(eBook PDF) Geometry 1st Edition

Go to download the full and correct content document:

https://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-geometry-1st-edition/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Progress in Heterocyclic Chemistry Volume 29 1st

Edition - eBook PDF

https://ebooksecure.com/download/progress-in-heterocyclic-
chemistry-ebook-pdf/

Geometry for Naval Architects 1st edition - eBook PDF

https://ebooksecure.com/download/geometry-for-naval-architects-
ebook-pdf/

(eBook PDF) Geometry 1st Edition by Elayn Martin-Gay

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-geometry-1st-edition-by-
elayn-martin-gay/

(eBook PDF) Number Theory and Geometry: An Introduction

to Arithmetic Geometry

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-number-theory-and-
geometry-an-introduction-to-arithmetic-geometry/
Geometry and Statistics - Handbook of Statistics,
Volume 46 1st edition - eBook PDF

https://ebooksecure.com/download/geometry-and-statistics-
handbook-of-statistics-volume-46-ebook-pdf/

(eBook PDF) Translational Medicine in CNS Drug

Development, Volume 29

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-translational-medicine-
in-cns-drug-development-volume-29/

Cardiology-An Integrated Approach (Human Organ Systems)

(Dec 29, 2017)_(007179154X)_(McGraw-Hill) 1st Edition
Elmoselhi - eBook PDF

https://ebooksecure.com/download/cardiology-an-integrated-
approach-human-organ-systems-dec-29-2017_007179154x_mcgraw-hill-
ebook-pdf/

(eBook PDF) Foundations of Geometry 2nd Edition

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-foundations-of-
geometry-2nd-edition/

(Original PDF) Axiomatic Geometry by John M. Lee

http://ebooksecure.com/product/original-pdf-axiomatic-geometry-
by-john-m-lee/
 Contents  vii

8.4 Rotations  353
8.5 Dilations  360
8.6 Compositions of Reflections   365
Extension—Frieze Patterns  371

Chapter 9 Right Triangles and Trigonometr y  376

9.1 The Pythagorean Theorem and Its Converse   377
9.2 Special Right Triangles   383
9.3 Trigonometric Ratios  389
9.4 Solving Right Triangles   395
9.5 Vectors  401
Extension—Law of Sines   408
Extension—Law of Cosines   416

Chapter 10 Area  426
10.1 Angle Measures of Polygons and Regular
Polygon Tessellations  427
10.2 Areas of Triangles and Quadrilaterals with a Review
of Perimeter  436
10.3 Areas of Regular Polygons   445
10.4 Perimeters and Areas of Similar Figures   452
10.5 Arc Measures, Circumferences, and Arc Lengths
of Circles  457
10.6 Areas of Circles and Sectors   464
10.7 Geometric Probability  471

Chapter 11 S ur face Area and Volume  482

11.1 Solids and Cross Sections   483
11.2 Surface Areas of Prisms and Cylinders   492
11.3 Surface Areas of Pyramids and Cones   500
11.4 Volumes of Prisms and Cylinders and
Cavalieri’s Principle  506
11.5 Volumes of Pyramids and Cones   513
11.6 Surface Areas and Volumes of Spheres   518
11.7 Areas and Volumes of Similar Solids   525

A01_MART7822_01_AIE_FM.indd 7 1/23/15 7:44 AM

 viii  Contents

Chapter 12 C ircles and Other Conic Sections  534

12.1 Circle Review and Tangent Lines   535
12.2 Chords and Arcs   544
12.3 Inscribed Angles  551
12.4 Additional Angle Measures and Segment Lengths   558
12.5 Coordinate Plane—Circles  564
12.6 Locus  570
Extension—Parabolas  574

Student Success Resource S ection  580

A Review of Basic Concepts 581
A.1 Measurement Conversions 581
A.2 Probability 582
A.3 Exponents, Order of Operations, and Variable Expressions 583
A.4 Operations on Real Numbers 584
A.5 Simplifying Expressions 586
A.6 Solving Linear Equations 587
A.7 Solving Linear Inequalities 588
A.8 Solving Formulas for a Variable 589
A.9 The Coordinate Plane 590
A.10 Graphing Linear Equations 591
A.11 Solving Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables 592
A.12 Exponents 594
A.13 Multiplying Polynomials 595
A.14 Simplifying Radical Expressions 596
A.15 Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring 597
A.16 Solving Quadratic Equations by the Square Root Property 598
A.17 Solving Quadratic Equations by the Quadratic Formula 599
Tables 600
1. Math Symbols 600
2. Formulas 601
3. Measures 603
4. Properties of Real Numbers 604

A01_MART7822_01_AIE_FM.indd 8 1/23/15 7:44 AM

 Contents  ix

Postulates, Theorems, and Additional Proofs 605

B Additional Lessons 615
B.1 Ellipses and Hyperbolas 615
B.2 Measurement, Rounding Error, and Reasonableness 624
B.3 The Effect of Measurement Errors on Calculations 625

Answers to Selected Exercises   A1

Index  I1
Photo Credits  P1

A01_MART7822_01_AIE_FM.indd 9 1/23/15 7:44 AM

 Preface
Geometry was written to provide a solid foundation in Euclidean geometry for stu-
dents who might not have previous experience in geometry. Specific care was taken to
make sure students have the most up-to-date relevant text preparation for their next
mathematics course or for nonmathematical courses that require an understanding of
geometry or logical reasoning. I have tried to achieve this by writing a user-friendly text
that is keyed to objectives and contains many worked-out examples and illustrations.
As suggested by AMATYC and the NCTM Standards (plus Addenda), real-life and
real-data applications, data interpretation, conceptual understanding, problem solv-
ing, writing, cooperative learning, appropriate use of technology, mental mathematics,
number sense, estimation, critical thinking, and geometric concepts are emphasized and
integrated throughout the book.

What’s in this text?

• The Martin-Gay Program and MyMathLab® actively encourage students to use
the text, video program, and Video Organizer as an integrated learning system.
• The Video Organizer is designed to help students take notes and work prac-
tice exercises while watching the Interactive Lecture Series videos (available in
MyMathLab). All content in the Video Organizer is presented in the same order
as it is presented in the videos, making it easy for students to create a course
notebook and build good study habits.
• Covers all of the video examples in order.
• Provides ample space for students to write down key definitions and
properties.
• Includes “Play” and “Pause” button icons to prompt students to follow
along with the author for some exercises while they try others on their own.
The Video Organizer is available in a loose-leaf, notebook-ready format. It is also
available for download in MyMathLab.
• Student Success Tips Videos are 3- to 5-minute video segments designed to be
daily reminders to students to continue practicing and maintaining good organi-
zational and study habits. They are organized in three categories and are avail-
able in MyMathLab and the Interactive Lecture Series. The categories are:

1. Success Tips that apply to any course in college in general, such as Time
Management.
2. Success Tips that apply to any mathematics course. One example is based on
understanding that mathematics is a course that requires homework to be
completed in a timely fashion.
3. Section- or Content-specific Success Tips to help students avoid common mis-
takes or to better understand concepts that often prove challenging. One ex-
ample of this type of tip is how to apply the order of operations to simplify an
expression.
• Interactive Lecture Series, featuring your text author (Elayn Martin-Gay), pro-
vides students with active learning at their own pace. The videos are available in
MyMathLab and offer the following resources and more:
A complete lecture for each section of the text highlights key examples and exer-
cises from the text. “Pop-ups” reinforce key terms, definitions, and concepts.
An interface with menu navigation features allows students to quickly find and
focus on the examples and exercises they need to review.

x Student Success Tips Videos.

A01_MART7822_01_AIE_FM.indd 10 1/23/15 7:44 AM

 Preface  xi

• The Interactive Lecture Series also includes the following resources for test prep:
The Chapter Test Prep Videos help students during their most teachable
moment—when they are preparing for a test. This innovation provides step-by-step
solutions for the exercises found in each Chapter Test. The chapter test prep
­videos are also available on YouTube™. The videos are captioned in English
and Spanish.
• The Martin-Gay MyMathLab course includes extensive exercise coverage and a
comprehensive video program. There are section lecture videos for every section,
which students can also access at the specific objective level; Student Success Tips
Videos; and watch clips at the exercise level to help students while doing home-
work in MathXL.

Key Pedagogical Features

Chapters Chapters are divided into Sections. Below is an overview of a Section, then
an Exercise Set, then the End-of-Chapter features.

