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Introduction to Criminology: A Text/Reader - Section 06 – Critical Theories: Marxist, Conflict,
and Feminist
Multiple Choice
1. In Marxist thought, the owners of the means of production are known as the _____.
A. Bourgeoisie
B. Lumpenproletariat
C. Proletariat
D. Revolutionaries
Answer: A
2. One of the central concepts in Marxist thought is that _____ will determine what people know, believe,
value, and how they will behave.
A. Anomie
B. The primitive rebellion
C. The material conditions of life
D. Social sentiments
Answer: C
3. Karl Marx and Freidrich Engels used which term to refer to the lowest class of society, which they saw
as “the dangerous class, the social scum”?
A. Bourgeoisie
B. Lumpenproletariat
C. Proletariat
D. Revolutionaries
Answer: B
1
Introduction to Criminology: A Text/Reader - Section 06 – Critical Theories: Marxist, Conflict,
and Feminist
Answer: A
5. The _____ perspective of criminology encompasses Marxism, conflict, and feminist theories.
A. Chicago
B. Classical
C. Conspiracy
D. Critical
Answer: D
6. Marx and Engels’ statement that crime was simply the product of unjust and alienating social
conditions came to be known as the _____ hypothesis.
A. Primitive rebellion
B. Proletariat rebellion
C. Primitive revolution
D. Proletariat revolution
Answer: A
7. _____ is known for arguing that conflict is rooted in multiple aspects of social life, not just economic
struggle.
A. Freidrich Engels
B. Karl Marx
C. Max Weber
D. Willem Bonger
Answer: C
8. _____ focused on social life as a continual struggle to maintain or improve one’s group interests, with
interest groups continually forming and disbanding as conflicts arise and are resolved.
A. Barbara Sims
B. George Vold
C. Karl Marx
D. Willem Bonger
2
Introduction to Criminology: A Text/Reader - Section 06 – Critical Theories: Marxist, Conflict,
and Feminist
Answer: B
Answer: D
Answer: C
Answer: D
12. The name most closely associated with peacemaking criminology is _____.
A. Karl Marx
B. George Vold
C. Richard Quinney
D. Willem Bonger
Answer: C
3
Introduction to Criminology: A Text/Reader - Section 06 – Critical Theories: Marxist, Conflict,
and Feminist
13. The _____ problem refers to the question of whether traditional male-centered theories of crime apply
to women.
A. Emancipation
B. Gender ratio
C. Gender inequality
D. Generalizability
Answer: D
14. The ____ problem refers to the universal fact that women are far less likely than men to involve
themselves in criminal activity.
A. Emancipation
B. Gender ratio
C. Gender inequality
D. Generalizability
Answer: B
15. The ____ hypothesis argues that as women are increasingly involved in the workforce, they will have
more opportunities to commit job-related crime.
A. Emancipation
B. Gender Equality
C. Masculinization
D. Staying Alive
Answer: A
16. Freda Adler suggested that as females increasingly adopt male roles in society, they will become as
crime-prone as men, in what is known as the ____ hypothesis.
A. Emancipation
B. Gender Equality
C. Masculinization
D. Staying Alive
Answer: C
4
Introduction to Criminology: A Text/Reader - Section 06 – Critical Theories: Marxist, Conflict,
and Feminist
17. Anne Campbell has attempted to account for gender differences in crime rates by using the logic of
evolutionary history in her _____ hypothesis.
A. Emancipation
B. Gender Equality
C. Masculinization
D. Staying Alive
Answer: D
Answer: C
Answer: C
20. _____ justice is a system of mediation and conflict resolution that is focused on repairing the harm
that has been caused by crime.
A. Emancipatory
B. Modified Punitive
C. Proletarian
D. Restorative
Answer: D
21. In Marxist theory, which of the following terms was used to refer to the oppressed working class?
A. Bourgeoisie
B. Lumpenproletariat
5
Introduction to Criminology: A Text/Reader - Section 06 – Critical Theories: Marxist, Conflict,
and Feminist
C. Proletariat
D. Revolutionaries
Answer: C
22. Left realism seeks to translate _____ theory into practical, realistic social policies.
A.Conflict
B. Feminist
C. Labeling
D. Marxist
Answer: D
23. A major critique of _____ is that its view of crime as a social construct may not give proper
recognition to mala in se crimes.
