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ROTATIONAL MOTION
9
Answers to Multiple-Choice Problems
1. B 2. D 3. D 4. A, C 5. C 6. C 7. C 8. A 9. B 10. A
11. B 12. A
Solutions to Problems
s
9.1. Set Up: θ = gives θ in radians. 2π rad = 360°.
r
0.750 m  360° 
Solve: θ = = 0.300 rad; (0.300 rad)  = 17.2°
2.50 m  2π rad 
9.2. Set Up: π rad = 180°. s = rθ , with θ in radians.

s 1.50 m
Solve: (a) θ = = = 0.600 rad = 34.4°
r 2.50 m
s 14.0 cm
(b) r = = = 6.27 cm
θ (128°)(π rad/180°)
(c) s = rθ = (1.50 m)(0.700 rad) = 1.05 m
*9.3. Set Up: For one revolution, Δθ = 2π rad. Assume constant angular velocity, so
Δθ
ω=
Δt
The second hand makes 1 revolution in 1 min = 60.0 s. The minute hand makes 1 revolution in 1 h = 3600 s, and the
hour hand makes 1 revolution in 12 h = 43,200 s.
2π rad
Solve: (a) second hand ω = = 0.105 rad/s
60 s
2π rad
minute hand ω = = 1.75 × 10 −3 rad/s
3600 s
2π rad
hour hand ω = = 1.45 × 10 −4 rad/s
43,200 s
(b) The period is the time for 1 revolution. Second hand, 1 min; minute hand, 1 h; hour hand, 12 h.
Reflect: When the angular velocity is constant, ω = ω av .
© Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist.
No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
9-1
9-2 Chapter 9
1
9.4. Set Up: 33 rpm = 0.5556 rev/s is the angular speed.
3
 2π rad 
Solve: (a) (0.5556 rev/s)  = 3.49 rad/s
 1 rev 
θ 1 rev
(b) For 1 rev, t = = = 1.80 s
ω 0.5556 rev/s
*9.5. Set Up: 1 rev = 2π rad

Solve: (a) The period is the time for 1 rev, so period = 2.25 s.
θ 2π rad
(b) ω = = = 2.79 rad/s
t 2.25 s
Reflect: The angular speed and period don’t depend on the radius of the wheel.
9.6. Set Up: Find the time it takes for the ball to travel to home plate, then find the number of revolutions that the
ball completes during this time. The distance to home plate is d = 18.3 m, the ball travels at a speed υ = 35.8 m/s, and
its angular speed is ω = 30 rev/s.
d
Solve: The time t it takes for the ball to travel to home plate is t = . The number n of revolutions made by the ball
υ
d  18.3 m 
during this time is n = ωt = ω = (30 rev/s )  = 15.3 rev.
υ  35.8 m/s 
*9.7. Set Up: According the appendix, the distance between the earth and the moon is 3.84 × 108 m. Since the radius
of both the earth and the moon are small in comparison, we will assume that this is roughly the distance, r , that the laser
beam travels. The relation between the angular velocity of the beam and its linear velocity on the lunar surface is υ = rω.
Solve: (a) The speed of the laser beam across the moon’s surface is
υ = rω = (3.84 × 108 m)(1.50 × 10−3 rad/s) = 5.76 × 105 m/s
(b) Assume that the laser light spreads out from a point source on the earth to a 6.00-km diameter spot on the moon.
The angle of divergence (in radians) is the angle that subtends a 6.00-km arc on the lunar surface. Thus,
s 6.00 × 103 m
θ= = = 1.56 × 10−5 rad
r 3.84 × 108 m
Reflect: The actual distance that the beam travels depends on the exact location where the beam leaves the earth and
where it hits the lunar surface. Since the radius of the earth is roughly 0.06 × 108 m and the radius of the moon is
0.02 × 108 m, the distance traveled by the beam is known to an accuracy of only two significant figures. The answers
should be rounded accordingly.
9.8. Set Up: 1 rev = 2π rad. The earth makes one revolution in 24 h = 8.64 × 104 s.
Solve: (a) The period must be 24 h.
θ 2π rad
(b) ω = = = 7.27 × 10−5 rad/s
t 8.64 × 104 s
2π
9.9. Set Up: 1 rpm = (2π /60) rad/s. Period T = . θ − θ0 = ω t
ω
Solve: (a) ω = (1900)(2π rad/60 s) = 199.0 rad/s
θ − θ0 0.611 rad
(b) 35° = (35°)(π /180°) = 0.611 rad. t = = = 3.1 × 10−3 s
ω 199 rad/s
Rotational Motion 9-3
 60 s   1 rev 
(c) (18 rad/s)  = 1.7 × 102 rpm
 1 min   2π rad 
2π rad
2π rad
(d) For the propeller rotating at 1900 rpm, T = = = 0.03158 s.
ω
199.0 rad/s
Reflect: The period is inversely proportional to the angular velocity.
9.10. Set Up: The initial angular speed of fan 1 is ω1,0 = 200 rad/s, its angular acceleration is α1 = −20 rad/s 2 . The
initial angular speed of fan 2 is ω 2,0 = 0 rad/s, its angular acceleration is α 2 = 60 rad/s 2 . Their instantaneous speeds
are ω1 = ω1,0 + α1t and ω 2 = ω 2,0 + α 2t.
Solve: (a) When the fans have the same angular speed, ω1 = ω 2 . This occurs at the time
ω1,0 + α1t = ω 2,0 + α 2t

ω1,0
t=
α 2 − α1
200 rad/s
= = 2.5 s
(
60 rad/s 2 − −20 rad/s 2 )
( )
(b) At time t = 2.5 s, the angular speed of each fan is ω1 = ω 2 = α 2t = 60 rad/s 2 ( 2.5 s ) = 1.5 × 102 rad/s
 2π rad   1 min 
*9.11. Set Up: ω 0 = 0. ω = (78.0 rpm)  = 8.17 rad/s
 1 rev   60 s 
ω − ω0
8.17 rad/s − 0
Solve: (a) ω = ω 0 + α t gives α = = = 2.33 rad/s 2
t 3.50 s
1 1  360° 
(b) θ − θ0 = ω 0t + α t 2 = (2.33 rad/s 2 )(3.50 s) 2 = (14.27 rad)  = 818°
2 2  2π rad 
*9.12. Set Up: 570 rpm = 59.7 rad/s; 1600 rpm = 167.6 rad/s
ω − ω 0 167.6 rad/s − 59.7 rad/s
Solve: ω = ω 0 + α t so α = = = 0.0135 rad/s 2
t (133 min)(60 s/1 min)
9.13. Set Up: Let the direction of the rotation of the blade be positive. ω 0 = 0.
ω − ω 0 140 rad/s − 0
Solve: ω = ω 0 + ω 0t gives α = = = 23.3 rad/s 2 .
t 6.00 s
 ω0 + ω   0 + 140 rad/s 
(θ − θ0 ) =  t=  (6.00 s) = 420 rad
 2   2
9.14. Set Up: Let the direction the wheel is rotating be the positive sense of rotation. Since the wheel starts from
rest, ω 0 = 0. 1 rev = 2π rad
ω − ω 0 8.00 rad/s − 0
Solve: (a) ω = ω 0 + ω 0t gives t = = = 12.5 s.
α 0.640 rad/s 2
ω 2 − ω 02 (8.00 rad/s)2 − 0
(b) ω 2 = ω 02 + 2α (θ − θ 0 ) gives θ − θ0 = = = 50.0 rad = 7.96 rev.
2α 2(0.640 rad/s 2 )
Reflect: We could also do part (b) by
 ω0 + ω   0 + 8.00 rad/s 
θ − θ0 =  t=  (12.5 s) = 50.0 rad
 2   2
9-4 Chapter 9
9.15. Set Up: Let the direction of rotation of the fan be positive.
Solve: (a) ω 0 = 500.0 rev/min = 8.33 rev/s and ω = 200.0 rev/min = 3.33 rev/s. ω = ω 0 + ω 0t gives
ω − ω0
3.33 rev/s − 8.33 rev/s
α= = = − 1.25 rev/s 2
t 4.00 s
ω + ω  8.33 rev/s + 3.33 rev/s 
θ − θ0 =  0 t=  (4.00 s) = 23.3 rev
 2   2
(b) ω 0 = 3.33 rev/s, ω = 0, α = − 1.25 rev/s 2 . ω = ω 0 + ω 0t gives
ω − ω 0 0 − 3.33 rev/s
t= = = 2.66 s
α −1.25 rev/s 2
*9.16. Set Up: 500.0 rpm = 8.33 rev/s. Let the direction of rotation of the flywheel be positive.
ω + ω
Solve: (a) (θ − θ 0 ) =  0 t gives
 2 
2(θ − θ0 ) 2(200.0 rev)
ω= − ω0 = − 8.33 rev/s = 5.00 rev/s = 300 rpm
t 30.0 s
(b) Use information in part (a) to find α : ω = ω 0 + ω 0t gives
ω − ω0
5.00 rev/s − 8.33 rev/s
α= = = − 0.111 rev/s 2
t 30.0 s
Then, with ω = 0 and ω 0 = 8.33 rev/s the equation ω = ω 0 + ω 0t gives
ω − ω 0 0 − 8.33 rev/s
t= = = 75.0 s
α −0.111 rev/s 2
ω0 + ω  8.33 rev/s + 0 
θ − θ0 =   t =   (75.0 s) = 312 rev
 2 2
Reflect: The angular acceleration is negative because the wheel is slowing down.
9.17. Set Up: Let the direction of rotation of the flywheel be positive.
ω + ω 2(θ − θ0 ) 2(162 rad)
Solve: (a) θ − θ0 =  0  t gives ω 0 = −ω = − 108 rad/s = − 27.0 rad/s.
 2  t 4.00 s
At the start of the interval the flywheel was rotating at 27.0 rad/s, in the opposite direction.
ω − ω 0 108 rad/s + 27 rad/s
(b) ω = ω 0 + ω 0t gives α = = = 33.8 rad/s 2 .
t 4.00 s
9.18. Set Up: Let the direction of rotation of the potter’s wheel be positive.
Solve: (a) ω 2 = ω 02 + 2 α (θ − θ0 ) gives
ω 2 − ω 02 − (12 rad/s )
2
α= = = −1.2 rad/s 2
2 (θ − θ0 ) 2 (60 rad )
ω − ω0 −12 rad/s
(b) t = = = 10 s
α −1.2 rad/s 2
9.19. Set Up: Use υ = rω to find υ.
d 0.610 m
Solve: The speed of the car is υ = rω = ω= (50.0 rad/s ) = 15.3 m/s
2 2
2π
9.20. Set Up: υ = rω , where ω must be in rad/s. 1 rpm = rad/s.
60
Solve: (a) 620 rpm = 64.9 rad/s. υ = (0.0750 m)(64.9 rad/s) = 4.87 m/s
υ 0.600 m/s
(b) ω = = = 15 rad/s = 143 rpm
r 0.0400 m
9.21. Set Up: υ = rω , with ω in rad/s.

