
125) x2 - x - 72 125)
A) x2 - x - 72 B) (x + 8)(x - 9) C) (x + 9)(x - 8) D) (x + 1)(x - 72)
126) x2 - x - 40 126)
A) (x - 40)(x + 1) B) (x - 5)(x + 8) C) (x + 5)(x - 8) D) prime
127) x2 - x - 6 127)
A) (x + 2)(x - 3) B) (x + 1)(x - 6) C) (x + 3)(x - 2) D) prime
129) x2 + 7x - 8 129)
A) (x + 1)(x + 1) B) (x - 1)(x + 8) C) (x + 1)(x + 8) D) prime
131) y2 + 2y - 3 131)
A) (y + 1)(y + 3) B) (y - 1)(y + 3) C) (y + 1)(y + 1) D) Prime
15
132) a2 + 2a - 48 132)
A) (a + 6)(a + 8) B) (a - 6)(a + 8) C) (a + 6)(a + 1) D) Prime
146) x3 - x2 - 6x 146)
A) x(x + 3)(x - 2) B) x(x + 2)(x - 3) C) (x2 + 1)(x - 6) D) x3 - x2 - 6
16
147) 2x2 - 2x - 12 147)
A) 2(x + 2)(x - 3) B) 2(x - 2)(x + 3) C) (2x + 4)(x - 3) D) Prime
17
159) x3 - 36x + 2x2 - 72 159)
A) (x + 6)(x - 6)(x + 2) B) (x - 6)2 (x + 2)
C) (x2 - 36)(x + 2) D) prime
18
172) 10x3 - 9x2 - 9x 172)
A) x2(5x + 3)(2x - 3) B) (5x2 + 3)(2x - 3)
C) x(2x + 3)(5x - 3) D) x(5x + 3)(2x - 3)
173) x2 - 49 173)
A) (x + 7)2 B) (x + 7)(x - 7) C) (x - 7)2 D) prime
174) 36 - x2 174)
A) (6 - x)2 B) (6 - x)(6 + x) C) (6 + x)2 D) prime
183) x4 - 25 183)
A) (x2 + 5)2 B) (x2 + 5)(x2 - 5) C) (x2 - 5)2 D) Prime
185) x2 y2 - 36 185)
A) (xy + 6)(xy - 6) B) (x + 6y)(x - 6y) C) (xy - 6)2 D) Prime
19
186) x3 + 512 186)
A) (x - 8)(x2 + 8x + 64) B) (x + 8)(x2 - 8x + 64)
C) (x - 512)(x2 - 1) D) (x + 8)(x2 + 64)
20
197) 8x3 + y3 197)
A) (2x + y)(4x2 + 2xy + y2 ) B) (2x + y)(4x2 - 2xy + y2 )
C) (2x - y)(4x2 + 2xy + y2 ) D) (2x + y)(4x2 + y2 )
200) x9 + y6 200)
A) (x3 + y2 )(x6 - x3 y2 + y4 ) B) (x3 - y2 )(x6 - x3 y2 + y6 )
C) (x3 + y2 )(x6 + x3 y2 + y6 ) D) (x3 - y2 )(x6 + x3 y2 + y6)
202) z9 - 1 202)
A) (z - 1)(z 2 + z + 1)(z 6 + z3 + 1) B) (z - 1)(z + 1)(z 6 + z 3 + 1)
C) (z 3 - 1)(z 6 + z3 + 1) D) (z + 1)(z 2 - z + 1)(z 6 - z 3 + 1)
205) x2 - 6x + 36 205)
A) (x - 6)2 B) (x + 6)2 C) (x + 6)(x - 6) D) Prime
21
209) 5x3 + 135 209)
A) 5(x + 3)3 B) 5(x + 3)(x2 - 3x + 9)
C) 5(x3 + 27) D) Prime
22
220) 2x2 - 24 220)
A) 2(x2 - 12) B) 2(x - 12)2
C) 2(x + 12)(x - 12) D) Prime
Solve.
