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Chapter 8: Movement
TRUE/FALSE
3. Taking a drug that blocks acetylcholine receptors would be helpful for a person with myasthenia
gravis.
4. A fish swimming in cold water can swim rapidly, but fatigues much faster.
6. The relative percentage of fast- and slow-twitch fibers is unchangeable after birth.
7. Marathon runners build up muscle fibers that are also helpful for sprinting.
314 Chapter 8
Movements OBJ: 2 TOP: 8.1 The Control of Movement
MSC: www
11. Allied reflexes are stronger in infants and children than adults.
13. Central pattern generators are most likely to be found in the spinal cord.
16. Control of a single muscle is distributed over a population of cells in the motor cortex.
17. The motor cortex can become active when imagining movement.
Movement 315
18. People with severe spinal cord injury continue to produce normal activity in the motor cortex
when they want to move.
19. The prefrontal cortex plans movements according to their probable outcomes.
20. The supplementary motor cortex is mainly active when preparing for an organized sequence of
movements.
21. Mirror neurons are active both during preparation for a movement and while watching someone
else perform the same or a similar movement.
22. The sensory cortex produces a kind of activity called a readiness potential before any voluntary
movement.
23. Paths from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord are called the corticospinal tracts.
25. People with cerebellar damage are faster at shifting their attention to a particular visual location.
316 Chapter 8
26. Parkinson’s symptoms usually don't appear until 70-80% of the substantia nigra neurons have
died.
28. Dopamine neurons are more vulnerable than most other neurons to damage caused by metabolic
problems.
29. Brain transplants for Parkinson's patients have generally been very successful.
30. In Huntington's disease, earlier onset is associated with slower deterioration over time.
33. The more glutamine repeats that a person has, the earlier the age of onset of Huntington's disease.
Movement 317
MULTIPLE CHOICE
5. What type of muscle is responsible for the movement of your body through the environment?
a. smooth
b. striated
c. cardiac
d. syncarpous
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Muscles and Their
Movement OBJ: 1 TOP: 8.1 The Control of Movement
MSC: www
318 Chapter 8
6. The heart is to ____ as movement of the body is to ____.
a. smooth muscles; rough muscles
b. cardiac muscles; striated muscles
c. striated muscles; skeletal muscles
d. antagonistic muscles; skeletal muscles
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Muscles and Their
Movement OBJ: 1 TOP: 8.1 The Control of Movement
9. What is the relationship between the motor neuron axons and muscle fibers?
a. Each axon innervates only one muscle fiber.
b. The more muscle fibers a single axon innervates, the more precise the movements.
c. The more axons which innervate a single muscle fiber, the more precise the movements.
d. The fewer muscle fibers a single axon innervates, the more precise the movements.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Muscles and Their
Movement OBJ: 1 TOP: 8.1 The Control of Movement
10. The eye muscles can be moved with greater precision than the biceps muscles because the:
a. biceps have only slow-twitch muscles.
b. biceps have only fast-twitch muscles.
c. biceps are opposed by an antagonistic muscle; the eye muscles are not.
d. eye muscles have a lower ratio of muscle fibers to axons.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Muscles and Their
Movement OBJ: 1 TOP: 8.1 The Control of Movement
Movement 319
11. You have precise control over the movement of your fingers, probably because:
a. they have many muscle fibers per motor neuron.
b. they have few muscle fibers per motor neuron.
c. the axons in the fingers have faster action potentials.
d. you have learned how to write.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Muscles and Their
Movement OBJ: 1 TOP: 8.1 The Control of Movement MSC:
www
12. What is the name given to the synapse where a motor neuron's axon meets a muscle fiber?
a. neuromuscular junction
b. polar junction
c. muscle spindle
d. neurofiber synapse
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Muscles and Their
Movement OBJ: 1 TOP: 8.1 The Control of Movement
MSC: www
14. Moving a leg or arm back and forth requires opposing sets of muscles called:
a. extensor muscles.
b. flexor muscles.
c. cardiac muscles.
d. antagonistic muscles.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Muscles and Their
Movement OBJ: 1 TOP: 8.1 The Control of Movement
15. When an axon releases a transmitter at the nerve-muscle junction, the response of the muscle is to:
a. always relax.
b. always contract.
c. relax or contract, depending on the transmitter.
d. relax or contract, depending on the duration and amount of transmitter.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Muscles and Their
Movement OBJ: 1 TOP: 8.1 The Control of Movement
320 Chapter 8
16. Axons release ____ at junctions with skeletal muscles.
a. many different neurotransmitters
b. dopamine
c. norepinephrine
d. acetylcholine
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Muscles and Their
Movement OBJ: 1 TOP: 8.1 The Control of Movement
20. A contraction of equal force in antagonist muscles of the arm would result in ____ of the arm.
a. flexion
b. extension
c. no movement
d. rotation
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Muscles and Their
Movement OBJ: 1 TOP: 8.1 The Control of Movement
Movement 321
21. The eye muscles have a ratio of about ____ axon(s) per ____ muscle fiber(s).
a. two, three
b. one, three
c. three, two
d. three one
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Muscles and Their
Movement OBJ: 1 TOP: 8.1 The Control of Movement
22. The biceps muscles of the arm have a ratio of ____ to more than a hundred fibers.
a. four
b. three
c. one
d. two
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Muscles and Their
Movement OBJ: 1 TOP: 8.1 The Control of Movement
23. At the elbow, the ____ brings the hand toward the shoulder.
a. extensor muscle
b. flexor muscle
c. striated muscle
d. skeletal muscle
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Muscles and Their
Movement OBJ: 1 TOP: 8.1 The Control of Movement KEY:
NEW
322 Chapter 8
26. What happens when a fish swims at low temperatures?
a. Muscle fibers contract more vigorously than at high temperatures.