Solve: (a) arad = rω 2 = (0.500 m)(6.00 rad/s) 2 = 18.0 m/s 2
υ2 (3.00 m/s) 2
(b) υ = rω = (0.500 m)(6.00 rad/s) = 3.00 m/s. arad = = = 18.0 m/s 2
r 0.500 m
9.22. Set Up: arad = rω 2 , with ω in rad/s. 1 rpm = (2π /60) rad/s
arad (400,000)(9.80 m/s 2 )
Solve: ω = = = 1.25 × 104 rad/s = 1.20 × 105 rpm
r 0.0250 m
*9.23. Set Up: r1 = 4.0 in., r2 = 1.5 in., and ω 2 = 75 rpm. The 3 in. sprocket and 24 in. wheel are mounted on the
same axle and turn at the same rate.
Solve: All points on the chain have the same speed so υ 1 = υ 2; points on the rim of each sprocket move at the same
tangential speed. υ = rω gives r1ω1 = r2ω 2 .
r   1.5 in. 
ω1 =  2  ω 2 =  (75 rpm) = 28 rpm
r 1  4.0 in.
Reflect: The large sprocket turns at a slower rate than the small sprocket.
9.24. Set Up: arad = rω 2 . Since arad depends on the rotation rate, it changes as the flywheel accelerates.
atan = rα and is constant. Since arad and atan are in perpendicular directions, the resultant acceleration is
2 2
a = atan + arad .
Solve: (a) ω = 0 so arad = 0. atan = rα = (0.300 m)(0.600 rad/s 2 ) = 0.180 m/s 2 . a = 0.180 m/s 2 .
(b) 60° = (π /3) rad. ω 2 = ω 20 + 2α (θ − θ0 ). ω 0 = 0 so ω 2 = 2α (θ − θ0 ) and
arad = 2rα (θ − θ0 ) = 2(0.300 m)(0.600 rad/s 2 )(π /3 rad) = 0.377 m/s 2 .

a = (0.180 m/s 2 )2 + (0.377 m/s2 )2 = 0.418 m/s2
(c) 120° = (2π /3) rad. arad = 2(0.300 m)(0.600 rad/s 2 )(2π /3) = 0.754 m/s 2
a = (0.180 m/s 2 ) 2 + (0.754 m/s2 )2 = 0.775 m/s2
9.25. Set Up: The stone’s tangential velocity at the top (bottom) of the tire is in the same (opposite) direction as
that of the car, so it will add (subtract) to (from) the speed of the car.
Solve: (a) The maximum speed of the stone occurs at the top of the tire, where the stone moves at
υ = rω = 101 km/h with respect to the car. The car, in turn, moves at υ = rω = 101 km/h with respect to the
pedestrian. These two velocities are in the same direction at this moment, so the speed of the stone with respect to the
pedestrian is 2υ = 2 (101 km/h ) = 202 km/h.
(b) The minimum speed of the stone occurs at the bottom of the tire, where the stone momentarily touches the road
and is motionless with respect to the road. Thus, the minimum speed of the stone with respect to the pedestrian is 0
km/h at this point.
9-6 Chapter 9
9.26. Set Up: 360° = 2π rad. In one back and forth cycle the head turns through 140° = 2.443 rad.
Solve: (a) In 1 min = 60 s, the head turns through 7600(2.443 rad) = 1.857 × 104 rad.
θ 1.857 × 104 rad
ω= = = 310 rad/s
t 60 s
(b) υ = rω = (0.55 cm)(310 rad/s) = 170 cm/s = 1.7 m/s
(c) Estimate that the toothbrush turns back and forth through 45° five times per second.
 2π rad 
5(90°) 
θ  360° 
ω= = = 7.9 rad/s and υ = rω = (0.55 cm)(7.9 rad/s) = 4 cm/s
t 1s
 
*9.27. Set Up: Use Eq. (9.15) to relate ω to arad and use  F = ma to relate arad to Frad . Use Eq. (9.13) to
relate ω to υ, where υ is the tangential speed.
Solve: (a) arad = rω 2 and Frad = marad = mrω 2

2 2
Frad,2 ω   640 rev/min 
=  2 =  = 2.29
Frad,1  ω1   423 rev/min 
υ2 ω 2 640 rev/min
(b) Using υ = rω, we have = = = 1.51
υ1 ω1 423 rev/min
 1 min   2π rad 
(c) Using υ = rω and ω = (640 rev/min)  = 67.0 rad/s, we have
 60 s   1 rev 
υ = rω = (0.235 m)(67.0 rad/s) = 15.7 m/s.
arad 1060 m/s 2
arad = rω 2 = (0.235 m)(67.0 rad/s) 2 = 1060 m/s 2 so = = 108; a = 108 g
g 9.80 m/s 2
Reflect: In parts (a) and (b), since a ratio is used the units cancel and there is no need to convert ω to rad/s. In
part (c), υ and arad are calculated from ω , and ω must be in rad/s.
1 mL2
9.28. Set Up: The kinetic energy of a rotating rod is K = I ω 2 . For a rod rotating about its center, I center = .
2 12
mL2
For a rod rotating about one end, I end = .
3
Solve: For a given angular velocity ω, the ratio κ of kinetic energy for a rod rotating about its center to that for a rod
1
I centerω 2 I 3 1
rotating about one end is κ = 2 = center = = .
1 2 I 12 4
I endω end
2
*9.29. Set Up: I for the object is the sum of the values of I for each part. For the bar, for an axis perpendicular to
the bar, use the appropriate expression from Table 9.2. For a point mass, we have I = mr 2 , where r is the distance of
the mass from the axis.
2
1  L
Solve: (a) I = I bar + I balls = M bar L2 + 2mballs   .
12  2
1
I= (4.00 kg)(2.00 m) 2 + 2(0.500 kg)(1.00 m)2 = 2.33 kg ⋅ m 2
12
1 1
(b) I = mbar L2 + mball L2 = (4.00 kg)(2.00 m) 2 + (0.500 kg)(2.00 m) 2 = 7.33 kg ⋅ m 2
3 3
(c) We have I = 0 because all the masses are on the axis, where r = 0.
Reflect: The moment of inertia for an object depends on both the location and orientation of the axis of rotation in
relation to the object. The axis of rotation with the lowest moment inertia is always one of those that pass through the
object’s center of mass.
1 1 1
9.30. Set Up: (a) I = ML2 (b) I = ML2 (c) I = MR 2
12 3 2
1
Solve: (a) I = (0.0420 kg)(1.50 m) 2 = 7.88 × 10−3 kg ⋅ m 2
12
1
(b) I = (0.0420 kg)(1.50 m) 2 = 3.15 × 10 −2 kg ⋅ m 2
3
1
(c) I = (0.0420 kg)(0.150 × 10 −2 m) 2 = 4.72 × 10 −8 kg ⋅ m 2
2
*9.31. Set Up: (a) Each mass is a distance

2(0.400 m) 2 0.400 m
=
2 2
0.400 m
from the axis, (b) each mass is 0.200 m from the axis, (c) two masses are on the axis and two are from the axis.
2
2
 0.400 m 
Solve: (a) I =  mr 2 = 4(0.200 kg)   = 0.0640 kg ⋅ m
2
 2 
(b) I = 4(0.200 kg)(0.200 m)2 = 0.0320 kg ⋅ m 2
2
 0.400 m  2
(c) I = 2(0.200 kg)   = 0.0320 kg ⋅ m
 2 
Reflect: The value of I depends on the location of the axis.
mL2
9.32. Set Up: The moment of inertia of a rod rotating about one end is I end = .
3
Solve: If you cut the bar in half, the length L′ of each half is a factor of two less than the original length L:
2
 L
m 
m ( L′ )
2
 2 1 mL2 1
L′ = L / 2. Thus, the moment of inertia of one of the two halves is I end
′ = = = = I end .
3 3 4 3 4
Reflect: The moment of inertia is proportional to the length squared of the rod.
1
9.33. Set Up: Use K = I ω 2 . Note that the tangential speed of each sprocket is the same because they are
2
connected by the chain. For sprocket A, I A = I , ω A = ω . For sprocket B, I B = 4 I .
1
Solve: The tangential speed of each sprocket is υ = Rω A = 2 Rω B . Using ω A = ω , this gives ω B = ω . The total
2
2
1 1 1 1 1 
kinetic energy of the system (ignoring the chain) is K = I Aω 2A + I Bω B2 = I ω 2 + ( 4 I )  ω  = I ω 2
2 2 2 2 2 
9-8 Chapter 9
9.34. Set Up: The rim is a thin-walled hollow cylinder with I = mrim R 2 and each of the eight spokes can be treated
1
as a slender rod with the axis at one end, so for each spoke I = mspoke R 2 .
3
1  8
Solve: I = mrim R 2 + 8  mspoke R 2  = [1.40 kg + (0.280 kg)][0.300 m]2 = 0.193 kg ⋅ m 2
3  3
1
*9.35. Set Up: K = I ω 2 . Use Table 9.2 to relate I to the mass M of the disk. 45.0 rpm = 4.71 rad/s. For a
2
1
uniform solid disk we have I = MR 2 .
2
2K 2(0.250 J)
Solve: (a) I = 2 = = 0.0225 kg ⋅ m 2
ω (4.71 rad/s)2
1 2 I 2(0.0225 kg ⋅ m 2 )
(b) I = MR 2 and M = 2 = = 0.500 kg
2 R (0.300 m) 2
Reflect: No matter what the shape is, the rotational kinetic energy is proportional to the mass of the object.
1 1
9.36. Set Up: For a solid disk and an axis through its center, I = MR 2 . K = I ω 2 , where ω must be in rad/s.
2 2
2π
1 rpm = rad/s
60
1 1
Solve: (a) I = MR 2 = (3.00 kg)(0.100 m)2 = 0.0150 kg ⋅ m 2 . ω = 2200 rpm = 230 rad/s.
2 2
1 1
K = I ω 2 = (0.0150 kg ⋅ m 2 )(230 rad/s) 2 = 397 J
2 2
(b) In free fall, gravitational potential energy mgy is converted to kinetic energy. K = mgy and
K 397 J
y= = = 13.5 m
mg (3.00 kg)(9.80 m/s 2 )
1
*9.37. Set Up: K = I ω 2 , with ω in rad/s. 1 rev/min = (2π /60) rad/s. ΔK = − 500 J
2
Solve: ω i = 650 rev/min = 68.1 rad/s. ω f = 520 rev/min = 54.5 rad/s.
1
ΔK = K f − K i = I (ω 2f − ω 2i ) and
2
2( ΔK ) 2( −500 J)
I= 2 2
= 2 2
= 0.600 kg ⋅ m 2
ω f − ω i (54.5 rad/s) − (68.1 rad/s)
1 1
9.38. Set Up: K = I ω 2 . Use Table 9.2 to calculate I. I = ML2 . 1 rpm = 0.1047 rad/s
2 12
1
Solve: (a) I = (117 kg)(2.08 m) 2 = 42.2 kg ⋅ m 2
12
 0.1047 rad/s 
ω = (2400 rev/min)  = 251 rad/s
 1 rev/min 
1 2 1
K= I ω = (42.2 kg ⋅ m 2 )(251 rad/s) 2 = 1.33 × 106 J
2 2
1 1
(b) K1 = M1L12ω12 , K 2 = M 2 L22ω 22 . L1 = L2 and K1 = K 2 , so M1ω 12 = M 2ω 22 .
12 12
M1 M1
ω 2 = ω1 = (2400 rpm) = 2770 rpm
M2 0.750M1
Reflect: The rotational kinetic energy is proportional to the square of the angular speed and directly proportional to
the mass of the object.
9.39. Set Up: The volume of a hollow cylinder of inner radius R1, outer radius R2 , and length L is V = π L( R22 − R22 ).
1
I= M ( R12 + R22 ). Let the density be ρ ; M = ρV .
2
1 rev
Solve: (a) ω = = 0.571 rev/s = 3.59 rad/s
1.75 s
1 11  1 1
K = I ω 2 =  M [ R12 + R 22 ] ω 2 = ρπ L( R 22 − R12 )( R12 + R 22 )ω 2 = ρπ L( R 42 − R14 )ω 2
2 2 2  4 4
4K 4(2.5 × 106 J)
L= = = 23 m
ρπ (R 42 − R14 )ω 2 (2.20 × 10 kg/m )π ([1.50 m]4 − [0.500 m]4 )(3.59 rad/s)2
3 3
(b) Length L is proportional to 1/ω 2 , so doubling ω reduces L to (22 .5 m)/4 = 5.6 m.