Sections Each section begins with a list of Objectives. These objectives are also re-
peated at the place of discussion within the section. When applicable, under the list of
objectives there is a list of new Vocabulary words. Throughout the section, each new
vocabulary word is highlighted at place of definition.

Examples Detailed, step-by-step examples are available throughout each section.

Many examples reflect real life and include illustrations. Additional instructional sup-
port is provided in the annotated examples.

Practice Exercises Throughout the text, each worked-out example has a parallel
Practice exercise. These invite students to be actively involved in the learning process.
Students should try each Practice exercise after finishing the corresponding example.
Learning by doing will help students grasp ideas before moving on to other concepts.
All answers to the Practice exercises are provided at the back of the text.

Helpful Hints Helpful Hints contain practical advice on applying mathematical con-
cepts. Strategically placed where students are most likely to need immediate reinforce-
ment, Helpful Hints help students avoid common trouble areas and mistakes.

Exercise Sets The exercise sets have been carefully written with a special focus on
making sure that even- and odd-numbered exercises are paired and that they con-
tain real-life applications and illustrations. In addition, many types of exercises were
included to help students obtain a full conceptual knowledge of the section’s topics.
These types of exercises are labeled and include: Multiple Choice, Complete the Table,
Multiple Steps, Sketch, Construction, Fill in the Blank, Complete the Proof, Proof,
­Coordinate Geometry, and Find the Error.

Overall, the exercises in an exercise set are written starting with less difficult ones and
then increasing in difficulty. This allows students to gain confidence while working the
earlier exercises. To help achieve this, the exercises at the beginning of a section are
keyed to previously worked examples. If applicable, a section of Mixed Practice exer-
cises are included. The odd answers to these exercises are found at the end of this text.

Vocabulary and Readiness Check These questions are immediately prior to a sec-
tion’s exercise set. These exercises quickly check a student’s understanding of new
vocabulary words. Also, the readiness exercises center on a student’s understanding of
a concept that is necessary in order to continue to the exercise set. The odd answers to
these exercises are in the back of this text.

A01_MART7822_01_AIE_FM.indd 11 1/23/15 7:44 AM

 xii  Preface

Applications Real-world and real-data application exercises occur in almost every

exercise set and show the relevance of mathematics and geometry and help students
gradually and continuously develop their problem-solving skills.

Concept Extensions These exercises are found toward the end of every exercise set,
but before the Review and Preview exercises (described below). Concept Extension
exercises require students to take the concepts from that section a step further by
combining them with concepts learned in previous sections or by combining several
concepts from the current section.

Writing Exercises These exercises occur in almost every exercise set and require
students to provide a written response to explain concepts or justify their thinking.

Review and Preview Exercises These exercises occur at the end of each exercise set
(except in Chapter 1) and are keyed to earlier sections. They review concepts learned
earlier in the text that will be needed in the next section or chapter.

Exercise Set Resource Icons Located at the opening of each exercise set, these icons
remind students of the resources available for extra practice and support:

See Student Resources descriptions on page xiii for details on the individual resources
available.

End-of-Chapter The following features can be found at the end of each chapter.
They are meant to give students an overall view of the chapter and thus help them
have an understanding of how the concepts of a chapter fit together. All answers to
these ­features below are found at the end of this text.

Mixed Practice Exercises In the section exercise sets, these exercises require students
to determine the problem type and strategy needed to solve it just as they would need
to do on a test.

Vocabulary Check This feature provides an opportunity for students to become

more familiar with the use of mathematical terms as they strengthen their verbal skills.
These appear at the end of each chapter before the Chapter Review.

Chapter Review The end of every chapter contains a comprehensive review of topics
introduced in the chapter. The Chapter Review offers exercises keyed to every section
in the chapter, as well as Mixed Review exercises that are not keyed to sections.

Chapter Test and Chapter Test Prep Videos The Chapter Test is structured to in-
clude those problems that involve common student errors. The Chapter Test Prep
Videos give students instant access to a step-by-step video solution of each exercise in
the Chapter Test.

Chapter Standardized Test After each Chapter Test, there is a standardized test.
These chapter standardized tests are written to help students prepare for standardized
tests in the future. They are multiple choice tests and cover the material presented in
the associated chapter.

A01_MART7822_01_AIE_FM.indd 12 1/23/15 7:44 AM


Student and Instructor Resources
Interactive Lecture Series Videos
Provides students with active learn-
ing at their pace. The videos offer:
• A complete lecture for each
text section. The interface
allows easy navigation to ex-
amples and exercises students
need to review.
• Interactive Concept Check
exercises
• Student Success Tips Videos
• Chapter Test Prep Videos
Instructor’s Solutions Manual (Available for download
from the IRC)
TestGen® (Available for download from the IRC)
A01_MART7822_01_AIE_FM.indd 13
Preface  xiii
Student Resources
Video Organizer Student Solutions Manual
Designed to help students take notes Provides completely worked-out
and work practice exercises while solutions to the odd-numbered
watching the Interactive Lecture section exercises; all exercises in
Series Videos. the Integrated Reviews, Chapter
• Covers all of the video Reviews, Chapter Tests, and
­examples in order. Cumulative Reviews
• Provides ample space for
­students to write down key
definitions and rules.
• Includes “Play” and “Pause”
button icons to prompt stu-
dents to follow along with
the author for some exercises
while they try others on their
own.
Available in loose-leaf, notebook-
ready format and in MyMathLab.
Instructor Resources
MyMathLab® (access code required)
Instructor-to-Instructor Videos—available in the Instructor
Resources section of the MyMathLab course.
MathXL® (access code required)
1/23/15 7:44 AM
 xiv  Preface

About the Author

Elayn Martin-Gay has taught mathematics at the University of New Orleans for more
than 25 years. Her numerous teaching awards include the local University Alumni
Association’s Award for Excellence in Teaching, and Outstanding Developmental
Educator at University of New Orleans, presented by the Louisiana Association of
Developmental Educators.
Prior to writing textbooks, Elayn Martin-Gay developed an acclaimed series of
lecture videos to support developmental mathematics students in their quest for suc-
cess. These highly successful videos originally served as the foundation material for her
texts. Today, the videos are specific to each book in the Martin-Gay series. The author
has also created Chapter Test Prep Videos to help students during their most “teach-
able moment”—as they prepare for a test—along with Instructor-to-Instructor videos
that provide teaching tips, hints, and suggestions for each developmental mathematics
course, including basic mathematics, prealgebra, beginning algebra, and intermediate
algebra.
Elayn is the author of 12 published textbooks as well as multimedia, interac-
tive mathematics, all specializing in developmental mathematics courses. She has also
published series in Algebra 1 and Algebra 2. She has participated as an author across
the broadest range of educational materials: textbooks, videos, tutorial software, and
courseware. This provides an opportunity of various combinations for an integrated
teaching and learning package offering great consistency for the student.

A01_MART7822_01_AIE_FM.indd 14 1/23/15 7:44 AM

 1
Chapter

A Beginning of Geometry

B
elow is an attempt to show a beginning of Euclidean Geometry. I hope you see
1.1 Tips for Success in that we are only scratching the surface in this text.
Mathematics
1.2 Geometry—A Mathematical
Geometry arose independently in many early
System cultures as a practical need for consistent
1.3 Points, Lines, and Planes surveying and measuring. The Greek philoso-
pher Thales (6th century BC) is given credit
1.4 Segments and Their for starting to formalize this topic.
Measure
1.5 Angles and Their Measure
1.6 Angle Pairs and Their
Relationships I’ll call it the
Parallel Postulate.
1.7 Coordinate Geometry—
Midpoint and Distance
Formulas
1.8 Constructions—Basic
Geometry Constructions
Euclid was a Greek mathematician
(300 BC) and known as the “Father of
Geometry.” He is given credit for organiz-
ing known geometry (and number theory)
in a written work called Elements. No other
geometry existed for over 2000 years!

What is the
geometry of our universe?
I wonder if this See the Historical Note at
will work? the end of this chapter.