b. The fish swims more slowly.
c. The fish swims at its usual speed but fatigues more rapidly.
d. The fish swims at its usual speed but fatigues more slowly.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Muscles and Their
Movement OBJ: 2 TOP: 8.1 The Control of Movement
28. What are the differences among the three types of skeletal muscle found in fish (red, pink, and
white)?
a. speed of contraction
b. susceptibility to fatigue
c. both speed of contraction and susceptibility to fatigue
d. only their color
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Muscles and Their
Movement OBJ: 2 TOP: 8.1 The Control of Movement
29. Of the three types of skeletal muscles found in fish, which type is least susceptible to fatigue?
a. Red
b. White
c. Blue
d. Pink
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Muscles and Their
Movement OBJ: 2 TOP: 8.1 The Control of Movement
Movement 323
31. Which would be especially important when running up a flight of stairs at full speed?
a. fast-twitch muscles
b. slow-twitch muscles
c. smooth muscles
d. intermediate muscles
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Muscles and Their
Movement OBJ: 2 TOP: 8.1 The Control of Movement
MSC: www
32. If a new species were found with legs composed almost completely of fast-twitch muscles, what
could we infer about its behavior?
a. It could chase prey over long distances.
b. It could chase prey only over short distances.
c. It probably travels constantly.
d. It probably moves slowly and grazes on vegetation.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Muscles and Their
Movement OBJ: 2 TOP: 8.1 The Control of Movement
33. During aerobic exercises such as dancing, as glucose is used by the muscles, ____.
a. fast-twitch fibers absorb more glucose
b. slow-twitch muscles produce glucose anaerobically
c. glucose use increases
d. glucose use decreases
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Muscles and Their
Movement OBJ: 2 TOP: 8.1 The Control of Movement
34. Exercising at a high altitude where there is less oxygen is most likely to affect:
a. intermediate fibers.
b. anaerobic contraction.
c. fast-twitch fibers.
d. slow-twitch fibers.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Muscles and Their
Movement OBJ: 2 TOP: 8.1 The Control of Movement
35. Vigorous use of fast-twitch fibers results in fatigue because the process is:
a. aerobic.
b. anaerobic.
c. anabolic.
d. abolic.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Muscles and Their
Movement OBJ: 2 TOP: 8.1 The Control of Movement
324 Chapter 8
36. Compared to the average weekend jogger, a world class marathon runner probably has a higher
percentage of which kind of fibers in his legs?
a. slow-twitch
b. fast-twitch
c. smooth muscle
d. white muscle
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Muscles and Their
Movement OBJ: 2 TOP: 8.1 The Control of Movement
37. Compared to a long distance runner, a world class sprinter probably has more of which kind of
fibers in her legs?
a. slow-twitch
b. fast-twitch
c. smooth muscle
d. striated muscle
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Muscles and Their
Movement OBJ: 2 TOP: 8.1 The Control of Movement
Movement 325
41. Which of the following are two kinds of proprioceptors?
a. extensors and contractors
b. contractors and muscle spindles
c. muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs
d. muscle spindles and extensors
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Muscles and Their
Movement OBJ: 3 TOP: 8.1 The Control of Movement
42. A boxer’s ability to sense the position of his arm and hand before planning a punch is dependent
on the sense of:
a. proprioception.
b. somatosensation.
c. pain.
d. vision.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Muscles and Their
Movement OBJ: 3 TOP: 8.1 The Control of Movement
44. A sudden stretch of a muscle excites a feedback system that opposes the stretch. This message
starts in the:
a. dorsal root ganglion.
b. cerebellum.
c. Pacinian corpuscles.
d. muscle spindles.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Muscles and Their
Movement OBJ: 3 TOP: 8.1 The Control of Movement
MSC: www
45. A physician taps you just below the knee to check a reflex that is based on information from which
kind of receptor?
a. a Golgi tendon organ
b. an oscillator
c. a muscle spindle
d. a vestibular organ
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Muscles and Their
Movement OBJ: 3 TOP: 8.1 The Control of Movement
326 Chapter 8
46. A tap on the knee just below the kneecap will elicit extension of the leg. This reflex indicates that:
a. muscle spindles have been stretched.
b. Golgi tendon organs have been stretched.
c. neurons have been damaged in the spinal cord.