227) 4x(8x - 7) = 0 227)
7 1 7 1 7 7
A) x = , , 0 B) x = , C) x = - ,0 D) x = ,0
8 4 8 4 8 8
229) x2 - x = 12 229)
A) x = 1, 12 B) x = -3, -4 C) x = -3, 4 D) x = 3, 4
230) x2 + 9x - 36 = 0 230)
A) x = -12, 1 B) x = 12, -3 C) x = 12, 3 D) x = -12, 3
23
232) x(4x + 6) = 4 232)
3 1 3
A) x = 0, - B) x = , -2 C) x = 2, 2 D) x = 0,
2 2 2
24
244) 4x3 - 8x2 = 12x 244)
A) x = 1, -3 B) x = -1, 3 C) x = 0, 1, -3 D) x = -1, 0, 3
249) m2 + 2m - 48 = 0 249)
A) m = 8, 6 B) m = 8, -6 C) m = -8, 6 D) m = -8, 1
250) x2 + 2x = 63 250)
A) x = -9, 1 B) x = -9, 7 C) x = 9, 7 D) x = 9, -7
251) x2 - x = 30 251)
A) x = -5, -6 B) x = 1, 30 C) x = -5, 6 D) x = 5, 6
5 x
252) x2 - x = 252)
2 2
A) x = 0, 3 B) x = 0, 5 C) x = -2, 3 D) x = 0, -3
x2 1 x
256) + = 256)
12 4 3
A) x = -3, -1 B) x = -1, 3 C) x = 1, 3 D) x = -3, 1
25
Find all x-intercepts.
257) f(x) = x2 + 2x - 99 257)
A) (-11, 0), (9, 0) B) (-11, 0), (-9, 0) C) (11, 0), (9, 0) D) (11, 0), (-9, 0)
267) Let f(x) = x2 + 11x - 48. Find x when f(x) = -6. 267)
A) x = 3, 2 B) x = -15, 2 C) x = 3, -14 D) x = -15, -14
26
Use the graph to solve the equation.
1 3
268) Solve: x2 + 2x + = 4 268)
2 2
1 2 3
y= x + 2x +
2 2
10 y
6
4
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 x
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
A) x = -5 or 1 B) x = 4 or 6 C) x = -6 or 0 D) x = -4 or 2
y = x3 - 3x2 - 1
12 y
10 y =x-4
8
6
4
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 x
-2
-4
-6
-8
A) x = -1, 1, or 3 B) x = -5, -3, or -1 C) x = -3, -1, or 1 D) x = 0 or 0
27
Use the table to solve the equation.
270) Solve: 3x2 - 4x + 3 = 10 270)
x y
-2 23
-1 10
0 3
1 2
2 7
3 18
4 35
A) 0 B) 1 C) -2 D) -1
272) A manufacturer determines that the profit in dollars for manufacturing n units is 272)
P = 2n 2 - 40n - 100. (Assume that n is a positive integer) How many units are produced when the
profit is $500?
A) 30 units B) 35 units C) 10 units D) 40 units
273) The net income y (in millions of dollars) of Pet Products Unlimited from 1997 to 1999 is given by 273)
the equation y = 9x2 + 15x + 52, where x represents the number of years after 1997. Assume this
trend continues and predict the year in which Pet Products Unlimited's net income will be $748
million.
A) 2007 B) 2004 C) 2006 D) 2005
274) A window washer accidentally drops a bucket from the top of a 144-foot building. The height h of 274)
the bucket after t seconds is given by h = -16t2 + 144. When will the bucket hit the ground?
A) 3 sec B) 9 sec C) 48 sec D) -3 sec
275) An object is thrown upward from the top of a 160-foot building with an initial velocity of 48 feet 275)
per second. The height h of the object after t seconds is given by the quadratic equation
h = -16t2 + 48t + 160. When will the object hit the ground?