During the reign of Euclid’s geometry, the

17th century mathematician René Descartes
merged geometry and algebra. He “invented”
the coordinate system we still use, called the
plane coordinate system or the Cartesian co-
ordinate system.
1

M01_MART7822_01_AIE_C01.indd 1 11/27/14 3:25 PM

 2  Chapter 1   A Beginning of Geometry
1.1 Tips for Success in Mathematics
Objectives
1 Get Ready for This Course.
2 Understand Some General Tips
for Success.
3 Understand How to Use
the Resources Provided in
MyMathLab and Math XL.
4 Get Help as Soon as You Need It.
5 Learn How to Prepare for and
Take an Exam.
6 Develop Good Time
Management.
M01_MART7822_01_AIE_C01.indd 2
Before reading this section, remember that your instructor (or teacher) is your best
source for information. Please see your instructor (or teacher) for any additional help or
information.
Objective 1 ▸ Getting Ready for This Course. Now that you have decided to take
this course, remember that a positive attitude will make all the difference in the
world. Your belief that you can succeed is just as important as your commitment to
this course. Make sure you are ready for this course by having the time and positive
attitude that it takes to succeed.
Next, make sure you have scheduled your math course at a time that will give
you the best chance for success. For example, if you are also working, you may want
to check with your employer to make sure that your work hours will not conflict with
your course schedule. Also, schedule your class during a time of day when you are
more attentive and do your best work.
This online geometry course is different from traditional math courses that
you have taken in the past. You will work exercises and complete homework online.
Because of this, it is your responsibility to keep a written notebook or journal of your
work. You will need this documentation of your work when it comes to studying for a
quiz, exam, or test.
On the day of your first class period, double-check your schedule and allow your-
self plenty of time to arrive. Make sure you bring a notebook or binder, paper, and
a pencil or some other writing instrument. If you are required to have a lab manual,
graph paper, calculator, or some other supply, bring these with you also.
Objective 2 ▸ General Tips for Success. Below are some general tips that will
increase your chance for success in a mathematics class. Many of these tips will also
help you in other courses you may be taking.
Note: Many tips have to do with the specifics of this online course and will be listed in
Objective 3.
Exchange names and phone numbers with at least one other person in class. This
contact person can be a great help if you miss an assignment or want to discuss math
concepts or exercises that you find difficult.
Choose to attend all class periods and be on time. If possible, sit near the front
of the classroom. This way, you will see and hear the presentation better. It may also
be easier for you to participate in classroom activities.
Do your homework. You’ve probably heard the phrase “practice makes perfect”
in relation to music and sports. It also applies to mathematics. You will find that the
more time you spend solving math exercises, the easier the process becomes. In this
online course, homework can be submitted as many times as you like. This means you
can work and rework those exercises that you struggle with until you master them. It
is a good idea to work through all homework exercises twice before the submission
deadline. Also, be sure to schedule enough time to complete your assignments before
the due date assigned by your teacher.
Check your work. Checking work is the same for an online course as it is for a tra-
ditional course. This is why it is imperative that you work each exercise on paper before
submitting the answer. If it’s on paper, you can go back, check your work, and follow
your steps to ensure the answer is correct, or find any mistakes and correct them. If you
can’t find your mistake or if you have any questions, make sure you talk to your teacher.
Learn from your mistakes and be patient with yourself. Everyone, even your
instructor, makes mistakes. (That definitely includes me–Elayn Martin-Gay.) Use
your errors to learn and to become a better math student. The key is finding and
­understanding your errors.
11/27/14 3:25 PM
 Section 1.1  Tips for Success in Mathematics  3

Was your mistake a careless one, or did you make it because you can’t read your
own math writing? If so, try to work more slowly or write more neatly and make a con-
scious effort to carefully check your work.
Did you make a mistake because you don’t understand a concept? Take the time
to review the concept or ask questions to better understand it.
Did you skip too many steps? Skipping steps or trying to do too many steps men-
tally may lead to preventable mistakes.
Know how to get help if you need it. It’s always a good idea to ask for help
­whenever there is something that you don’t understand. One great advantage about
doing homework in MyMathLab is that there is built-in “help” whenever you need
it. Should you get a wrong answer, a box will appear and offer you hints for working
the exercise correctly. Again, this is why it is so important to keep a record of all your
work on paper so you can go back and follow the suggestions. You will have three
attempts to get each exercise correct before it is marked wrong. Remember: Even
though you are working online, your teacher is your most valuable resource for
­answering questions. Having a written journal of neatly worked exercises helps your
teacher identify mistakes on an exercise or about a concept in general.
Organize your class materials, including homework assignments, graded
quizzes and tests, and notes from your class or lab. All of these items will be valu-
able references throughout your course, especially when studying for upcoming
tests or your final exam. Make sure you can locate these materials when you need
them. An excellent way to do this is by using the Organizer, which is reviewed in
Objective 3.
Read your ebook or watch the section lecture videos before class. Your course
ebook is available through MyMathLab. Use this online text just as you would a
printed textbook. Read the assigned section(s), and then write down any questions
you may have. You will then be prepared to ask any questions in class the next day.
Also, familiarizing yourself with the material before class will help you understand it
much more readily when it is presented. There is also a reading assessment homework
if assigned by your teacher.
Lecture videos, approximately 20 minutes in length, are available for every sec-
tion of your ebook. These videos are specific to the material in the ebook and are pre-
sented by the ebook author, Elayn Martin-Gay. Watching a section video before class
is another way to familiarize yourself with the material. Write down any questions you
may have so that you can ask them in class. Watching a section video after class is also
an excellent way to review concepts that are difficult for you.
Don’t be afraid to ask questions. Teachers are not mind readers. Many times
they do not know a concept is unclear until a student asks a question. You are not the
only person in class with questions. Other students are normally grateful that someone
has spoken up.
Turn in assignments on time. Always be aware of the schedule of assign-
ments and due dates set by your teacher. Do not wait until the last minute to
submit your work online. It is a good idea to submit your assignments 6–8 hours
before the submission deadline to ensure some “cushion” time in case you have
technology trouble.
When assignments are turned in online, it is extremely important for you to keep
a copy of your written work. You will find it helpful to organize this work in a 3-ring
binder. This way, you can refer to your written work to ask questions and can use it
later to study for tests. (See the Video Organizer in Objective 3.)

Objective 3 ▸ Understanding How to Use the Resources Provided in MathXL and

MyMathLab. There are many helpful resources available to you through MathXL and
MyMathLab. It is important that you understand these resources and know when to
use them. Let’s start with the resources that are available within MathXL to help you
successfully complete and master the exercises in your assigned homework. When

M01_MART7822_01_AIE_C01.indd 3 11/27/14 3:25 PM

 4  Chapter 1   A Beginning of Geometry

working your homework assignments, you will find the following buttons listed on the
right-hand side of the screen.
• Help Me Solve This—Select this resource to get guided, step-by-step help for the
exercise you are working. Once you have reached the correct answer (through
the help feature), you must work an additional exercise of the same type before
you receive credit for having worked it correctly.
• View an Example—Select this resource to view a correctly worked example simi-
lar to the exercise you are working on. After viewing the example, you can go
back to your original exercise and complete it on your own.
• Textbook—Select this resource to go to the section of the ebook where you can
find exercises similar to the one you are working on.
• Video—Select this resource to view a video clip of Elayn Martin-Gay (your
­ebook author) working an exercise similar to the one you need help with. **Not
all exercises have an accompanying video clip. This button will not be listed if no
video clip is available.

Let’s now take a moment to go over a few of the features available in MyMathLab to
help you prepare for class, review outside class, organize, improve your study skills,
and succeed.

• Ebook and Videos—You can choose to read the ebook and/or watch the videos
for every section of the text. The ebook includes worked examples, helpful hints,
practice exercises, and section exercises for every text section. Read the mate-
rial actively, and make a note of any questions you have so that you can then ask
them in class.
There are lecture videos, approximately 20 minutes in length, for every
ebook section. Watch these videos to prepare for class, to review after class, or
to help you catch up if you miss class. The videos are presented by your ebook
author, Elayn Martin-Gay, so all material covered in the videos is consistent
with the coverage in your ebook. Make a note of any questions you have after
watching the videos so that you can ask your instructor. Your instructor may
assign watching the videos as homework to prepare for class.
• Video Organizer—The Video Organizer is designed to help you take notes
and work practice exercises while watching Elayn Martin-Gay’s lecture series
(available in MyMathLab and on DVD). All content in the Video Organizer is
presented in the same order as it is presented in the videos, making it easy for
students to ­create a course notebook and build good study habits!

• Covers all of the video examples in order

• Provides sample space for student to write down key definitions and rules
• Includes “Play” and “Pause” button icons to prompt students to follow
along with Elayn for some exercises while they try others on their own

The Video Organizer is available in a loose-leaf, notebook-ready format. It is also

available for download in MyMathLab.