d. muscle spindles have been relaxed.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Muscles and Their
Movement OBJ: 3 TOP: 8.1 The Control of Movement
50. Slow and continuous stretching exercises could relax a muscle by:
a. stretching the muscle spindle organs.
b. decreasing glucose utilization.
c. stretching the Golgi tendon organs.
d. increasing muscle fiber density.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Muscles and Their
Movement OBJ: 3 TOP: 8.1 The Control of Movement
Movement 327
51. Muscle spindles respond to changes in muscle ____; Golgi tendon organs respond to changes in
muscle ____.
a. tension; fatigue
b. fatigue; tension
c. stretch; tension
d. tension; stretch
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Muscles and Their
Movement OBJ: 3 TOP: 8.1 The Control of Movement
52. Activity of a muscle spindle is to ____ as activity of the Golgi tendon organ is to ____.
a. contraction; inhibition of contraction
b. inhibition of contraction; contraction
c. inhibition of contraction; inhibition of contraction
d. contraction; contraction
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Muscles and Their
Movement OBJ: 3 TOP: 8.1 The Control of Movement
54. A physician who asks you to cross your legs and then taps just below the knee is testing your ____
reflexes.
a. constriction
b. slow
c. stretch
d. fast
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Muscles and Their
Movement OBJ: 3 TOP: 8.1 The Control of Movement
55. Infants have several reflexes, such as the ____ and the ____, that are not seen in adults.
a. knee-jerk reflex; rooting reflex
b. Babinski reflex; knee-jerk reflex
c. rooting reflex; Babinski reflex
d. knee-jerk reflex; grasp reflex
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Units of Movement
TOP: 8.1 The Control of Movement
328 Chapter 8
56. The rooting reflex and the Babinski reflex are characteristic of which group?
a. infants, but not normal adults
b. adults, but not normal infants
c. humans, but not non-humans
d. non-humans, but not humans
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Units of Movement
TOP: 8.1 The Control of Movement
60. If a neurologist tests an adult patient for infant reflexes, the neurologist is probably trying to
determine whether the person has suffered damage to the:
a. cerebral cortex.
b. toe.
c. peripheral motor system.
d. cerebellum.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Units of Movement
TOP: 8.1 The Control of Movement
Movement 329
61. The Babinski reflex clinically occurs in a(n):
a. person with Parkinson's disease.
b. adult with damage to the cerebral cortex.
c. child born without feet.
d. person with Huntington’s disease.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Units of Movement
TOP: 8.1 The Control of Movement
62. You most likely expect the Babinski reflex to occur in a(n):
a. person with Parkinson's disease.
b. male teenager.
c. child born without feet.
d. adult with damage to the cerebral cortex.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Units of Movement
TOP: 8.1 The Control of Movement
63. Closing your eyes and sneezing in response to suddenly seeing a bright light is an example of:
a. the rooting reflex.
b. an allied reflex.
c. a Babinski reflex.
d. a ballistic movement.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Units of Movement
TOP: 8.1 The Control of Movement
330 Chapter 8
67. A motor program is a:
a. mechanism that guides movement on the basis of sensory feedback.
b. mechanism that produces an alternation between two movements.
c. plan for training a brain-damaged person to walk.
d. movement that, once triggered, continues automatically until its completion.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Units of Movement
TOP: 8.1 The Control of Movement
68. Which of the following is an example of a motor program in chickens with featherless wings?
a. flapping wings if suddenly dropped
b. learning to fly
c. stretching its wings but not flapping them
d. flapping its wings while eating
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Units of Movement
TOP: 8.1 The Control of Movement
69. Which of the following behaviors would most likely result from activity of central pattern
generators?
a. a dog shaking itself to dry off
b. catching a baseball
c. playing the piano
d. yawning
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Units of Movement
TOP: 8.1 The Control of Movement
Movement 331
72. Very brief electrical stimulation of the motor cortex results in:
a. relaxation.
b. muscle twitching.
c. laughing.
d. complex, coordinated movements.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Cerebral Cortex
OBJ: 1 TOP: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement MSC: www
73. Longer stimulation (1/2 sec) of the arm region of a monkey's motor cortex results in:
a. brief muscle twitches of the arm.
b. repetitive muscle twitches of the fingers.
c. a fixed set of muscle movements such as contraction of the biceps.
d. a fixed outcome using different muscle movements depending on the initial position of the
arm.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Cerebral Cortex
OBJ: 1 TOP: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement
332 Chapter 8
77. The prefrontal cortex:
a. is the main area for touch and other body information.
b. keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world.
c. is active during preparations for a movement and less active during movement itself.
d. responds to lights, noises, and other signals for a movement.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Cerebral Cortex
OBJ: 1 TOP: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement
79. Which of the following would most likely happen with damage to the prefrontal cortex?
a. Inability to move
b. Loss of somatosensory experiences
c. Poorly planned movements
d. No effect on movement
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Cerebral Cortex
OBJ: 1 TOP: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement
80. The part of the cortex that is most active during preparations for a movement and less active
during the movement itself is the:
a. premotor cortex.