A) 2 sec B) -2 sec C) 5 sec D) 160 sec
276) A certain rectangle's length is 7 feet longer than its width. If the area of the rectangle is 78 square 276)
feet, find its dimensions.
A) 5 ft by 14 ft B) 5 ft by 12 ft C) 6 ft by 13 ft D) 7 ft by 14 ft
277) The width of a rectangle is 6 kilometers less than twice its length. If its area is 108 square 277)
kilometers, find the dimensions of the rectangle.
A) width = 9 km, length = 12 km B) length = 6 km, width = 6 km
C) length = 9 km, width = 12 km D) length = 3 km, width = 36 km
28
278) Each side of a square is lengthened by 2 inches. The area of this new, larger square is 64 square 278)
inches. Find the length of a side of the original square.
A) 10 in. B) 8 in. C) 6 in. D) 2 in.
279) The side of a square equals the length of a rectangle. The width of the rectangle is 4 centimeters 279)
longer than its length. The sum of the areas of the square and the rectangle is 30 square
centimeters. Find the side of the square.
A) 9 cm B) 2 cm C) 5 cm D) 3 cm
280) Kara is making a box by cutting out 4-in.-by-4-in. squares from a square piece of cardboard and 280)
folding the edges to make a 4-inch-high box. What size of cardboard does Kara need to make a
4-inch-high box with a volume of 256 cubic inches?
A) 40 in. by 40 in. B) 8 in. by 8 in. C) 16 in. by 16 in. D) 12 in. by 12 in.
281) The public swimming pool, which is a rectangle measuring 27 meters by 26 meters, needs a new 281)
deck. The deck of uniform width that will surround the pool will be made of concrete. There is
only enough money in the budget to cover 1104 square meters with concrete. How wide should
the deck be?
A) 12 m B) 10 m C) 8 m D) 6 m
282) The outside dimensions of a picture frame are 34 cm and 36 cm. The area of the picture inside the 282)
frame is 899 square centimeters. Find the width of the frame.
36 cm
34 cm
A) 2.5 cm B) 1.25 cm C) 5 cm D) 10 cm
29
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED6
1) A
2) C
3) B
4) C
5) B
6) A
7) A
8) D
9) D
10) C
11) D
12) D
13) D
14) C
15) D
16) A
17) A
18) D
19) C
20) A
21) A
22) C
23) A
24) A
25) C
26) A
27) D
28) C
29) C
30) B
31) A
32) B
33) i) f(3) = -3
ii) a = -1, 5
iii) a=2
iv) There is no such value.
34) i) f(1) = 4
ii) x = 0, 4
iii) x=2
iv) There is no such value.
35) D
36) C
37) D
38) D
39) C
40) A
41) A
42) D
43) C
44) A
30
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED6
45) D
46) D
47) D
48) A
49) B
50) D
51) B
52) B
53) D
54) D
55) C
56) C
57) C
58) D
59) C
60) D
61) B
62) A
63) D
64) C
65) D
66) A
67) A
68) A
69) B
70) C
71) D
72) A
73) D
74) A
75) D
76) D
77) C
78) D
79) D
80) C
81) A
82) B
83) C
84) D
85) A
86) B
87) C
88) C
89) D
90) D
91) D
92) B
93) C
94) C
31
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED6
95) C
96) B
97) D
98) C
99) C
100) C
101) B
102) C
103) C
104) A
105) A
106) A
107) D
108) B
109) D
110) C
111) B
112) A
113) C
114) C
115) C
116) A
117) A
118) D
119) D
120) B
121) B
122) D
123) C
124) C
125) B
126) D
127) A
128) A
129) B
130) D
131) B
132) B
133) B
134) A
135) B
136) B
137) B
138) C
139) A
140) D
141) A
142) C
143) B
144) D
32
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED6
145) B
146) B
147) A
148) B
149) B
150) C
151) C
152) A
153) B
154) A
155) C
156) C
157) B
158) D
159) A
160) B
161) C
162) C
163) A
164) C
165) B
166) A
167) B
168) C
169) B
170) B
171) C
172) D
173) B
174) B
175) C
176) B
177) C
178) C
179) A
180) C
181) C
182) D
183) B
184) C
185) A
186) B
187) B
188) C
189) A
190) B
191) A
192) B
193) A
194) A
33
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED6
195) B
196) D
197) B
198) B
199) C
200) A
201) D
202) A
203) C
204) D
205) D
206) B
207) B
208) C
209) B
210) A
211) B
212) B
213) C
214) A
215) B
216) C
217) B
218) D
219) B
220) A
221) B
222) B
223) C
224) A
225) C
226) C
227) D
228) D
229) C
230) D
231) D
232) B
233) D
234) A
235) D
