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CIRCULAR MOTION, ORBITS, AND GRAVITY
6
Q6.1. Reason: Acceleration is a change in velocity. Since velocity is a vector, it can change by changing direction,
even while the magnitude (speed) remains constant. The cyclist’s acceleration is not zero in uniform circular motion.
She has a centripetal (center-seeking) acceleration.
Assess: In everyday usage, acceleration usually means only a change in speed (specifically a speeding up), hence the
confusion. But in physics we must use words very carefully to communicate clearly. Everyday usage is fine outside
the physics context, but while doing physics we must use the precise physics definitions of the words.
Q6.2. Reason: In uniform circular motion, the speed of an object is constant. This is the definition of uniform
circular motion in Section 6.1. The direction of the instantaneous velocity is always changing. The velocity of an
object in uniform circular motion is not constant. The magnitude of the centripetal acceleration of an object in
uniform circular motion is given by a = v 2 / r. The speed is constant and so is the radius, so the magnitude of the
centripetal acceleration is constant. However, the direction is constantly changing as shown in the figure in the text
so the centripetal acceleration is not constant. The net force is Fnet = mv 2/r, toward the center of the circle. The
magnitude of the centripetal force is constant but the direction is always changing, so the force is not constant.
Summarizing,
Speed: Constant
Instantaneous velocity: Not constant
Centripetal acceleration: Not constant
Magnitude of the net force: Constant
Assess: Note that though the directions of the centripetal acceleration and net force are always changing, their
magnitudes are constant and always point toward the center of the circle.
Q6.3. Reason: Because the centripetal acceleration is given by a = v 2/r, if the speed is zero then the centripetal
acceleration is zero. So the answer is no.
Assess: However, the particle may have a nonzero tangential acceleration at the instant its speed is zero (this would
ensure that the particle doesn’t stay at rest).
Q6.4. Reason: The centripetal force that keeps a car from slipping sideways on a curved road is mainly due to friction
and the banking of the road. In a four-wheel-drive car, two extra wheels can provide force to move the car forward.
These extra drive wheels do not provide any extra force in the centripetal direction, so the centripetal force provided by
friction and banking is the same in a four-wheel-drive car as in a two-wheel-drive car. A four-wheel-drive car has no
advantage over a two-wheel-drive car in turning corners.
Assess: Note however that a four-wheel-drive car will have more traction moving in the forward direction than a
two-wheel-drive car. This would be an advantage in moving forward on slippery surfaces.
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6-1
6-2 Chapter 6
Q6.5. Reason: The discussion in the section on maximum walking speed leads to the equation vmax = gr where r
is the length of the leg. For a leg as short as a chickadee’s this produces a walking speed that is simply too slow to be
practical, so they hop or fly.
Assess: The longer the leg the greater the maximum walking speed, and the formula produces reasonable walking
speeds for pheasants.
Q6.6. Reason: The tires are in circular motion, along with the mud stuck to them. The stickiness of the mud
provides the centripetal force that keeps the mud on the surface of the tire. If the tire rotates fast enough, the mud will
become unstuck and fly off the tire due to its inertia.
Assess: Note that the mud will fly off when the tire has reached the critical speed, when the normal force of the tire
on the mud is zero.
Q6.7. Reason: At the lowest point, the acceleration is upward. Thus, the tension must be greater than the weight
for the net force to be upward. The tension in the string not only offsets the weight of the ball, but additionally
provides the centripetal force to keep it moving in a circle.
Assess: The string must have a higher strength rating than the weight of the ball in order for the ball to swing in a
vertical circle.
Of course, at the top of the circle the weight itself points centripetally, so the tension in the string can be less than at
the bottom.
Q6.8. Reason: A car turning an unbanked corner is an example where all of the centripetal force is due to static
friction. There are no other forces acting toward the center of the circular path in this case. An example where
centripetal acceleration is due mostly to tension is the motion of a child on a swing. The centripetal force is provided
by the tension in the rope supporting the swing.
Assess: See Conceptual Example 6.5 for a case where the centripetal force is entirely due to static friction.
Example 6.6 is a situation where centripetal acceleration is due mostly to tension.
Q6.9. Reason: (a) The moon’s orbit around the earth is fairly circular, and it is the gravitational force of the earth
on the moon that provides the centripetal force to keep the moon in its circular motion.
(b) The riders in the Gravitron carnival ride (Section 6.3) have a centripetal acceleration caused by the normal force
of the walls on them.
Another example would be the biological sample in a centrifuge. The test tube walls exert a normal force on the
sample toward the center of the circle.
Assess: The point is that centripetal forces are not a new kind of force; it is just the name we give to the force (or
sum of forces) that points toward the center of the circle and keeps the object from flying off in a straight line.
Q6.10. Reason: (a) The rotation of the station could provide artificial gravity if the floors of the station are
arranged so they are circular and perpendicular to the/a line perpendicular line from the center of the station to the
radius of the floor. The normal force would provide the centripetal acceleration and thus the feeling of apparent
weight. See the following diagram.
Circular Motion, Orbits, and Gravity 6-3
Here wapp = n = ma = mω 2r.

To get an idea of the angular velocities needed, consider a station with a 1 km radius. This is pretty large, but seems
reasonable for a station that could be built in the near future.
The angular velocity of the station would need to be such that the apparent weight is equal to the weight of a person
on the surface of the earth,
wapp = mω 2 r = mg
Solving for the angular velocity,
g 9.80 m/s 2
ω= = = 9.90 × 10−2 rad/s
r 1000 m
The rotational period of this station is
2π rad
T= = 63.5 s
9.90 × 10−2 rad/s
A station with a radius of 1 km would have to rotate about once a minute!
(b) Assuming the angular velocity of the station is fixed, the artificial gravity would be weaker closer to the center of
the station. For people to feel as if they and objects have normal weight, the area where people live and work would
have to be at a radius where the centripetal acceleration equals the acceleration due to gravity.
Assess: The idea here is very similar to the idea of the centrifuge, which is used on earth to create environments with
very large apparent weight on earth.
Q6.11. Reason: The car is traveling along a circle and so it must have centripetal acceleration which points
downward. From Newton’s second law, if an object is accelerating downward, the total force on the object must be
downward. The answer is C because only there is the downward force (the weight of the car) greater than the upward
force (the normal force on the car) so that the total force is downward.
Assess: It makes sense that the normal force on the car would be less than the weight of the car because, from
experience, you know that you feel lighter going over a hill in your car and normal force tells you how heavy you
feel. In the same way, the normal force on the car will be less than its weight.
Q6.12. Reason: The car is traveling along a circle and so it must have centripetal acceleration which points
downward. From Newton’s second law, if an object is accelerating downward, the total force on the object must be
downward. This means the upward normal force is less than when at rest, so the apparent weight is less than the
driver’s true weight.
Assess: It makes sense that the normal force on the car would be less than the weight of the car because, from
experience, you know that you feel lighter going over a hill in your car and normal force tells you how heavy you
feel. In the same way, the normal force on the car will be less than its weight.
Q6.13. Reason: When a pickup truck turns suddenly there isn’t a force that pushes the riders toward the outside of
the curve, throwing them out. Instead, the riders’ inertia tends to keep them moving in the same straight-line motion
while the truck turns beneath them. The crux of the danger in a pickup truck is that the walls are so low that they
don’t provide much centripetal force to hold the riders in the truck as it turns. If you must ride in the back of a pickup
truck, sit down low so the walls will be able to exert a centripetal force on you and keep you moving with the truck
(around the corner).
Assess: This reasoning carried farther says that riding on the back of a flat-bed truck is that much more dangerous.
However, in a cab the door (and seat belt) can provide the centripetal force needed to keep a rider moving around the
turn.
6-4 Chapter 6
Q6.14. Reason: In circular motion there must be a centripetal force directed toward the center. At the bottom of the
swing trajectory we can pretend you are in uniform circular motion, so the net force points up toward the center of
the circle. Therefore the swing must exert a bigger upward force on you than the earth does in the downward
direction. So your apparent weight is greater than your true weight.
Assess: The faster you go on the swing the more your apparent weight will increase at the bottom of the arc.
Q6.15. Reason: The radius of the loop decreases as the carts enter and exit the loop. The centripetal acceleration is
smaller for larger radius loops and larger for smaller radius loops. This means the centripetal acceleration increases
from a minimum at the entry to the loop to a maximum at the top of the loop and then decreases as the cars exit the
loop. This prevents a sudden change of acceleration, which can be painful. This also limits the largest accelerations to
the top of the loop, so that riders only experience the maximum acceleration for a portion of the trip.
Assess: This is reasonable. If the cars entered a small radius loop directly, the centripetal acceleration would
increase suddenly.
Q6.16. Reason: The bug is traveling along with the projectile, which is in free fall. The bug is in free fall, as is the
projectile. The force of gravity still acts on the bug, but the bug has a zero apparent weight. The bug feels weightless.
Assess: In “weightless” environments such as free-falling elevators or in orbit, the apparent weight of objects is
zero. Gravity still acts, since it is a universal force.
Q6.17. Reason: When we walk on the ground we push off with one foot while pivoting on the other; the weight
force brings us back down from the push-off for the next step. In an orbiting station, which is in free fall along with
the astronaut, after one foot pushes off there isn’t a force to bring the astronaut back to the “floor” for the next step;
the first push-off sends the astronaut across the cabin.
Assess: If the spacecraft is designed to rotate to provide an artificial gravity then one can walk fairly normally
around on the inside; “up” would be toward the center of the circular motion, “down” would be “out”; but that
probably isn’t the origin of the phrase “down and out.”
Q6.18. Reason: Though the gravitational attraction between objects on the earth exists, the force between objects
is very small. The force of attraction between two people seated next to each other was calculated in Example 6.12 as
roughly equal to the weight of one hair. You don’t feel this force because it is extremely small.
Assess: Gravitation is a universal force and acts between any two objects with mass.
Q6.19. Reason: An object’s weight is defined to be the gravitational force of the earth on the object. And the
gravitational force of the earth on an object decreases with distance (as 1/ r 2 ), where we measure r from center to
center. At the top of a mountain the climber’s center is farther from the center of the earth, and so the gravitational
force (i.e., the weight) is less, even though the climber’s mass hasn’t changed.
Assess: This is not just a change in apparent weight (what the scales read); this is a change in the real weight (the
gravitational force).
Doubling the height of the mountain would decrease the weight by a factor of 4—but only if you take the height of
the mountain to be r (from the center of the earth), not the height above sea level.
Q6.20. Reason: The earth’s gravitational force on the sun and the sun’s gravitational force on the earth are an
action-reaction pair and so are always equal and opposite. See Equation 6.15 in the text where this is explicit.
Assess: Though the forces are exactly the same, the mass of the earth is much smaller than the mass of the sun, so the
earth is affected much more than the sun. The acceleration on the earth due to the gravitational attraction between the
earth and the sun is much greater than the acceleration of the sun due to the same magnitude force.
Q6.21. Reason: Originally, the ball is going around once every second. When the ball is sped up so that it goes
around once in only half a second, it is moving twice as fast. Consequently its acceleration, which is given by
a = ω 2r will be four times as great. From Newton’s second law, force is directly proportional to acceleration, so if
we multiply the acceleration by 4, we must multiply the tension by 4. Thus the tension in the string will be four times
as great, or 24 N. The answer is D.
Assess: This accords with our experience that when we swing an object around a circle, as the speed increases, the
tension in the string increases.
Q6.22. Reason: There must be a centripetal force acting on the car directly toward the center of the circle. There
are no other forces on the car beside the normal force and the weight, which act in the vertical direction. The correct
choice is E.
Assess: Since the car is going around the curve with constant speed, it is not accelerating in the direction tangent to
the curve. This eliminates choices A, C, and D. Choice B would represent a “centrifugal force,” which seems to push
the car out of the circular path. As discussed in Section 6.3, such a force actually does not exist.
Q6.23. Reason: The static friction is directed centripetally and is the net force. The radius of the turn is 95 m.
v2 (68 m/s) 2
Fnet = ma = m = (610 kg) = 30,000 N
r 95 m
The correct choice is E.