b. somatosensory cortex.
c. inferior temporal cortex.
d. tabes dorsalis.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Cerebral Cortex
OBJ: 1 TOP: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement
81. In contrast to people with posterior parietal damage, people with damage to certain parts of the
occipital cortex outside the primary visual cortex:
a. can't locate the source of sounds.
b. lose their ability to see everything.
c. can accurately describe what they see but cannot reach out to grasp it.
d. cannot accurately describe what they see but can reach out to grasp it.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: The Cerebral Cortex
OBJ: 1 TOP: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement
Movement 333
82. When are the cells in the premotor cortex (in contrast to the primary motor cortex) most active?
a. In preparation for movements
b. During movements
c. At or after the end of movements
d. During inhibition of movements
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Cerebral Cortex
OBJ: 1 TOP: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement
83. The part of the cortex that responds mostly to the sensory signals that lead to a movement is the:
a. premotor cortex.
b. prefrontal cortex.
c. supplementary motor cortex.
d. tabes dorsalis.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Cerebral Cortex
OBJ: 1 TOP: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement
84. Cells in the prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex, and ____ prepare for a movement, sending
messages to the primary motor cortex.
a. posterior parietal cortex
b. secondary motor cortex
c. somatosensory cortex
d. supplementary motor cortex
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Cerebral Cortex
OBJ: 1 TOP: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement
86. A quick typist would rely heavily on the ____ cortex to organize smooth sequences of finger
movements.
a. supplementary motor
b. premotor
c. prefrontal
d. occipital
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: The Cerebral Cortex
OBJ: 1 TOP: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement KEY: NEW
334 Chapter 8
87. Damage to the ____ impairs the ability to organize smooth sequences of activities.
a. premotor cortex
b. prefrontal cortex
c. supplementary motor cortex
d. tabes dorsalis
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Cerebral Cortex
OBJ: 1 TOP: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement
88. Just thinking about the intention to put your arm around your attractive date would activate which
of the following motor areas?
a. posterior parietal lobe
b. primary motor cortex
c. premotor cortex
d. supplementary motor cortex
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: The Cerebral Cortex
OBJ: 1 TOP: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement
89. Watching another person shoot a basketball is most likely to activate ____ neurons in the brain of
the person who is watching.
a. primary motor cortex
b. spinal cord
c. mirror
d. observational
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: The Cerebral Cortex
OBJ: 1 TOP: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement
91. Children with ____ were found to have less activity in the brain areas believed to contain mirror
neurons.
a. MS
b. polio
c. autism
d. ADHD
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Cerebral Cortex
OBJ: 1 TOP: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement
Movement 335
92. The motor cortex produces a kind of activity called a(n) ____ before any voluntary movement.
a. readiness potential
b. action potential
c. evoked potential
d. motor potential
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Cerebral Cortex
OBJ: 1 TOP: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement
94. People with damage to the parietal cortex appear to lack ____ related to voluntary movements.
a. feelings of intention
b. the ability to make conscious decisions
c. a sense of timing
d. muscle strength
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Cerebral Cortex
OBJ: 1 TOP: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement MSC: www
95. Paths from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord are called the:
a. pyramidalspinal tracts.
b. horizontalspinal tracts.
c. dorsospinal tracts.
d. corticospinal tracts.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Cerebral Cortex
OBJ: 1 TOP: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement
336 Chapter 8
97. Most of the axons of the pyramidal tract go to which side of the body?
a. Contralateral
b. Ipsilateral
c. Bilateral
d. Ventrolateral
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Cerebral Cortex
OBJ: 1 TOP: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement KEY: NEW
99. Damage to one side of the lateral tract below the level of the medulla would most likely affect:
a. fine motor control on the opposite side of the body.
b. fine motor control on the same side of the body.
c. bilateral control of the neck, shoulders, and trunk.
d. rapid ballistic movements.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: The Cerebral Cortex
OBJ: 1 TOP: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement KEY: NEW
101. Which behaviors would most likely be impaired by damage to the lateral tract?
a. Writing a check
b. Walking
c. Standing
d. Digesting food
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: The Cerebral Cortex
OBJ: 1 TOP: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement KEY: NEW
Movement 337
102. The tract that includes many axons from the primary motor cortex, the reticular formation, and the
vestibular nucleus is the:
a. pyramids of the medulla.
b. medial tract.
c. dorsolateral tract.
d. cerebellar tract.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Cerebral Cortex
OBJ: 1 TOP: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement KEY: NEW
103. Most of the axons of the medial tract go to which side of the body?
a. Contralateral
b. Ipsilateral
c. Bilateral
d. Dorsolateral
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Cerebral Cortex
OBJ: 1 TOP: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement KEY: NEW
104. Movements near the midline of the body, such as bending and turning of the trunk, are controlled
by which motor system?
a. Dorsolateral tract
b. Medial tract
c. Supplementary
d. Hippocampal
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: The Cerebral Cortex
OBJ: 1 TOP: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement KEY: NEW
105. What is the relationship between the lateral tract and the medial tract?
a. Most movements are controlled by one or the other, but not both.