Reflect: The length could also be reduced by using material of larger density.
9.40. Set Up: Use coordinates where +y is upward. Take the origin at the final position of the stone, so for the stone
yf = 0 and yi = 2.50 m. The cylinder has no change in gravitational potential energy. The cylinder has rotational kinetic
energy and the stone has translational kinetic energy. Let m be the mass of the stone and let M be the mass of the cylinder.
1
For the cylinder I = MR 2 . The speed of the stone and the angular speed ω of the cylinder are related by υ = Rω .
2
Solve: Conservation of energy says U i + Ki = U f + K f . Ki = 0 and U f = 0, so U i = K f . The conservation of
1 1
energy expression becomes mgyi = mυ 2 + I ω 2 .
2 2
1 2 11  1 1 1
I ω =  MR 2  (υ /R )2 = M υ 2 , so mgyi = mυ 2 + M υ 2 and
2 2 2  4 2 4
M=
(
2m 2 gyi − υ 2 ) = 2 (3.00 kg) 2 (9.80 m/s )(2.50 m) − (3.50 m/s)  = 18.0 kg
2 2
υ2 (3.50 m/s)2
*9.41. Set Up: The speed υ of the weight is related to ω of the cylinder by υ = Rω , where R = 0.325 m. Use
coordinates where +y is upward and yi = 0 for the weight. yf = − h, where h is the unknown distance the weight
1
descends. Let m = 1.50 kg and M = 3.25 kg. For the cylinder I = MR 2 .
2
Solve: (a) Conservation of energy says Ki + U i = K f + U f . Ki = 0 and U i = 0. U f = mgyf = − mgh.
2
1 1 1 11   υ 1 1 
Kf = mυ 2 + I ω 2 = mυ 2 +  MR 2    =  m + M  υ 2
2 2 2 2 2   R 2 4 
1 1  2
 m + M  υ − mgh = 0
2 4
1 1  2 1 1  2
 m + M  υ  2 (1.50 kg) + 4 (3.25 kg)  (2.50 m/s)
2 4
h= = = 0.664 m
mg (1.50 kg)(9.80 m/s 2 )
9-10 Chapter 9
υ 2.50 m/s
(b) ω = = = 7.69 rad/s
R 0.325 m
Reflect: The net work done by the rope that connects the cylinder and weight is zero. The speed υ of the weight
equals the tangential speed at the outer surface of the cylinder, and this gives υ = Rω .
2
9.42. Set Up: The volume of the disk is Vdisk = π Rdisk t , where t = 0.015 m is the thickness of the disk. The volume
4 3
of a sphere is Vsphere = π Rsphere .
3
Solve: (a) For the disk, the moment of inertia about a perpendicular axis through its center is
I disk =
2
mRdisk
=
(17 kg )(0.2 m ) = 0.3 kg ⋅ m 2 .
2
2 2
1/3
2 4 3 3 2 
(b) The volume of the sphere must be the same as that of the disk, so π Rdisk t = π Rsphere and Rsphere =  Rdisk t .
3 4 
The moment of inertia of the sphere is
2/3 2/3
2 3 2 
(17 kg )  (0.2 m )2 (0.015 m)
2 2 2 3
I sphere = mRsphere = m  Rdisk t = = 0.04 kg ⋅ m 2
5 5 4  5 4 
Reflect: The moment of inertia of the sphere is much less than that of the disk because the sphere has proportionally
much more mass close to the center of rotation.
1
9.43. Set Up: υcm = Rω . ω = 0.50 rev/s = 3.14 rad/s. I = MR 2 with R = 0.50 m
2
1 2 1
Solve: (a) K tot = K cm + K rot with K cm =M υcm and K rot = I cmω 2
2 2
1
υcm = Rω = (0.50 m)(3.14 rad/s) = 1.57 m/s. K cm = (75 kg)(1.57 m/s)2 = 92.4 J
2
1 1 1
K rot = I cmω 2 = MR 2ω 2 = M υcm 2
= 46.2 J. K tot = 92.4 J + 46.2 J = 1.4 × 102 J
2 4 4
K rot 46.2 J
(b) = = 33%
K tot 140 J
9.44. Set Up: The wheel has I = MR 2 , with M = 2.25 kg and R = 0.425 m. Rolling without slipping means
υcm = Rω for the wheel. Initially the wheel has υcm,i = 11.0 m/s. Use coordinates where +y is upward and y = 0 at
the bottom of the hill, so yi = 75.0 m and yf = 0.
Solve: (a) Conservation of energy gives Ki + U i = K f + U f .
2
1 2 1 1 1 υ 
K= mυcm + I cmω 2 = mυcm
2
+ ( mR 2 )  cm  = mυcm
2
2 2 2 2  R 
2 2 2 2
Ki = mυcm,i , K f = mυcm,f . U i = mgyi , U f = mgyf = 0 so mgyi + mυcm,i = mυcm,f
2
υcm,f = υcm,i + gyi = (11.0 m/s) 2 + (9.80 m/s 2 )(75.0 m) = 29.3 m/s
2
(b) K f = mυcm,f = (2.25 kg)(29.3 m/s)2 = 1.93 × 103 J
*9.45. Set Up: Since there is rolling without slipping, vcm = Rω . The kinetic energy is given by Eq. (9.19). We
have ω = 3.00 rad/s and R = 0.600 m. For a hoop rotating about an axis at its center we have I = MR 2 .
Solve: (a) υcm = Rω = (0.600 m)(3.00 rad/s) = 1.80 m/s
1 2 1 1 1
(b) K = M υcm + I ω 2 = M υcm
2
+ ( MR 2 )(υcm /R 2 ) = M υcm
2
= (2.20 kg)(1.80 m/s) 2 = 7.13 J
2 2 2 2
Reflect: For the special case of a hoop, the total kinetic energy is equally divided between the motion of the center
of mass and the rotation about the axis through the center of mass.
2 2
9.46. Set Up: The solid sphere has I cm = mR 2 ; the uniform spherical shell has I cm = mR 2 . υcm = υ = Rω for
5 3
both. Use coordinates where +y is upward and y = 0 at the bottom of the hill.
Solve: (a) Conservation of energy gives Ki + U i = K f + U f . U i = 0 and K f = 0 for both spheres, so Ki = U f . This
gives
1 1
mυ 2 + I cmω 2 = mgh
2 2
1 1
mυ 2 + I cmω 2
h= 2 2
mg
2
2 1 2 12  υ 1
solid sphere: I cm = mR 2 so I cmω cm =  mR 2    = mυ 2
5 2 
2 5   R  5
1 1
mυ 2 + mυ 2 7υ 2
Then h = 2 5 =
mg 10 g
2
2 1 2 12  υ  1
hollow sphere: I cm = mR 2 so I cmω cm =  mR 2    = mυ 2
3 2 2 3  R 3
1 1
mυ 2 + mυ 2 5υ 2
Then h = 2 3 =
mg 6g
Reflect: The hollow sphere rolls farther up the hill because it has a greater rotational moment of inertia than the
solid sphere. This is because its mass is farther from the center of rotation than for the solid sphere.
2
*9.47. Set Up: The ball has moment of inertia I cm = mR 2 . Rolling without slipping means υcm = Rω . Use coordinates
3
where +y is upward and y = 0 at the bottom of the hill, so yi = 0 and yf = h = 5.00 m.
Solve: (a) Conservation of energy gives Ki + U i = K f + U f . U i = 0, K f = 0 (stops). Therefore Ki = U f and
1 2 1
mυcm + I cmω 2 = mgh.
2 2
2
1 12 υ  1 2 5 2
I cmω 2 =  mR 2   cm  = mυcm so mυcm = mgh
2 23  R  3 6
6 gh 6(9.80 m/s 2 )(5.00 m)
υcm = = = 7.67 m/s
5 5
and
υcm 7.67 m/s
ω= = = 67.9 rad/s
R 0.113 m
9-12 Chapter 9
1 2 1 2 1
(b) K rot = I ω = mυcm = (0.426 kg)(7.67 m/s) 2 = 8.35 J
2 3 3
1 2 3
Reflect: Its translational kinetic energy at the base of the hill is mυcm = K rot = 12.52 J. Its total kinetic energy is
2 2
20.9 J. This equals its final potential energy: mgh = (0.426 kg)(9.80 m/s 2 )(5.00 m) = 20.9 J.
2
9.48. Set Up: The marble is a solid sphere and has I cm = mR 2 . Since the marble rolls without slipping, υcm = Rω .
5
The block of ice has only translational kinetic energy. At the bottom of the hill, the marble has speed υcm = υ m and the
block has speed υcm = υ b . Use coordinates where +y is upward and y = 0 at the bottom of the hill. Then yi = H and
yf = 0 for each object.
Solve: (a) Conservation of energy gives Ki + U i = K f + U f . Ki = 0, U f = 0 so U i = K f .
1 2 1
marble: mgH = mυcm + I cmω 2
2 2
2
1 2 12  υ  1 2
I cmω cm =  mR 2   m  = mυ m
2 2 5  R  5
7 2 10
so mgH = mυ m and υ m = gh = 1.20 gH
10 7
1
block of ice: mgH = mυ 2b and υ b = 2 gH = 1.41 gH
2
(b) The ice is moving faster at the bottom.
(c) For each object, K f = U i = mgH . They have the same kinetic energy at the bottom.
*9.49. Set Up: Apply Eq. (9.19). For an object that is rolling without slipping we have vcm = Rω .
Solve: The fraction of the total kinetic energy that is rotational is
(1/2) I cmω 2 1 1
2 2
= 2 2
=
(1/2) Mvcm + (1/2) I cmω 1 + ( M /I cm )vcm /ω 1 + ( MR 2 /I cm )
(a) I cm = (1/2) MR 2 , so the above ratio is 1/3.
(b) I cm = (2/5) MR 2 so the above ratio is 2/7.
(c) I cm = (2/3) MR 2 so the ratio is 2/5.
(d) I cm = (5/8) MR 2 so the ratio is 5/13.
Reflect: The moment of inertia of each object takes the form I = β MR 2 . The ratio of rotational kinetic energy to
1 β
total kinetic energy can be written as = . The ratio increases as β increases.
1 + 1/β 1 + β
9.50. Set Up: Only gravity does work, so Wother = 0 and conservation of energy gives Ki + U i = K f + U f .
1 2 1
Let yf = 0, so U f = 0 and yi = 0.750 m. The hoop is released from rest so Ki = 0. K f = M υcm + I cmω 2 .
2 2
υcm = Rω . For a hoop with an axis at its center, I cm = MR 2 .
1 1
Solve: Conservation of energy gives U i = K f . K f = MR 2ω 2 + ( MR 2 )ω 2 = MR 2ω 2 , so MR 2ω 2 = Mgyi .
2 2
gyi (9.80 m/s 2 )(0.750 m)
ω= = = 33.9 rad/s
R 0.0800 m
9.51. Set Up: Solve this problem using energy conservation: ΔK = −ΔU . The change in potential energy of the cart is
ΔU = Mg Δy , where the total mass is M = 150.0 kg + 4(45.0 kg) = 330.0 kg and the vertical displacement of the cart
is given by Δy = − (16.0 m)sin 20° = − 5.472 m. The kinetic energy of the cart consists of its translational kinetic
energy and the rotational kinetic energy of its four identical wheels. The initial kinetic energy is zero, so
1 1  1
ΔK = M υ 2 + 4  I ω 2  . The moment of inertia of each wheel is that of a solid cylinder: I = mr 2 with m = 45.0 kg.
2 2  2
1 1 
− Mg Δy = M υ 2 + 4  Iω 2 
2  2 
2
1 1   υ
= M υ 2 + 2  mr 2   
2 2  r
M 
Solve: = υ 2  + m
 2 
− Mg Δy − g Δy
υ=± =
M 1 m
+m +
2 2 M
=
( )
− 9.8 m/s 2 ( −5.472 m )
= 9.2 m/s
1 45.0 kg
+
2 330.0 kg
Reflect: If we ignore the rotational energy of the wheels, we would get υ = 2gh = 2(9.80 m/s 2 )(5.472 m) = 10 m/s
for the speed of the cart at the bottom of the slope. The actual speed of the cart is only slightly slower than this due to the
relatively small moment of inertia of the wheels.
9.52. Set Up: Apply conservation of energy to the motion of the marble.
Solve: (a) The rotational kinetic energy gained on descending the left side of the bowl is lost at the same rate upon
climbing the right side of the bowl, so the marble will climb to the same height h from which it was dropped.
(b) With no friction, no rotational kinetic energy is created because there is no friction torque on the marble. Thus,
the marble will again climb up the right side to the same height h from which it was dropped.
(c) With no friction, all the potential energy is converted to translational kinetic energy at the bottom of the bowl, so
the marble is moving faster for the frictionless case.
*9.53. Set Up: The linear acceleration a of the elevator equals the tangential acceleration of a point on the rim of
the shaft. a = 0.150 g = 1.47 m/s. For the shaft, R = 0.0800 m.
1.47 m/s 2