Assess: This large friction force is only possible if the wings help push the car into the track.
Q6.24. Reason: There isn’t really a centrifugal outward force pushing on you (no agent is pushing outward on
you), but instead there is a centripetal inward force holding you in the circular motion. That centripetal force is what
we’ll compute, since it will have the same magnitude as the apparent outward force you feel. As a preliminary
calculation, compute the speed v = 2π r/ T = 2π (2.0 m)/6.0 s = 2.1 m/s.
v2 (2.1 m/s)2
Fnet = mac = m = (60 kg) = 130 N
r 2.0 m
So the correct choice is C.
Assess: The data seem like real-life data. A merry-go-round could easily have a radius of 4.0 m, and two friends
could easily have a mass of 60 kg each, and it could easily take 6.0 s to go around (that’s neither terribly fast nor
terribly slow). A speed of 2.1 m/s seems reasonable. And while we may still be developing an intuitive feel for
newtons, 130 N is a reasonable force.
Q6.25. Reason: A free-body diagram follows.
The centripetal force acts toward the center of the circle and is provided entirely by the normal force of the floor of
the station.
wapp = n = mω 2r
In order for the occupants to feel as if they are in an environment with an artificial gravity of 1-g , the centripetal
acceleration must equal g.
ω 2r = g
Solving for the angular velocity
g 9.80 m/s 2
ω= = = 0.313 rad/s
r 100 m
Additional significant figures have been kept in this intermediate result. The period of the rotation is given by
2π rad 2π rad
T= = = 20 s
ω 0.313 rad/s
The correct choice is B.
6-6 Chapter 6
Assess: Note that quite a short period is required even though the station has a large radius.
Q6.26. Reason: For a person on the inside of the outer wall to experience the same amount of artificial gravity in
the two cases the centripetal acceleration must be the same, a1 = a2 . We are also given that r2 = 4r1 (if the diameter
is four times as large, so is the radius). Remember that for uniform circular motion v = 2π r/T.
a1 = a2
v12 v22
=
r1 r2
( ) =( )
2 2
2 π r1 2π r2
T1 T2
r1 r2
r1 r2
=
T 21 T 22
r2
T 22 = T 21
r1
r2 4r1
T2 = T1 = T1 = 2T1
r1 r1
So the correct choice is B.
Assess: The answer is reasonable in view of the v 2 in the centripetal acceleration; it will take a rotational period
twice as long to produce the same artificial gravity if the diameter is four times as large.
Q6.27. Reason: The speed of a satellite in low orbit is v = gr . Use ratios to find vJup /vEarth .
vJup g Jup rJup (2.5 g Earth )(11rEarth )
= = = (2.5)(11) = 5.2
vEarth g Earth rEarth g Earth rEarth
The speed of a satellite in low Jupiter orbit is 5.2 times the speed of a satellite in low Earth orbit, so the correct
choice is A.
Assess: Both factors made the speed greater around Jupiter.
Q6.28. Reason: The free-fall acceleration due to a planet is given by Equation 6.18. It is proportional to the mass of
the planet and inversely proportional to the radius of the planet squared. This planet has twice the mass of earth, so this
leads to a factor of two increase in the acceleration. The planet has three times the radius, so this leads to a factor of nine
decrease in the acceleration. The planet has an acceleration which is 2/9 that of earth. The correct choice is A.
Assess: Reasoning from the mathematical relationships in an equation is a way to get a quick solution to a problem.
We avoided a lot of calculation with this method.
Q6.29. Reason: Equation 6.18 gives

GM planet
g planet = 2
Rplanet
If the mass stays the same while the radius doubles, then the new g will be 1/4 of the old one. Since g ≈ 10 m/s 2
now, then one quarter of that is 2.5 m/s 2 .
The correct choice is A.
Assess: Especially note that in part (b) the magnitude of the force of the floor on you is not the same as the
magnitude of the earth’s gravitational force on you, as it would have been if you hadn’t been pushing on the ceiling.
Q6.30. Reason: Equation 6.22 gives the relationship of orbital period of an object to the radius of its orbit. The
period is proportional to the square root of the cube of the radius. If the radius decreases, so does the period. The
correct choice is C.
Assess: This makes sense. The distance traveled by the moon in the tighter orbit would be smaller. From Equation
6.21, the velocity of the moon in the smaller orbit would actually increase. These two effects combine to decrease the
period of the orbit.
Q6.31. Reason: We need to use Equation 6.22 (also known as Kepler’s Third Law) because it relates the orbital
period T to the orbital radius r. We are given that r2 = 4r1.
Write Equation 6.22 for each planet (write planet 2 first) and then divide the two equations:
⎛ 4π 2 ⎞ 3
T 22 = ⎜ ⎟ r2
⎝ GM ⎠
⎛ 4π 2 ⎞ 3
T 12 = ⎜ ⎟ r1
⎝ GM ⎠
T 22 r 23
=
T 12 r 13
T 22 (4r1 )3
= 3
T 12 r1
Multiply both sides by T 12 and cancel r 13:
T 22 = T 12 (4)3
Take square roots:
T2 = T1 (4)3 = T1 64 = 8T1
The correct choice is D.
Assess: When the orbital radius quadruples, the period increases by a factor of eight because planet 2 has not only
farther to go, but also moves slower. It is instructive to test this relationship with real data. According to
Example 6.15, communication satellites have an orbital radius of 4.22 × 107 m and we know from the table inside
the back cover of the book that the moon’s orbital radius is 3.84 × 108 m. Combining these, we have rmoon ≈ 9rsatellite , so
( )
3
using the math above with the new number, Tmoon ≈ 93Tsatellite = 9 Tsatellite = 27Tsatellite = 27 d. From Question 6.28, we
know that this is the length of one month.
Problems
P6.1. Prepare: Find the speed of an object in uniform circular motion. We are given r = 2.5 m (half of the
diameter).
A preliminary calculation will give ω .
ω = 2π rad/4.0 s = 1.57 rad/s
Solve:
v = ω r = (1.57 rad/s)(2.5 m) = 3.9 m/s
Assess: A speed of 3.9 m/s seems reasonable for a merry-go-round turning this fast.
P6.2. Prepare: We need to convert the angular velocity, ω , from rpm to rad/s.
rev ⎛ 1 min ⎞⎛ 2π rad ⎞
3450 rpm = 3450 ⎟ = 361.3 rad/s
min ⎜⎝ 60 s ⎟⎜⎠⎝ 1 rev ⎠
We will also need to divide the diameter by 2 to get the radius: r = 12.5 cm = 0.125 m.
Solve: We know that v = ω r , so the velocity of the tooth is given by:
v = (361.3 rad/s)(0.125 m) = 45.2 m/s = 101 mph
Assess: This seems reasonable since 3450 rpm is a possible angular velocity for the engine in your car, the diameter
of the saw is of the same order of magnitude as the diameter of a tire, and 100 mph is a possible vehicular speed.
(Computing the speed of a car from the angular velocity is actually more complicated than this.)
6-8 Chapter 6
P6.3. Prepare: Assume uniform circular motion.

Solve: (a) Converting revolutions per minute to revolutions per second
⎛ 1 revolutions ⎞⎛ 1 minute ⎞
⎜ 33 3 min ute ⎟⎜ 60 s ⎟ = 0.56 rev/s
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
(b) Using the equation from the text
1 1
T= = = 1.8 s
f 0.56 rev/s
Assess: This seems reasonable, if you’re old enough to remember LPs. They are making a comeback now.
P6.4. Prepare: We need to convert the 5400 rpm to different units and then find the period which is the inverse of
frequency.
Solve: (a) The hard disk’s frequency can be converted as follows:
rev rev ⎛ 1 min ⎞ rev
500 = 5400 ⎜ ⎟ = 90
min min ⎝ 60 sec ⎠ sec
Its frequency is 90 rev/s.
(b) Period and frequency are inverses of each other, consequently, we have the following:
1 1
T= = = 11 ms
f 90 rev/s
Its period is 11 ms.
Assess: This is about the rate that the engine in a car turns if it is straining. So an automobile engine completes a
cycle every 10 or 20 ms.
P6.5. Prepare: We are asked to find period, speed and acceleration. Period and frequency are inverses according to
the chapter. To find speed we need to know the distance traveled by the speck in one period. Then the acceleration is
given by a = v 2 / r.
Solve: (a) The disk’s frequency can be converted as follows:
rev rev ⎛ 1 min ⎞ rev rev
10,000 = 10,000 ⎜ ⎟ = 167 ≈ 170
min min ⎝ 60 sec ⎠ sec sec
The period is the inverse of the frequency:
1 1
=T= = 6.0 ms
f 167 rev/s
(b) The speed of the speck equals the circumference of its orbit divided by the period:
2π r 2π (6.0 cm) ⎛ 1000 ms ⎞ ⎛ 1 m ⎞
v= = = 62.8 m/s,
T 6.00 ms ⎜⎝ 1 s ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 100 cm ⎟⎠
which rounds to 63 m/s.
(c) From Equation 3.23, the acceleration of the speck is given by v 2 / r:
v 2 (62.8 m/s) 2 ⎛ 100 cm ⎞
a= = = 65,700 m/s 2 ,
r 6.0 cm ⎜⎝ 1 m ⎟⎠
which rounds to 66,000 m/s 2 . In units of g, this is as follows:
⎛ 1g ⎞
65,700 m/s 2 = 65,700 m/s 2 ⎜ = 6,700 g
⎝ 9.80 m/s 2 ⎟⎠
Assess: The speed and acceleration of the edge of a CD are remarkable. The speed, 63 m/s, is about 140 mi/hr. As
you will learn in chapter 4, very large forces are necessary to create large accelerations like 6,700 g .
P6.6. Prepare: The horse and rider are in uniform circular motion. We are given r = 4.0 m.
A preliminary calculation will determine ω in rad/s for part (b):
rev ⎛ 2π rad ⎞
ω = 0.10 ⎜ ⎟ = 0.628 rad/s
s ⎝ 1 rev ⎠
Solve: (a) Solve for Δ t .

Δθ 2 rev
Δt = = = 20 s
ω 0.10 rev/s
(b) Use the equation for angular speed:
v = ω r = (0.628 rad/s)(4.0 m) = 2.5 m/s.
Assess: A time for two revolutions of 20 s seems reasonable; a speed of 2.5 m/s also seems reasonable.
Note that for part (a) the answer is independent of the radius; it takes 20 s for everything to go around twice, not just
the bucking horse.
P6.7. Prepare: The earth is a particle orbiting around the sun in a circular orbit.
Solve: (a) The magnitude of the earth’s velocity is displacement divided by time:
2π r 2π (1.50 × 1011 m )
v= = = 3.0 × 104 m/s
T 365 days × 124dayhr × 3600
1 hr
s
(b) The centripetal acceleration is

v 2 (3.0 × 104 m/s) 2
ar = = = 6.0 × 10−3 m/s 2
r 1.5 × 1011 m
Assess: A tangential velocity of 3.0 × 104 m/s or 30 km/s is large, but needed for the earth to go through a
displacement of 2 π (1.5 × 1011 m) ≈ 9.4 × 108 km in 1 year.
P6.8. Prepare: The tip is in uniform circular motion. A preliminary calculation will determine ω in rad/s.
rev ⎛ 2π rad ⎞ ⎛ 1 min ⎞
ω = 13 ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 1.36 rad/s
min ⎝ 1 rev ⎠ ⎝ 60 s ⎠
Solve: (a) The magnitude of the tip’s velocity is displacement divided by time:
v = ω r = (1.36 rad/s)(56 m) = 76 m/s
(b) The centripetal acceleration is
ar = ω 2 r = (1.36 rad/s) 2 (56 m) = 100 m/s 2
Assess: What appear to be lazily rotating blades are moving quite quickly.
P6.9. Prepare: The pebble is a particle rotating around the axle in a circular orbit. To convert units from rev/s to
rad/s, we note that 1 rev = 2π rad.
Solve: The pebble’s angular velocity ω = (3.0 rev/s)(2π rad/rev) = 18.85 rad/s. The speed of the pebble as it moves
around a circle of radius r = 30 cm = 0.30 m is
v = ω r = (18.85 rad/s)(0.30 m) = 5.65 m/s = 5.7 m/s
The centripetal acceleration is
v 2 (5.65 m/s 2 )
a= = = 110 m/s 2
r 0.30 m
Assess: These numbers seem reasonable.
P6.10. Prepare: v = ω r
Solve: Since the speeds are equal, we have

r1 1
ω1r1 = ω 2 r2 ⇒ ω 2 = ω1 = (17 rpm) = 9.5 rpm
r2 2
Assess: The proportionalities make intuitive sense.
P6.11. Prepare: The pilot is assumed to be a particle.

Solve: Since ar = v 2 / r , we have
v 2 = ar r = (98 m/s 2 )(12 m) ⇒ v = 34 m/s
6-10 Chapter 6
Assess: 34 m/s ≈ 76 mph is a large yet understandable speed.
P6.12. Prepare: Assume constant speed and compute the speed from the distance and time for one full lap.
Solve: The distance is 400 m and the time is 100 s, so the speed is 4.0 m/s. The radius of the circular ends is 37 m.
v 2 (4.0 m/s 2 )
a= = = 0.43 m/s 2
r 37 m
Assess: This is not an unduly large speed.
P6.13. Prepare: The equation in the text tells us the tension:

v2
T =m
r
Because all four are moving at the same speed, we need only consider the effect of m and r on T. A small r and a
large m would make for a large T, as in case 3.
Solve: T3 > T1 = T4 > T2
Assess: Case 4 is the same as case 1 because both the mass and radius are doubled.
P6.14. Prepare: The horizontal force must provide the centripetal acceleration. Use Newton’s second law.
Solve: (a) The radius of the circular ends is 8.0 m.
v2 (12 m/s) 2
F = ma = m = (65 kg) = 1170 N ≈ 1200 N
r 8.0 m
(b) The weight is w = mg = (65 kg)(9.80 m/s 2 ) = 637 N. The ratio of the centripetal force to the weight is
1170 N/637 N = 1.8.
Assess: So the centripetal force is about twice the weight of the skater. The mass of the skater cancels out in the
ratio.
P6.15. Prepare: Treat the block as a particle attached to a massless string that is swinging in a circle on a
frictionless table. A pictorial representation of the block, its free-body diagram, and a list of values are shown below.
We will use equations from the text and work with SI units.
Solve: (a) The angular velocity and linear speed are

rev 2π rad 1 min
ω = 75 × = 471.2 rad/min v = rω = (0.5 m)(471.2 rad/min) × = 3.93 m/s ≈ 3.9 m/s
min 1 rev 60 s
(b) Newton’s second law is
mv 2
Σ Fr = T =
r
Thus
(3.93 m/s) 2
T = (0.200 kg) = 6.2 N
0.5 m
P6.16. Prepare: Assume the ground is level. The static friction force is the net force and it must produce the
centripetal acceleration. We’ll compute for the minimum coefficient of static friction; any larger coefficient would
also work.
Solve: Because there is no acceleration in the vertical direction, the minimum static friction force is equal to μs mg .
v2 v2 (12 m/s) 2
Fnet = μs mg = ma = m⇒ μs = = = 0.73
r rg (20 m)(9.80 m/s) 2
Assess: This answer is in the range of coefficients in Table 5.2. The coefficient could even be as large as 1.0 if the
ground is covered with concrete.
P6.17. Prepare: We are using the particle model for the car in uniform circular motion on a flat circular track.
There must be friction between the tires and the road for the car to move in a circle. A pictorial representation of the
car, its free-body diagram, and a list of values are shown below.
Solve: The equation in the text gives the centripetal acceleration

v 2 (25 m/s) 2
a= = = 6.25 m/s 2
r 100 m
The acceleration points to the center of the circle, so the net force is
F = ma = (1500 kg)(6.25 m/s2, toward center) = (9400 N, toward center)
This force is provided by static friction:
f s = Fr = 9400 N
P6.18. Prepare: We are given r = 0.50 m and m = 0.19 kg.