236) D
237) D
238) A
239) D
240) B
241) C
242) A
243) B
244) D
34
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED6
245) D
246) A
247) C
248) A
249) C
250) B
251) C
252) A
253) A
254) B
255) C
256) C
257) A
258) B
259) D
260) C
261) A
262) D
263) A
264) D
265) C
266) D
267) C
268) A
269) A
270) D
271) D
272) A
273) D
274) A
275) C
276) C
277) C
278) C
279) D
280) C
281) C
282) A
35
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Alexander’s Indian expedition and the Roman victory of Sentinum.
[171]
And we begin to understand that in wars and political
catastrophies—the chief material of our historical writings—victory is
not the essence of the fight nor peace the aim of a revolution.
X
Anyone who has absorbed these ideas will have no difficulty in
understanding how the causality principle is bound to have a fatal
effect upon the capacity for genuinely experiencing History when, at
last, it attains its rigid form in that “late” condition of a Culture to
which it is proper and in which it is able to tyrannize over the world-
picture. Kant, very wisely, established causality as a necessary form
of knowledge, and it cannot be too often emphasized that this was
meant to refer exclusively to the understanding of man’s
environment by the way of reason. But while the word “necessary”
was accepted readily enough, it has been overlooked that this
limitation of the principle to a single domain of knowledge is just what
forbids its application to the contemplation and experiencing of living
history. Man-knowing and Nature-knowing are in essence entirely
incapable of being compared, but nevertheless the whole Nineteenth
Century was at great pains to abolish the frontier between Nature
and History in favour of the former. The more historically men tried to
think, the more they forgot that in this domain they ought not to think.
In forcing the rigid scheme of a spatial and anti-temporal relation of
cause and effect upon something alive, they disfigured the visible
face of becoming with the construction-lines of a physical nature-
picture, and, habituated to their own late, megalopolitan and
causally-thinking milieu, they were unconscious of the fundamental
absurdity of a science that sought to understand an organic
becoming by methodically misunderstanding it as the machinery of
the thing-become. Day is not the cause of night, nor youth of age,
nor blossom of fruit. Everything that we grasp intellectually has a
cause, everything that we live organically with inward certitude has a
past. The one recognizes the case, that which is generally possible
and has a fixed inner form which is the same whenever and
wherever and however often it occurs, the other recognizes the
event which once was and will never recur. And, according as we
grasp something in our envelope-world critically and consciously or
physiognomically and involuntarily, we draw our conclusion from
technical or from living experience, and we relate it to a timeless
cause in space or to a direction which leads from yesterday to to-day
and to-morrow.
But the spirit of our great cities refuses to be involuntary.
Surrounded by a machine-technique that it has itself created in
surprising Nature’s most dangerous secret, the “law,” it seeks to
conquer history also technically, “theoretically and practically.”
“Usefulness,” suitableness to purpose (Zweckmässigkeit), is the
great word which assimilates the one to the other. A materialist
conception of history, ruled by laws of causal Nature, leads to the
setting up of usefulness-ideals such as “enlightenment,” “humanity,”
“world-peace,” as aims of world-history, to be reached by the “march
of progress.” But in these schemes of old age the feeling of Destiny
has died, and with it the young reckless courage that, self-forgetful
and big with a future, presses on to meet a dark decision.