b. Most movements rely on both, which work in a cooperative fashion.
c. Most movements that are initiated by one are terminated by the other.
d. One is excitatory while the other is inhibitory.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: The Cerebral Cortex
OBJ: 1 TOP: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement KEY: NEW
106. If you have trouble with rapid, ballistic movement sequences that require accurate timing, you
probably have suffered damage to the:
a. reticular formation.
b. cerebellum.
c. hippocampus.
d. hypothalamus.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Cerebellum
OBJ: 4 TOP: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement
338 Chapter 8
107. Speaking, piano playing, athletic skills, and other rapid movements would be most impaired by
damage to which structure?
a. Reticular formation
b. Cerebellum
c. Ventromedial hypothalamus
d. Parasympathetic nervous system
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: The Cerebellum
OBJ: 4 TOP: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement
109. Patients with damage to the cerebellum are impaired at ____ movements, but relatively normal in
making ____ movements.
a. continuous, rapid
b. imagining, continuous
c. rapid, imagining
d. imagining, rapid
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Cerebellum
OBJ: 4 TOP: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement
110. What is the name of the rapid eye movement occurring when a person moves his or her eyes from
one focus point to another?
a. gyration
b. sclerosis
c. slide
d. saccade
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Cerebellum
OBJ: 4 TOP: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement
Movement 339
112. After damage to the cerebellar cortex, an individual has trouble with which part of the finger-to-
nose test?
a. The initial rapid movement to the nose
b. The second step involving the hold function
c. The third step which involves the finger moving to the nose by a slow movement
d. Both the second and third steps
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Cerebellum
OBJ: 4 TOP: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement
113. The finger-to-nose test is a common way of testing for possible damage to what structure?
a. Spinal cord
b. Basal ganglia
c. Medulla
d. Cerebellum
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Cerebellum
OBJ: 4 TOP: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement
114. The nuclei of the cerebellum (as opposed to the cerebellar cortex) are most important in:
a. moving a finger rapidly toward a target.
b. holding a finger in a steady position.
c. using the hands to lift heavy weights.
d. coordinating the left hand with the right hand.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Cerebellum
OBJ: 4 TOP: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement
116. A man who has suffered from damage to the cerebellar cortex is given the finger-to-nose test. He
is most likely to have trouble with which part of the task?
a. Understanding the instructions
b. Controlling the initial, rapid movement
c. Holding his finger steady following the initial, rapid movement
d. Moving his finger to his nose following the brief hold function
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: The Cerebellum
OBJ: 4 TOP: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement
340 Chapter 8
117. The cerebellum is most important for any process that requires:
a. precise timing.
b. control of muscle strength.
c. comparison between the left and right hemispheres.
d. detecting the intensity of a stimulus.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Cerebellum
OBJ: 4 TOP: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement
118. In a study, functional MRI measured cerebellar activity. It was found that the cerebellum was quite
active when individuals:
a. lifted objects.
b. remembered seeing faces.
c. made reflexive movements.
d. felt objects with both hands to decide whether they were the same.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Cerebellum
OBJ: 4 TOP: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement
121. How do parallel fibers in the cerebellum control the duration of a response?
a. By determining the number of Purkinje cells that fire in sequence
b. By altering the velocity of action potentials from Purkinje cells
c. By determining which one of all the available Purkinje cells becomes active
d. By passing information back and forth between one Purkinje cell and another
Movement 341
122. Which widely branching cells are responsible for all of the output from the cerebellar cortex to the
nuclei of the cerebellum?
a. parallel fibers
b. Purkinje cells
c. putamen cells
d. saccade cells
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Cerebellum
OBJ: 4 TOP: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement
124. The number of Purkinje cells activated determines the ____ of the resulting movement.
a. speed
b. power
c. duration
d. accuracy
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Cerebellum
OBJ: 4 TOP: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement
125. The structure composed of the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus is the:
a. basal ganglia.
b. limbic system.
c. cerebellum.
d. sympathetic nervous system.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Basal Ganglia
OBJ: 5 TOP: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement MSC: www
126. Most of the output from the globus pallidus to the thalamus releases:
a. glutamate.
b. ACh.
c. dopamine.
d. GABA
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Basal Ganglia
OBJ: 5 TOP: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement
342 Chapter 8
127. Which basal ganglia structure(s) is/are important for receiving input from sensory areas of the
thalamus and the cerebral cortex?
a. globus pallidus and putamen
b. globus pallidus and caudate nucleus
c. caudate nucleus and putamen
d. globus pallidus
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Basal Ganglia
OBJ: 5 TOP: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement
130. With experience, the motor skills required to drive a car become more automatic over time mostly
because of changes in the:
a. cerebellum.
b. primary motor cortex.
c. basal ganglia.
d. spinal cord.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: The Basal Ganglia
OBJ: 5 TOP: 8.2 Brain Mechanisms of Movement
Movement 343
132. Most Parkinson's patients suffer depression:
a. only during the late stages of the disease.