A preliminary calculation using Table 1.3 will give v in m/s.
⎛ 0.447 m/s ⎞
v = 70 mph ⎜ ⎟ = 31.3 m/s
⎝ 1 mph ⎠
Solve: (a)
v 2 (31.1 m/s) 2
a= = = 1960 m/s 2 ≈ 2000 m/s 2
r 0.50 m
to two significant figures.
6-12 Chapter 6
(b) With the two forces on the ball being its weight and the force exerted by the hand, apply Newton’s second law at
the lowest point and solve for Fhand .
∑F = F hand − w = ma
Fhand = w + ma = mg + ma = m(a + g ) = (0.19 kg)(1960 m/s 2 + 9.80 m/s 2 ) = 370 N
Since the hand is providing the centripetal force, the direction is up when the ball is at the bottom of the circle.
Assess: We check to see that we answered all parts of the problem: We gave the centripetal acceleration and the
magnitude and direction of the force exerted by the hand. The centripetal acceleration seems large (200 g), but the
force exerted by the hand seems reasonable, so everything is probably correct. The units check out.
P6.19. Prepare: We can calculate the ball’s centripetal acceleration and the centripetal force.
Solve: Refer to the following figure.
(a) Converting the velocity of the ball to meters per second, we have
⎛ 0.447 m/s ⎞
v = (85 mph) ⎜ ⎟ = 38 m/s
⎝ 1 mph ⎠
The centripetal acceleration of the ball is then
v 2 (38 m/s 2 )
a= = = 1.7 × 103 m/s 2
r 0.85 m
(b) From the free-body diagram in the figure above, the net force on the ball is in the centripetal direction and so is
equal to the centripetal force on the ball.
Fnet = ma = (0.144 kg)(1700 m/s 2 ) = 240 N
Assess: The centripetal acceleration is large. The centripetal force needed during the launch of the ball is about
54 pounds.
P6.20. Prepare: The blade is in uniform circular motion. A preliminary calculation will determine ω in rad/s. The
inward force provides the centripetal acceleration. Model the radius of the circular motion as half the length of the
blade, or 19 m.
rev ⎛ 2π rad ⎞⎛ 1 min ⎞
ω = 22 ⎟ = 2.3 rad/s
min ⎜⎝ 1 rev ⎟⎜
⎠⎝ 60 s ⎠
Solve: The required force is
F = ma = mω 2 r = (12000 kg)(2.3 rad/s) 2 (19 m) = 1.2 × 106 N
Assess: The blades must be constructed well to support this force.
P6.21. Prepare: The force exerted by the wall of the truck on the box provides the centripetal force so we need
Fwall = mv 2 / r. The figure shows the box clinging to the left wall of the truck bed.
Solve: Since the force exerted by the wall equals the weight of the box, we can write: Fwall = mv 2 / r = mg. If we
solve this equation for v, we get:
v = gr = (9.80 m/s 2 )(20 m) = 14 m/s
The truck needs to travel at 14 m/s.
Assess: This is reasonable because we know from experience that at typical vehicular speeds, the forces on our
bodies (exerted by the seat belt) can be large compared to our weight, especially for sharp turns.
P6.22. Prepare: The contact force must provide the centripetal acceleration. Use Newton’s second law.
Solve: (a) The radius of the circular arc is 0.16 m.
v2 (2.5 m/s) 2
F = ma = m = (10 mg) = 0.39 mN
r 0.16 m
(b) The weight is w = mg = (10 mg)(9.80 m/s 2 ) = 0.098 mN. The ratio of the centripetal force to the weight is
0.39 mN/0.098 mN = 4.0.
Assess: The contact force must be about four times as much as the weight of the drop.
P6.23. Prepare: At the bottom there are two forces on the gibbon, the upward tension force in the arm (modeled as
a massless rod) and the downward force of gravity.
Solve: At the bottom of the swing the tension force in the rod must be greater than the weight in order to provide and
upward centripetal acceleration.
v2 v2 ⎛ v2 ⎞ ⎛ (3.5 m/s 2 ) ⎞
Fnet = T − mg = ma = m ⇒ T = m + mg = m ⎜ + g ⎟ = (9.0 kg) ⎜ + 9.80 m/s 2 ⎟ = 270 N
r r ⎝ r ⎠ ⎝ 0.60 m ⎠
The branch must be able to provide this much support without breaking.
Assess: The branch must be able to support about three times the weight of the gibbon.
P6.24. Prepare: Model the passenger in a roller coaster car as a particle in uniform circular motion. A pictorial
representation of the car, its free-body diagram, and a list of values are shown below. Note that the normal force n
of the seat pushing on the passenger is the passenger’s apparent weight.
6-14 Chapter 6
Solve: Since the passengers feel 50% heavier than their true weight, n = 1.50 w. Thus, from Newton’s second law,
the net force at the bottom of the dip is:
mv 2 mv 2
Σ F = n − w = 1.50 w − w = ⇒ 0.50 mg = ⇒ v = 0.50 gr = (0.50)(30 m)(9.80m/s 2 ) = 12 m/s
r r
Assess: A speed of 12 m/s or 27 mph for the roller coaster is reasonable. The mass cancels out of the calculation.
P6.25. Prepare: We will calculate the critical speed of the rock in the bucket.
Solve: A free-body diagram is shown.
At the top of the circle, the only forces on the rock are the weight of the rock and the normal force of the bottom of
the bucket on the rock. Both these forces are directed toward the center of the circle. Newton’s second law gives
mv 2
Fnet = n + w =
r
Solving for the normal force,
mv 2
n= − mg
r
The normal force is equal to zero when the velocity has a magnitude equal to the critical speed. Solving for v when
n = 0 N in the equation above,
vc = rg = (1.1 m)(9.80 m/s 2 ) = 3.3 m/s
If the magnitude of the velocity of the rock is just equal to the critical speed, the normal force is exactly zero and the
rock is on the verge of leaving the bottom of the bucket.
Assess: It doesn’t matter how massive the rock is, as long as it is moving at a speed greater than the critical speed.
The result is independent of the mass of the rock. Note that the critical speed is the lowest speed that the rock can be
traveling to remain in contact with the bucket.
P6.26. Prepare: Model the passenger in a roller coaster car as a particle in uniform circular motion. A pictorial
representation of the car, its free-body diagram, and a list of values are shown below. Note that the normal force n
of the seat pushing on the passenger is the passenger’s apparent weight. Draw the x-axis pointing toward the center of
the circle.
Solve: Since the passengers feel 50% lighter than their true weight, n = 0.50 w. Thus, from Newton’s second law in
the x-direction, the net force at the top is:
1 mv 2 1 mv 2 gr (15 m)(9.80 m/s 2 )
∑F = w − n = w − w= ⇒ mg = ⇒v= = = 8.6 m/s
2 r 2 r 2 2
Assess: A speed of 8.6 m/s for the roller coaster is reasonable. The mass cancels out of the calculation. It also makes
sense that if r is bigger then v would need to be bigger.
P6.27. Prepare: Model the roller coaster car as a particle undergoing uniform circular motion along a loop. A
pictorial representation of the car, its free-body diagram, and a list of values are shown. Note that the normal force n
of the seat pushing on the passenger is the passenger’s apparent weight, and in this problem the apparent weight is
equal to the true weight: wapp = n = mg .
Solve: We have
mv 2
ΣF = n + w = = mg + mg ⇒ v = 2rg = 2(20 m)(9.80 m/s 2 ) = 20 m/s
r
Assess: A speed of 20 m/s or 44 mph on a roller coaster ride is reasonable. The mass cancels out of the calculation.
P6.28. Prepare: Model the passenger on the Ferris wheel as a particle in uniform circular motion. A pictorial
representation of the passenger, its free-body diagram, and a list of values are shown below. Note that the normal
force n of the seat pushing on the passenger is the passenger’s apparent weight. Draw the x-axis pointing toward the
center of the circle in each case.
6-16 Chapter 6
2π r 2π (12.2 m)
A preliminary calculation gives the speed: v = = = 3.19 m/s
Δt 24 s
Solve: Use Newton’s second law in the x-direction.
(a) The net force at the lowest point of the circle is:
mv 2 mv 2 ⎛ v2 ⎞
∑F = n − w = ⇒ n = mg + = m ⎜ g + ⎟ = 740 N
r r ⎝ r ⎠
(b) The net force at the highest point of the circle is:
mv 2 mv 2 ⎛ v2 ⎞
∑F = w − n = ⇒ n = mg − = m ⎜ g − ⎟ = 630 N
r r ⎝ r ⎠
Assess: It feels right that the apparent weight would be a bit more at the bottom and a bit less at the top.
P6.29. Prepare: We will use the particle model for the test tube, which is in uniform circular motion. The radius to
the end of the tube from the axis of rotation is 10 cm or 0.1 m. We will use kinematic equations and work with SI units.
Solve: (a) The acceleration is
2
⎛ rev 1 min 2π rad ⎞
a = rω 2 = (0.1 m) ⎜ 4000 × × = 1.8 × 104 m/s 2
⎝ min 60 s 1 rev ⎟⎠
(b) An object falling 1 meter has a speed calculated as follows:
vf2 = vi2 + 2a y ( yf − yi ) = 0 m + 2(− 9.8 m/s 2 )( −1.0 m) ⇒ v1 = 4.43 m/s

When this object is stopped in 1 × 10−3 s upon hitting the floor,
vf = vi + a y (tf − ti ) ⇒ 0 m/s = − 4.43 m/s + a y (1 × 10−3 s) ⇒ a y = 4.4 × 103 m/s 2
This result is one-fourth of the above radial acceleration in part (a).
Assess: The radial acceleration of the centrifuge is large, but it is also true that falling objects are subjected to large
accelerations when they are stopped by hard surfaces.
P6.30. Prepare: Assume the radius of the satellite’s orbit is about the same as the radius of the moon itself.
As a preliminary calculation, compute the angular velocity of the satellite:

2π 2π rad ⎛ 1 min ⎞
ω= = ⎜
−4
⎟ = 9.52 × 10 rad/s
T 110 min ⎝ 60 s ⎠
Solve: The centripetal acceleration of the satellite is
a = ω 2 r = (9.52 × 10−4 rad/s)2 (1.738 × 106 m) = 1.6 m/s 2
Since the acceleration of a body in low orbit is the local g experienced by that body, then this is the answer to the
problem.
Assess: Our answer compares very favorably with the value of g Moon = 1.62 m/s 2 given in the chapter.
P6.31. Prepare: Assume the radius of the satellite’s orbit is about the same as the radius of Mars itself.
As a preliminary calculation, compute the angular velocity of the satellite:

2π 2π rad ⎛ 1 min ⎞
ω= = ⎜
−4
⎟ = 9.52 × 10 rad/s
T 110 min ⎝ 60 s ⎠
2π a
Solve: Since T = and a = ω 2 r ⇒ ω = , then
ω r
2π 2π 2π
T= = = = 5900 s
ω a 3.8 m/s 2
r 3.37 × 106 m
This answer is equal to about 99 min.
Assess: This is between the orbital period for a satellite in low earth orbit and one in low moon orbit, which sounds
right.
P6.32. Prepare: Assume the two lead balls are spherical masses such that their centers are separated by 10 cm.
Solve: (a)
Gm1m2 (6.67 × 10−11 N ⋅ m 2 /kg 2 )(10 kg)(0.100 kg)
F1 on 2 = F2 on 1 = = = 6.67 × 10−9 N = 6.7 × 10−9 N
r2 (0.10 m) 2
6-18 Chapter 6
(b) The ratio of the above gravitational force to the weight of the 100 g ball is
6.7 × 10−9 N
= 6.8 × 10−9
(0.100 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 )
Assess: The answer in part (b) shows the smallness of the gravitational force between two lead balls separated by
10 cm compared to the weight of the 100 g ball.
P6.33. Prepare: Call the mass of the star M. Write Newton’s law of gravitation for each planet.
GMm1
F1 =
r 12
GMm2 GM (2m1 )
F2 = =
r 22 (2r1 ) 2
Solve: Divide the two equations to get the ratio desired.
GM (2 m1 )
F2 (2 r1 )2 1
= GMm1
=
F1 r 21
2
Assess: The answer is expected. Even with twice the mass, because the radius in the denominator is squared, we
expect the force on planet 2 to be less than the force on planet 1.
P6.34. Prepare: We can use the equation for free-fall acceleration on the surface of a given planet. Assume the
two planets are spherical masses, M 1 and M 2 with radii R1 and R2 , respectively. M 2 = 2 M 1 and R2 = 2 R1.
Solve: (a) From the equation for free fall
GM 1 GM 2
g1 = and g2 =
R 21 R 22
So,
g2
= ( M 2 / M 1 )( R1/ R2 ) 2 = (2M 1/ M 1 )( R1/2 R1 ) 2 = 0.5 ⇒ g 2 = 0.5 g1 = 0.5(20 m/s 2 ) = 10 m/s 2
g1
Assess: The answer shows clearly the inverse square dependence on distance versus the direct dependence on mass
of the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of a planet.
P6.35. Prepare: Model the sun (s) and the earth (e) as spherical masses. Due to the large difference between your
size and mass and that of either the sun or the earth, a human body can be treated as a particle.
GM e my GM e my
Solve: Fs on you = and Fe on you =
rs2− e re2
Dividing these two equations gives
2 2
⎛ M ⎞⎛ r ⎞ ⎛ 1.99 × 1030 kg ⎞⎛ 6.37 × 106 m ⎞
Fs on y
= ⎜ s ⎟⎜ e ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 6.0 × 10
−4
Fe on y ⎝ M e ⎠⎝ rs − e ⎠ ⎝ 5.98 × 1024 kg ⎠⎝ 1.5 × 1011 m ⎠

Assess: The result shows the smallness of the sun’s gravitational force on you compared to that of the earth.
P6.36. Prepare: We are given the free-fall acceleration at the surface and asked for the acceleration at a point
1000 m higher. We need to use the equation for the acceleration of gravity due to a planet: g = GM/ r 2 . In the
present problem, we know the free-fall acceleration at a distance re from the center of the earth, where re is the
radius of the earth. We will call the acceleration at the surface of the earth g (re ) and the acceleration at a point
1000 m higher g (re + 1000 m). We are given g (re ) = 9.8000 m/s 2 .
Solve: The equations for the free-fall acceleration at the surface of the earth and 1000 m higher are:
GM GM
g (re ) = 9.8000 m/s 2 = 2
and g ( re + 1000 m) =
re (re + 1000 m) 2
If we divide the second equation by the first, we get:
g ( re + 1000 m) r 2e 1 1
2
= 2
= 2
= 2
= 0.999686
9.8000 m/s (re + 1000 m) ⎛ 1000 m ⎞ ⎛ 1000 m ⎞
⎜1 + ⎟ ⎜1 + 6.37 × 106 m ⎟
⎝ re ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
Solving g (re + 1000 m)/(9.8000 m/s ) = 0.999686 gives g (re + 1000 m) = 9.7969 m/s 2 so the free-fall acceleration
2
at the top of the tower would be 9.7969 m/s 2 .