Solve: atan = Rα so a = Rα and α = = 18.4 rad/s 2
0.0800 m
Reflect: In atan = Rα , α is in units of rad/s 2 .
9.54. Set Up: Apply conservation of energy to the motion of the wheel. The wheel at points 1 and 2 of its motion is
shown in the figure below. Take the point y = 0 at the center of the wheel when it is at the bottom of the hill.
9-14 Chapter 9
1 1
The wheel has both translational and rotational motion so its kinetic energy is K = I cmω 2 + M υcm
2
.
2 2
Solve: K1 + U1 + Wother = K 2 + U 2
Wother = Wfric = −3500 J (the friction work is negative)
1 2 1
K1 = I ω1 + M υ12 ; v = Rω and I = 0.800 MR 2 so
2 2
1 1
K1 = (0.800) MR 2ω 12 + MR 2ω 12= 0.900 MR 2ω 12
2 2
K 2 = 0, U1 = 0, U 2 = Mgh
Thus 0.900MR 2ω 12+ Wfric = Mgh
M = w/g = 392 N/(9.80 m/s 2 ) = 40.0 kg
0.900MR 2ω 12+ Wfric
h=
Mg
(0.900)(40.0 kg)(0.600 m) 2 (25.0 rad/s) 2 − 3500 J
h= = 11.7 m
(40.0 kg)(9.80 m/s 2 )
Reflect: Friction does negative work and reduces h.
*9.55. Set Up: The distance d the car travels equals the arc length s traveled by a point on the rim of the tire, so
d = rθ . The odometer reading depends on the angle through which the wheels have turned.
d 528 ft
Solve: (a) d = 0.10 mi = 528 ft. r = 12 in = 1.0 ft. θ = = = 528 rad = 84 rev
r 1.0 ft
(b) d = rθ . 5000 rev = 3.14 × 104 rad. d = (1.0 ft)(3.14 × 104 rad) = 3.14 × 104 ft = 6.0 mi
(c) With proper 24 in. diameter tires the angular displacement for d = 500 mi = 2.64 × 106 ft is
d 2.64 × 106 ft
θ=
= = 2.64 × 106 rad
r 1.0 ft
 14 
With 28 in. tires this θ corresponds to d = rθ =  ft  (2.64 × 106 rad) = 3.08 × 106 ft = 5.8 × 102 mi.
 12 
Reflect: In s = rθ the angle θ must be expressed in radians.
9.56. Set Up: The speed υ of the car equals the tangential speed υ tan of a point on the rim of the tire, so υ = rω . In this
equation, ω must be expressed in rad/s. 55 mph = 80.7 ft/s. The speedometer reading depends on the angular speed
with which the wheels are turning.
υ 80.7 ft/s  1 rev   60 s 
Solve: (a) ω = = = (80.7 rad/s)  = 7.7 × 102 rpm
r 1 ft  2π rad   1 min 
(b) 500 rpm = 52.4 rad/s. υ = rω = (1.0 ft)(52.4 rad/s) = 52.4 ft/s = 36 mph
(c) When the speedometer reads 50 mph = 73.3 ft/s the wheels have angular speed
υ
73.3 ft/s
ω= = = 88 rad/s
10
r ft
12
The speedometer reads the υ for this ω if standard tires were used. For ω = 88 rad/s and r = 1.0 ft, υ = rω = 88 ft/s
= 60 mph.
1 1
9.57. Set Up: K = I ω 2 , with ω in rad/s. For a solid cylinder, I = MR 2 . 1 rev/min = (2π /60) rad/s
2 2
1
Solve: ω = 3000 rev/min = 314 rad/s. I = (1000 kg)(0.900 m) 2 = 405 kg ⋅ m 2
2
1
K= (405 kg ⋅ m 2 )(314 rad/s) 2 = 2.00 × 107 J
2
9.58. Set Up: For the wheels, I = mR 2 , where m = 3 kg. The total kinetic energy is the sum of the translational
kinetic energy and the rotational kinetic energy: K = K trans + K rot . The total mass M of the bike and rider is M = 55
kg + 24 kg = 79 kg.
Solve: The total kinetic energy is
K = K trans + K rot
1 1 
= M υ 2 + 2  Iω 2 
2 2 
2
 υ
1
( )
= M υ 2 + mR 2  
2  R
1 
=  M + m υ 2
2 
1 
=  (79 kg ) + (3 kg ) (7 m/s ) = 2082.5 J
2
2 
2
The rotational kinetic energy is K rot = (3 kg )(7 m/s ) = 147 J. Thus, the percent p of the total kinetic energy that is
rotational kinetic energy is p = K / K rot = 100% × ( 2082.5 J ) / (147 J ) = 7%.
9.59. Set Up: 200 rpm = 20.94 rad/s. 500 rpm = 52.36 rad/s. The outer radius is 6.05 × 10−2 m. The angular speed is
greatest when r is smallest. 74 min = 4440 s.
Solve: (a) υ tan = rω . ω = 20.94 rad/s when r = 6.05 × 10 −2 m so υ tan = 1.27 m/s.
υ tan 1.27 m/s
(b) Find r when ω = 52.36 rad/s: r = = = 0.0242 m. The diameter is 4.84 cm.
ω 52.36 rad/s
ω − ω0 20.94 rad/s − 52.36 rad/s
(c) ω = ω 0 + α t gives α = = = − 7.1 × 10 −3 rad/s 2
t 4440 s
α is negative since the rotation rate slows as the tracking spirals outward.
*9.60. Set Up: All points on the belt (which is shown in the figure below) move with the same speed. Since the belt
doesn’t slip, the speed of the belt is the same as the speed of a point on the rim of the shaft and on the rim of the
wheel, and these speeds are related to the angular speed of each circular object by υ = rω .
Solve: (a) v1 = r1ω 1
ω1 = (60.0 rev/s)(2π rad/1 rev) = 377 rad/s
v 1 = r 1ω 1 = (0.45 × 10 −2 m)(377 rad/s) = 1.7 m/s
(b) υ1 = υ 2
r 1ω 1 = r 2ω 2
ω 2 = (r1 /r 2)ω 1 = (0.45 cm/2.00 cm)(377 rad/s) = 85 rad/s
9-16 Chapter 9
Reflect: The wheel has a larger radius than the shaft so it turns slower to have the same tangential speed for points on the rim.
2
9.61. Set Up: I cm = mR 2 . When it rolls without slipping, υcm = Rω . When there is no friction the angular speed
3
of rotation is constant. Take +y upward and let y = 0 in the valley.
Solve: (a) Find the speed υcm in the level valley: Ki + U i = K f + U f . yi = H 0 , yf = 0. Ki = 0, U f = 0. Therefore,
U i = Kf .
1 2 1
mgH 0 = mυcm + I cmω 2
2 2
2
1 12 υ  1 2
I cmω 2 =  mR 2   cm  = mυcm
2 23  R  3
5 2 2 6 gH 0
so mgH 0 = mυcm and υcm = .
6 5
Find the height H it goes up the other side. Its rotational kinetic energy stays constant as it rolls on the frictionless
surface.
1 2 1 1
mυcm + I cmω 2 = I cmω 2 + mgH
2 2 2
2
3 υcm
H== H0
2g 5
(b) Some of the initial potential energy has been converted into rotational kinetic energy so there is less potential
energy at the second height H than at the first height H 0 .
*9.62. Set Up: My total mass is m = 90 kg. I model my head as a uniform sphere of radius 8 cm. I model my trunk
and legs as a uniform solid cylinder of radius 12 cm. I model my arms as slender rods of length 60 cm.
ω = 72 rev/min = 7.5 rad/s.
2 1  1
Solve: (a) I tot = (0.070m)(0.080 m) 2 + (0.80m)(0.12 m) 2 + 2   (0.13m)(0.60 m) 2 = 3.3 kg ⋅ m 2
5 2  3
1 2 1
(b) K rot = I ω = (3.3 kg ⋅ m 2 )(7.5 rad/s) 2 = 93 J
2 2
Reflect: According to these estimates about 85% of the total I is due to the outstretched arms. If the initial translational
1
kinetic energy mυ 2 of the skater is converted to this rotational kinetic energy as he goes into a spin, his initial speed must
2
be 1.4 m/s.
2
9.63. Set Up: I cm = mR 2 . When it rolls without slipping, υcm = Rω . When there is no friction (on the smooth
5
ice), ω and the rotational kinetic energy are constant. Use coordinates where +y is upward and y = 0 at the bottom
of the hill.
Solve: Motion along the rough part: Let υ 1 be the translational speed at the bottom of the rough part. Ki + U i =
K f + U f . Ki = 0. yi = 50.0 m; yf = 25.0 m
1 1
mgyi = mυ 12 + I cmω 2 + mgyf
2 2
2
1 12 υ  1 7
I cmω 2 =  mR 2   1  = mυ 21 , so g ( yi − yf ) = υ 21 and
2 
2 5   R  5 10
10
υ1 =(9.80 m/s 2 )(25.0 m/s) = 18.7 m/s
7
Motion along the smooth part: υ i = υ1. yi = 25.0 m; yf = 0. Ki + U i = K f + U f gives
1 1 1 1
mυ 12 + I cmω 2 + mgyi = mυf2 + I cmω 2
2 2 2 2
υf = υ 12 + 2 gyi = (18.7 m/s)2 + 2(9.80 m/s 2 )(25.0 m) = 29.0 m/s
9.64. Set Up: Treat the V like two thin 0.160 kg bars, each 25 cm long. For a slender bar with the axis at one end,
1
we have I = mL2 .
3
1   1
Solve: I = 2  mL2  = 2   (0.160 kg)(0.250 m) 2 = 6.67 × 10−3 kg ⋅ m 2
3   3
Reflect: The value of I is independent of the angle between the two sides of the V; the angle 70.0° didn't enter into
the calculation.
2
9.65. Set Up: A solid sphere has I = MR 2 .
5
2
2 2 2 2  R 1
Solve: I old = MR 2 . I new = MRnew = M   = I old Thus, I new / I old = 1 / 4.
5 5 5  2 4
2
*9.66. Set Up: I cm = mR 2 . If the stone rolls without slipping, υcm = Rω . If there is no friction the stone slides
5
without rolling and has no rotational kinetic energy. Use coordinates where + y is upward and y = 0 at the bottom
of the hill.
Solve: After the stone is launched into the air its translational kinetic energy is converted to potential energy. At its
1 2
maximum height h, mgh = mυcm , where υcm is its translational speed at the bottom of the hill.
2
1 2 2
(a) Apply conservation of energy to the motion down the hill: mgH = mυcm and υcm = 2 gH . Then
2
1 2 1
mgh = mυcm = m(2 gH ) and h = H .
2 2
(b) Now the initial potential energy is converted to both translational and rotational kinetic energy as the stone rolls
down the hill:
1 2 1
mgH = mυcm + I cmω 2
2 2
2
1 12 υ  1 2 7 10
I cmω 2 =  mR 2   cm  = mυcm 2
so mgH = mυcm 2
and υcm = gH
2 
2 5   R  5 10 7
1  10  5
This gives mgh = m  gH  and h = H .
2 7  7
(c) In (a) all the initial gravitational potential energy is converted back to final gravitational potential energy; the
kinetic energy at the final maximum height is zero. In (b) the stone gains rotational kinetic energy as it rolls down the
hill and it still has this rotational kinetic energy at its maximum height; not all the initial potential energy is converted
into the final potential energy.
Reflect: Both answers do not depend on the mass or radius of the stone. But the answer to (b) depends on how the
mass is distributed; the answer would be different for a hollow rolling sphere.
9-18 Chapter 9
9.67. Set Up: Use conservation of energy, Ki + U i = K f + U f , to find the speed υf of the ball just as it leaves the
1 1
top of the cliff. Let y = 0 at the bottom of the cliff, so yi = 0, U i = 0 and yf = 28.0 m. K = I cmω 2 + mυ 2 .
2 2
2
I cm = mR 2 . Rolling without slipping gives υ = Rω . Consider the projectile motion of the ball after it goes over
5
the cliff to find its horizontal range and final speed.
12 2 2 1 2 7 2
Solve: (a) While rolling without slipping, K =  mR  ω + mυ = mυ . Conservation of energy gives
2 5 2 10
7 7 10
mυ 2i = mgyf + mυ 2f . υf = υ 2i − gyf = 15.3 m/s.
10 10 7
Projectile motion: Use the vertical motion to find the time in the air. Let +y be downward. υ 0 y = 0, a y = 9.80 m/s 2
1 2
and y − y0 = 28.0 m. y − y0 = υ 0 yt + a yt gives
2
2( y − y0 )
t= = 2.39 s
ay
During this time the ball travels horizontally x − x0 = υ0 xt = (15.3 m/s)(2.39 s) = 36.6 m.
υ y = υ0 y + a yt = 0 + (9.80 m/s 2 )(2.39 s) = 23.4 m/s
υ x = υ0 x = 15.3 m/s and υ = υ x2 + υ 2y = 28.0 m/s