Objective 4 ▸ Getting Help. If you have trouble completing assignments or

understanding the mathematics, get help as soon as you need it! This tip is presented as
an objective on its own because it is so important. In mathematics, usually the material
presented in one section builds on your understanding of the previous section. This
means that if you don’t understand the concepts covered during a class period, there is

M01_MART7822_01_AIE_C01.indd 4 11/27/14 3:25 PM

 Section 1.1  Tips for Success in Mathematics  5

a good chance that you will not understand the concepts covered during the next class
period. If this happens to you, get help as soon as you can.
Where can you get help? Many suggestions have been made in the section on
where to get help, and now it is up to you to do it. Try your instructor, a tutoring
center, or a math lab, or you may want to form a study group with fellow classmates.
If you do decide to see your instructor or go to a tutoring center, make sure that you
have a neat notebook and are ready with your questions.

Objective 5 ▸ Preparing for and Take an Exam. Make sure that you allow
yourself plenty of time to prepare for a test. If you think that you are a little “math
anxious,” it may be that you are not preparing for a test in a way that will ensure
success. The way that you prepare for a test in mathematics is important. To
prepare for a test,
1. Review your previous homework assignments. You may also want to rework some
of them.
2. Review any notes from class and section-level quizzes you have taken. (If this is a
final exam, also review chapter tests you have taken.)
3. Practice working out exercises by completing the Chapter Review found at the end
of each chapter.
4. Since homework exercises are online, you may easily work new homework exercises.
If you open an already submitted homework assignment, you can get new exercises
by clicking “similar exercise.” This will generate new exercises similar to the home-
work exercises you have already submitted. You can then work and rework exercises
until you fully understand them. Don’t stop here!
5. It is important that you place yourself in conditions similar to test conditions to
find out how you will perform. In other words, as soon as you feel that you know
the material, try taking some sample tests.
In your ebook, there are two forms of chapter tests at the end of each chapter. One
form is an open response test form and the second is a standardized test form. You
can use these two tests as practice tests. Do not use your notes or any other help
when completing these tests. Check your answers by using the answer section in
the ebook. There are also exact video clip solutions to the open response practice
test form. Finally, identify any concepts that you do not understand and consult
your teacher.
6. Get a good night’s sleep before the exam.
7. On the day of the actual test, allow yourself plenty of time to arrive at your exam
location.
When taking your test,
1. Read the directions on the test carefully.
2. Read each problem carefully as you take the test. Make sure that you answer the
question asked.
3. Pace yourself by first completing the problems you are most confident with. Then
work toward the problems you are least confident with. Watch your time so you do
not spend too much time on one particular problem.
4. Do not turn your test in early. If you have extra time, spend it double-checking
your work and answers.

Objective 6 ▸ Managing Your Time. As a student, you know the demands that classes,
homework, work, and family place on your time. Some days you probably wonder

M01_MART7822_01_AIE_C01.indd 5 11/27/14 3:25 PM

 6  Chapter 1   A Beginning of Geometry

how you’ll ever get everything done. One key to managing your time is developing a
schedule. Here are some hints for making a schedule:
1. Make a list of all of your weekly commitments for the term. Include classes, work,
regular meetings, extracurricular activities, etc.
2. Next, estimate the time needed for each item on the list. Also make a note of how
often you will need to do each item. Don’t forget to include time estimates for the
reading, studying, and homework you do outside of your classes. You may want to
ask your instructor for help estimating the time needed.
3. In the following exercise set, you are asked to block out a typical week on
the schedule grid given. Start with items with fixed time slots like classes and
work.
4. Next, include the items on your list with flexible time slots. Think carefully about
how best to schedule items such as study time.
5. Don’t fill up every time slot on the schedule. Remember that you need to allow
time for eating, sleeping, and relaxing! You should also allow a little extra time in
case some items take longer than planned.
6. If you find that your weekly schedule is too full for you to handle, you may
need to make some changes in your workload, classload, or in other areas of
your life. If you work, you may want to talk to your advisor, manager or su-
pervisor, or someone in your school’s counseling center for help with such
decisions.

1.1 Exercise Set

1. How many times is it suggested that you work through
homework exercises before the submission deadline?
2. How does the “Help Me Solve This” feature work?
3. Why is it important that you write your step-by-step solu-
tions to homework exercises and keep a hard copy of all
work submitted online?
4. How many times are you allowed to submit homework online?
5. How can the lecture videos for each section help you in this
course? When is the best time to use them?
6. In the homework assignments, how many attempts do you
get to correct an exercise before it is marked incorrect?
7. If the “View an Example” feature is used, is it necessary to
work an additional exercise before continuing the assignment?
8. How does reading the ebook section before class help you
prepare for class?
9. Do all homework exercises in MyMathLab come with an ac-
companying video clip solution?
10. How can you use MathXL to contact your teacher about an
exercise you don’t understand?
11. When are your homework assignments due?
12. How much “cushion” time is recommended before your
deadline when submitting homework online?
13. Is it still OK to ask your teacher for help even though this is
an online course?
14. Name two ways you can prepare for any chapter tests.
15. If you are absent, name two ways you can review the mate-
rial you missed.
16. List the resources available in MyMathLab to help you. Which
of these resources do you think will be most helpful to you?
17. Are you allowed to use a calculator in this class?
18. Review Objective 6 and fill in the schedule grid that follows.
19. Study your completed grid from Exercise 18. Decide whether
you have the time necessary to successfully complete this
course and any others you have scheduled.

M01_MART7822_01_AIE_C01.indd 6 11/27/14 3:25 PM

 Section 1.2   Geometry—A Mathematical System  7

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

4:00 a.m.

5:00 a.m.

6:00 a.m.

7:00 a.m.

8:00 a.m.

9:00 a.m.

10:00 a.m.

11:00 a.m.

12:00 p.m.

1:00 p.m.

2:00 p.m.

3:00 p.m.

4:00 p.m.

5:00 p.m.

6:00 p.m.

7:00 p.m.

8:00 p.m.

9:00 p.m.

10:00 p.m.

11:00 p.m.

Midnight

1:00 a.m.

2:00 a.m.

3:00 a.m.

1.2 Geometry—A Mathematical System

Objectives
1 Use Logic to Recognize Patterns.
2 Understand How a
Mathematical System, Like
Geometry, Is Formed.
◗ Helpful Hint
To be more specific, “geo” means
earth and “metron” means
measurement.
Objective 1 ▸ Using Logic to Recognize Patterns. The word geometry comes from the
Greek language and means to ¯˚˚˘˚˚˙
measure the earth. (For more on the origin of geometry,
see the Chapter 1 Opener, page 1.)
We use geometry in many different situations. It is still needed for measuring
the perimeter of a backyard for the purpose of constructing a fence, or for calculating
the area of a backyard for the purpose of ordering grass seed. Nowadays, the use of
geometry is all around you, and some applications can easily be seen, especially in ar-
chitecture and construction. Look at the angles of a building—the windows, the roof,
any brick or stone placement, etc. The next time you approach a bridge, notice the
engineering and geometry involved in constructing the bridge. More recently, geom-
etry is greatly used in the construction of cell phones and cell towers, GPS systems,
and in the development of 3-D movies.

M01_MART7822_01_AIE_C01.indd 7 11/27/14 3:25 PM

 8  Chapter 1   A Beginning of Geometry

VOCABULARY ◗ Helpful Hint

• geometry The number of mathematical systems has become so large, that there is a Mathematics
• logic Classification System. It is used by authors of research papers to clearly classify the subject of
their paper.
• undefined term
Below, we take great liberty and diagram a few of the major divisions that you may
• defined term be familiar with.
• postulate
Mathematical Systems
• axiom Arithmetic Many others
• theorem (in a Quantity Geometry Applied Mathematics
category) Algebra (and Topology) (includes Probability,
(in a Structure Statistics, etc.)
category)

Perimeter needed for fencing.
Area of yard needed for grass seed.
Before we talk more about geometry and mathematical systems, let’s check our
reasoning skills, or logic. We need to learn how to use reason and logic in order to rec-
ognize patterns, make conjectures, and develop the laws of this system. Let’s start to
examine the mathematical system of geometry by first recognizing patterns and mak-
ing conjectures. Later in this text, we will discuss reasoning further, including different
types of reasoning.
We can use logic to look for patterns in figures, as shown in Example 1.

Example 1 Using Logic to Recognize Patterns

Sketch the next figure in this pattern.