Assess: The value of 9.8 m/s 2 is very reliable because even at the top of this extremely tall building (the Empire
State building is only about 400 m), the free-fall acceleration is reduced by less than 1 part in 3000. This is what we
would expect since even astronauts in orbit experience a free fall acceleration not much less than 9.8 m/s 2 .
P6.37. Prepare: Look up the data for Jupiter. M Jupiter = 1.90 × 1027 kg, RJupiter = 6.99 × 107 m.
Solve: From the equation in the text,
g= = =
−11 2 2
( 27
GM G (0.43M Jupiter ) (6.67 × 10 N ⋅ m / kg ) (0.43)(1.90 × 10 kg)
= 3.9 m/s 2
)
R2 (1.7 RJupiter )2 ((1.7)(6.99 × 107 m))2
Assess: This is in the range of g for other planets.
P6.38. Prepare: Look up the data for Jupiter. M Jupiter = 1.90 × 1027 kg, RJupiter = 6.99 × 107 m.
( )
3
r3 (1.2 RJupiter )3 (1.2)(6.99 × 107 m)
T = 2π = 2π = 2π = 3200 s = 53 min
GM G (18M Jupiter ) (
(6.67 × 10−11 N ⋅ m 2 /kg 2 ) (18)(1.90 × 1027 kg) )
Assess: This is in the range of T for other planets.
6-20 Chapter 6
P6.39. Prepare: Model the sun (s), the earth (e), and the moon (m) as spherical masses.
Gms me (6.67 × 10−11 N ⋅ m 2/kg 2 )(1.99 × 1030 kg)(5.98 × 10 24 kg)
Solve: (a) Fs on e = = = 3.53 × 10 22 N
r 2s − e (1.50 × 1011 m) 2
GM m M e (6.67 × 10−11 N ⋅ m 2 /kg 2 )(7.36 × 10 22 kg)(5.98 × 10 24 kg)
(b) Fm on e = = = 1.99 × 1020 N
rm2 − e (3.84 × 108 m) 2
(c) The moon’s force on the earth as a percent of the sun’s force on the earth is
⎛ 1.99 × 1020 N ⎞
⎜ 22 ⎟ × 100 = 0.564%
⎝ 3.53 × 10 N ⎠
P6.40. Prepare: Look up the data for Saturn. M Saturn = 5.68 × 1026 kg, RSaturn = 5.85 × 107 m.

GM Saturn (6.67 × 10−11 N ⋅ m 2 / kg 2 )(5.68 × 1026 kg)
g= 2
= = 11 m/s 2
RSaturn (5.85 × 107 m) 2
This low value is possible because the density of Saturn is so low. The mass is big, but the volume is even bigger, so
the density of Saturn is quite low.
Assess: Saturn is the only planet in our solar system that would float in a pool of water.
P6.41. Prepare: Model Mars (m) and Jupiter (J) as spherical masses.
(6.67 × 10−11 N ⋅ m2 /kg 2 )(6.42 × 1023 kg)
Solve: (a) g Mars surface = = 3.77 m/s 2
(3.37 × 106 m)2
GM J (6.67 × 10 −11 N ⋅ m 2/kg 2 )(1.90 × 10 27 kg)
(b) g Ju pit er surf ace = = = 25.9 m/s 2
RJ2 (6.99 × 107 m) 2
P6.42. Prepare: We know that T 2 ∝ r 3.

Solve: Thus, at rY = 4rX ,
T Y2 ∝ (4rX )3 = 64r X3 ∝ (8TX ) 2
With TY = 8TX , a year on planet Y is 1600 earth days long.
Assess: This agrees perfectly with Question 6.31 where we saw that if r2 = 4r1 then T2 = 8T1.
The constants in the equation (including the mass M of the star) cancel out.
P6.43. Prepare: We can use the equation for the speed of a satellite in a circular orbit. Assume the two satellites
are spherical masses with center-to-center separations of RA and RB from a planet such that rB = 2 rA and
mB = 2 mA .
Solve: (a) From Equation 6.21, vA = GM/ rA and vB = GM/ rB , where M is the planet’s mass.
So,
vB rA 1
= ⇒ vB = 10,000 m/s = 7000 m/s
vA rB 2
Assess: Note that the mass of a planet does not figure in the equation.
P6.44. Prepare: Model the earth (e) as a spherical mass and the shuttle (s) as a point particle. The shuttle with
mass ms and velocity vs orbits the earth in a circle of radius rs . We will denote the earth’s mass by M e . As a
reminder, the gravitational force between the earth and the shuttle provides the necessary centripetal acceleration for
circular motion.
Solve: Newton’s second law is

GM e ms msvs2 GM e GM e
= ⇒ vs2 = ⇒ vs =
r 2s rs rs rs
Because rs = Re + 250 miles = 6.37 × 106 m + 4.023 × 105 m = 6.77 × 106 m,
(6.67 × 10−11 N ⋅ m 2/kg 2 )(5.98 × 10 24 kg)
vs = = 7675 m/s ≈ 7700 m/s
(6.77 × 106 m)
2π rs 2π (6.77 × 106 m)
Ts =
= = 5542 s = 92 min
vs 7.675 × 103 m/s
Assess: An orbital period of 92.4 minutes is reasonable for a 250 mile high orbit. As comparison, the orbital period
is 1440 minutes for a geostationary orbit at a distance of approximately 25,000 miles.
P6.45. Prepare: Model the sun (s) as a spherical mass and the asteroid (a) as a point particle. The asteroid, having
mass ma and velocity va , orbits the sun in a circle of radius ra . The asteroid’s time period is Ta = 5.0 earth
years = 1.5779 × 108 s.
Solve: The gravitational force between the sun (mass = M s ) and the asteroid provides the centripetal acceleration
required for circular motion.
2 1/ 3
GM s ma ma v 2a GM s ⎛ 2π ra ⎞ ⎛ GM sT 2a ⎞
= ⇒ =⎜ ⎟ ⇒ ra = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4π ⎠
2 2
ra ra ra ⎝ Ta ⎠
Substituting G = 6.67 × 10−11 N ⋅ m 2 /kg 2 , M s = 1.99 × 1030 kg, and the time period of the asteroid, we obtain
ra = 4.37 × 1011 m. The velocity of the asteroid in its orbit will therefore be
2π ra (2π )(4.37 × 1011 m)
va = = = 1.7 × 104 m/s
Ta 1.5779 × 108 s
P6.46. Prepare: Model the earth (e) as a spherical mass and the satellite (s) as a point particle. The satellite has a
mass ms and orbits the earth with a velocity vs . The radius of the circular orbit is denoted by rs and the mass of the
earth by M e .
Solve: The satellite experiences a gravitational force that provides the centripetal acceleration required for circular
motion:
GM e ms msvs2 GM e (6.67 × 10−11 N ⋅ m 2/kg 2 )(5.98 × 1024 kg)
= ⇒ rs = = = 1.32 × 107 m
r s2 rs vs2 (5500 m/s) 2
2π Rs (2π )(1.32 × 107 m)
⇒ Ts = = = 1.51 × 104s = 4.2 h
vs (5500 m/s)
P6.47. Prepare: From the equation for circular orbits we solve for r.
Solve: Ratios are a good way to solve this problem.
4π 2 3 GMT 2
T2 = r ⇒ r3 =
GM 4π 2
Compare with data from our solar system.
2 2
r23 M 2T22 M ⎛T ⎞ 1.1 ⎛ 2.7 d ⎞
= ⇒ r2 = r1 3 2 ⎜ 2 ⎟ = (1.0 au) 3 = 0.039 au
r13 M 1T12 M 1 ⎝ T2 ⎠ 1 ⎜⎝ 365 d ⎟⎠
Assess: This is a very small orbital radius because the period so short. We have no planets like this in our solar
system. This answer can also be obtained without ratios. Preliminary calculations give 2.7 d = 2.33 × 105 s .
T 2GM (2.33 × 105 s) 2 (6.67 × 10−11 N ⋅ m 2 / kg 2 )(1.1)(1.99 × 1030 kg)
r= 3 = 3 = 5.86 × 108 m = 0.039 au
4π 2 4π 2
6-22 Chapter 6
4π 2 r 3
P6.48. Prepare: From the equation for circular orbits we solve for M. M = . Use ratios to simplify the
GT 2
calculation. Preliminary calculations give 600 d = 1.64 y.
Solve: The satellite experiences a gravitational force that provides the centripetal acceleration required for circular
motion:
4π 2 rstar
3
M star 2
GTstar T 2 rstar
3 2
Tsun (1.4rsun )3 (1.4)3
= = sun = = = 1.0
M sun 4π rsun Tstar rsun (1.64Tsun )
2 3 2 3 2 3
rsun (1.64) 2
2
GTsun
Assess: This shows the mass of the star is about the same as the mass of the sun, which is a typical stellar mass.
P6.49 Prepare: From the equation for circular orbits we solve for T. Preliminary calculations give
0.0058 au = 8.70 ×108 m and 0.13M sun = 2.59 × 1029 kg.
Solve: The speed is
r3 (8.70 × 108 m)3
T = 2π = 2π −11
= 11 h
GM (6.67 × 10 N ⋅ m 2 / kg 2 )(2.59 × 1029 kg)
Assess: This is an extremely short year. This problem can also be solved using ratios.
P6.50. Prepare: The plane must fly as fast as the earth’s surface moves, but in the opposite direction. That is, the
plane must fly from east to west. Work with SI units.
Solve: The speed is
⎛ 2π rad ⎞ km km 1 mile
v = ωr = ⎜ (6.4 × 103 km) = 1680 = 1680 × = 1000 mph from east to west.
⎝ 24 h ⎟⎠ h h 1.609 km
P6.51. Prepare: Since the speed is constant the acceleration tangent to the path at each point is zero.
Solve: Since a = v 2 /r and v is constant, we see that the radius of curvature of the road at point A is about three
times larger than the radius of curvature at point C, so the car’s centripetal acceleration at point C is three times
larger than at point A.
At point B there is no curvature, so there is no centripetal acceleration.

Assess: When you drive on windy roads you know that the tighter the curve the more acceleration you feel, and it is
often wise to not keep your speed constant. Slowing down for tight curves keeps the centripetal acceleration
manageable (it must be produced by the centripetal force of friction of the road on the tires).
P6.52. Prepare: We will use Newton’s second law. The electric force between the electron and the proton causes
the centripetal acceleration needed for the electron’s circular motion.
Solve: Newton’s second law is F = ma = mrω 2 . Substituting into this equation yields:
F 9.2 × 10−8 N rad 1 rev
ω= = = 4.37 × 1016 rad/s = 4.37 × 1016 × = 7.0 × 1015 rev/s
mr −31 −11
(9.1 × 10 kg)(5.3 × 10 m) s 2π rad
Assess: This is a very high number of revolutions per second.
P6.53. Prepare: Treat the man as a particle. When at the equator the man undergoes uniform circular motion as the
earth rotates.
Solve: The scale reads the man’s apparent weight wapp = n, the force of the scale pushing up against his feet. At the
North Pole, where the man is in static equilibrium,
nP = ( wapp ) P = mg = 735 N
At the equator, there must be a net force toward the center of the earth to keep the man moving in a circle. In the
radial direction
ΣF = w − nE = mω 2 r ⇒ nE = ( wapp ) E = mg − mω 2 r = ( wapp ) P − mω 2 r
So the equator scale reads less than the North Pole scale by the amount mω 2 r.
The angular velocity of the earth is
2π 2π rad
ω= = = 7.27 × 10−5 rad/s
T 24 h × (3600 s/1 h)
Thus the North Pole scale reads more than the equator scale by
mω 2 r = (75 kg)(7.27 × 10−5 rad/s) 2 (6.37 × 106 m) = 2.5 N
Assess: The man at the equator appears to have lost approximately 0.25 kg or about 1/2 lb.
P6.54. Prepare: Treat the car as a particle in uniform circular motion. A visual overview is shown in the following
pictorial representation, free-body diagram, and list of values. The force of friction between the road and the tires
causes the centripetal acceleration needed for the car’s circular motion.
6-24 Chapter 6
Solve: The centripetal acceleration of the car is