(b) The rotation rate of the ball is less at the top of the hill than it was initially. While it moves through the air the
rotation rate stays the same, so when the ball returns to the ground, the amount of energy in rotational kinetic energy
is less than it was initially, before it started to roll up the hill. The total energy is the same, so at the end more energy
is in translational motion than initially and the final translational speed is greater.
1
9.68. Set Up: For a uniform bar pivoted about one end, I = mL2 . υ = 5.0 km/h = 1.4 m/s.
3
π /3 rad
(a) 60° = (π /3) rad. The average angular speed of each arm and leg is = 1 rad/s.
1s
1 1 1
(b) I = marm Larm 2 + mleg Lleg 2 = [(0.13)(75 kg)(0.70 m) 2 + (0.37)(75 kg)(0.90 m) 2 ]
3 3 3
I = 9.08 kg ⋅ m 2
1 2 1
K rot = I ω = (9.08 kg ⋅ m 2 )(1.05 rad/s) 2 = 5 J
2 2
1 1
(c) K tran = mυ 2 = (75 kg)(1.4 m/s) 2 = 73.5 J and K tot = K tran + K rot = 79 J
2 2
K rot 5.0 J
(d) = = 6.4
K tran 78.5 J
Reflect: If you swing your arms more vigorously more of your energy input goes into the kinetic energy of walking
and it is more effective exercise.
9.69. Set Up: Now υ = 12 km/h = 3.33 m/s. I tot = 9.08 kg ⋅ m 2 as in Problem 9.68.
π /3 rad
Solve: (a) ω av = = 2 rad/s
0.5 s
1 1
(b) K tot = I ω 2 = (9.08 kg ⋅ m 2 )(2.1 rad/s) 2 = 2 × 101 J
2 2
1 1
(c) K tran = mυ 2 = (75 kg)(3.33 m/s)2 = 416 J; K = 4.4 × 102 J
2 2
K rot 20 J
(d) = = 4.6
K tot 436 J
Solutions to Passage Problems
1
9.70. Set Up: The time between frames is Δt = s. Use θ = ωΔt to calculate the angle through which the eel
120
rotates.
 360°   1 
Solve: The eel rotates through an angle of θ = ωΔt = (14 rev/s )   s = 42°. The answer is D.
 1 rev   120 
ωf − ωi
9.71. Set Up: The average angular acceleration is α av = . Let the counterclockwise direction be positive.
Δt
ωf − ωi 8 rev/s − ( −14 rev/s )  2π rad  44π 2
Solve: α av = =  1 rev  = 10 rad/s
Δt 10 s
The correct answer is D.
1
*9.72. Set Up: When spinning about it long axis, the eel has rotational inertia I = mr 2 .
2
1 2 1  1 2  2 mr 2ω 2
Solve: The rotational kinetic energy when the eel rotates at 14 rev/s is K rot = I ω =  mr  ω = .
2 2 2  4
1
When swimming in a straight line, the kinetic energy of the eel is K trans = mυ 2 . For these two energies to be the
2
same, the speed υ must be
1 mr 2ω 2
mυ 2 =
2 4
υ=±
rω
=±
(0.050 m )(14 rev/s )  2π rad  = ±3.1 m/s
2 2  1 rev 
The correct answer is C.
1
9.73. Set Up: When spinning about it long axis, the eel has rotational inertia I = mr 2 .
2
Solve: The rotational inertia is proportional to the radius squared. The new species of eel has twice the radius, so its
rotation inertia is four times greater. The correct answer is D.
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"The lady wants to be seen home—and I'm going
to do it if I swing for it!"
The Princess transferred her hand to Trafford's arm.