Solution From left to right, each figure is a square, with a triangle shaded in a different
Notice the angles in this building.
corner. From left to right, the shading is moving clockwise. Thus, we predict that the
next figure is

.
PRACTICE

1 Sketch the next figure in the pattern.

Ravenel Bridge near Charleston, SC x

x x

Patterns can also appear in lists of numbers.

Example 2 Using Logic to Recognize Patterns

Look for a pattern and predict the next number.
a. 2, 10, 50, 250, … b. -3, 0, 3, 6, 9, …
Solution a. 2, 10, 50, 250
!
!
!

*5 *5 *5
Each number is 5 times the previous number. We predict the next number to be 1250
because
250 * 5 = 1250

M01_MART7822_01_AIE_C01.indd 8 11/27/14 3:26 PM

 Section 1.2   Geometry—A Mathematical System  9

b. Each number is 3 more than the previous number. We predict the next number to
be 12 because
9 + 3 = 12
PRACTICE

2 Look for a pattern and predict the next number.

1 1 1
a. -1, 1, -2, 2, -3, c b. , , ,c
3 9 27

Objective 2 ▸ Understanding How a Mathematical System Is Formed. Now we can

use our logic and reasoning skills to develop the mathematical system of geometry.
How do we begin?
We begin with undefined terms, which we first describe.
Then we use these undefined terms to formally define terms. From these, we
use our defined terms to write statements that we do not prove, but instead agree and
accept them to be true. These statements are called postulates or axioms. Our math-
ematical system grows by using terms, postulates, and axioms to prove theorems.
It continues to grow by using theorems to prove other theorems.

◗ Helpful Hint
What is the difference between a postulate and an axiom? Although we may use these words
interchangeably, the table below may help:

Axiom Postulate
Similar Do not prove these statements
Possible Thought of as a global, A truth that is more
Differences ­self-evident truth or specific to geometry
­common notion

A Mathematical System consists of

Undefined terms are the most basic of terms that we do not formally define, but
have a meaning or description that we agree upon.
The To form definitions, we use undefined terms or already defined terms to formally
Foundation e define them.
Postulates (or Axioms) are statements that we accept as true and do not try to
prove.
Use the S Theorems are statements that we prove using logic, the foundation above, and
Foundation other previously proved theorems.
for:

Some examples of undefined terms are point, line, plane, and the idea of be-
tween. For example, what does it mean for a point on a line to be between two other
points?
In the next section, we begin to develop our mathematical system called
geometry.
Sometimes in geometry we may be faced with unmarked figures. If this
­occurs, we must be careful when making assumptions about these figures. For
­example, let’s look at the following figures and learn the assumptions that we may
or may not make.

M01_MART7822_01_AIE_C01.indd 9 11/27/14 3:26 PM

 10  Chapter 1   A Beginning of Geometry

Figure Assumptions
Be careful when assuming anything from a marked or unmarked figure.
Examples: Can you assume that …
• This is a line? • This is a right • This is • These angles are • These angles
angle (mea- a right supplementary have a com-
sures 90°)? angle? (sum of 180°)? mon side?

Yes No Yes Yes Yes

• These two lines • These • These angles • These • These seg-

intersect to angles are are comple- segments ments
form angles? complemen- mentary have equal have equal
tary (sum ­(sum of 90°)? length? length?
of 90°)? 1 in.

Yes No
1 in.
Yes No Yes

In Example 3 and associated exercises, we assume a basic knowledge of squares,

triangles, rectangles, and some angle measures.

Example 3 Given the figure, can you conclude the statement?

This is a square.

Solution No, we cannot assume that the figure is a square. A square has 4 right angles
and 4 sides of equal length. Correctly marked,

◗ Helpful Hint
The same number of tick marks This is a square.
on sides indicates equal length.

PRACTICE

3 Given the figure, can you conclude the statement?

The angles in this triangle have the same measure.

Vocabulary & Readiness Check

Word Bank Use the choices to fill in each blank. Some choices may be used more than once and some not at all.
undefined term axiom theorem
postulate defined term
1. Which word or phrase above describes a word that has been defined? _____________
2. Which word or phrase above describes a word that is described, but not defined? _____________
3. A statement that we prove is called a(n) _____________.
4. A statement that we accept as true but do not prove is called a(n) _____________ or a(n) _____________.