v 2 (15 m/s) 2
a= = = 4.5 m/s 2
r 50 m
The acceleration is due to the force of static friction. The force of friction is fs = ma = (1500 kg)(4.5 m/s2 ) = 6800 N.
Assess: The model of static friction is f s max = nμs = mg μs ≈ mg ≈ 15,000 N since μs ≈ 1 for a dry road surface. We
see that f s < f s max , which is reasonable.
P6.55. Prepare: Model the ball as a particle which is in a vertical circular motion. A visual overview of the ball’s
vertical motion is shown in the following pictorial representation, free-body diagram, and list of values. The tension
in the string causes the centripetal acceleration needed for the ball’s circular motion.
Solve: At the bottom of the circle,

mv 2 (0.5 kg)v 2
∑ Fbottom = T − w =⇒ (15 N) − (0.5 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 ) = ⇒ v = 5.5 m/s
r (1.5 m)
Assess: A speed of 5.5 m/s or 12 mph is reasonable for the ball attached to a string.
P6.56. Prepare: Treat the coin as a particle which is undergoing circular motion. A visual overview of the coin’s
circular motion is shown below in the following pictorial representation, free-body diagram, and list of values. The
force of static friction between the coin and the turntable, as long as the coin does not slide, causes the centripetal
acceleration needed for circular motion. The force of static friction is f s = μs n = μs mg . This force is equivalent to the
maximum centripetal force that can be applied without sliding. Work with SI units.
Solve: That is,

v2 μs g (0.80)(9.8 m/s 2 )
μs mg = m = m( rωmax
2
) ⇒ ωmax = = = 7.23 rad/s
r r 0.15 m
rad 1 rev 60 s
= 7.23 × × = 69 rpm
s 2 π rad 1 min
So, the coin will stay still on the turntable.
Assess: A rotational speed of approximately 1 rev per second for the coin to stay stationary seems reasonable.
P6.57. Prepare: Treat the ball as a particle in circular motion. A visual overview of the ball’s circular motion is shown
below in a pictorial representation, a free-body diagram, and a list of values. The mass moves in a horizontal circle of radius
r = 20 cm. A component of the tension in the string toward the center of the circle causes the centripetal acceleration
needed for circular motion. The acceleration a and the net force vector point to the center of the circle, not along the string.
The other two forces are the string tension T , which does point along the string, and the weight w.
Solve: (a) Newton’s second law for circular motion is

mv 2
∑ Fy = T cos θ − w = T cos θ − mg = 0 N ∑ Fx = T sin θ =
r
From the y-equation,
mg (0.5 kg)(9.80 m/s 2 )
T= = = 5.0 N
cos θ cos 11.54°
(b) We can find the rotation speed from the x-equation:
rT sin θ
v= = 0.633 m/s
m
The rotation frequency is ω = v /r = 3.165 rad/s. Converting to rpm,
rad 60 sec 1 rev
ω = 3.165 × × = 30 rpm
sec 1 min 2π rad
(c) The period of the orbit is 2π / ω = 2π / 3.165 rad/s = 2.0 s.
Assess: One revolution in two seconds is reasonable.
P6.58. Prepare: Consider the passenger to be a particle in circular motion. A visual overview of the passenger’s
circular motion is shown below in the following pictorial representation, free-body diagram, and list of values. The
passenger moves in a horizontal circle of radius r = 2.5 m. The normal force of the cylinder’s wall toward the
rotation axis causes the centripetal acceleration needed for circular motion, so the acceleration a and the net force
vector point to the center of the circle. The other two forces, the upward force of static friction f s and the downward
weight w, cancel each other when the passenger sticks to the wall and does not slide.
6-26 Chapter 6
Solve: The minimum angular velocity occurs when static friction reaches its maximum possible value f s max = μ s n.
Although clothing has a range of coefficients of friction, it is the clothing with the smallest coefficient ( μs = 0.6)
that will slip first, so this is the case we need to examine. Assuming that the person is stuck to the wall, Newton’s
second law is
∑ Fx = n = mω 2 r ∑ Fy = f s − w = 0 ⇒ f s = mg
The minimum frequency occurs when
fs = fs max = μs n = μs mrωmin
2
Using this expression for fs in the x-equation gives
g 9.80 m/s2 1 rev 60 s

fs = μs mrω min
2
= mg ⇒ ω min = = = 2.56 rad/s = 2.56 rad/s × × = 24 rpm
μs r 0.60(2.5 m) 2 π rad 1 min
Assess: Note that the velocity does not depend on the mass of the individual. Therefore, the minimum mass sign is
not necessary.
P6.59. Prepare: Since the hanging block is at rest, the total force on it is zero. The two forces are the tension in the
string, T , and the weight of the puck, −mg. Since the revolving puck is moving at constant speed in a circle, the
total force on the puck is the centripetal force. We must write the equations and solve them.
Solve: The total force on the block is T − mg. From Newton’s second law, the total force is zero so we write:
T = mg = (1.20 kg)(9.80 m/s 2 ) = 11.8 N
The centripetal acceleration of the puck is caused by the tension in the string, so mv 2 / r = T. We solve this to obtain:
v = Tr / m = (11.8 N)(0.50 m)/(0.20 kg) = 5.4 m/s
The puck must rotate at a speed of 5.4 m/s.
Assess: It is remarkable that a block can be supported by a puck moving horizontally. But both the puck and the
block are able to pull on the string—the block pulls downward on one end and the puck pulls outward on the other
end. The relatively small mass of the puck is compensated by its high speed of 5.4 m/s.
P6.60. Prepare: Treat yourself as a particle in uniform circular motion. A visual overview of your vertical circular
motion is shown below in the following pictorial representation, free-body diagram, and list of values.
Solve: (a) The speed and acceleration are

2π r 2π (15 m) v 2 (3.77 m/s) 2
v= = = 3.77 m/s ≈ 3.8 m/s a= = = 0.95 m/s2
T 25 s r 15 m
(b) Newton’s second law at the top is
mv 2 ⎛ v2 ⎞ ⎛ (3.77 m/s) 2 ⎞
∑ Ftop = w − n = ma = ⇒ n = wapp = m ⎜ g − ⎟ = m ⎜ 9.80 m/s 2 − = m(8.85 m/s 2 )
r ⎝ r⎠ ⎝ 15 m ⎟⎠
wapp 8.85 m/s 2
⇒ = = 0.90
w 9.80 m/s 2
(c) Newton’s second law at the bottom is

mv 2 ⎛ v2 ⎞ ⎛ (3.77 m/s 2 ) ⎞
∑ Fbottom = n − w = ma = ⇒ n = wapp = m ⎜ g + ⎟ = m ⎜ 9.80 m/s 2 + ⎟⎠ = m(10.75 m/s )
2
r ⎝ r⎠ ⎝ 15 m
wapp 10.75 m/s 2
⇒ = = 1.1
w 9.80 m/s 2
P6.61. Prepare: Treat the car as a particle which is undergoing circular motion. The car is in circular motion with
the center of the circle below the car. A visual overview of the car’s circular motion is shown below in the following
pictorial representation, free-body diagram, and list of values.
Solve: Newton’s second law at the top of the hill is

mv 2 ⎛ n⎞
Fnet = ∑ Fy = w − n = mg − n = ma =
⇒ v2 = r ⎜ g − ⎟
r ⎝ m⎠
This result shows that maximum speed is reached when n = 0 and the car is beginning to lose contact with the road.
Then,
vmax = rg = (50 m)(9.80 m/s 2 ) = 22 m/s
Assess: A speed of 22 m/s is equivalent to 50 mph, which seems like a reasonable value.
P6.62. Prepare: Treat the ball as a particle undergoing circular motion in a vertical circle. A visual overview of the ball’s
vertical circular motion is shown in the following pictorial representation, free-body diagram, and list of values.
Solve: Initially, the ball is moving in circular motion. Once the string breaks, it becomes a projectile. The final
circular-motion velocity is the initial velocity for the projectile, which we can find by using the kinematic equation
vf2 = vi2 + 2 a y ( yf − yi ) ⇒ 0 m 2 /s 2 = (vi ) 2 + 2( − 9.8 m/s 2 )(4.0 m − 0 m) ⇒ vi = 8.85 m/s
6-28 Chapter 6
This is the speed of the ball as the string broke. The tension in the string at that instant can be found by using the net
force Fx on the ball:
⎛ v2 ⎞ (8.85 m/s) 2
∑ Fx = T = m ⎜ i ⎟ ⇒ T = (0.100 kg) = 13 N
⎝ r ⎠ 0.6 m
P6.63. Prepare: The inner puck is acted on by two forces, the tensions in the two strings. The outer puck is acted
on only by one force, the tension in string 2. The total force on each puck must provide for its centripetal
acceleration. In the figure, the x-component of each force is given next to the force.
Solve: We use the formula for centripetal acceleration in terms of angular velocity: a = ω 2 r = (2π f ) 2 r. Applying
Newton’s second law to the inner puck, we have:
T1 − T2 = m(2π f )2 l
Here forces toward the center are counted as positive and forces away from the center are counted as negative. Hence
the negative sign in front of T2 . Applying Newton’s second law to the outer puck, we have:
T2 = m(2π f ) 2 (2l) = 2m(2π f )2 l
The tension in the second string is 2m(2π f ) 2 l = 8π 2 mf 2 l. Plugging this value into Newton’s second law for the
inner puck gives:
T1 − 2m(2π f ) 2 l = m(2π f )2 l
which we can solve to obtain the tension in the first string: T1 = 3m(2π f ) 2 l = 12π 2 mf 2l.
Assess: We see that the tension in the first string is greater than the tension in the second string because the first
string is pulling the inner puck toward the center and helping provide the centripetal force it needs, whereas the
second string is pulling the inner puck away from the center. The net force on the puck must be toward the center so
T1 must exceed T2 .
P6.64. Prepare: We expect the centripetal acceleration to be very large because ω is large. This will produce a
significant force even though the mass difference of 10 mg is so small.
A preliminary calculation will convert the mass difference to kg: 10 mg = 1.0 × 10−5 kg. If the two samples are equally
balanced then the shaft doesn’t feel a net force in the horizontal plane. However, the mass difference of 10 mg is
what causes the force.
We’ll do another preliminary calculation to convert ω = 70,000 rpm into rad/s.
rev ⎛ 2π rad ⎞⎛ 1 min ⎞
78 rpm = 70,000 ⎟ = 7330 rad/s
min ⎜⎝ 1 rev ⎟⎜
⎠⎝ 60 s ⎠
Solve: The centripetal acceleration is given by the equation in the text and the net force by Newton’s second law.
Fnet = (Δm)(a) = (Δm)(ω 2r ) = (1.0 × 10−5 kg)(7330 rad/s)2 (0.10 m) = 54 N
Assess: As we expected, the centripetal acceleration is large. The force is not huge (because of the small mass
difference) but still enough to worry about. The net force scales with this mass difference, so if the mistake were
bigger it could be enough to shear off the shaft.
P6.65. Prepare: Model the earth (e) as a spherical mass. We will take the free-fall acceleration to be 9.83 m/s2 and
Re = 6.37 × 106 m. A pictorial representation of the situation is shown.
GM e GM e g earth
Solve: g obs ervatory = = = = (9.83 − 0.0075) m/s 2
( Re + h) 2 R 2e (1 + Rhe ) 2 (1 + Rhe ) 2
Here g earth = GM e/ R 2e is the free-fall acceleration. Solving for h,
⎛ 9.83 ⎞
h=⎜ − 1⎟ Re = 2400 m
⎜ 9.8225 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Assess: This altitude is relative to the sea level and is at reasonable altitude.
P6.66. Prepare: Model the earth (e) as a spherical mass.

Solve: Let the free-fall acceleration be 3gsurface when the earth is shrunk to a radius of x. Then,
GM e GM e
gsurface = and 3 gsurface =
R 2e x2
GM e GM e Re
⇒3= 2 ⇒x= = 0.58 Re
Re2 x 3
The earth’s radius would need to be 0.58 times its present value.
P6.67. Prepare: Model the planet Z as a spherical mass.