A. Conflict
B. Feminist
C. Marxism
D. Peacemaking criminology
Answer: A
24. A woman obtains a job as a sales representative. She realizes that when she works late at night, there
is little oversight, and she could easily steal from the cash register without detection. This is an example
of the _____ hypothesis.
A. Emancipation
B. Gender-ratio
C. Masculinization
D. Staying alive
Answer: A
25. _____ is a condition that entails the estrangement or distancing of individuals from something, such
as another person, society in general, or the products of their labor.
A. Alienation
B. Altruism
6
Introduction to Criminology: A Text/Reader - Section 06 – Critical Theories: Marxist, Conflict,
and Feminist
C. Emancipation
D. Patriarchy
Answer: A
True/False
1. True or False? The conflict perspective views criminal behavior, the law, and subsequent penalties as
originating in the inequalities of power and resources existing in the society.
Answer: True
2. True or False? Karl Marx and his collaborator, Freidrich Engels, wrote extensively on the topics of
crime and crime causation.
Answer: False
3. True or False? Bonger’s concept of altruism refers to a concern only for one’s own selfish interests.
Answer: False
4. True or False? Conflict theory focuses on the social structural elements that lead to conflict, rather than
the processes of value conflict.
Answer: False
5. True or False? Conflict theory shares with labeling theory the idea crime is a social construct with no
intrinsic meaning.
Answer: True
7
Introduction to Criminology: A Text/Reader - Section 06 – Critical Theories: Marxist, Conflict,
and Feminist
6. True or False? Left realism is an approach that attempts to translate radical ideas into realistic social
policy.
Answer: True
7. True or False? Restorative justice brings victims and offenders together to negotiate a mutually
satisfactory way of correcting the wrong that has been committed.
Answer: True
8. True or False? The gender gap in crime rates tends to be the widest for drug offenses and other minor
crimes.
Answer: True
9. True or False? Research has supported that capitalism is associated with higher crime rates than
socialism.
Answer: True
10. True or False? Marxist criminologists often view that the “real” crimes in society are violations of
human rights, such as racism and sexism, whereas those acts commonly referred to as “crime” are natural
outgrowths of class struggle.
Answer: True
11. True or False? George Vold views conflicts of interest as important in the understanding of criminal
behavior.
Answer: True
12. True or False? Max Weber viewed cultural ideas and beliefs as being molded entirely by the
economic systems of society.
8
Introduction to Criminology: A Text/Reader - Section 06 – Critical Theories: Marxist, Conflict,
and Feminist
Answer: False
13. True or False? There is still no theory of crime that is entirely female-specific, leaving feminist
criminologists to focus on descriptive studies of crime, or on crime-specific “mini-theories.”
Answer: True
14. True or False? According to Marx, the lumpenproletariat would not play a decisive role in the
expected revolution.
Answer: True
15. True or False? A major criticism of critical theories is that they ignore the role of power relationships
in explaining crime.
Answer: False
16. True or False? Gender (being male) is the single best predictor of criminal behavior.
Answer: True
Short Answer
9
Introduction to Criminology: A Text/Reader - Section 06 – Critical Theories: Marxist, Conflict,
and Feminist
Answer: As women increase their participation in the workforce, they will have greater opportunity to
commit job-related crime.
Answer: The uncertainty regarding what accounts for the universal phenomenon that women engage in
less crime than men.
Answer: Because the obligatory parental investment of females is greater than that of males, and the
greater role of female reproductive success in securing offspring survival, females have evolved a
propensity to avoid engaging in behaviors that pose survival risks.
Answer: The group identified by Marx and Engels as the third class in society—a dangerous underclass
from which crime originated, who would play no role in the revolution.
Answer: Examples: Offers very little uniquely to criminology; may not provide an accurate interpretation
of the relationship that exists between capitalism and crime; does not acknowledge the human rights that
do exist in capitalist societies but not elsewhere; tends to excuse criminals.
Answer: The question of whether traditional male-centered theories of crime apply to women.
10
Introduction to Criminology: A Text/Reader - Section 06 – Critical Theories: Marxist, Conflict,
and Feminist
Essay
1. Compare and contrast the core arguments and the policy implications of Marxist criminology and
peacemaking criminology.
2. Describe the foci and arguments of feminist criminology; explain what feminist theorists have
contributed to our understandings of crime; and identify some of the weaknesses or challenges of feminist
criminology.