"Thank you," she said with a bewilderingly grateful look up into his
face.
"Nervy, you're a fool—a bigger fool than ever I believed you to be!"
exploded Saunders.
Trafford's only answer was a most complacent grin.
"Good-night, Herr Saunders!" said the Princess in the sweetest of

accents. "Remember me kindly to your wife and other Royalists. We may
meet again or not—my impression is that we shall.... If so, remember that
laughter is not always a symptom of child's play."
"Good-night, Princess!" returned Saunders with an exaggerated low

bow. "Forgive me, won't you, if I take the threatened revolution lightly? The
possibility of your sitting on the throne of Grimland," he went on with
another obeisance, "opens up such delightful prospect that I shall fight
against it with only half a heart. Still, I shall fight against it. Good-night,
Prin—Your Majesty!"
CHAPTER SEVEN
CONFIDENCES IN A WINE SHOP
Nervy Trafford—comfortably covered by a warm rug, seated in an open

sleigh next to a young lady of exalted birth, romantic temperament, and
unimpeachable comeliness—was almost a happy man. It was not that he
had fallen in love at first sight, that he had found swift consolation for his
recent disappointment in a rapidly-engendered passion for the fascinating
claimant to the throne of Grimland, that he was capable of offering any
woman the fine spiritual worship he had accorded to the adorable Angela
Knox; but to his temperament admiration came easily—and he had dined
well. He had been the auditor of a wildly exciting song, had made the
acquaintance of the inimitable singer, and because there was wine and
music in his blood, and much beauty by his side, the nightmare of his past
depression vanished into the biting air, and his pulses stirred to a Hit of
amazing exhilaration.
"By Jove!" he exclaimed to himself, stealing a side glance at his

companion's bewitching profile, "Saunders is right—life is too valuable an
asset to fling away in a moment's madness. There is a beauty of the body
and a beauty of the soul, and if the two are perfectly combined in only one
woman in the universe, is that any reason why I should not admire a tip-
tilted nose or a curved mouth when Fate puts them within a hand's breadth
of my own scrubby cheek?"
"Do you know Weidenbruck, Herr Trafford?" the Princess broke in on

his silent philosophising.
"Little beyond the Hôtel Concordia," he replied. "Where are we now?"
"The Domkircheplatz. That is the Cathedral."
They were crossing a big open space, well lit, planted with trees, and
adorned in its centre by a big group of statuary. To their right was a huge
gothic building—a high ridged intricate structure of red sandstone—with a
tangle of fretted pinnacles and flying buttresses, and a couple of lofty
towers that stood out black against the starry heaven.
"A fine building!" commented the American.
"That is where I am going to be crowned," said the Princess, and she

laughed a fine, free, silvery laugh that thrilled her companion with
admiration.
"That's the right spirit," he said gaily; "and what's this depressing-
looking place in front of us?"
"That's where I shall probably be confined," was the cheerful retort.

The building in question occupied the entire side of the square, and was
as gloomy as it was vast. It was a plain rectangular structure totally devoid
of ornament, and constructed of enormous blocks of rough hewn stone;
irregularly spaced windows broke its sombre front with narrow slits and
iron gratings, and a high-pitched roof of ruddy tiles crowned the grim
precipice of enduring masonry.
"That's the Strafeburg," concluded the Princess, "the Bastille of

Weidenbruck!"
"I see myself rescuing you from that topmost window," ventured
Trafford.
The Princess turned half round and looked at him curiously.
"Thanks," she murmured, "but I shall keep outside as long as I can. As a

foreigner you should visit it—as a sight-seer. It is a most depressing place,
but there is a very valuable collection of armour and a collection of
instruments of torture without its equal in Europe."
"Is it still used as a prison?" asked Trafford.
"They say not." There was a meaning behind her qualified denial and
Trafford demanded it. "Between official statements and actual facts there is
apt to be a serious discrepancy in this unfortunate land," she replied.
"Officially, no one resides in the Strafeburg but the caretaker and his
daughter. As a matter of fact, I am told that several political prisoners are
still rotting in its dungeons."
Trafford shuddered. He was a very humane man,—despite his explosive

temperament. His companion noted keenly the effect of her words, and
went on:
"Officially, also, the instruments of torture went out of use one hundred
and fifty years ago."
"You mean——"
"I mean," she continued, "that our dear humane monarch does not stick
at trifles when his interests are threatened."
Trafford opened his eyes wide, and regarded his companion with
amazement. In his curious, excitable brain was a largely developed loathing
of cruelty. Hard knocks he was prepared to give or receive in the world's
battle, big risks to life and limb he was prepared to incur or inflict with
heedless impartiality, but deliberate cruelty, the malicious and intentional
infliction of pain on man or brute, always roused him to a frenzy of wrath.
The Princess read his look and silence.
"The Archbishop of Weidenbruck, a political opponent of King Karl's,

is said to have met a peculiarly terrible end," she said meaningly.
"Impossible!" muttered Trafford.
"Impossible things happen in Grimland. It is impossible, of course, that

you should side against your friend, Herr Saunders, and your prospective
friend, King Karl——" and she touched his hand with an unconscious
impulsive movement,—"and help me in my legitimate ambitions."
Her words were in the nature of a suggestion, almost a question.
Trafford answered them between his teeth.
"That is the sort of impossibility that comes off," he muttered.
"You mean it?" demanded his fair companion, and her eyes were
pleading as they had pleaded with Captain von Hügelweiler in the
Thiergarten.
Trafford drank deep of their glance, and it intoxicated him.
"When I see these picturesque buildings," he returned, "with their

garlands of snow and cornices of icicles, I feel I am in fairyland. And in
fairyland, you know, the poor beast is changed into a handsome young man
and marries the beautiful Princess." He was not insensible of his boldness,
and carried it off with a laugh. "I feel the transmogrifying effects of this
fairy kingdom already."
"And you are beginning to feel a handsome young man?" asked the
Princess gaily.
"I have felt it this past quarter of an hour, Princess," he answered,

twirling at his frozen moustache. "Already wild hopes are stirring in my
bosom."
"You are not going to propose, are you?" she asked calmly, but with a
most delicious quiver of the lips.
Trafford looked at his fair interrogator steadily a few seconds before

replying. If ever encouragement was legible in bright eyes and challenging
smile, it was writ clear in the facile features of the Princess von
Schattenberg. Again he drank deep of beauty and his brain reeled among
the stars.
"Not exactly a proposal, but I'll make you a proposition," he said in a

voice typically American in its business-like tone.
They had entered a narrow side street, and the driver was pulling up his
horse before a disreputable-looking wine shop. Dismissing the sleigh the
Princess led the way into the building through a low, malodorous room—
where a number of men were swilling beery smoking, and playing
dominoes—and penetrated to inner chamber.
"And is this your home?" inquired Trafford.
"One of them," was the reply. "An outlaw must sleep where she can—
it's wise to vary one's abode."
An old man in shirt-sleeves and apron entered the room and demanded
their pleasure.
"We want nothing except solitude," said the Princess. "May we have
that, Herr Krantz?"
"Most certainly, your High——, gracious lady. You will not be
interrupted unless——"
"Thanks, good Herr Krantz, I understand."
The old landlord inclined his bald head and quitted the shabby
apartment. The Princess motioned to her companion to be seated, pointing
to a chair at a small table, then taking a seat opposite him, she rested her
pretty head on her hands, her elbows resting on the table, and surprised him
by suddenly popping out:
"And now about that proposition of yours——"
Trafford's countenance indicated that he thought that the bantering note

in her voice and words was distinctly out-of-place, but notwithstanding he
drew his chair closer and began:
"Princess, we have not known each other long——"
"We have not known each other at all," she quickly interrupted.
"Pardon me," corrected Trafford, with a fierce energy that always

possessed him at a crisis. "You diagnosed me admirably in your dressing-
room at the Eden Theatre. With equal perspicacity I have diagnosed you on
our frosty drive hither. Shall I tell it?—yes? Well, then, a nature ardent but
pure, fierce without being cruel, simple without being foolish. I see youth,
birth and beauty blended into one exhilarating whole—and I bow down and
worship. To a heart like yours, nothing is impossible—not even the capacity
of falling in love with an adventurous American. I do not make you a
proposal of marriage, but a matrimonial proposition." He paused to note the
effect of his words before concluding with: "Now then, if by my efforts I
can secure for you the throne of Grimland, will you reward me with your
heart and hand?"
The Princess drew in a long breath, half-astonishment, half-admiration.
"That is one of the impossibilities that does not come off—even in

Grimland," she told him at last.
"Listen," Trafford went on impetuously, "I shall only ask for my reward
in the event of your being crowned in the Cathedral of Weidenbruck, and in
the event of your acknowledging of your own free will that I have been
mainly instrumental in winning you your sovereignty."
The Princess bit her lips and nodded silently, as if weighing his words.
Something, however, impelled her to make the obvious objection.
"In the event of my being crowned Queen of Grimland," she reminded

him, "I shall not be permitted to marry whom I will. If I married you
without the consent of my counsellors and Parliament the marriage would
be, ipso facto, null and void."
"All I ask is your promise to go through the ceremony with the

necessary legal and religious forms."
The Princess remained a moment in silent thought. Then she broke out
into her merriest laugh.
"We are building castles in the air," she hastened to say. "Yes, I promise
—on those conditions. But you perceive the badness of the bargain you are
making? A marriage that will be no marriage—a contract that will not be
worth the paper it is written on?"
"I will chance its validity."
"In that event and on those conditions you shall have my hand."
The Princess stretched forth her right hand.
Trafford took it and pressed his lips to it.
"And heart?" he demanded.
As in the Thiergarten with Von Hügelweiler, the Princess Gloria