b. as a reaction to the muscle failure they suffer.
c. as one of the symptoms of the disease.
d. if they are under 50 years of age when the disease strikes.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Parkinson’s Disease
OBJ: 1 TOP: 8.3 Disorders of Movement
133. Parkinson's disease patients, who usually have trouble walking, can walk surprisingly well when
they:
a. have their eyes closed.
b. walk backwards.
c. count their steps.
d. are following a parade.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Parkinson’s Disease
OBJ: 1 TOP: 8.3 Disorders of Movement
134. Which of the following is NOT common in people with Parkinson's disease?
a. Difficulty initiating voluntary movements
b. Slowness of movements
c. Rigidity and tremors
d. Outbursts of emotions
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Parkinson’s Disease
OBJ: 1 TOP: 8.3 Disorders of Movement
135. Parkinson's disease is caused by degeneration of a pathway of neurons that releases which
neurotransmitter?
a. Acetylcholine
b. Substance P
c. Serotonin
d. Dopamine
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Parkinson’s Disease
OBJ: 2 TOP: 8.3 Disorders of Movement
344 Chapter 8
137. A loss of dopamine activity leads to ____ stimulation of the motor cortex and ____ onset of
movements.
a. less; faster
b. more; faster
c. less; slower
d. more; slower
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Parkinson’s Disease
OBJ: 2 TOP: 8.3 Disorders of Movement
138. Most research on Parkinson's disease has focused on which part of the brain?
a. Globus pallidus
b. Substantia nigra
c. Thalamus
d. Cortex
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Parkinson’s Disease
OBJ: 2 TOP: 8.3 Disorders of Movement
141. Symptoms of Parkinson's disease emerge only after the number of neurons in the substantia nigra
decreases to what level?
a. To the point where there are no cells remaining
b. Less than 20% of the original total
c. Less than 50% of the original total
d. Less than 90% of the original total
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Parkinson’s Disease
OBJ: 2 TOP: 8.3 Disorders of Movement
Movement 345
142. Having an identical twin with Parkinson's disease greatly increases the other twin's likelihood of
also getting Parkinson's disease if the:
a. first twin had late-onset Parkinson's disease.
b. first twin had early-onset Parkinson's disease.
c. twins are male.
d. twins are female.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Parkinson’s Disease
OBJ: 2 TOP: 8.3 Disorders of Movement
144. Although several genes have been found to be more common among people with Parkinson’s
disease, these genes are:
a. more common in men than women.
b. more common in women than men.
c. small contributors to the incidence of late-onset Parkinson’s disease.
d. large contributors to the incidence of late-onset Parkinson’s disease.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Parkinson’s Disease
OBJ: 2 TOP: 8.3 Disorders of Movement MSC: www
145. Genetic factors have their greatest impact on Parkinson’s disease in cases of:
a. early onset of the disease.
b. late onset of the disease.
c. first-born children.
d. children with older brothers and sisters.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Parkinson’s Disease
OBJ: 2 TOP: 8.3 Disorders of Movement
146. At least some cases of Parkinson's disease are apparently linked to what cause?
a. A recessive gene on chromosome 4
b. The accumulation of aluminum in the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus
c. A chronic lack of vitamin B-1
d. A toxic substance found in a heroin substitute
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Parkinson’s Disease
OBJ: 2 TOP: 8.3 Disorders of Movement
346 Chapter 8
147. Although Parkinson's disease is usually limited to old people, it has occurred in a small number of
young people that:
a. used a designer drug.
b. used cocaine.
c. lived near a nuclear power plant.
d. were on low-protein diets.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Parkinson’s Disease
OBJ: 2 TOP: 8.3 Disorders of Movement MSC: www
151. If Parkinson's disease were caused primarily by exposure to herbicides and pesticides, we should
expect to find:
a. near epidemics in some geographical regions.
b. greater incidence in people under 50 than in older people.
c. greater incidence in women than in men.
d. greater incidence in left-handers than in right-handers.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Parkinson’s Disease
OBJ: 2 TOP: 8.3 Disorders of Movement
Movement 347
152. Cigarette smoking and coffee drinking ____ the risk of Parkinson’s disease, and marijuana ____
the risk.
a. increase, increases
b. increase, decreases
c. decrease, decreases
d. decrease, increases
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Parkinson’s Disease
OBJ: 2 TOP: 8.3 Disorders of Movement
153. One thing that many different causes of Parkinson’s disease share in common is that they:
a. are all curable.
b. cause damage to the mitochondria.
c. increase dopamine release.
d. occur more often in women than men.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Parkinson’s Disease
OBJ: 2 TOP: 8.3 Disorders of Movement
155. What is the most common drug in the treatment for Parkinson's disease?
a. haloperidol
b. physostigmine
c. Dilantin
d. L-dopa
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Parkinson’s Disease
OBJ: 3 TOP: 8.3 Disorders of Movement
156. What characteristic of L-dopa makes it an effective treatment for Parkinson's disease?
a. L-dopa has a negative ionic charge.