M01_MART7822_01_AIE_C01.indd 10 11/27/14 3:26 PM

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
countless number of pieces, and thus lay open the inside of it, and the
cave, if there were any there.
Some went away satisfied that all had been done that could be,
and there was no treasure there; others, that the original cave and its
contents remained undisturbed but all agreed that they had ventured
their share upon the sea of speculation, and should not try again right
away.
Soon after this, mesmeric clairvoyance became one of the reigning
topics of the day, and almost immediately the interest of Dungeon
Rock was again agitated. This time, one of the world-renowned singing
brothers, Jesse Hutchinson, was the chief actor, directed by a
mesmerized lady, who steadily affirmed the truth of the disconnected
history that had been handed down to them, and added her
declarations to those who had the firmest faith in the old saying of
wealth in Dungeon Cave.
The operations flagged not for days and weeks; and, when at last
Jesse gave it up, not as a delusion, but as a task too hard for him,
others kept on, and made the hole still deeper and broader. But they
too failed, and, for a long time, the hill was undisturbed save by
occasional picnic parties, or Sunday groups of young people, who
went there to enjoy themselves.
Now our scene changes from the quiet, unfrequented, hilly
woodland, to the limitless plains of the great West, where the waters of
America’s broadest and deepest lake ceaselessly lave its shores. It is
the hour of a boat landing, and any number of men, women, and
children, could be seen hurrying to the wharf, with the first whole dish
they could reach, be it wash-bowl, ewer, or skillet, teapot, pan, or pail;
and one general cry of “whiskey, whiskey,” was heard throughout the
ranks.
In a small building, that served for kitchen, parlor, and bedroom, to
quadruped and biped, two men, apparently near the same age, and
both past the years of youth, sat, or rather reclined, talking busily with
each other.
“Rum is a great curse, Marble.”
“Granted.”
 “And, if a great deal ruins a man, a little, be it ever so little, injures
him.”
“Granted also, Long; but now look here. In our crew there are only
men; but I warrant that up yonder, when the boat landed, you might
have seen people of all kinds and colors flocking to the wharf. You well
know what they are after. Now answer me this one question. Would it
not be better for us to set the example by keeping whiskey for our own
gang, and thus prevent their going to the boat, than it is to apparently
countenance beastly drunkenness, by their drinking all they can obtain
at irregular intervals?”
Long hesitated, and Marble went on.
“I know your principles. I know you consider rum-drinking as the
one unpardonable sin; but, if you stop to think about it, you may bring
your orthodoxy to agree with my infidelity.”
“It may be so,” Long added, after a pause. “I have thought a great
deal on this subject, and am not yet decided. You have sold rum, have
you not?”
Marble nodded.
“Well, do you think what you have sold has done most—which?—
good, or bad?”
“Bad,” was the prompt reply.
“I thought as much,” answered Long; “but that is not what I was
going to speak of just now. I want to know how you would like the idea
of keeping a boarding-house.”
“First rate,” answered Marble. “We could drive four stakes into the
ground, stretch a bit of cloth over them, and name it the Marquet
Eating Saloon, where shall be kept all manner of provisions, viz.,
whiskey, to be had at the shortest notice.” And a droll smile rested in
the corners of Marbles mouth, and twinkled in his small eyes, as he
ceased speaking; while Long, as the picture came vividly before his
active imagination, threw back his head and laughed loud and long.
“That is not what I wanted, Hiram,” he said, soon stopping his mirth
and growing sober again. “There are a great plenty of such
establishments going up in all parts of the country. We need a real
framed house; and, if you would plan such a one as you think you
could keep properly, why, all is, we would find means to build it, and
have it done right away. You shall bring your wife on to manage, and
your children to inhabit it. You shall keep on being overseer. I will be a
wealthy land-holder. Jointly and severally we shall be honored for
inventing, or rather, for starting the great Marquet Iron Works, and, by
my faith, we shall live fat.”
Then the two men separated, each to his own place; and here it
may not be inapropos to describe them.
Long, who appeared to be chief director there, was tall, but rather
slightly built, with a long face, intelligent-looking, dark eyes, a high, but
not full brow, and thin lips, that partially disclosed a regular set of teeth.
Marble, who seemed like Long’s very right hand, was also tall, but
strong and robust, with sharp, bright blue eyes, light waving brown
hair, and a full white brow.
On the night after their conversation, which we have recorded,
Marble, who always, as Long said, if he put his hands to the plough,
not only did not look back, but did not look forward either, and only
attended to holding the plough, started from the settlement to reach a
small hill at a little distance, partly to select trees from the lot for their
house, and partly to think over the practicability of the scheme they
had been discussing. He was walking slowly along, with his eyes fixed
upon the ground, when, suddenly looking up, he found himself back to
the place whence he started.
“Can’t you go as far as you can see?” he muttered to himself,
starting again for the wood: but again he became lost in thought, and
again he found himself at the same place.
“Well if you can’t go as far as you can see you may go home,” he
said, casting a regretful look at the woodland, and turning away. It was
a habit he always had of talking to himself, and it saved him many
hours of trouble.
Soon after this, he started for his home away in old
Massachusetts, which, upon reaching, he found was not entirely
exempt from the joint hands of time and sorrow. He had been at home
from the West but a short time, when his youngest child, a boy of
thirteen, was taken sick; and thus his plans were frustrated. His
sickness was short and painful; and his burning cheeks and glassy
bright eyes told but too plainly to the father’s heart that George’s days
were numbered.
About this time he, too, became interested in clairvoyance. Before
going West, he had, at the request of a friend, consulted a
phrenological subject who predicted his departure, and also his
misfortune—for such she termed the death in the family. After finishing
her talk, she informed him that she sometimes told fortunes; and asked
if she might tell his.
He did not care about it; had little faith in such things, etc.; but, if
she would like to, he had no objections.
She run the cards over, and told him essentially what she had said
before; adding that, in the course of a specified time, she thought he
would be in steady business.
He was, at that time, all ready to go West with a party of men to
establish the Marquet Iron Works.
He went and returned. George died; but, as yet, no steady
employment presented itself.
While staying in Marquet, a young man, an entire stranger in
Massachusetts, had described Dungeon Rock to him as his place to
work, but told no names, even of the town or state where it lay. He
was, at that time, careless, or even skeptical about the matter; but,
after George’s death, he aroused himself, and concluded to
investigate, and, if he could, to understand the subject.
He came to Lynn, and, subsequently, to a distant relative in a
neighboring town. Here he staid some time; and upon one occasion,
feeling unwell, he determined to consult a clairvoyant in the place, who
was entirely unacquainted with him or his business. Accordingly, he
expressed a desire to have him consulted, and Mr. Wheeler, who was
going to a neighboring town, offered to stop and see him, and,
perhaps, invite him to his house, as Mr. Marble was there staying.
He went, and, as he entered the room and made known his errand,
the clairvoyant, whose name was Emerson, commenced talking, and
finally seated himself at the table and began to write with great rapidity,
speaking now and then to ask or answer questions, and taking very
little notice of his work.
He was young, apparently less than twenty years of age; but his
dark complexion and keen black eyes gave a look of maturity, which
his slight, almost petite figure, and long curling hair, instantly
contradicted. When he stopped writing, he folded and directed the
letter, and gave it to Mr. W. without a word of comment, having first
signed his own name to it as a medium.
“But the gentleman thought he might want to see you on some
other business,” Wheeler said, doubtfully, holding the document
between his thumb and finger.
“I presume it is there, sir,” was the reply; and the medium turned
away.
Mr. Wheeler left the house, and, instead of keeping on his way,
concluded to return with the letter. He did so; and, entering the room
where Mr. Marble was, gave him the letter, and told him to read it
aloud.
Marble did so; and, before he reached the end, Wheeler threw his
hat on the floor, and asked what he would take for half the rock, as he,
Wheeler, would like to go into company with him.
Marble did not answer until he had devoured the whole contents of
the letter, which really contained a great many mysterious and some
unaccountable statements concerning the business in which he then
was engaged. Among others, it stated that he would call there the next
day and go with them to the rock; which he did, accompanied by a
friend who generally mesmerised or put him to sleep. He threw himself
upon the ground beside the rock, when he reached it, and, after
becoming entranced, told how and where they must work, etc.
And, now that we have got them fairly started, we will go back a
single year, and try if we can tell a reasonable story. Soon after
George’s death, as we have said before, Mr. M. aroused himself, and
determined to investigate the subject of mesmerism. Opportunities
soon presented themselves. When staying at a public house, one
night, the porter came to him and said, “Madame Y. is here, and
wishes to see you.”
 “Who is Madame Y.?” he asked, thoughtfully.
“I don’t know,” was the reply; “but she sent her name, and bade me
say she had told your fortune.”
An indistinct recollection seemed to cross his mind, but he only
said, “I will go,” and was accordingly conducted into her presence.
She recalled their former meeting, inquired as to the veracity of
what she had then said, and ended by telling him there was a very
good clairvoyant, Madame Maine, with her at that time, and, if he liked,
she would put her to sleep and have him examined.
He was at the time suffering from a recent attack of the Asiatic
cholera, which was accurately described by Madame M., even to the
time and place of his sickness, for which she wrote a prescription,
which he took in all faith.
She then went on to tell what he was to do for the future. “You will
dig for a pirate’s money,” she said, “and you will find”—here she
hesitated.
“A bugbear,” he said, laughing.
“The pirate, himself, sir,” she added, “or, rather what there is left of
what was once a pirate, and a treasure with him.”
“That is encouraging,” he said, concealing his unbelief “Can you
tell me where this money lies that I am to dig for?”
“It is somewhere by the sea-side, I think,” she answered; “less than
twenty miles from Boston.”
Well, he left with his confidence in mesmerism so much lessened
that he never used his prescription. A short time after that he met two
or three young men conversing upon that subject. They had heard
something of Mr. M.’s experience, and wanted to hear more.
“What is the most likely thing they ever told you?” one asked.
“That I should go digging for money,” he replied.
A burst of laughter followed this grave assertion, and they asked to
have it explained.
 “Well the truth is this. Madame Maine told me that I was soon to be
engaged in searching, or rather digging, for a pirate and his money.”
“Do you know where it is?” asked one, whose name was Olds.
Marble laughed at the thoughtful look which had settled on their
faces, and answered, “No; she gave out when she had got about so
far, and could not tell the rest.”
“I’ll warrant it was down in Lynn!” exclaimed Olds.
“What do you know about Lynn?” Marble asked.
“I have been there, myself,” he answered, earnestly; “and I have
no doubt that there is money there. At any rate I advise you to try it.”
Soon after this Marble consulted a physician, who told him that he
needed a change; the salt air would be good for him; he had better pay
the sea-shore a visit. This decided him, for, as he afterward expressed
it, everybody and everything he met seemed to be pointing him away,
away.
“I will go and work a fortnight,” he said; and nobly well has his word
been kept.
Upon this he went and took a survey of the rock. It contained a
huge chasm, which he thought would lead to a cave, if there was one,
with a very little trouble. He commenced work in company with two
other men, and made slow work of it, too, as the rock was very hard,
and they had nothing to direct their motions, and nothing but hope to
live upon as far as the work in the rock was concerned.
It was about a year that they worked thus; then first one man, and
soon the other, became weary and discouraged, and left. The cave
was still as far distant as ever; faith had grown weak, and hope, which
formed so tempting a breakfast, seemed about to prepare a very poor
supper.
It is about this time that we find how great is the power of
perseverance. Mr. Marble, after the other men had left, continued the
work for some time with his only son, a young man about twenty years
of age. And thus, it was after working a year by the guidance of
mesmerism, that we find him consulting the first clairvoyant medium,
and this led him into the mystic labyrinths of spiritualism, or spiritual
philosophy.
The grounds which the medium took were substantially these: that
when, by the action of his friend’s mind, he was rendered unconscious,
some disembodied spirit took possession of him, and told what living
people did or did not know. He told Mr. Marble how to work in the hole
he had excavated, and, at one time, foretold a circumstance which was
of considerable importance. It was that within a certain number of
hours he would find a something to encourage him. It did not tell what,
and the number of hours included a week’s time. Four days after that,
an ancient-looking, rusty sword, with a leather-wound haft and a brass-
bound scabbard, was found in a large seam inside the rock. Soon after
being exposed to the air, the leather upon the handle crumbled away,
and the thick, blue mould on the brass began to wear off. The chasm
in the rock is still shown to visitors, and the prints where the sword lay
in the clayey soil were once to be seen, but have since been removed,
in the hopes of finding more relics.
This was a great event to build a hope upon, and it had its full
effect on the spirits of those interested. Dungeon Rock soon became a
place of particular interest to mediums. The well-known Mrs. Pike paid
it a visit; also Mrs. Freeman, who had, on a former occasion, directed
Mr. Marble to go to a certain street and number, in the city of Boston,
where he would find an aged, bed-ridden woman, who would be of use
to him.
He went, and discovered Madame Lamphier, to whom he made
known his errand as one who had come to have his fortune told.
“Fortin’! who says I tell fortins’?” was the spiteful ejaculation that
greeted him.
“Well, what do you tell?” he asked, convinced that she was the one
he sought.
“Why, I have a stone that I look in, and if any one has any
business, it generally comes up here,” she replied, doggedly.
“Well, I should like to have you look into it for me,” he said, in a
conciliatory manner.
 Accordingly she drew out her stone, adjusted her glasses, and
commenced by seeing him in a deep dark hole, with something hung
up between himself and a pile of gold which he was trying to reach.
She then kept on, and described a young girl, as she saw her, about
twelve years of age, who was to be of future service to him or his work.
“And you will not get through with the partner you have now, either!”
she said, decidedly.
“Well I was told that same thing about my last partner,” he
muttered, half to himself and half aloud.
“What was his name?” she asked.
“What do you think?” he answered, Yankee fashion.
“I see a large W.,” she said musingly.
“Well that is right; his name was Wheeler,” he replied. “What do
you think of him?”
“I don’t know nothing about him,” said the old woman, cautiously;
“but I see one very mean thing that he did.”
“You mean to say he is a dishonest man, then?” Mr. Marble said,
for the sake of getting along faster.
“No I don’t,” she said fearfully; “he is not dishonest, but he took the
advantage.”
“Well, never mind that, tell me about my present partner; do you
know his name?” Marble said again, to turn the theme.
“I see the same large W.,” she said, “but it looks finer and
handsomer.”
“Really, quite a compliment; anything more?”
“Yes; I see a great deal of wood.”
“Well, that it is the land that I work on,—is it not?”
“No; it is something in connection with your partner. I see him now.
He is young—light-complected for a black-eyed person. There is
something strange about his eyes; they glare at me like coals of fire.
He is not very handsome, but there is a taking way with him that
makes the gentlefolks like him at first sight. Splendid young fellow, ah!”
 “Yes,” said Marble, “fine man; is he not?”
An Indian-like grunt escaped her, and she said, “You have not told
me what that wood means.”
“Wood—why, it is his name—is it not?”
“Yes,—I think so. It is gone now,” she said, and prepared to lay
aside her stone.
“You spoke about his being young; is he not old enough for that
work?” Marble asked.
“In years he is,” she answered, moodily.
“Not old enough in business, then, you meant,” he continued.
“In iniquity, did you say?” she asked.
Mr. M. saw he could get nothing more from her that day, and soon
took his leave.
Time passed. Mr. Marble’s confidence was betrayed, and his plans
frustrated. Mr. Wood took the whole responsibility upon himself, and
tried to buy the rock. Finding he was foiled in this, he hired a man to go
to work against Mr. Marble. In this he failed also, and, instead of
getting the other half of the business, he lost the half he already had.
After this, Mr. Marble had no more partners. The man Mr. Wood had
hired kept on working there in his own employ. Marble had built a small
house for his own accommodation some time before, and one or
another of his or Mr. Wheeler’s family had done the work there, and
kept them comfortable. Now the hired man offered to bring his wife
there to reside, which he did a short time before Mr. Wood left. Mr.
Marble’s family had been staying in the vicinity a while, but long before
the cold weather they returned to their home in the interior, and nothing
now remained to cheer the unbroken monotony of his way. The long,
and chilling winter of the year eighteen hundred and fifty-five will be
remembered a great while by the man whose work was to find a way
to Dungeon Rock.
With the summer came plenty and warmth again; the little garden
was planted, the carriage road laid out and built, where before there
was scarcely a path; a friend gave him two hundred dollars, to be
refunded when he found himself able. With this he laid the foundation
for a large stone building, to be erected in the octagon form, somewhat
after the fashion of the gray and sombre Oriad. Then another person
seemingly still more of a friend, was directed (also by the spirits) to
forward two or three thousand dollars to have the work go on. This was
a brilliant proposal; but owing to some mismanagement or mistake it
was never carried into effect. A short time before this a spring was
discovered upon the low land near the rock, which proved to be a great
curiosity. Then a small wooden house was erected, in addition to the
one already there, into which the remainder of Mr. Marble’s family,
consisting of a wife and daughter, removed.
Soon after this, a party of people from Charlestown and Boston,
who had lately become interested in the place, were there on a visit,
when a medium being entranced, purported to speak from the spirit of
Sir Walter Scott, and requested a lady who was present to make Mr.
Marble a present, such as he (the spirit) would dictate. It afterwards
came in the shape of a flag-staff, eighty feet in length, which was firmly
planted in the place formerly excavated by the Hutchinsons. Then a
flag with the appropriate inscription, “Thy faith is founded on a rock,”
was raised upon it by the lady’s own hands. There was no fear of
starvation that winter, but the snow was wondrously deep, and the
hollows were piled softly up, almost even with the hill-tops.
When the spring opened, company came thronging again to the
rock, to see and hear all that was wonderful and strange; for the
popularity of the place had been steadily increasing, and the world is
ever on the lookout for something new. All that spring and summer
company and visitors, picnic parties and relatives, were coming in
rapid succession, and no material change was made, either in the
work or their way of life.
Fresh, dreamy September, like a maiden just passing from
childhood to her teens, came softly on. There is but one more incident
of interest to note; that is, when the great philanthropist, and
remarkable medium, John M. Spear, paid it a passing visit, in company
with two or three other mediums.
And now our history is finished.
There is a small room, away in the very top of a block of buildings,
where the sun beats scorchingly down, and the dust whirls in clouds
through the narrow street. And there, where affluence is unknown, and
elegance unconsulted,—where no rich tapestry shields the artist’s
easel from the light,—is a work of magic art and mystic mystery, which
has been seen by hundreds, and will be by thousands. It is a rare
bright picture—a childish, dimpled face, with deep, wondrous blue
eyes, and thick clustering curls; one round arm is flung over the
shaggy neck of a large black dog, as if to show how perfectly the
spiritual part of nature can overcome the animal; and the whole picture
represents some half-embodied ideal, which is in future years to
become a reality. There are, undoubtedly, the touches of the old artists,
Ben West, Raphael, and Angelo, about the work, and their power may
not be yet extinct; but the world is not ready for such ideas as yet; it
must receive the truth gradually.
But, the picture of “Natty, a spirit,” has nothing to do with our
present work. It is its executor of whom we would speak. He is an artist
of some celebrity, and his painting of the spirit child has made him
famous. He professes to have distinct visions of spirits in human form;
snatches of landscapes, birds, flowers, and, indeed, almost every thing
that can be seen in the natural world. He is a reflective, and rather a
peculiar man; there are silvery threads in his hair, and furrows on his
brow, as though he thought a great deal. And he it is that has been
chosen to do the work of planning and directing the laying out of
Dungeon Pasture, which is to be called “Iowah;” a name which the red
man gave it long ago, and which signifies “I have found it.”
The legend of that name is as follows: “Several hundred years ago
the united forces of pestilence, famine, and war, had so reduced a
large tribe of Indians, that only a very few remained, and, after calling a
council of their wisest men, these few determined to leave the home of
their fathers and found a new settlement; accordingly, they started
through the trackless wild on their vague expedition; they passed