hesitated momentarily, but long enough for the framing of a lie. But this
time something strangled the conceived falsehood before it passed her lips.
"Alas!" she faltered. "Nature forgot to give me a heart." The words were
seriously enough spoken, but somehow they did not ring true to him.
"You are incapable of love?" he asked.
The Princess flushed deeply as slowly she scanned the man who faced
her. It was patent that a battle was raging in her heaving bosom. For a full
half-minute silence reigned, a silence broken only by faint murmurs and the
clink of beer glasses from the outer room. And all the time Trafford's face
preserved an expressionless immobility, his eyes a gleam of stern
directness. The Princess heaved a deep sigh. The battle was over; something
was lost, something was won.
"Herr Trafford," she began in a mechanical voice, "I want to tell you the
history of my maiden fancies. At the age of seventeen—when staying at
Weissheim, at my father's schloss, the Marienkastel—I fell in love with a
young officer in the Guides. He was handsome, aristocratic, a gallant man
with a refined nature and a superb athlete as well. He loved me dearly—was
more to me than my father, mother or anyone or anything in the kingdom of
Grimland. But my infatuation was divined, and we were separated. I wept, I
stormed, I vowed nothing would ever comfort me. Nevertheless, in six
months I was a happy, laughing girl again with an intense love of life, and
only an occasional stab of regret for a heart I had sworn to call my own."
Trafford's face showed his sympathy, but he did not speak.
"Then came the winter of 1904," the Princess went on with the same
unemotional tone. "In our unsuccessful rebellion of that fatal winter an
Englishman performed prodigies of valor. It was mainly owing to his
foresight and daring that King Karl saved his throne—and my father and
brother met death instead of the crown that was within their grasp. Later, it
is true, this same Englishman saved my life and procured my escape from
Grimland. But, even so, would any girl not dowered by Providence with a
fickle disposition permit any feeling to dwell in her heart other than hate
and horror for such a man? And yet, I was on the point of experiencing
something more than admiration for this fearless Englishman, a second
conquest of my heart was imminent"—she paused to scrutinise the face of
the man at her side, watching keenly for some signs of disapproval—"when
it was nipped in the bud, strangled in its infancy, if ever there, by his
choosing a mate elsewhere. So, once again I was fancy free. What then is
love—my love?" she exclaimed wistfully. "A gust that blusters and dies
down, a swift passing thunder-storm, a mocking dream,"—her voice
quavered and sank,—"a false vision of a sun that never rose on plain or on
mountain."
Trafford met the sadness of her gaze with eyes that twinkled with a
strange kindliness. The story of her life had moved him strongly. At the
beginning of their interview he had felt like a seafarer listening to the voice
of the siren. He had been bartering his strength and manhood for the silken
joys of a woman's allurements. His native shrewdness had told him that he
was being enticed less for himself than the usufruct of his brain and
muscles; but the bait was so sweet that his exalted senses had deemed it
more than worthy of the price he paid. Had the Princess Gloria avowed a
deep and spontaneous passion for him, he would not have believed her; but
he would have been content, and well content, with the agreeable lie. But
she had been honest with him,—honest to the detriment of her own interest.
"You don't dislike me, do you?" he blurted out, at length.
"On the contrary," she responded frankly, "I like you well, Herr
Trafford."
"It would be sad otherwise," he sighed, "for I like you exceedingly

well."
And at that she put her hand bravely on his shoulder and smiled at him.
"Never mind, comrade," she told him, "your heart is big enough and
warm enough for two."
"My heart!" he exclaimed in a most lugubrious way, "my heart is several

degrees colder than the ice on the Rundsee;" and added with terrible lack of
tact: "whatever of warmth and fire it possessed was extinguished last
Christmas Eve."
The Princess removed her hand from his shoulder in a manner that
should have left no doubt in his mind of the thought behind it.
"Princess," he went blindly on, "you have told me your story, let me tell
you mine—it is brevity itself."
The Princess inclined her head.
"I fell in love with a young lady named Angela Knox—an

American;"—and his tone was fully as responsible as his words for
bringing his companion's eyes back to his with something of the scorn his
clumsy love-making deserved;—"the young lady, Angela Knox, refused
me. I tried to blow my brains out, but Fate and Saunders willed otherwise.
The latter advised Grimland as a hygienic antidote to felo de se. Behold,
then," he concluded with a sigh, "an able-bodied man with an icicle in his
breast!"
Trafford spread out his hands in an explanatory gesture, and then for the
first time he noted the heightened colour in the Princess's cheek, that her
eyes were aflame, and that an explosion of some kind was imminent.
"And you had the impudence to make love to me!" she cried in that
wonderful voice that had captivated audiences with every intonation, from
the angry tones of a jealous grisette to the caressing notes of the ingenue.
"To amuse yourself by feigning a pure devotion——" But the Princess's
words failed her, and the hand of a Schattenberg was raised so
threateningly,—at any rate, so it seemed to Trafford—that in surprise and
consternation he rose from his chair, and as he did so, his head came in
contact with the electric light, which hung low from the dingy ceiling.
Simultaneously the white fire in the glass bulb was extinguished to a thin,
dull red line, and in two seconds they were in total darkness.
CHAPTER EIGHT
THE BARGAIN
For several seconds Trafford stood silent in the darkness, thinking

furiously. What was the correct thing to say or do in such an unusual,
almost painful, situation, he had not the faintest idea. But before speech
suggested itself to his puzzled brain, his companion—not wholly successful
in smothering the merriment that had instantly replaced her affectation of
anger—had checked him with a warning "hush!"
Noiselessly the Princess tiptoed to the glazed partition that separated the
inner chamber from the wine-shop, and drawing back a curtain gazed
cautiously through the chink.
A couple of men—as indigent in appearance as the rest of the throng—

had entered the shop and were talking to the landlord. The latter was all
civility and smiles, but his customers were regarding the newcomers with
glances of deep suspicion and resentment.
After gazing a few seconds, the Princess returned to Trafford, and

taking him by the hand led him rapidly through another door into a street at
the back.
"Krantz extinguished the light," she whispered. "It was not your head,
stupid, that did it! It was the danger-signal agreed upon between us—there
are a couple of police agents in the shop."
The touch of melodrama delighted Trafford, and the presence of danger

destroyed much of his embarrassment. They were in a narrow lane, lighted
at rare intervals, and half choked with snow. A bitter wind blew cheerlessly
between lofty houses, but the stars burned clearly in the deep violet of the
heavens.
"Where now?" he asked briefly.
"Home," answered the Princess curtly. "I'm going home—good-night!"

Trafford stood irresolute. A hand was offered him in farewell. It might
be tactless to enforce his society any longer, but there were reasons—the
hour and the gloom of the street if nothing else—why he could not leave
her alone.
"I promised to see you home," he protested stubbornly. "I keep my

promises."
"You are foolish," she returned, accepting the situation and walking
briskly down the street. "This quarter of Weidenbruck is anything but a safe
one, despite its present tranquillity. There are queer folk dwelling in these
gabled old houses—men who live by the knife and the garote! You would
be wise to reseek the civilisation of the Hôtel Concordia."
"Is it necessary to insult me?" bristling.
"Ah, but you found it necessary to insult me!" she retorted.
"In what way?" staring at her in astonishment.
"By making love—such love! You nearly blow your brains out for a
silly American girl, and then have the impertinence to ask me—me, the
Princess Gloria von Schattenberg—to marry you, informing me casually
that your heart is dead and cold."
"But your heart is dead and cold, too," he argued fatuously. "And you
were not willing to accept me. It seems that we are in the same boat. We
offered too little, and we asked too much."
The Princess was momentarily silenced by his logic; womanlike,

however, she refused to let things end in a logical conclusion.
"I am terribly angry with you," she persisted, nevertheless, with what
Trafford could have sworn was a veritable wink.
"So I was led to suppose," he replied, rubbing his head.
His words and their accompanying action, tickled the Princess's

risibilities, always lying just beneath the surface. She bit her lips in a
desperate effort to control, but in a moment her fine, fearless laugh rang out
merrily in the deserted street. Trafford gazed in amazement at his volatile
companion, and then he laughed, too.
"Don't imagine that I am not angry because I'm laughing," declared the
Princess. "I have—unfortunately, perhaps—a painfully acute sense of
humour. I very often laugh when I am feeling most deeply."
But Trafford having commenced to laugh, gave way to roars of laughter.

He had been accorded such varied treatment, such swiftly-changing moods,
that he was quite uncertain as to what the next moment would bring forth;
and the atmosphere of political intrigue and romantic adventure—with its
picturesque setting of ancient houses and deep snow—lifted him into such
regions of pure unreality that he laughed for very joy at the exhilarating
absurdity of it all.
"Great Scott! To think I have lived eight-and-twenty years without

discovering Grimland!" he exclaimed when able to catch his breath.
"Princess, you must indeed forgive me.... It seems, besides dead hearts, we
have in common a most lively sense of the ridiculous."
"I'll forgive you when you have seen me home," she replied. "But I
absolutely repudiate the bargain we made at Herr Krantz's wine shop. We
may have much in common ... but surely you don't suppose that I would
marry a man with a dead heart?"
"As to the bargain, I surmised as much when you raised your hand to
——" he broke off suddenly, and then added: "I suppose the deal is off,
then? Well, perhaps it's just as well for both of us. May I ask where your
home is?"
"My home—my home for to-night—is there," said the Princess,

pointing across the street to an entrance, which bore the number forty-two.
Trafford looked up at a venerable structure, which raised its steep gable

somewhat higher than its neighbours.
Light shone from a window on the second story. Otherwise the façade
showed a blank front of closed shutters. Just as they were crossing the
snow-encumbered road, a couple of men halted before the door in question,
and one of them knocked loudly. The Princess and Trafford stopped
automatically. Both scented danger, one from experience, the other from
instinct. A friendly archway afforded complete concealment, and there,
sheltered alike from gaze and the bitter wind, they awaited developments.
Trafford felt his arm gripped tight by a little hand, either from
excitement or from a desire for protection.
"Those are Meyer's men," whispered the Princess.
Trafford nodded in reply. He was humming the Rothlied softly between

his teeth. They watched for a silent moment, and then a woman answered
the door. After a moment's palaver, the men went in. Simultaneously two
more men glided into view from some invisible hiding-place, and took up
their positions one on each side of the doorway.
"Are you armed?" asked the Princess in a whisper.
Trafford's eyes were like stars for brightness.
"I have my fists," he answered.
The Princess produced a tiny revolver from a satin handbag, which she
pressed on her companion.
Trafford declined it curtly.
"I have my fists," he repeated.
The Princess regarded him with astonishment and a recrudescence of

anger.
"They are trying to take my friend," she expostulated in low tones.