For only youth has a future, and is Future, that enigmatic synonym
of directional Time and of Destiny. Destiny is always young. He who
replaces it by a mere chain of causes and effects, sees even in the
not-yet-actualized something, as it were, old and past—direction is
wanting. But he who lives towards a something in the superabundant
flow of things need not concern himself with aims and abilities, for he
feels that he himself is the meaning of what is to happen. This was
the faith in the Star that never left Cæsar nor Napoleon nor the great
doers of another kind; and this it is that lies deepest of all—youthful
melancholy notwithstanding—in every childhood and in every young
clan, people, Culture, that extends forward over all their history for
men of act and of vision, who are young however white their hair,
younger even than the most juvenile of those who look to a timeless
utilitarianism. The feeling of a significance in the momentarily
present world-around discloses itself in the earliest days of
childhood, when it is still only the persons and things of the nearest
environment that essentially exist, and develops through silent and
unconscious experience into a comprehensive picture. This picture
constitutes the general expression of the whole Culture as it is at the
particular stage, and it is only the fine judge of life and the deep
searcher of history who can interpret it.
At this point a distinction presents itself between the immediate
impression of the present and the image of the past that is only
presented in the spirit, in other words between the world as
happening and the world as history. The eye of the man of action
(statesman and general) appreciates the first, that of the man of
contemplation (historian and poet) the second. Into the first one
plunges practically to do or to suffer; chronology,[172] that great
symbol of irrevocable past, claims the second. We look backwards,
and we live forward towards the unforeseen, but even in childhood
our technical experience soon introduces into the image of the
singular occurrence elements of the foreseeable, that is, an image of
regulated Nature which is subject not to physiognomic fact but to
calculation. We apprehend a “head of game” as a living entity and
immediately afterwards as food; we see a flash of lightning as a peril
and then as an electrical discharge. And this second, later, petrifying
projection of the world more and more tends to overpower the first in
the Megalopolis; the image of the past is mechanized and
materialized and from it is deduced a set of causal rules for present
and future. We come to believe in historical laws and in a rational
understanding of them.
Nevertheless science is always natural science. Causal
knowledge and technical experience refer only to the become, the
extended, the comprehended. As life is to history, so is knowledge
(Wissen) to Nature, viz., to the sensible world apprehended as an
element, treated as in space and subjected to the law of cause and
effect. Is there, then, a science of History at all? To answer this
question, let us remember that in every personal world-picture, which
only approximates more or less to the ideal picture, there is both
something of Nature and something of History. No Nature is without
living, and no History without causal, harmonies. For within the
sphere of Nature, although two like experiments, conformably to law,
have the like result, yet each of these experiments is a historical
event possessing a date and not recurring. And within that of History,
the dates or data of the past (chronologies, statistics, names,
forms[173]) form a rigid web. “Facts are facts” even if we are unaware
of them, and all else is image, Theoria, both in the one domain and
in the other. But history is itself the condition of being “in the focus”
and the material is only an aid to this condition, whereas in Nature
the real aim is the winning of the material, and theory is only the
servant of this purpose.
There is, therefore, not a science of history but an ancillary
science for history, which ascertains that which has been. For the
historical outlook itself the data are always symbols. Scientific
research, on the contrary, is science and only science. In virtue of its
technical origin and purpose it sets out to find data and laws of the
causal sort and nothing else, and from the moment that it turns its
glance upon something else it becomes Metaphysics, something
trans-scientific. And just because this is so, historical and natural-
science data are different. The latter consistently repeat themselves,
the former never. The latter are truths, the former facts. However
closely related incidentals and causals may appear to be in the
everyday picture, fundamentally they belong to different worlds. As it
is beyond question that the shallowness of a man’s history-picture
(the man himself, therefore) is in proportion to the dominance in it of
frank incidentals, so it is beyond question that the emptiness of
written history is in proportion to the degree in which it makes the
establishment of purely factual relations its object. The more deeply
a man lives History, the more rarely will he receive “causal”
impressions and the more surely will he be sensible of their utter
insignificance. If the reader examines Goethe’s writings in natural
science, he will be astounded to find how “living nature” can be set
forth without formulas, without laws, almost without a trace of the
causal. For him, Time is not a distance but a feeling. But the
experience of last and deepest things is practically denied to the
ordinary savant who dissects and arranges purely critically and
allows himself neither to contemplate nor to feel. In the case of
History, on the contrary, this power of experience is the requisite.
