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Full Download PDF of (Ebook PDF) Inclusion in Early Childhood Programs 7th Canadian Edition All Chapter
Full Download PDF of (Ebook PDF) Inclusion in Early Childhood Programs 7th Canadian Edition All Chapter
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Seventh Canadian Edition
INCLUSION IN
EARLY CHILDHOOD
PROGRAMS
vi NEL
Copyright 2020 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content
may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Copyright 2020 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content
may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Basic Approach
As in previous Canadian editions of this text, we believe that regardless of what
special need a child has, he or she is still, first of all, a child. Therefore, whenever
possible, a child with special needs should be able to attend and be included in
neighbourhood early childhood programs. We are aware that, in order for inclu-
sion to be effective for all children within a group, barriers need to be addressed
at all levels—program, community, and government.
An inclusive approach to working with children who have disabilities draws
on knowledge of child development theory. In this edition, we have continued
to include synopses of theoretical child development information, recognizing
that extensive development content can be acquired from other texts and is
included in other courses.
Our approach to working with young children continues to focus on sup-
porting, encouraging, and responding to the developmental needs of all chil-
dren. At the same time, we have shifted, in keeping with a new definition of
inclusion, from an emphasis on a child’s disability to a focus on barriers to the
child’s full participation in a program.
We view the early childhood educator as a member of a dynamic team that
includes the educator, the child, the child’s family, and other children in the pro-
gram, supported by consultants—such as an early childhood interventionist, a
resource consultant, physiotherapists and other specialists, the personnel of the
school that the child will eventually attend, and the members of the community
in which the child lives.
The historical background of the treatment of children and adults with special
needs has been somewhat different in Canada than it has been in the United States.
Whereas the United States has federal legislation that designates specific rights
and services for young children with disabilities, Canada’s legislation is mainly
provincial and territorial. This text promotes primarily a Canadian perspective.
NEL ix
Copyright 2020 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content
may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Copyright 2020 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content
may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Copyright 2020 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content
may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Comments
We continue to strive to present a comprehensive text that will meet the needs
of those who want to learn more about ways to understand and work with
infants, toddlers, preschool, and school-aged children who have developmental
differences.
Working on this updated Canadian edition continued to be very chal-
lenging. Though research exists, much of it is published and disseminated on a
local and provincial or territorial basis. The Child Care Resource and Research
Unit, located in Toronto, has made major efforts to develop, obtain, and publish
Canada-wide research and resource materials on inclusive child care. Although
several innovative and inclusive early childhood education and programs have
been developed in Canada, it has been difficult for many of these programs to
get publicity, ongoing funding, and recognition, we have concluded.
In summary, in this edition we have sought to obtain as complete an updated
record as possible of current trends in Canada and to provide useful information
for educators who will be working with young children who have disabilities in
inclusive settings. As part of an effort to strengthen the text’s Canadian content,
we have contacted, wherever possible, Canadian organizations, drawing on their
definitions and research.
NETA PowerPoints
Microsoft® PowerPoint® lecture slides for every chapter have been created by one
of the book’s authors, Bernice Cipparrone of George Brown College. There is an
average of 20 slides per chapter, many featuring key figures and tables from Inclu-
sion in Early Childhood Programs, Seventh Canadian Edition. NETA principles of
clear design and engaging content have been incorporated throughout, making
it simple for instructors to customize the deck for their courses.
Image Library
This resource consists of digital copies of photos, figures, and short tables, used
in the book. Instructors may use these jpegs to customize the NETA PowerPoints
or create their own PowerPoint presentations. An Image Library Key describes
the images and lists of codes under which the jpegs are saved.
Instructor’s Manual
An online instructor’s manual accompanies this book. It contains information
to assist the instructor in designing the course, including comments and sugges-
tions, discussion possibilities, in-class and out-of-class activities, selected jour-
nals, and selected audiovisual materials.
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may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
NEL xv
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xvi NEL
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may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
OBJECTIVES
After studying the material in this chapter, you will be able to:
● define inclusion ● discuss principles for inclusive early childhood
● describe how the definition of inclusion has programs
changed over time ● discuss rationales for early intervention and inclusion
● identify inclusive language ● discuss the benefits of inclusion for all children in
● trace society’s changing attitudes toward children an early childhood setting
with special needs ● identify the challenges associated with implementing
inclusive early childhood programs
NEL 1
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Introduction
This book is about inclusion in the lives of young children such as Chanda,
Inclusion when children with Devon, and Jonathan. Inclusion means that children with special needs attend
disabilities participate in mean- preschool, child-care, educational, hospital playroom, family support, early
ingful ways in ongoing social
intervention, and recreational programs with their peers. Inclusion is about the
and educational activities and
experience a sense experience of belonging, being valued, and having choices. Inclusion is about
of belonging accepting and valuing human diversity and providing the necessary support so
that all children and their families can fully and meaningfully participate in the
programs of their choice.