GM Z (6.67 × 10−11 N ⋅ m 2/ kg 2 ) M Z
Solve: (a) g Z surface = 2
⇒ 8.0 m/s 2 = ⇒ M Z = 3.0 × 1024 kg
RZ (5.0 × 106 m) 2
(b) Let h be the height above the north pole. Thus,
GM Z GM Z g 8.0 m/s 2
g above N pole = = = Z surface2 = = 0.89 m/s 2
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
( RZ + h) 2
R 1+ h
1+ h
1+ 10.0×106 m
Z RZ RZ 6
5.0×10 m
P6.68. Prepare: Model Mars (m) as a spherical mass and the satellite (s) as a point particle. The geosynchronous satellite
whose mass is ms and velocity is vs orbits in a circle of radius rs around Mars. Let us denote mass of Mars by M m .
Solve: The gravitational force between the satellite and Mars causes the centripetal acceleration needed for circular
motion:
1/ 3
GM m ms ms vs2 ms (2π rs ) 2 ⎛ GM mTs2 ⎞
= = ⇒ rs = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4π
2 2 2
rs rs rs (Ts ) ⎠
Using vs = 2π rs / T , we have vs = 2π (2.052 ×107 m)/(89,280 s) = 1440 m/s.
6-30 Chapter 6
Using G = 6.67 × 10−11 N ⋅ m 2/kg 2, M m = 6.42 × 1023 kg, and Ts = (24.8 hrs) = (24.8)(3600) s = 89,280 s, we obtain
rs = 2.052 ×107 m. Thus, altitude = rs − Rm = 1.72 × 107 m.
P6.69. Prepare: According to the discussion in Section 6.2, the maximum walking speed is vmax = gr. The
astronaut’s leg is about 0.70 m long whether on earth or on Mars, but g will be difficult. Use the equation to find
gMars.
We look up the required data in the astronomical table: mMars = 6.42 × 1023 kg, and RMars = 3.37 × 106 m. In part (b)
we’ll make the same assumption as in the text: The length of the leg r = 0.70 m.
Solve: (a)
GM Mars (6.67 × 10−11 N ⋅ m 2 /kg 2 )(6.42 × 1023 kg)
g Mars = = = 3.77 m/s 2 ≈ 3.8 m/s 2
( RMars )2 (3.37 × 106 m) 2
(b)
vmax = gr = (3.77 m/s2 )(0.70 m) = 1.6 m/s
Assess: The answer is about 3.6 mph, or about 60% of the speed the astronaut could walk on the earth. This is
reasonable on a smaller celestial body. Astronauts may adopt a hopping gait like some did on the moon.
Carefully analyze the units in the preliminary calculation to see that g ends up in m/s2 or N/kg.
P6.70. Prepare: We can use the equation in the text to find the free-fall acceleration near the surface of Mars and
then use the acceleration to find the time it takes the rock to drop.
Solve: The mass of Mars is 6.42 ×1023 kg. The radius of Mars is 3.4 ×106 m. The acceleration due to gravity near
Mars’ surface is
GM Mars (6.67 ×10−11 N ⋅ m2 / kg 2 )(6.42 ×1023 kg)
g Mars =
2
= = 3.7 m/s2
RMars (3.40 ×106 m)2
We can use the Equation 2.12 to find the time the rock will drop. Putting the origin of coordinates at the surface of
Mars, we have yf = 0 m, yi = 2.0 m, ay = −3.7 m/s2 . The rock is dropped, so its initial velocity is zero. Solving for
t in the equation we have
−2 yi −2(2.0 m)
t= = = 1.0 s
ay −3.7 m/s 2
Assess: The answer seems reasonable. This is more time than a rock dropped from a height of 2.0 m on the earth
would take to reach the ground.
P6.71. Prepare: We place the origin of the coordinate system on the 20 kg sphere (m1 ). The sphere (m2) with a
mass of 10 kg is 20 cm away on the x-axis, as shown below. The point at which the net gravitational force is zero
must lie between the masses m1 and m2 . This is because on such a point, the gravitational forces due to m1 and m2
are in opposite directions. As the gravitational force is directly proportional to the two masses and inversely
proportional to the square of distance between them, the mass m must be closer to the 10-kg mass. The small mass m,
if placed either to the left of m1 or to the right of m2 , will experience gravitational forces from m1 and m2 pointing
in the same direction, thus always leading to a nonzero force.
Solve:
m1m m2m 20 10
Fm1 on m = Fm 2 on m ⇒ G =G ⇒ 2 = ⇒ 10 x 2 − 8 x + 0.8 = 0
x2 (0.20 − x)2 x (0.20 − x)2
The value x = 68.3 cm is unphysical in the current situation, since this point is not between m1 and m2 . Thus, the
point ( x, y) = (11.7 cm, 0 cm) ≈ (12 cm, 0 cm) is where a small mass is to be placed for a zero gravitational force.
P6.72. Prepare: Model the earth (e) as a spherical mass and the satellite (s) as a point particle. Let h be the height
from the surface of the earth where the free-fall acceleration ( galtitude ) is 10% of the surface value ( gsurface ).
Solve: (a) Since galtitude = (0.10) gsurface , we have
GM e GM
= (0.10) 2 e ⇒ ( Re + h)2 = 10Re2 ⇒ h = 2.162Re
(Re + h)2 Re
⇒ h = (2.162)(6.37 ×106 m) = 1.377 ×107 m ≈ 1.4 ×107 m
(b) For a satellite orbiting the earth at a height h above the surface of the earth, the gravitational force between the
earth and the satellite provides the centripetal acceleration necessary for circular motion. For a satellite orbiting with
velocity vs ,
GM e ms msvs2 GM e (6.67 × 10−11 N ⋅ m2 / kg 2 (5.98 × 1024 kg)
= ⇒ vs = = = 4500 m/s
( Re + h)2 ( Re + h) Re + h (6.37 × 106 m + 1.377 × 107 m)
P6.73. Prepare: Model Mars (m) and Phobos as spherical masses.

Solve: The period of a satellite orbiting a planet of mass M m is
⎛ 4π 2 ⎞ 3
T2 =⎜ ⎟r
⎝ GM m ⎠
Thus we can use Phobos’s orbit to find the mass of Mars:
4π 2r 3 4π 2 (9.4 × 106 m)3
Mm = 2
= −11
= 6.5 ×1023 kg
GT (6.67 × 10 N ⋅ m2 / kg 2 )(2.7540 ×104 s)2
Assess: The mass of Mars is 6.42 ×1023 kg. The slight difference is likely due to Phobos’s orbit being somewhat
noncircular.
P6.74. Prepare: Model the star (s) and the planet (p) as spherical masses.
Solve: A planet’s free-fall acceleration is
GM p g p Rp2 (12.2 m/s 2 )(9.0 × 106 m)2
gp = 2 ⇒ M p = = = 1.48 × 1025 kg
Rp G 6.67 × 10−11 N ⋅ m2 / kg 2
(b) A planet’s orbital period is
⎛ 4π 2 ⎞ 3 4π 2r 3 4π 2 (2.20 × 1011 )3
T2 = ⎜ r ⇒ M = = = 5.22 × 1030 kg
⎝ GM s ⎟⎠
s
GT 2 (6.67 × 10−11 N ⋅ m2 / kg 2 )(402 × 24 × 3600 s)2
Assess: The masses obtained are large and certainly physically reasonable.
P6.75. Prepare: According to the discussion in Section 6.2 the maximum walking speed is vmax = gr . The
astronaut’s leg is about 0.70 m long whether on earth or on Europa, but g will be different.
GM Europa (6.67 × 10 −11 N ⋅ m 2 /kg 2 )(4.8 × 10 22 kg)
g Europa = = = 0.333 m/s 2
( REuropa ) 2 (3.1 × 106 m) 2
Solve:
vmax = gr = (0.333 m/s 2 )(0.70 m) = 0.48 m/s
Assess: The answer is about 1 mph or about 1/6 of the speed the astronaut could walk on the earth. This is
reasonable on a small celestial body. Astronauts may adopt a hopping gait like some did on the moon.
Carefully analyze the units in the preliminary calculation to see that g ends up in m/s2 or N/kg.
6-32 Chapter 6
P6.76. Prepare: Since the orbit is circular, the spacecraft is in uniform circular motion.
Solve: The direction of the net force is always in the direction of the acceleration, and a spacecraft in uniform
circular motion will have a centripetal (or center-seeking) acceleration.
So the correct choice is C.
Assess: The answer here is the same for any satellite orbiting a large celestial body. The acceleration of an object in
uniform circular motion is always toward the center of the circle.
If, as in choice D, the net force were zero, the spacecraft would go in a straight line.
P6.77. Prepare: Equation 6.13 which gives the orbital speed in terms of the free-fall acceleration and orbital radius
can be used. The radius is half the diameter, rMoon = 1.75 × 106 m.
Solve: Applying the equation for orbital speed,

vorbit = rg = (1.75 × 106 m)(1.6 m/s 2 ) = 1700 m/s
The correct choice is C.
Assess: Even though the free-fall acceleration on the moon is much less than the free-fall acceleration on earth, the
moon’s orbital speed is still very high. At 3700 mph , it is still faster than an airplane.
P6.78. Prepare: The centripetal acceleration of the spacecraft in orbit is just the local acceleration due to gravity
that it feels. The radius is half the diameter, rMoon = 1.75 × 106 m.
Solve: Solve the equation for ω .
a 1.6 m/s 2
ω= = = 9.56 × 10 −4 rad/s
r 1.75 × 106 m
Now solve ω = 2π /T for T
2π 2π rad
T= = = 6600 s = 110 min
ω 9.56 × 10−4 rad/s
The correct choice is C.
Assess: The answer is reasonable. This period is a bit longer than the period of a satellite in low-earth orbit (because
the moon’s gravity is weaker the satellite doesn’t need to go as fast), but in the same ballpark. The answer here
agrees precisely with Problem 6.30.
P6.79. Prepare: The centripetal acceleration will be constant if the velocity and radius of the orbit remain the same.
Solve: The gravitational force is stronger on the spacecraft when it is orbiting the near side of the moon. The net
centripetal force must remain the same so the spacecraft should compensate for the increased gravitational force
towards the center of the moon by firing its rockets so that they exert a force away from the center of the moon. The
correct choice is A.
Assess: Another way to keep the radius of the orbit the same is to fire the rockets in the direction of motion of the
spacecraft. However, if the spacecraft were fired in the direction of motion the velocity of the spacecraft would
increase.
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diese Reinigung durch rüttelnde Stöße, welche die Schaukel in eine
kurzatmige, langsame Bewegung versetzen. Auch hier ist es eine
Daumenwelle, deren Daumen die Herde vordrücken und im
Abgleiten gegen ein Widerlager zurückfallen lassen. Es sind
mehrere solche Stoßherde hintereinander bzw. nebeneinander
angeordnet, teils um ausschalten und wechseln zu können, teils
auch, um einen höheren Reinigungsgrad zu erreichen. Ein
eigenartiges Poltern und Stoßen, Knarren und Ächzen erfüllt den
Raum. Doch mag diese Maschine noch so poltern und wichtig
knarren, wir glauben doch auch hier die Stimmen einer längst
vergangenen, verklungenen Zeit zu hören, über deren technische
Errungenschaften die moderne Technik mit Riesenschritten
fortgeschritten ist. Wir glauben es nicht, daß dieser Stoßherd treu
seine Arbeit verrichten kann, sondern, so wenig im »tauben«
Gestein der Grube und der Scheidebank unbeachtete, verschmähte
und verloren gehende Erzadern fehlen, sondern auf die Halde
wandern, so wenig das altertümliche Pochwerk das letzte Körnchen
Erz vom Steine zu lösen vermag, so wenig wird der Stoßherd es
vermögen, das Erz treu und rein in ganzer Menge zu bewahren, den
Weizen von der Spreu zu sondern, hie reines Erz zu halten, dort
reinen Schlamm wegzuspülen.
Drüben an der Halde, wo der ausgewaschene Wäschsand dicht
am Waldrand gestürzt wird und weiß und gelblich, rötlich und
hellgrau zwischen Wiesengrün und Waldesdunkel leuchtet, vermag
man auch ohne Mikroskop kleine silbergraue Schuppen und Spuren
verlorenen Erzes zu finden. Wie viele Tonnen wertvollen Erzes
mögen so durch die unvollkommenen Arbeitsvorgänge im Laufe der
Jahre verloren gehen, Werte, die wir in unserem armen Vaterlande
nicht entbehren können, die unserer Wirtschaft nicht verloren gehen
dürfen. Wirtschaftlich arbeiten und mit der geringsten Kraft die
höchste Leistung, den höchsten Nutzen erzielen, das ist die Aufgabe
der modernen Zeit, das ist der Weg, um uns und unsere Heimat und
Vaterland wieder emporzuheben.
Unten im Schacht vor Ort arbeitet heute der Häuer noch wie vor
Jahrhunderten, indem er das lange Eisen des Bohrers ansetzt
(Abb. 18) und mit geschwungenem Fäustel, langsam drehend, das
Eisen tiefer treibt, bis das mühsam gebohrte Loch für den
Sprengstoff die gehörige Tiefe hat. Wie bald wird da auch der geübte
und fleißige Arm matt, wenn im lang herausgeholten sicheren
Pendelschlag mit dem »Baumelfäustel« das Eisen im zähen Gneis
nur langsam vorrückt. Wieviel Eisen werden stumpf, von denen ein
ganzes Bündel den Häuer auf die Strecke vor Ort begleitet. – Kann
es ein stärkeres Zeugnis für die Abbauwürdigkeit und Ergiebigkeit
der Grube geben, als daß, trotz aller Widrigkeiten der
Wirtschaftslage, der Silberentwertung, trotz Fehlens moderner
wirtschaftlicher Betriebseinrichtungen und maschineller sparsam
arbeitender und höchste Nutzwirkung sichernder Vorkehrungen, daß
trotz der unwirtschaftlichen Arbeit und Aufbereitungsverfahren nach
Urväterweise diese Grube sich noch halten konnte und Ausbeute
gibt bis auf den heutigen Tag? –
Abb. 18. »Alte Hoffnung Gottes« Kleinvoigtsberg.
Streckenstoß in der vierzehnten Gezeugstraße an der
Christlich Hilfe Stehenden,
sechshundertfünfunddreißig Meter unter Tag.
Im Werk ist ein alter Bergmann, der alte Pönisch (Abb. 19), der
einen besonderen sechsten Sinn hat, mit dem er einen guten
Anbruch »an Silber und an Bleien reich« anscheinend zu wittern
vermag. Er riecht das Erz! In der Unterwelt ist er zu Hause. In den
Tiefen von 600 Meter und mehr unter Tag ist sein nächtliches Reich,
wo er beim schwachen Lichtlein seiner Blende die Erzadern der
Berge spürt und die Pulse der Tiefe fühlt, in denen das Leben der
Grube quillt. Mit seinem faltenreichen grauen Pergamentgesicht
voller Runen, den listigen Augen mit »Silberblick« und der
gedrungenen Gestalt mit hängenden Schultern auf den kurzen
Kurven der kräftigen Beine, gleicht er in seiner verwitterten
Bergmannstracht, mit der Blende am Strick, einem der schlauen
Zwerge der Unterwelt, welche die Schätze hüten, die Menschen bald
narren und necken, bald ihnen zu Reichtum verhelfen. –
»Faltig wird des Bergmanns Miene,

Wenn er ab und zu nicht säuft.«
Das faltenreiche zerknitterte Gesicht des alten Pönisch wäre somit

ein Zeugnis in Pergament für seine besondere Enthaltsamkeit und
Nüchternheit, die sogar das »Ab und Zu« verschmäht! (?) –
So wertvoll solch findiger faltiger Gnom mit seiner Erfahrung und
Witterung sein mag, so mancher schöne Anbruch, der »den Obern
Freude macht«, ihm auch zu verdanken ist, so kann er doch nicht
auf die Dauer die tatkräftige überlegte und nach wissenschaftlichen
Grundsätzen durchgeführte Forschung und auch zu Opfern bereite
Aufschlußarbeiten ersetzen.
»Gib Zubuß, arbeit’, wart’ dein Zeit,

Es kommt Ausbeut, die dich erfreut!«
Das ist der Hoffnungsspruch des echten Bergmannes.