And thus is justified the paradox that the less a historical researcher
has to do with real science, the better it is for his history.
To elucidate once more by a diagram:
Soul ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯➛ World
XI
XII
Herein, then, I see the last great task of Western philosophy, the
only one which still remains in store for the aged wisdom of the
Faustian Culture, the preordained issue, it seems, of our centuries of
spiritual evolution. No Culture is at liberty to choose the path and
conduct of its thought, but here for the first time a Culture can
foresee the way that destiny has chosen for it.
Before my eyes there seems to emerge, as a vision, a hitherto
unimagined mode of superlative historical research that is truly
Western, necessarily alien to the Classical and to every other soul
but ours—a comprehensive Physiognomic of all existence, a
morphology of becoming for all humanity that drives onward to the
highest and last ideas; a duty of penetrating the world-feeling not
only of our proper soul but of all souls whatsoever that have
contained grand possibilities and have expressed them in the field of
actuality as grand Cultures. This philosophic view—to which we and
we alone are entitled in virtue of our analytical mathematic, our
contrapuntal music and our perspective painting—in that its scope
far transcends the scheme of the systematist, presupposes the eye
of an artist, and of an artist who can feel the whole sensible and
apprehensible environment dissolve into a deep infinity of mysterious
relationships. So Dante felt, and so Goethe felt. To bring up, out of
the web of world-happening, a millennium of organic culture-history
as an entity and person, and to grasp the conditions of its inmost
spirituality—such is the aim. Just as one penetrates the lineaments
of a Rembrandt portrait or a Cæsar-bust, so the new art will
contemplate and understand the grand, fateful lines in the visage of
a Culture as a superlative human individuality.
To attempt the interpretation of a poet or a prophet, a thinker or a
conqueror, is of course nothing new, but to enter a culture-soul—
Classical, Egyptian or Arabian—so intimately as to absorb into one’s
self, to make part of one’s own life, the totality expressed by typical
men and situations, by religion and polity, by style and tendency, by
thought and customs, is quite a new manner of experiencing life.
Every epoch, every great figure, every deity, the cities, the tongues,
the nations, the arts, in a word everything that ever existed and will
become existent, are physiognomic traits of high symbolic
significance that it will be the business of quite a new kind of “judge
of men” (Menschenkenner) to interpret. Poems and battles, Isis and
Cybele, festivals and Roman Catholic masses, blast furnaces and
gladiatorial games, dervishes and Darwinians, railways and Roman
roads, “Progress” and Nirvana, newspapers, mass-slavery, money,
machinery—all these are equally signs and symbols in the world-
picture of the past that the soul presents to itself and would interpret.
"Alles Vergängliche ist nur ein Gleichnis." Solutions and panoramas
as yet unimagined await the unveiling. Light will be thrown on the
dark questions which underlie dread and longing—those deepest of
primitive human feelings—and which the will-to-know has clothed in
the “problems” of time, necessity, space, love, death, and first
causes. There is a wondrous music of the spheres which wills to be
heard and which a few of our deepest spirits will hear. The
physiognomic of world-happening will become the last Faustian
philosophy.
CHAPTER V
MAKROKOSMOS
I
MAKROKOSMOS
I
THE SYMBOLISM OF THE WORLD-PICTURE AND
THE SPACE-PROBLEM
I
II