b. L-dopa dissolves readily in water but poorly in fats.
c. L-dopa binds tightly to both glutamate and GABA synapses.
d. L-dopa can cross the blood-brain barrier.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Parkinson’s Disease
OBJ: 3 TOP: 8.3 Disorders of Movement
348 Chapter 8
157. The reason why a dopamine pill is ineffective for treating Parkinson's disease is that:
a. there is already too much dopamine present.
b. dopamine does not cross the blood-brain barrier.
c. it would have to be the size of a baseball to be effective.
d. it is too expensive.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Parkinson’s Disease
OBJ: 3 TOP: 8.3 Disorders of Movement
158. Which of the following is a limitation of using L-dopa for Parkinson's disease?
a. It only helps those who are in the later stages.
b. It doesn't cross the blood-brain barrier.
c. It can contribute to a greater loss of dopamine neurons.
d. It blocks glutamate receptors.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Parkinson’s Disease
OBJ: 3 TOP: 8.3 Disorders of Movement
160. Which of the following is NOT a potential treatment for Parkinson's disease?
a. Drugs that directly stimulate dopamine receptors
b. MPTP
c. Neurotrophins
d. Antioxidant drugs
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Parkinson’s Disease
OBJ: 3 TOP: 8.3 Disorders of Movement
Movement 349
162. Of the following, which is considered LEAST promising as a treatment for Parkinson's disease?
a. high-frequency electrical stimulation of the globus pallidus
b. adrenal gland transplants
c. antioxidants
d. neurotrophins
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Parkinson’s Disease
OBJ: 3 TOP: 8.3 Disorders of Movement
163. Immature cells that are capable of developing into a variety of cells are known as:
a. stem cells.
b. neurotrophins.
c. L-dopa cells.
d. mitochondria.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Parkinson’s Disease
OBJ: 3 TOP: 8.3 Disorders of Movement
164. Transplanting brain tissue into Parkinson's patients would most likely be successful if:
a. the patient is older.
b. they are female.
c. the brain tissue comes from rats.
d. the transplant was accompanied by neurotrophins.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Parkinson’s Disease
OBJ: 3 TOP: 8.3 Disorders of Movement
165. As an option for treating Parkinson’s patients, transplantation of stem cells appears to be:
a. the most effective technique.
b. more effective in late stages of the disease.
c. modestly effective, as with other treatments.
d. not at all effective.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Parkinson’s Disease
OBJ: 3 TOP: 8.3 Disorders of Movement
350 Chapter 8
168. What is a common symptom of Huntington's disease?
a. Rapid fatigue of the muscles
b. Loss of both sensation and motor control in certain limbs
c. Twitches, tremors, and writhing that interfere with voluntary movement
d. Impairment of saccadic eye movements and rapid alternating movements
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Huntington's Disease
OBJ: 4 TOP: 8.3 Disorders of Movement
170. Which parts of the brain deteriorate most strongly in Huntington's disease?
a. Pathways of neurons containing the neurotransmitter dopamine
b. The cerebellum and medulla
c. The caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus
d. The hippocampus and amygdala
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Huntington's Disease
OBJ: 4 TOP: 8.3 Disorders of Movement MSC: www
171. The psychological disorders that accompany Huntington's disease could be mistaken for which of
the following?
a. Schizophrenia
b. Dissociative identity disorder
c. Antisocial personality disorder
d. Bipolar disorder
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Huntington's Disease
OBJ: 4 TOP: 8.3 Disorders of Movement
Movement 351
173. Which of the following is NOT true of Huntington's disease?
a. It is controlled by a gene on chromosome 4.
b. It is possible to predict with nearly 100% accuracy who will get the disease.
c. It is generally treated with L-dopa.
d. The average age of onset is around 40 years.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Huntington's Disease
OBJ: 5 TOP: 8.3 Disorders of Movement
175. Which of the following can be used as a presymptomatic test for Huntington's disease?
a. differences in blood flow between the left and right hemispheres
b. examination of chromosome 4
c. a blood test that measures the concentration of phenylalanine
d. tests of the P300 component of an evoked potential
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Huntington's Disease
OBJ: 5 TOP: 8.3 Disorders of Movement
176. In its normal form, part of the gene which controls Huntington's disease repeats its sequence of
bases:
a. under ten times.
b. between approximately 11-24 times.
c. at least 36 times.
d. approximately 75 or 80 times.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Huntington's Disease
OBJ: 5 TOP: 8.3 Disorders of Movement
177. The sequence of bases repeated more often in people with Huntington's disease is:
a. T-A-G.
b. C-A-G.
c. C-A-T.
d. H-U-N.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Huntington's Disease
OBJ: 5 TOP: 8.3 Disorders of Movement
352 Chapter 8
178. The presymptomatic test for Huntington's disease enables one to predict not only who will get the
disease but also:
a. the approximate age of onset.
b. what other diseases the person will get.
c. which drugs will best alleviate the disease.
d. which symptoms will become prominent first, and which ones later.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Huntington's Disease
OBJ: 5 TOP: 8.3 Disorders of Movement
179. The gene for Huntington's disease codes for a protein called:
a. huntingtin.