"They will probably murder him. It is essential to my success that he
escapes their clutches."
"He'll escape all right," said Trafford, with the unreasoning confidence
of the born optimist; but the Princess stamped with annoyance at his folly.
Suddenly sounds of a struggle were heard from the direction of the

lighted window on the second floor—sounds of shifting feet and reeling
furniture, but no cry of human throat or crack of firearm.
"I must investigate this," said Trafford, but before he could take action
there was a great crash of riven glass, and a dark form fell rolling and
clutching from the shattered window into the street. The fall was
considerable, but the snow broke its force, and the man stirred where he lay.
"Is it he?" asked the Princess breathlessly. "No, thank God!" she
answered herself as the man raised a bearded face from the snow, and
groaned in agony.
"Look out!" said Trafford, for there were sounds of men descending a
staircase at breakneck speed, and as he spoke a dark form issued from the
doorway. As it did so, one of the two men who were waiting without, threw
a cloak over the head and arms of the emerging man. Simultaneously the
other raised a weapon and struck. A half-second later and another man
issued from the house, and leaped like a wild beast on the back of the
enmeshed and stricken man.
This was too much for Trafford's tingling nerves. Leaving the Princess
where she stood in the archway, he darted across the road with the speed of
a football end going down the field under a punt to tackle the opposing
fullback. His passage was rendered noiseless by the soft carpet of thick
snow, and he arrived unseen and unheard at the scene of the mêlée. The
man with the dagger was just about to strike again. He had been making
desperate efforts to do so for several moments, but his would-be victim was
struggling like a trapped tiger, and the heaving, writhing mass of humanity,
wherein aggressors and quarry were inextricably entangled, offered no safe
mark for the assassin's steel. However, just as his point was raised aloft with
desperate intent, Trafford anticipated his action with a swinging blow on the
side of the head. The man fell, dazed and stunned, against the wall.
Trafford, with his fighting lust now thoroughly inflamed, turned his instant
attention to the other aggressors. Now, however, he had no unprepared
victim for his vigorous arm. A vile-looking ruffian, with low brow and
matted hair, had extricated himself from the involved struggle, and was
feeling for a broad knife that lay ready to hand in his leather belt.
With the swift acumen born of pressing danger, Trafford stooped down,
and picking up a lump of frozen snow, dashed it in his enemy's face. A
shrewd blow in the midriff followed this tactical success, and further
punishment would have befallen the unhappy man had not his original
victim, freed from two of his three aggressors, gained his feet, and in his
effort to escape, cannoned so violently and unexpectedly into Trafford, that
the enterprising American lost his balance and fell precipitately into the soft
snow. When he regained his feet he saw a tall form flying rapidly down the
street, with two assailants in hot pursuit.
"You've begun well!" said a soft voice in his ear. Trafford turned and
faced the Princess.
"Begun well?" he repeated, brushing the snow from his person.
"A good beginning for your work of winning me a throne."
"I don't understand."
"Our bargain is on again," she declared, with suppressed enthusiasm,

"unless you wish it otherwise?"
He looked into her fearless eyes, which fell at length before his own.
"We will let it stand," he agreed curtly. "But what of your friend?" he
went on, "will he get away?"
"If he wishes," answered the Princess easily. "It would take more than
two men to capture Father Bernhardt. I have no further anxiety on his
account, but what about me—poor me?"
"About you?" he repeated, without understanding.
"Where am I to spend the night?"

Trafford passed his hand through his ruffled locks, dislodging therefrom
several pieces of frozen snow. Then he looked at the man who had
staggered under his blow against the wall, and who was eyeing them with a
malignancy that bespoke rapid recuperation. The man who had fallen into
the street had risen to his knees and was muttering something—a curse or a
prayer—and might speedily exchange speech for action. The two pursuers
of Father Bernhardt might return,—baffled of their prey and breathing
threatenings and slaughter,—at any moment.
Trafford grasped the Princess's hand and dragged her across the street.
"Herr Krantz's wine shop," he insisted.
"Is in the occupation of spies," retorted the Princess.
"Then what——?"
"The Hôtel Concordia," proposed the Princess calmly.
"The Hôtel Concordia!" he echoed.
"Yes. Your sister has just arrived from England and wants a small room
at the top of the house. Her luggage, naturally, has gone astray. You are a
friend of Herr Saunders, and consequently above suspicion. Do not be
alarmed, my friend, I shall leave early and I will pay for my bed and
breakfast."
Trafford tugged each moustache violently in turn.
"So be it," he said at length. "It is all part of the bargain. Come, little
new-found sister, let us find a sleigh to drive us to the Hôtel Concordia."
CHAPTER NINE
THE KING'S BREAKFAST
Like most members of the kingly caste, Karl XXII. was a big eater and
an early riser. On the morning following Trafford's adventures in the slums
of Weidenbruck, the genial monarch was breakfasting on innumerable fried
eggs and abundant grilled ham at the early hour of seven. He was dressed in
high, white leggings, stout boots, and a dark brown woollen jersey; and the
reason of his athletic attire was a suggested ski-ing expedition in the
neighbourhood of Nussheim,—a small village some ten miles distant from
the capital. His Majesty was breakfasting alone save for his faithful major-
domo, Herr Bomcke, an old gentleman of great dignity and superb
whiskers. Bomcke moved noiselessly about the room, with one eye on his
royal master's needs, and the other on the doorway, which was guarded by a
young officer in a snow-white uniform and glistening steel cuirass. The
apartment itself was the moderate-sized chamber where Karl was wont to
conduct his private affairs. In one corner stood a satinwood bureau strewn
thick with papers; in another a marble bust of his father on a malachite
pedestal. Two entire sides of the room were devoted to book-shelves, which
contained such diverse treasures as fifteenth-century bestiaries, "Alice in
Wonderland," "Moltke's History of the Franco-Prussian War," and the
Badminton volume on "Winter Sports." The whole of the apartment had a
mellow golden tinge, a soft atmosphere of affluent homeliness and regal
respectability.
Just as his Majesty was consuming his fourth roll and honey, there was
a whispering in the doorway and Saunders' name was announced in the
mellifluous tones of the major-domo.
"Good-morning," began the King. "You are ready for our expedition, I
perceive."
"My family motto is semper paratus—always ready," replied Saunders

lightly. "But I understand our train does not start for Nussheim till 8 A.M. I
came early because I wished to talk over a delicate situation with you."
"Talk away," said the King, attacking another roll, and draining his
coffee cup.
"The Princess Gloria is in Weidenbruck."
Karl nodded thoughtfully.
"And her address?" he asked.
"I don't know. I did not want to know, so I refused to see her home last
night."
Again the King nodded. He understood his friend's position perfectly.
"The Princess Gloria——" he began, producing an enormous

meerschaum pipe, and proceeding to stuff it with some dark tobacco.
"Is being very closely watched," said a voice from the doorway. It was
General Meyer, who had entered unannounced, as was his privilege.
"And how about Father Bernhardt?" grunted the King, puffing at his
pipe without looking up. "He has been closely watched for some time."
"It was about him that I came to speak," said the General, walking into
the middle of the room.
"You have taken him, of course," said the King. "I told you to employ
four men."
"I followed your Majesty's advice," said Meyer. "I was wrong. I should
have followed Herr Saunders'. He advised, if I remember rightly, a battalion
of Guards and a squadron of Dragoons."
"Do you mean to say," demanded the King, with some warmth, "that
four armed men were incapable of dealing with one priest?"
"So it appears," returned Meyer calmly. "They say there was some sort
of a rescue. That, of course, may be a lie to excuse their failure. Any way,
one of them is suffering from a broken thigh, the result of a fall from a
window. Another has a dislocated jaw. Two others,—who pursued our
friend down the Sichelgasse—were foolish enough to follow him along the
banks of the Niederkessel. Fortunately they could both swim."

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9.2. Set Up: π rad = 180°. s = rθ , with θ in radians.

*9.5. Set Up: 1 rev = 2π rad

ω1,0 + α1t = ω 2,0 + α 2t

9.19. Set Up: Use υ = rω to find υ.

9.21. Set Up: υ = rω , with ω in rad/s.

arad = 2rα (θ − θ0 ) = 2(0.300 m)(0.600 rad/s 2 )(π /3 rad) = 0.377 m/s 2 .

a = (0.180 m/s 2 ) 2 + (0.754 m/s2 )2 = 0.775 m/s2

Solve: (a) arad = rω 2 and Frad = marad = mrω 2

*9.31. Set Up: (a) Each mass is a distance

(b) Length L is proportional to 1/ω 2 , so doubling ω reduces L to (22 .5 m)/4 = 5.6 m.

(a) I cm = (1/2) MR 2 , so the above ratio is 1/3.

(b) I cm = (2/5) MR 2 so the above ratio is 2/7.

(c) I cm = (2/3) MR 2 so the ratio is 2/5.

(d) I cm = (5/8) MR 2 so the ratio is 5/13.

Solve: The total kinetic energy is

υ y = υ0 y + a yt = 0 + (9.80 m/s 2 )(2.39 s) = 23.4 m/s

υ x = υ0 x = 15.3 m/s and υ = υ x2 + υ 2y = 28.0 m/s

Solutions to Passage Problems

The Princess transferred her hand to Trafford's arm.

Trafford's only answer was a most complacent grin.

"Good-night, Herr Saunders!" said the Princess in the sweetest of

"Good-night, Princess!" returned Saunders with an exaggerated low

CONFIDENCES IN A WINE SHOP

Nervy Trafford—comfortably covered by a warm rug, seated in an open

"By Jove!" he exclaimed to himself, stealing a side glance at his

"Do you know Weidenbruck, Herr Trafford?" the Princess broke in on

"Little beyond the Hôtel Concordia," he replied. "Where are we now?"

"The Domkircheplatz. That is the Cathedral."

"A fine building!" commented the American.

"That is where I am going to be crowned," said the Princess, and she

"That's where I shall probably be confined," was the cheerful retort.

"That's the Strafeburg," concluded the Princess, "the Bastille of

The Princess turned half round and looked at him curiously.

"Thanks," she murmured, "but I shall keep outside as long as I can. As a

"Is it still used as a prison?" asked Trafford.

Trafford shuddered. He was a very humane man,—despite his explosive

"The Archbishop of Weidenbruck, a political opponent of King Karl's,

"Impossible!" muttered Trafford.

"Impossible things happen in Grimland. It is impossible, of course, that

Her words were in the nature of a suggestion, almost a question.

Trafford answered them between his teeth.

"That is the sort of impossibility that comes off," he muttered.

Trafford drank deep of their glance, and it intoxicated him.

"When I see these picturesque buildings," he returned, "with their

"I have felt it this past quarter of an hour, Princess," he answered,

Trafford looked at his fair interrogator steadily a few seconds before

"Not exactly a proposal, but I'll make you a proposition," he said in a

"And is this your home?" inquired Trafford.

"Thanks, good Herr Krantz, I understand."

"And now about that proposition of yours——"

Trafford's countenance indicated that he thought that the bantering note

"Princess, we have not known each other long——"

"Pardon me," corrected Trafford, with a fierce energy that always

The Princess drew in a long breath, half-astonishment, half-admiration.