3. Identify the main tenets of conflict theory. Do you think that this theory has any practical policy
implications in our efforts to reduce crime? Support your answer with information that you have learned
in this class.
4. Describe George Vold’s contributions to conflict theory. Based on this framework, what should be
done to alleviate crime? Support your answer with what you have learned in the textbook.
11
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to the company as if nothing had happened; and marriages
were sometimes kept a profound secret for months. It was
not a good fashion, and brought about a good many
complicated lawsuits, but it was not considered at all
disreputable.
I think Mrs. Chloe suffered the most of any one from this
very unexpected healing of Mrs. Philippa's twenty years'
heart-break. She missed her sister, whom she had really
loved despite her unkindness, and I am sure she felt it hard
that Mrs. Philippa should get a rich husband, while she
herself had none at all. It was truly pitiable to see how the
poor thing's thoughts still ran upon such things, though
every one in the house could see with half an eye that she
was not long for this world. She grew thinner and weaker
every day, and her little dry cough kept her awake in spite
of all Mrs. Deborah's bread jellies, and poppy and lettuce
syrups.
But Mr. Cheriton did Mrs. Chloe good in other and better
ways. He himself proposed that as she could not go to
church, he should have prayers for her benefit every
Sunday evening, after which he would read her his sermon.
He was a true "son of consolation," and knew just what to
say and what not. Whenever he spent the evening with us,
we had evening prayers, which we did not at other times,
and Mr. Cheriton usually said a few words upon the Gospel
for the day or week.
"I don't know how it is, but they seem somehow to express
just what I want!" she said rather apologetically to Mrs.
Deborah one day. "And, you know, Sister Deborah, that Mr.
Wesley is a regularly ordained clergyman of the Church of
England."
"Do read them as much as you like, if they are any comfort
to you, Sister Chloe!" was Mrs. Deborah's reply.
"Mrs. Chloe does not talk any more about the set of chairs
she was going to begin in the spring," remarked Amabel.
"She never says anything now about getting well when the
warm weather comes, but I think she seems a great deal
happier than she used."
"She has given up!" said I. "You know dear Mother Superior
used to say that there was great happiness in giving up.
Mrs. Chloe told me the other day, that you and Mr. Cheriton,
between you, had done her more good than you would ever
know."
Amabel stopped short. It was the first time she had given
me a hint that she had guessed my secret.
The next day but one, as Amabel and I were returning from
the village school, we were astonished to meet Mr. Cheriton.
His face was pale, his dress disordered, and his jaded horse
showed how fast he had travelled. It was just at the
entrance of the avenue, and one of the grooms being at
hand, Mr. Cheriton gave him the horse, with a charge to be
careful of him, as he had made a hasty journey.
"We were not looking for you!" said Amabel. "What has
brought you in such a hurry?" Then turning pale as Mr.
Cheriton did not answer, "Walter, what is it! You have ill
news. What does it mean?"
"Yes, but who? I did not know that I had one. I know some
idle tales were told about me at one time, but I thought
they had all died out long ago. Amabel, you will not—"
"You are right, Lucy!" said Mr. Cheriton. "I hardly know what
I am doing. Let us go to Mrs. Deborah, as you say."
"Too well!" said she. "I also have had a letter which explains
it all. Child, your father is married again, and to Lady
Throckmorton."
CHAPTER XX.
VISITORS.
"If I had never begun it, she could not have found occasion
against me!" returned Mr. Cheriton. "My sin hath found me
out."
As for me, I was too fiercely angry to cry. Mr. Cheriton, who
had in some degree regained his self-control, at the sight of
Mrs. Deborah's distress, now spoke in his deep voice—
"Let us pray!"
"He is very good!" said Mr. Cheriton, with a look on his face
and a tone of bitterness in his voice, which I never
witnessed or heard before. "If I will give up preaching to the
poor and seeking the lost, that is to say, if I will give up the
work I am doing for the Lord, he will possibly overlook what
I am said to have done for the devil. As to Lady
Throckmorton, as I have never affronted her, I owe her no
apology. What say you, Amabel? Shall I give up my
preaching to the colliers and ballast men, for your sake?"
"Never!" said Amabel firmly. "I would rather never see you
more in this world, than that you should swerve one hair's
breadth from your duty for my sake."
But a sad interval was to pass before the matter was again
discussed. We had not yet separated, when Jenny came in
all haste to say, that Mrs. Chloe had fallen into a fainting-fit,
and her woman could not bring her to, with all she could do.