b. chorea.
c. protein #4.
d. C-A-G.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Huntington's Disease
OBJ: 5 TOP: 8.3 Disorders of Movement
180. One effect of an abnormal form of the protein huntingtin on neurons is to:
a. increase dopamine release.
b. damage the nucleus.
c. block acetylcholine receptors.
d. prevent the release of BDNF.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: factual REF: Huntington's Disease
OBJ: 5 TOP: 8.3 Disorders of Movement
181. Which of the following would be the most promising treatment for Huntington’s disease?
a. Enhancing formation of glutamine chains
b. Increasing production of huntingtin
c. Blocking formation of glutamine chain clustering
d. Decreasing production of BDNF
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: conceptual REF: Huntington's Disease
OBJ: 5 TOP: 8.3 Disorders of Movement
SHORT ANSWER
ANS:
A synapse between a motor neuron axon and a muscle fiber.
Movement 353
2. How do fast and slow-twitch muscle fibers differ?
ANS:
Fast-twitch are fast contracting, but fatigue rapidly. Slow-twitch are slow contracting, but do not
fatigue as easily.
ANS:
If you stroke the sole of the foot of an infant, he/she extends the big toe and fans the others.
ANS:
It keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world.
ANS:
The caudate nucleus, the putamen, and the globus pallidus.
ANS:
L-dopa is able to cross the blood brain barrier and be used in the synthesis of dopamine. Dopamine
does not cross the blood-brain barrier.
354 Chapter 8
ESSAY
1. Describe the areas and major functions of the primary motor cortex (include the relevant areas
near to the motor cortex).
ANS:
Answers will vary.
ANS:
Answers will vary.
3. Describe the relationship of conscious decisions and movements. What may this relationship
reveal about consciousness?
ANS:
Answers will vary.
ANS:
Answers will vary.
5. Briefly describe the nature of Parkinson’s disease. Include a discussion of its causes and possible
treatments.
ANS:
Answers will vary.
Movement 355
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täällä näkynyt jälkeäkään mistään varsinaisesta vuoresta.
Edessämme oli vaan hyvin jyrkkä, ihan metsätön kukkula, jota
peittivät lukemattomat päälletysten kasassaolevat kivet, melkein
jok'ainoa kuution tai suunnikkaan muotoisia ja suunnilleen kyynärän
korkuisia. Niiden muodot ovat niin säännöllisiä kuin olisivat ne
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jyrkkäsärmäisiä, muinaisajan ajojäiden muodostelemia.
Mutta kuitenkin kaikitenkin tuntui siltä kuin olisi jokainen uusi este
karaissut hermoja ja lujittanut lihaksia. Sai kyllä suutuksissaan purra
hammasta ja hivellä hikeä otsaltaan, mutta kunkin uuden
pettymyksen perästä lyhennettiin siitä huolimatta levähdyshetkiä.
Ylös täytyi päästä, vaikkapa Yllästunturi kiviharkkovarustuksineen
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suunnalle, yhäkin epäillen tirkisteltiin jotain uutta
kiviharkkoseinämää.
Mutta edessämme oli nyt ainoastaan hieman mykevä, sangen
laaja ylänkö niin pitkälti kuin silmä kantoi; eräässä paikassa oli
pienempi kasa kiviharkkoja ja sitä tunturin korkeinta kohtaa
nimitettiin laeksi. Se oli kuin tuon mahdottoman suuren
»kilvenkupulan» napa, minkä me jo kaukaa olimme luulleet
näkevämme.
III.
TALVI-MUISTELMAKUVIA
1. MITEN TULIN JOULUA LAPISSA
VIETTÄNEEKSI.
Ei, se meni liian pitkälle. Eikä tämä joulu antaisi minulle mitään
rauhaa! Kello kävi niin hitaasti. Toivoin, että näyttäjä jo osoittaisi
lähtöaikaa viimeiselle junalle, joka olisi voinut viedä minut pohjoiseen
päin, silloin olisi epäilykseni ollut lopussa.
Seuraavina öinä oli minun jotenkin vaikea saada unta: odotin näet
kärsimättömänä revontulia ja silmäilin silloin tällöin, eikö niiden
heijastusta ilmestyisi valaistuun, Kolarin kiviliuskoista muurattuun
uuninrintaan. Mutta sää oli joulupyhinä tavattoman leuto, ja
revontulet viihtyvät parhaiten paukkuvassa pakkasessa. Tosinhan
lämpömittari eräänä päivänä aleni 26 asteeseen, mutta silloin oli
vallan tyyni, niinkuin useimmiten napapiirin pohjoispuolella on laita,
missä kaikilla, auringolla, pakkasella ja tuulillakin on kahleensa.
Itsevaltiaasi hallitsee ainoastaan Hänen Majesteettinsa Pohjoinen,
tuo salaperäinen mahti revontulikruunuineen, joka pelkää ainoastaan
yhtä itseään voimakkaampaa: elonvoimaista Golfvirtaa.