Sollen die Tiefen ihren vollen Reichtum erschließen, dann muß die
modernste Wissenschaft und Technik unter Tage und über Tage ihre
Kräfte entfalten und mit Beharrlichkeit und Treue auf Hoffnung und
Erfüllung bauen, denn »Bergwerk will haben Verstand und eine
getreue Hand!« –
Der Erzwagen, in dem das gewonnene Erz zur Verhüttung nach
den nahen staatlichen Hütten in Halsbrücke geschafft wird, mit
seinem geschlossenen Kasten auf den breiten Rädern, bespannt mit
zwei kräftigen Pferden, hält vor der Tür. (Abb. 20.) Es ist ein
charakteristisches Bild bergmännischer Art. Was dieser Wagen
immer wieder davonträgt, ist in schwerer Arbeit dem heimischen
Boden abgerungen und soll mit dazu dienen, unser Volk aus der
Tiefe heraufzuführen zu Licht und Freiheit. Gegenwärtig werden
nach Angabe der Betriebsleitung wöchentlich zweiundvierzig bis
fünfundvierzig Kilogramm Silber und etwa fünf Doppelzentner Blei
geliefert, wofür ein Gegenwert von 4200 bis 4600 Mark entsteht.
Abb. 19. »Alte Hoffnung Gottes« Kleinvoigtsberg. Der

Häuer Pönisch
Schmerzlich ist es uns, daß doch vielleicht der Tag nicht gar so
fern ist, daß auch diese Schätze der Tiefe, diese Quelle der Kraft
nicht mehr genutzt werden, wenn nicht aus Mangel an Mitteln der
Betrieb zu moderner Wirtschaftlichkeit umgestellt werden kann. Hier
muß mit starken Mitteln eingegriffen und geholfen werden!
Betrachten wir die Leistungen der Grube seit der Aufnahme des
Betriebes im Jahre 1742, so hat sie bis zum Jahresschluß 1920
folgende Ergebnisse gehabt:
177 571,737 Kilogramm Silber
33 364,697 Doppelzentner Blei
64 168,329 Doppelzentner Schwefel seit 1843.
Leider sind in früheren langen Jahren Aufschlußarbeiten und
planvolle Forschungen durch Querschläge unterblieben. Auch in
neuester Zeit wird der wöchentliche Reingewinn von rund 1000 Mark
nur erreicht, indem Aufschlußarbeiten ganz eingestellt und die
dadurch gewonnenen Leute zum Abbau der anstehenden Erze in
Doppelschicht herangezogen werden.
Abb. 20. »Alte Hoffnung Gottes« Kleinvoigtsberg. Erzwagen

Dieser Abbau ohne Vorsorge für weitere Zukunft, welcher schon in
früheren Jahrhunderten so manche wertvolle Grube viel zu früh zum
Erliegen brachte, droht auch hier der »Alten Hoffnung Gottes«, der
letzten Silbergrube Sachsens Verderben zu bringen, wenn nicht
rechtzeitig eingegriffen und mit starker Hand eine neue Entwicklung
nach oben geschaffen wird.
Die jetzigen sofort greifbaren und nachweisbaren Abbauvorräte
reichen nach der Schätzung der Betriebsleitung bei normalem
Betriebe für zwölf Jahre. Bei verstärktem Doppelschichtenbetrieb
werden die Bestände in sechs Jahren erschöpft sein, wenn nicht
inzwischen durch Aufschlußarbeiten die durch die Jahrhunderte treu
gebliebene bewährte »Alte Hoffnung« auf neue Anbrüche sich
wieder bestätigt und neue Erzmengen bringt.
Es ist widersinnig und schwer verständlich, daß die staatlichen
Hüttenwerke von Halsbrücke und Muldenhütten auf einem Grunde,
in einem Erzbezirke stehen, in dem noch ungeheure Erzmengen
schlummern, deren Abbau und Aufbereitung unter Anwendung
moderner Verfahren sich wohl lohnen und für unser Vaterland
wichtig sein würde, widersinnig, daß diese Hütten fast nur
ausländische Erze verhütten müssen, deren große Transportkosten
die Erzeugnisse der Hütten ausländischem Wettbewerbe gegenüber
verteuern, und daß nicht mit starker Faust und Wagemut das
deutsche Erz aus dem deutschen Boden geholt wird. Ist es nicht ein
Widersinn, daß nur ein einziges kleines Privatwerk, die »Alte
Hoffnung Gottes« zu Kleinvoigtsberg noch heimisches Erz an die
staatlichen Hüttenwerke liefert und bestehen kann, während in den
staatlichen Gruben bereits vor zwölf Jahren die letzte Schicht
verfahren ist?
Freilich würden bei einer durchgreifenden Modernisierung dieser
letzten Grube und Durchführung der Elektrisierung z. B. im
Bohrbetrieb die zurzeit anstehenden Massen bereits in zwei Jahren
abgebaut sein.
Das Erforschen und Erschließen neuer Abbaumöglichkeiten
müßte sofort beginnen, um nach zwei Jahren etwa den Betrieb ohne
Unterbrechung und mit neuen Erzreserven ungestört weiterführen zu
können.
Die Zukunft des Werkes, wie überhaupt des Freiberger
Bergbaues, liegt in den Aufschlüssen nach der Tiefe und dem
Aufmachen neuer Grubenfelder.
Für die Modernisierung und neue Aufschlußarbeiten des Werkes
sind nach Schätzung der Betriebsleitung etwa 350 000 Mark
erforderlich. Da diese Summen vom Werke nicht aufzubringen sind,
kann nur ein größeres Darlehen der Regierung oder von anderer
kapitalkräftiger Seite hier Hilfe bringen, zur Erhaltung und Stärkung
des letzten lebenden Zeugen einer großen Vergangenheit und zur
Erlösung der Schätze der Tiefe aus dunkler Haft zum Segen der
Heimat.
Wenn dies der erste Schritt zur Wiederaufnahme des Freiberger
Bergbaues auch auf den hoffnungsreichen, still gelegten
Grubenfeldern des Staates sein würde, so würde ein Segen dem
Erzboden entspringen für Volk und Land wie einst in alter Zeit!
In früheren Jahrhunderten hat manchmal in den Gruben der
Betrieb geruht und ist dann wieder aufgeblüht und hat immer wieder
das ganze Land gesegnet. Unsere neuen Zielen entgegenstrebende,
auf neuen Wegen aufwärtssteigende Zeit darf hier, wo soviel
Hoffnungskeime tief im Grunde schlummern, nicht verzagen,
sondern muß tatkräftig schaffen und neues Leben erblühen lassen.
Die älteste Industrie Sachsens, der Erzbergbau, ist immer noch
berufen, dem Sachsenlande Werte zu bringen. Mögen die Regierung
und alle, die es angeht, zusammen dazu helfen, daß diese Werte
nicht tot und begraben bleiben, sondern daß sie zu frischem Leben
erwachen.
Heimatschutz ist es, wenn die Zeugen alter Kultur erhalten und in
ihrer Eigenart den Herzen nähergebracht werden;
Heimatschutzarbeit ist es aber auch, wenn neue Kraft und frischer
Arbeitsgeist und Freudigkeit ihnen zugeführt wird und sie verjüngt
werden zu rüstigen Arbeitern und starken Helfern am Wohle und an
einer hellen Zukunft des Vaterlandes und der engeren Heimat. Möge
die Erhaltung und Ausgestaltung der »Alten Hoffnung Gottes« zu
Kleinvoigtsberg, des letzten Zeugen alter Freiberger Bergherrlichkeit,
eine derartige Heimatschutzaufgabe für das ganze Sachsenland
werden, ein erster, mutiger, hoffnungsstarker Schritt zur
Wiederaufnahme und Wiedererweckung des Freiberger Bergbaues!
Versuch dein Heyl,

Häng Küb’l und Seil!
Glückauf!
Die Streitlinde bei Königsfeld
Von Albert Gruhle, Rochlitz
Aufnahmen Hans Mitzscherlich, Rochlitz
Starker Sturm, der in der Nacht vom 9. zum 10. Februar dieses
Jahres wütete, hat einem altehrwürdigen Naturdenkmale der
Rochlitzer Gegend, der fünfhundertjährigen Streitlinde, argen
Schaden zugefügt. Einer der breit ausladenden, weit über zehn
Meter langen Äste, wurde von dem Hauptstamme losgetrennt und
liegt nun, wie unsere Abbildungen zeigen, auf dem Boden. Nur an
einer Stelle besteht noch etwas Zusammenhang zwischen Stamm
und Ast.
Die Nachricht von dieser Zerstörung fand in der Bevölkerung
allseitiges Interesse, und so lenkten viele ihre Schritte nach
Königsfeld, um den beschädigten Baum aufzusuchen. Mancher hat
auf diese Weise das erstemal von der Streitlinde gehört und sie
gesehen, obwohl sie einen Hauptbestandteil des Landschaftsbildes
ausmacht.
Wie und wann der Baum zu seinem Namen gekommen ist, läßt
sich nicht nachweisen. Da die Linde im Grenzgebiet zwischen
Königsfeld und Köttwitzsch steht, hat sie wahrscheinlich ihren
Namen von einem alten Grenzstreit. Der Sage nach sollen sich dort
zwei adlige Brüder bekämpft haben.
Willst du, geneigter Leser, den Baum aufsuchen, so wirst du ihn,
sobald die Staatsstraße Rochlitz–Geithain die Königsfelder Höhe
erreicht hat, links von dem Vorwerk »Heide« erblicken. Mit seiner
mächtigen Krone macht er aus der Ferne einen stattlichen Eindruck,
obwohl er eigentlich keinen entwickelten Baum darstellt. Der Stamm
ist höchstens zwei Meter hoch. Offenbar ist die Linde in ihrer Jugend
geköpft worden und hat nun die eigentümliche, wagerecht
ausladende Astbildung aufzuweisen. Die Hauptäste zeigen zum Teil
den Umfang von kräftigen Baumstämmen. Den Aufnahmen sieht es
wohl niemand an, daß der untere Teil des Stammes einen Umfang
von sieben Meter und siebzig Zentimeter hat. Es scheint so, als ob in
früheren Zeiten auf den Ästen ein gelegentlicher Aufenthaltsort für
Menschen gewesen sei. Wenn man den Erzählungen eines
Landwirts aus dem nahen Köttwitzsch Glauben schenken darf, so
soll unter der Streitlinde einst der Rittergutsherr seinen Frönern ein
Fest gegeben haben als Dank dafür, daß sie ihm die Ernte gut
haben einbringen helfen, ehe langandauerndes Regenwetter
einsetzte.
Abb. 1. Die Streitlinde. Von Norden aus gesehen
So ist der Baum gewiß ab und zu der Schauplatz manch einer

Dorffestlichkeit gewesen, wenn er auch nicht in der Dorfmitte stand.
Was mag er in den fünfhundert Jahren alles erlebt haben! Im
Schmalkaldischen Kriege wurde bei Rochlitz ein Treffen geliefert, in
dem Kurfürst Johann Friedrich gegen Markgraf Albrecht von
Brandenburg kämpfte und diesen trotz seiner siebentausend Mann
starken Heeresmacht besiegte. Kaiserliche, Schweden und
Kurfürstliche mögen im Dreißigjährigen Kriege oft an unserer Linde
vorübergezogen sein, um das Schloß Rochlitz zu besetzen oder die
Besatzung zu befreien. Im Siebenjährigen Kriege sah der Baum
Preußen und Österreicher vorüberziehen. 1812 lagerten in ihrer
Umgebung Franzosen, Bayern und Italiener, die sich auf dem Wege
nach Rußland befanden. Wer zählt die ungeheuren Scharen, die im
Jahre 1813 von Napoleon und von den Verbündeten hier
vorübergeführt wurden! Oft drang dann nach 1870 der helle Klang
der Feldtrompeten der 18er Ulanen vom nahen Exerzierplatz in
Königsfeld zu unserem Baume herüber.
Daß dieser nicht das Opfer menschlicher Zerstörung,
insbesondere der rohen Soldateska geworden ist, hat er sicher
seinem etwas abseits von der Verkehrsstraße gelegenen Standorte
zu verdanken. Von der Straße aus ist die Linde durch eine
Bodenwelle verdeckt. Ein schmaler Feldrain, nur für Kundige
auffindbar, führt nach ihr hin.
Der Eindruck, den man von Norden her empfängt (Abb. 1), ist
noch nicht so trostlos. Wesentlich trauriger mutet der Anblick von
Süden aus an. (Abb. 2.) Die Aufnahmen von Westen und Osten
(Abb. 3 und 4) zeigen mit erschreckender Deutlichkeit den Verfall
unseres Naturdenkmals.
Abb. 2. Die Streitlinde. Von Süden aus gesehen
Ist dieses überhaupt noch zu retten und was ist zu seiner