"It was just that grinning fool Richard!" said Jenny in great
wrath. "He must come in with a basket of sticks, for Mrs.
Chloe wanted a bright fire, and what must he do, but
congratulate her on the happy news as he called it, and
when Mrs. Chloe asked what it meant, he said master was
married to Lady Throckmorton, and poor Mrs. Chloe, she
just gave one mournful cry and sunk back like one dead."
All these particulars were given to us, for Mrs. Deborah had
hurried to her sister. Poor Mrs. Chloe came out of her
fainting-fit, only to have a dreadful bleeding from her lungs.
An express was sent in all haste for the doctor, and another
for Mrs. Philippa—Mrs. Brown, I should say. The doctor did
not arrive till night, and then gave no hopes. Mrs. Chloe
survived about a week, and then passed quietly away, in
the comfort of a reasonable, religious, and holy hope. I
suppose she could not have lived long at any rate; but there
is no doubt that the news of her brother's marriage to a
woman whom she disliked, and with the best of reasons,
hastened her end. She gave Mrs. Deborah written directions
as to the disposition of her affairs, and said that she had
made her will, which was in the hands of Mr. Thirlwall, the
family lawyer and man of business at Newcastle. I had
supposed as much, knowing that he had paid her several
visits during the winter.
He could not well find fault with the arrangements for the
funeral, seeing that Mrs. Chloe had ordered them all
herself; but he frowned at the needless expense, as he
called it, of giving new frieze coats to the poor men in the
alm-houses, and new gray gowns to the old women; and
swore roundly, when he heard that Mrs. Chloe had ordered
Mr. Cheriton to officiate at her funeral, "that he would not
have the canting Methodist enter his house."
I fell in love with her at once, and she was kind enough to
take equally to me. Her presence was a great comfort to us
all, and especially to Mrs. Deborah. She was a beautiful old
lady, with silvery white hair which would curl in spite of her,
eyes the exact counterpart of Amabel's, and a perfectly
refined and ladylike manner. She spoke with a very strong
Scotch accent, but we had learned Scotch enough from
Elsie, not to mind that.
The funeral was celebrated, and then came the reading of
the will, at which all the family were present. It seemed
that Mrs. Chloe was much richer than either of her sisters,
since beside her share of her mother's fortune, which was
not inconsiderable, she had inherited some five thousand
pounds from a god-mother, for whom she was named.
Sir Julius, on the contrary, did not try to hide his vexation.
It was plain that he had always counted on Mrs. Chloe's
leaving all her money to himself, and I was wicked enough
to be glad to see him disappointed. He swore roundly at Mr.
Thirlwall for allowing Mrs. Chloe to make such an absurd
will, and for not letting him know about it in time to have it
altered.
"I would not have the lass build too much on her father's
present mood," said the old lady from Thornyhaugh, as we
two sat together in the little south room the evening after
Sir Julius had departed. "I should not speak so of my nevoy
belike, but he aye minds me of what was said of King James
the Sixth by ane wha keened him weel. 'Do you ken a
jackanape?' said he. 'If you hold Jocko by the chain you can
make him bite me, but if I hold him by the chain I can make
him bite you.'"
"Just like her!" was the comment. "What's bred in the bone
stays long in the blood. I keened her mother before her, and
she was just such another. A fine guardian, truly, to set over
his daughter. Aweel, Lucy Corbet, I am no Papist nor favorer
of Papists, or of them that would bring them back on this
land, but, saving their religion, I would wish you and my
niece were safe back yonder in your convent. Poor children!
This world is a hard place for motherless lassies."
"Say what is in your mind, bairn," said the old lady, "I shall
never repeat a word."
"Mr. Cheriton."
"I think you are quite right, aunt," said she. "If my father
requires me to give up Mr. Cheriton I will do so, at least till I
am of age, but nothing shall ever make me marry any one
else, while he lives—nothing!"
"I can see it!" said I peeping into the very narrow space
between the cabinet and the wall. "But I cannot reach it. Let
us try to move the cabinet out a little, Amabel."
"See here, Amabel!" said I. "This door opens into the ghost
room! Are you not afraid?"
"Would you dare open it?" said I. "I have a curiosity to see
how a room looks into which no one has set foot for two
hundred years and more."
"Well, look then! What harm can it do! And yet after all I
would let it alone, I think!" said Amabel. "Perhaps Mrs.
Deborah would not like it."