For the past 30 years, families and professionals have worked to provide
appropriate and quality education and care for all children. The first attempt
Mainstreaming making at implementing this goal was called mainstreaming. The term integration was
children with special needs also used to describe the placement of children with special needs in educa-
“ready” for integration into
tion programs. Some professionals argue that there are clear-cut differences
the mainstream
between mainstreaming and integration; others use the terms interchangeably.
Integration giving children
Currently, many early childhood education and care professionals use the term
with special needs extra
support so that they can be inclusion. The difference between mainstreaming or integration and inclusion
integrated into a regular is philosophical and evident in educator practices. In mainstreaming, children
setting and meet the existing with special needs must “be ready” for integration into the mainstream. The
expectations of the emphasis is placed on helping the child with special needs meet the existing
classroom
program expectations. Sometimes the child who is “integrated” is withdrawn
from the regular program for part of the day and provided with separate sup-
port. This separation from other children can, however, result in fewer opportu-
nities for the development of social relationships between the child with special
needs and those without special needs.
In inclusive programs, children with special needs are full-time members of
the educational and care setting. The emphasis is on creating an environment to fit
the child, not the child to fit the environment (Parekh & Underwood, 2015, p. 4).
In inclusive education and care, children with disabilities participate in mean-
ingful ways in ongoing social and educational activities and experience a sense
of belonging. In an inclusive environment, supports for all children include
a range of curriculum, materials, and pedagogical practices. Support may also
include additional staff, consultation, or specialized training for the existing
staff. Support services, such as speech therapy and physical therapy, are part
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Inclusion Defined
Since the early 1990s, researchers and professionals have developed and refined
definitions of inclusion. In 1993, Ehlers described three ways to view inclusion:
through beliefs and values, through experiences, and through outcomes. The
beliefs and values that every family brings to inclusion reflect the family’s unique
history, culture, and family relationships. Family choices must drive the inclu-
sion process. The family identifies the community to which it belongs and in
which the child is to be included.
The beliefs and values that influence inclusion occur at the levels of the
family, the community, and the society. A family’s belief system has a direct
impact on its views about inclusion. The sociopolitical context in which chil-
dren and families live and work also affects inclusion. This context includes how
our society views high-quality early childhood education and care for all chil-
dren. In other words, if providing high-quality child care for children of working
parents is not a societal priority, providing high-quality child care for children
with special needs will not be a priority either.
The experience of inclusion varies from child to child, from family to family,
and from educator to educator. Inclusive classrooms are caring communities
that support the ongoing development of participants (Frankel, 2004). Inclusion
requires planning, teamwork, and support. Educators’ values and beliefs define
experiences with inclusion, and these experiences, in turn, influence future
values and beliefs (Odom et al., 2004).
The outcomes observed and reported by the parents and educators of children
in inclusive programs are broad based and holistic. The outcomes include devel-
opmental changes and a general sense of belonging. Many parents of children in
inclusive educational programs report that their child received his or her first invi-
tation to attend a birthday party or play at a friend’s house after being involved
in an inclusive program. Some parents report feeling more included in the com-
munity because their child is attending a “regular” school.
In the 1990s, Billingsley, Gallucci, Peck, Schwartz, and Staub (1996) pro-
posed a three-domain conceptualization of inclusive education outcomes.
These three interlocking domains are (1) membership, (2) relationship, and
(3) development.
1. The membership domain includes the child’s interactions with groups. It
includes being a member of a class, of a small group within a class, and of
groups outside the educational setting (e.g., children’s choir at place of wor-
ship). The defining criterion of this domain is that other members of the
group are willing to make accommodations for the child with special needs to
support inclusion and membership. (Note that later definitions of inclusion
reject this idea that an early childhood program should be willing to make
accommodations or create a least restrictive environment; rather, educators
in a program understand that “all children have a right, regardless of ability,
to participate in a broad range of activities” (Division for Early Childhood &
National Association for the Education of Young Children, 2009, p. 2).
2. The relationship domain describes peer relationships—that is, relationships
with playmates and peers in an early childhood setting. This domain
looks at the different roles that the child plays in relationships with peers.
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