Erhaltung zu tun? Diese Fragen veranlaßten den Verfasser dieses,
an den Vorstand des Landesvereins »Sächsischer Heimatschutz« zu
berichten und um Abordnung eines Baumsachverständigen zu
bitten. Der Besitzer der Streitlinde, Herr Graf zu Münster, hatte sich
in liebenswürdigster Weise bereit erklärt, alles zur Erhaltung
derselben zu tun. Am 27. Februar hatte Herr Obergartendirektor
Hofrat Bouché die Güte, in Gemeinschaft des Besitzers und des
Vertrauensmannes sich an Ort und Stelle von der Beschaffenheit
des Baumes zu überzeugen.
Abb. 3. Die Streitlinde. Von Westen aus gesehen
Dem Gutachten möge folgendes entnommen werden: Leider ist

der Verfall schon sehr weit vorgeschritten. Die früheren Besitzer des
Rittergutes Königsfeld haben offenbar nicht das lebhafte Interesse
für Heimatschutz gehabt, wie es der jetzige Eigentümer in
hervorragender Weise bekundet. Der Stamm ist bis weit hinauf hohl,
hat viele Löcher und morsche Stellen; das gleiche gilt auch von den
Hauptästen. Ein Hochwinden des abgebrochenen Astes in seine
frühere Lage ist unmöglich, da der Stamm – wie erwähnt – hohl und
wenig widerstandsfähig ist und keinen Gegenhalt bieten kann. Jetzt
stützt sich der herabgebrochene Teil auf einige in den Erdboden
eingespießte Äste. Es soll nun versucht werden, ihn an mehreren
Stellen zu untermauern. Die Astlöcher will man durch eine mit
Zement überputzte Drahtwand verschließen, nachdem die
Höhlungen vorher ausgekratzt und mit Teer ausgestrichen worden
sind. Beim Beseitigen des Mulms im Inneren des Stammes muß
sehr vorsichtig verfahren werden, daß die aus den oberen Ästen
herausgewachsenen Ademtixwurzeln nicht beschädigt werden. Sie
führen diesen aus dem Bauminnern die Nahrung zu. Die noch
unversehrten Äste sollen auch Stützen erhalten, um einem
Abbrechen vorzubeugen.
Abb. 4. Die Streitlinde. Von Osten aus gesehen
Soweit die hauptsächlichsten Ratschläge zur Erhaltung des

Baumes. Hoffentlich sind die Maßnahmen mit Erfolg gekrönt.
Allerdings, die frühere Schönheit des Baumes ist für immer dahin.
Man wird froh sein müssen, wenn der Eindruck auf Abbildung 1 in
Zukunft erhalten bleibt. Eine Mahnung an alle Naturfreunde, schon
beizeiten zur Erhaltung der Naturdenkmäler beizutragen, ehe es zu
spät ist.
Möge der altehrwürdige Baum noch viele Jahre hinaus dauern zur
Freude des sinnenden Wanderers!
Vielleicht sieht sich mancher Leser der »Mitteilungen« durch diese
Zeilen veranlaßt, seine Schritte einmal in die Rochlitzer Pflege zu
lenken und unsern Schützling an Ort und Stelle aufzusuchen. Bietet
er auch den Anblick eines alternden Greises, so erfüllt uns doch
Achtung vor dem ehrwürdigen Alter der Streitlinde. Über der Mulde
drüben kannst du dafür den herzerfreuenden Anblick eines
kraftstrotzenden Baumes haben, der Zettlitzer Eiche, die seit 1914
unter Naturschutz steht.
Die »nackten Jungfern«
Von Albert Ficker, Harthau
Alljährlich, wenn die Schneeschmelze vorüber, lockt es mich zu
einem Naturdenkmal, das weit und breit nicht seinesgleichen hat.
Die »nackten Jungfern« Drebachs haben es mir angetan. Die
beiden Hänge des Drebacher Tales sind übersät mit lilaen
Krokusblumen. Wer das erstemal diese vielen Tausende des
Frühlingssafran, Crocus vernus, erblickt, ist erstaunt von der Pracht,
die sich seinen Augen enthüllt. »Nackte Jungfern« nennt sie der
Volksmund, weil zuerst nur die Blüte ohne jedes Blatt zum Vorschein
aus dem nackten Boden kommt, der noch keinerlei Grün zeigt.
Drebach verdankt diese Seltenheit dem medizinkundigen Pfarrer
David Rebentrost. Außer der Verwaltung seines geistlichen Amtes
befaßte sich dieser Herr noch mit der Heilkunde, hatte er doch
neben der Theologie auch Medizin studiert. In Joachimstal war er
sogar einige Zeit Stadtarzt gewesen. Sein Laboratorium mußte er
auf Anraten der Superintendentur, bei welcher 1673 anläßlich einer
Kirchenvisitation Beschwerden über das Treiben des Pfarrers
einliefen, verlegen. Er kaufte sich eine wüste Stätte und erbaute dort
das heutige »Pfarrgut«. Hier richtete er sein Laboratorium ein und
konnte nun dort seinen medizinischen Studien obliegen.
Er ist es gewesen, der die Krokusblume nach Drebach verpflanzt
hat.
Auf der Heinzebank traf einst der Pfarrer Rebentrost den
sächsischen Kurfürsten, dessen Pferd einen Beinschaden hatte.
Diesen beseitigte er. Für seine Hilfe durfte er sich aus dem Garten
des Kurfürsten in Dresden drei Pflanzen erbitten. Rebentrost wählte
die Krokusblume, die doldige Vogelmilch (Ornithogalum umbellatum)
und die Eibe (Taxus baccata). Auf seinem Gute wurden diese
eingepflanzt und legen noch heute Zeugnis davon ab.
Die jahrhundertealte Eibe, im Volksmunde Zedernbaum genannt,
ragt aus dem Hofe des Pfarrgutes, und auf der Wiese blühen Jahr
um Jahr die Krokusse und die doldige Vogelmilch, welche im
Erzgebirge selten ist.
Von hier aus haben sich die Krokusse dann über beide Hänge des
Tales verbreitet, und mir erscheint, daß sie auf der linken Talseite
viel zahlreicher und dichter vertreten sind als auf der Pfarrgutseite.
Wie aber soll diese Verbreitung stattgefunden haben?
Spricht man mit ortseingesessenen Leuten, so ist die Meinung
verbreitet, daß dies durch die Verbreitung der Samen durch den
Wind geschehen sein müsse.
Es kann jedoch nur auf zweierlei Art und Weise vor sich gegangen
sein. Die Krokusse haben zunächst die Pfarrgutswiese in
Jahrzehnten ganz überwuchert. Die Bauern, an der Pracht dieser
ersten Frühlingsboten erfreut, haben sie dann in ihre Güter
verpflanzt, von wo sie in den vergangenen Jahrhunderten die
umliegenden Flächen überzogen. An einzelnen Stellen kann man
sogar beobachten, wo die ersten Anpflanzungen gewesen sind.
Die andere Möglichkeit: Durch das Eggen wurden Knollen
herausgerissen und verschleppt; Maulwurfshaufen wurden über die
Wiese breitgezogen und damit auch die herausgeworfenen
Krokusknollen; Wassergräben wurden gezogen und das Land über
die Fläche verstreut; das Wasser selbst spülte kleine Zwiebeln mit
heraus und ließ sie bei der Bewässerung auf dem Grasplatze liegen.
Dazu kommt noch, daß sich die Knollen durch zahlreiche Brutknollen
vermehren, die dann an den Seiten der ursprünglichen Pflanzen
emporkeimen.
Ob jedoch das Vieh, welches mit dem Heu die dreifächerige
Kapsel (Frucht) frißt, durch seinen Dünger zur Verbreitung der
Krokusblumen beigetragen hat, ist zweifelhaft, da die Samen gar
nicht reif werden bis zur Heuernte.
Die Verbreitung durch den Wind scheidet aber vollständig aus. Sie
ist eine irrige Annahme, da die Samen keinerlei Einrichtungen für die
Windverbreitung haben.
Hunderte strömen alljährlich nach Drebach, um sich an diesem
Frühlingswunder zu erfreuen.
Daß aber diese Krokusse nirgends anders gedeihen, wie von
Ortseinwohnern versichert wird, ist ebenfalls nicht zutreffend, was
einzelne Versuche bereits widerlegen.
Wenn auch nicht die Gefahr besteht, daß die Krokusse durch
Pflücken ausgerottet werden könnten, hat sich doch der dortige
Erzgebirgszweigverein des Schutzes dieses Naturdenkmals
angenommen. Besonders die Eibe und die doldige Vogelmilch,
welche beide im östlichen Erzgebirge sehr selten sind, bedürfen der
Erhaltung.
Wer aber Zeit finden kann, der pilgere an einem sonnigen
Frühlings- oder Ostertag nach Drebach im Erzgebirge und weide
sich an dem lilaen Teppich der »nackten Jungfern«.
Botanisches vom Krokus,
insbesondere den Drebacher
»nackten Jungfern«
Von Prof. Dr. Arno Naumann, Pillnitz
Mit Originalzeichnung des Verfassers und photographischen Aufnahmen des
Herrn Joseph Ostermaier, Blasewitz
Die meisten Besucher Drebachs finden das holde

Frühlingswunder der Krokusblüte so entzückend, daß sie sich gar
nicht die Mühe nehmen, an einem zum Kauf angebotenen
Sträußchen die Einzelblüte in ihrem reizvollen Bau zu betrachten.
Wir haben eben gar keine Zeit mehr zu »beschaulichen
Betrachtungen«, und müssen uns vor lauter Sorge um nötige Pflicht
und lastende Not mit dem äußeren Schein der Dinge begnügen.
Einige Minuten aber wollen wir uns gönnen, um uns in die
Blütengeheimnisse der Krokussippe versenken zu können. Da gibt
es allerhand, von dem uns unsere Schulweisheit nichts träumen läßt.
Lange schon war die Blüte im Schoße der winterlichen Erde
vorgebildet; schützend lag sie in der Spitze der Erneuerungsknolle
geborgen. Es bedurfte nur einer Erwärmung der vom
Schmelzwasser durchfeuchteten Erde, um die bereits fertigen
Blütenknospen durch den erweichten Boden emporzuheben. Der
vorher kurze Blütenstiel streckt sich durch sein von der Wärme
angeregtes Längenwachstum und bringt die Blüte, gleichsam über
Nacht, ans Licht. Die Sonne kleidet sie in das reizende Lila und küßt
die Knospe wach, so daß die sechs zu einer dunkelvioletten Röhre
verwachsenen Blütenhüllblätter – der Botaniker nennt sie Perigon –
sich tulpenartig auseinanderspreizen. Wenn aber eine dunkle Wolke
die Sonne längere Zeit verhüllt, ein verspäteter Schneesturm über
die Wiesen jagt, oder sich der kühle Lenzabend herniedersenkt,
schließen sich die Blüten wie in frostigem Schauer. Und doch

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College Physics A Strategic Approach

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Here wapp = n = ma = mω 2r.

The correct choice is E.

Q6.25. Reason: A free-body diagram follows.

Q6.29. Reason: Equation 6.18 gives

P6.3. Prepare: Assume uniform circular motion.

Solve: (a) Solve for Δ t .

(b) The centripetal acceleration is

Solve: Since the speeds are equal, we have

P6.11. Prepare: The pilot is assumed to be a particle.

Assess: 34 m/s ≈ 76 mph is a large yet understandable speed.

P6.13. Prepare: The equation in the text tells us the tension:

Solve: (a) The angular velocity and linear speed are

Solve: The equation in the text gives the centripetal acceleration

P6.18. Prepare: We are given r = 0.50 m and m = 0.19 kg.

vf2 = vi2 + 2a y ( yf − yi ) = 0 m + 2(− 9.8 m/s 2 )( −1.0 m) ⇒ v1 = 4.43 m/s

As a preliminary calculation, compute the angular velocity of the satellite:

As a preliminary calculation, compute the angular velocity of the satellite:

Fe on y ⎝ M e ⎠⎝ rs − e ⎠ ⎝ 5.98 × 1024 kg ⎠⎝ 1.5 × 1011 m ⎠

at the top of the tower would be 9.7969 m/s 2 .

Solve: From the equation in the text,

Solve: From the equation in the text,

Solve: From the equation in the text,

P6.42. Prepare: We know that T 2 ∝ r 3.

Solve: Newton’s second law is

At point B there is no curvature, so there is no centripetal acceleration.

Solve: The centripetal acceleration of the car is

Solve: At the bottom of the circle,

Solve: That is,

Solve: (a) Newton’s second law for circular motion is

Using this expression for fs in the x-equation gives

g 9.80 m/s2 1 rev 60 s

Solve: (a) The speed and acceleration are

(c) Newton’s second law at the bottom is

Solve: Newton’s second law at the top of the hill is

P6.66. Prepare: Model the earth (e) as a spherical mass.

P6.67. Prepare: Model the planet Z as a spherical mass.

P6.73. Prepare: Model Mars (m) and Phobos as spherical masses.

Solve: Applying the equation for orbital speed,

»Faltig wird des Bergmanns Miene,

Das faltenreiche zerknitterte Gesicht des alten Pönisch wäre somit

»Gib Zubuß, arbeit’, wart’ dein Zeit,

Das ist der Hoffnungsspruch des echten Bergmannes.

Abb. 19. »Alte Hoffnung Gottes« Kleinvoigtsberg. Der

Abb. 20. »Alte Hoffnung Gottes« Kleinvoigtsberg. Erzwagen

Versuch dein Heyl,

Abb. 1. Die Streitlinde. Von Norden aus gesehen

So ist der Baum gewiß ab und zu der Schauplatz manch einer

Ist dieses überhaupt noch zu retten und was ist zu seiner

Dem Gutachten möge folgendes entnommen werden: Leider ist

Abb. 4. Die Streitlinde. Von Osten aus gesehen

Soweit die hauptsächlichsten Ratschläge zur Erhaltung des

Die meisten Besucher Drebachs finden das holde

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