“Through tangled Juniper, beds of reeds,

Through many a fen where the serpent feeds,
And man never trod before;”
and at last came to the foot of a large hill, with an enormous ledge
upon the top. Upon climbing this, they saw spread out before them a
panoramic view of what they knew would prove a good hunting-
ground, for it had forests for game and water for fish. Then a loud cry
of “Iowah! Iowah!” made the welkin ring, and the whole party
encamped that night in the large, open cave, before commencing their
work. They called the river Saugus, which means broad or extended,
and when the tribe grew large and strong, and reached away down to
the great “Father of Waters,” they called the two beaches Nahaunte,
which means, the brothers, or the twins.
All this is to be revived again; the woodland to be laid out in
groves, and parks and forests; the spring in the cave to be cleared
again, and its brink bordered by marble slabs; the ancient, scattered
treasures will be gathered up, bright flashing diamonds, clear white
seed pearls, with heavy gold settings, and antique jewelry and
ornaments, that have been a long time lying useless. The heavy iron-
bound box, that was left there, has been disturbed and broken by the
action of the earth, and its contents are now duly mixed up with equal
quantities of dirt, loose stones, and rubbish, which the water from the
spring, all choked up as it is, has for the space of two hundred
consecutive years been laying. There was once a case of silks left
there, but, as the cave is not perfectly air and water tight, the
probability is that, although they look the same as ever, there is not
much durability to them. The grave of Arabel, Veale levelled down, but
the spot is still pointed out by mediums, and, although the tree under
which Harris laid her has long since decayed, another has grown up
very near where that was supposed to stand, which is now in the
centre of a thriving garden.
Cathrin’s sepulchre is the “rock of ages,” and traces of her remains
will be found upon one of the shelving places in the cave. The child
was buried, but

“The string of pearls and the lock of hair,

And the ring of gold that it used to wear,”
will be found by Cathrin’s side, where Veale, with his superstitious
reverence, placed them.
The cave will be found in two separate apartments, beside the
entrance, which clairvoyant mediums see as another room. Veale
himself, or rather his bones, will be found in the outer, or largest room,
together with the remains of his shoemaking tools. The other contents
of the rock we leave for time to discover, and the sagacity of the
“Excavator” to make known.
The medium that Madame Lamphier saw four years ago, at the
age of twelve, has been employed more or less, for five or six weeks
past, in writing this little work, which we now send on its way, without a
fear that its mission will ever be unaccomplished. The time for all
things to be done is ordered; and when we have said all that can be
known about such a place as Dungeon Rock, there still remains one
question unanswered—one doubt unremoved. Time alone can verify
what hundreds have told, either by impression, clairvoyance, or
entrancement, that there still remains a cave there, and that the
present laborer, Mr. Hiram Marble, otherwise known as the Excavator,
shall be the one to discover it.
 LINES COMMUNICATED TO A
CIRCLE AT DUNGEON ROCK,
FEBRUARY 22d, 1856.

Far away from the voice of the rolling sea

A noble banner is waving free,
With its motto of blue on a pure white ground,
And a single stripe of scarlet around.
America’s tri-color, red, white, and blue,
Flutters softly there all the long day through.
On the high, firm rock, ’bove the grassy strand,
With its heavy brace, does the flag-staff stand;
While not far down on the rough hill’s side
Is the small, rude cot, where the workers abide.
We know, ere the cold winter flitted o’er,
That want peered in through the open door;
But hearts were willing to boldly strive,
And hope and faith kept the soul alive;
So, spite of famine’s half-looked-for shock,
The work still prospered in Dungeon Rock.
Strong hands kept picking the stone chips out,
And forcing the long, circuitous route;
Strong hearts were waiting, for well they knew
That the summer would bring them enough to do.
With curious eyes, and a curious name,
Or open purses and open fame.
But the stranger’s scorn and the stranger’s love
Were never valued true friends above.
Years pass like the hours of a summer day,
And leave no memento to mark their stay.
We have told of the faith in the Rock alive
In the year eighteen hundred and fifty-five.
Let us turn time’s current, and backward go,
And see what new wonders her book will show,
By skipping two centuries, just to derive
The knowledge of sixteen fifty-five.
There’s still a dark wood, and a winding stream,
Where the cold, bright stars, and the moon’s pale beam,
Light up a low path, by the underbrush hid,
And gild the smooth plate on the coffer’s dull lid.
There are hurrying footsteps and stifled tones
In that lonely ravine of earth and stones;
’Tis the hiding-place of a pirate band,
Who came from a distant, brilliant land,
And their burden of spoils from the broad, high seas
They have borne to that forest of woodland trees,
Where the wild wolf howls in his dismal den
Or makes his home in that pirate’s glen.
They are startled now, those men so brave,
And are taking their treasure to Dungeon Cave.
Away through the woods that once skirted the vale
They had made for themselves an invisible trail;
And, now that the night was so dark and still,
They were moving their spoils from the glen to the hill.
An iron bound box, with its shining gold,
And a limestone fossil, pure and cold,
On its soft, white cotton, was resting there,
Treasured with superstitious care.
There are noble hearts in that lonely home,
And Harris, the leader, is soon to come.
They hear him now, as they firmly tread
O’er the fallen leaves and the flowers dead:
“Halt”—the low, deep summons is soon obeyed,
And Harris moves out from the tall tree’s shade.
There’s a light in his eye, and a stern command
In the haughty wave of his ungloved hand,
As he lifts the cap from his high, white brow,
And says, “My men, be ready now.
Have you ta’en the strong box from the vessel’s hold,
And well secured it, with all its gold?
Have you counted the diamonds we stole from the berth
Of the fair Cristelle, on that night of mirth?
Have you closed my coffers? In short, my men,
Have you cleared all the trash from our silent glen?
For I have an inkling, from what I have heard,
By the foundery, to-night, that the settlers have stirred,
And will soon be for finding the men of ease,
That dare to murder on God’s high seas.”
“We have moved them all,” was the men’s reply,
As Harris gazed at the moonlit sky;
“We have moved them all; but what, your honor,
Shall we do, to-night, with our fair Madonna?
Shall we leave her alone in the glen to abide?
Will she make for Sir Wolf a fitting bride?
Or, will she tell tales when they come to look?
For I’ll risk a woman to find our nook.”
“Peace!” thundered Harris, “and no more fun;
Ye are seven in number, in purpose one.”
He added, more kindly, “But now, move on,
For to-night our labor must all be done.”
Then he quickly turned toward the lonely glen,
And left in the darkness that band of men.
We can tell no more. But the lady fair,
Ere the next day’s sunshine reached her there,
Had followed the winding, woody road,
And found on the hill-side a new abode.
At noon she saw from the high cave door,
A party of men and torches four
Creep slowly in through the tangled green,
Where the pirate robbers had last been seen.
Three times did the lady fair look down;
Three sunsets she saw on that little town;
Then she rested her fair, pale face alone,
By the cool, bright spring in the hollowed stone;
And that night, when the pirates came home from the dell,
They buried the form of proud Arabel.
Then years passed on and another bride
Blessed the cavern home on the high hill-side;
But the pirates were traced to their home by the sea,
And, of all the seven, there escaped but three.
One of these fled to his rocky home,
And dared not away from the cave to roam.
But the merry Cathrin, the pirates bride,
Mourned out her young life, that year, and died.
And the sturdy Veale, who could ever bear
The darkest storm of both sea and air,
Became a coward, and dared not brave
The suspicious look of a lowly grave.
So he carefully laid that form of clay
On a shelving rock in the cave away;
And he flung the pure folds of her own white dress
O’er her marble brow, in that dark recess.
Then he wandered on, and lived and grew,
Like the rest of Lynn people, tied to a shoe;
For he dared not betray the gold, so bright,
Lest he should be murdered, some silent night,
But, at last, the great earth felt the earthquake’s shock,
And Veale was immured in the prison rock.
Then time fled on, and the silent life
Of nature alone by the rock was rife;
Till the baby city had a regular blow,
Which shattered the stones to their base so low,
And rattled them down till they closed the mouth
Which the earthquake had left toward the sunny south
The good effects which this blowing made
Were to use the powder, and help the trade.
Then again was the solitude deep and still,
By the pirate glen, on Dungeon Hill.
But curious minds spied the legends out,
And a new scene of labor was brought about.
A mesmeric lady, of wondrous fame,
And a band of brothers, with as wide a name,
Became interested, and tried for a while
The rocks of the Dungeons high roof to unpile.
But, though they grew faint, we believing ones say
That Jesse the talented, Jesse the gay,
The brother that shone, ere he passed from sight,
Like a trammeled star of unbounded might,
This scene of his labor has not forgot,
But is lingering still round the lonely spot,
Where the brothers shall some time again unite,
And sing for the dungeon with all their might
The good they did is, that the heavy bole
Of the flag-staff rests low in the Hutchinson hole.
Then, again, the excitement of Dungeon Rock
Forgot to be the general every-day talk;
And the forest was valued, like other land,
For the visible worth on its rocky strand.
For long, long years was the silence unbroke,
Save the owlet’s dull hoot, or the woodpecker’s stroke
But, lo! the hill-side must once and again
Be made to resound to the works of men
And a long, dark cavern tells half the fears
And all the hopes of long, weary years.