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 The Unity and Diversity of Life
15TH EDITION

STARR TAGGART EVERS STARR

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Righ.ts Reserved. May not be copied. scanned, or duplicated. in whole or in part. WCN 02·200·202
 4.9 Cell Surface Specializations 68
Extracellular Matrices 68
Cell Junctions 69

4.10 The Nat ure of Life 10

5 Ground Rules of Metabol ism

5.1 Q AToa st to Alcohol Dehydrog enase 77, 95

5.2 Energy in the World of Life 78

5.3 Energy in the Molecules of Life 80

Chemical Bond Energy 80
5.9 Membrane Transpo rt Mechanisms 92
Why Earth Does Not Go Up in Flames 80
Passive Transport 92
Energy In, Energy Out 81
Active Transport 93
5.4 How Enzymes Work 82
The Transition State 82
5.10 Membrane Traffic king 94
Recycling Membrane 95
Environmental Influences 83

5.5 Metab olic Pathways 84

Controls Over Metabolism 84 6 Where It Starts-Photosynthesis
Electron Transfers 85
6.1 Q Biofuels 99, 111
5.6 Cofactors 86
ATP: A Special Coenzyme 87 6.2 Overview of Photosynthesis 100
Two Stages of Reactions 101
5.7 A Closer Look at Cell Membranes 88
The Fluid Mosaic Model 88 6.3 Sunlight as an Energy Source 102
Proteins Add Function 89 To Catch a Rainbow 103

5.8 Diffusion Across Membranes 90 6.4 The Light-Depen dent Reactions 104
Factors That Affect Diffusion 90 The Cyclic Pathway 105
Osmosis 90 The Noncyclic Pathway 106
Turgor 91 Evolution of the Two Pathways 106

6.5 The Light-Independent Reactions 108

The Calvin-Benson Cycle 108
Photorespiration 108
Alternative Pathways in Plants 109

1 Releasing Chemical Energy

7.1 Q Risky Business 115, 127

7.2 Introduction to Carbohydrate
Breakd own Pathways 116
Reaction Pathways 117
Glycolysis: Sugar Breakdown Begins 118
Comparing Other Pathways 119

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7.3 Aerobic Respiration Continues 119
Acetyl-CoA Formation 120
The Citric Acid Cycle 120
e
7.4 Aerobic Respiration Ends 121

7.5 Fermentation 123

7.6 Alternative Energy Sources in Foo d 125

UNIT II GENETICS

8 DNA Structure a nd Function

8.1 Q A Hero Dog's Golden Clones 131 , 143

8.2 Discovery of DNA's Function 132

8.3 Discovery of DNA's Structure 134

Building Blocks of DNA 134
Fame and Glory 134
The Anatomy of DNA 136

8.4 Eukaryotic Chromoso mes 137

8.5
Chromosome Number and Type 138

DNA Replication 138

oc
Semiconservative Replication 139
•
Directional Synthesis 140 i

8.6 Mutations: Cause and Effect 140

8.7 Cloning Adult An imals 142

9 From DNA to Protein

9.1 Q Ricin, RIP 147.157

9.2 DNA, RNA, and Gene Expression 148

9.3 Transcription: DNA to RNA 150

Post-Transcriptional Mod ificatio ns 151

9.4 RNA and the Genetic Code 152

rRNA and tRNA 153

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 12 Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction

12.1 Q Why Sex? 187, 195

12.2 Meiosis in Sexual Reproducti on 188
Introducing Alleles 188
Meiosis Halves the Chromosome Number 188
Fertilization Restores the Chromosome Number 189

12.3 Visual To ur of Meiosis 190

12.4 Meiosis Fosters Genetic Diversity 192

9.5 Translati on: RNA to Protein 154 Crossing Over 192
Chromosome Segregation 192
9.6 Consequences of Mutations 155
12.5 An Ancestral Connection 194

10 Control of Gene Expression

10.1 Q Between Yo u and Eternity 161.171

10.2 Regulating Gene Expression 162
Switch ing Genes On and Off 162

10.3 Regulating Gene Expression in Development 164

How Genes Direct Embryonic Development 164
Examples of Developmental Outcomes 166

10.4 Regulating Gene Expression

to Adjust Metabolism 168
Circadian Rhythms 168
Lactose Metabolism in Bacteria 168
Lactose Metabolism in Humans 169

10.5 Epigenetics 110

13 Observing Patterns in lnheritedTraits

13.1 Q Menacing Mucus 199, 2 11

11 How Cells Reproduce
13.2 Mendel, Pea Plants, and Inheritance Patterns 200
11 .1 Q Henrietta's Immorta l Cells 175, 183 Mendel's Experiments 200
Inheritance in Modern Terms 201
11 .2 Multiplication by Division 176
Mitoses Maintains the Chromosome Number 177 13.3 Mendel's Law of Segregation 202
Controll ing the Cell Cycle 177
Why Cells Divide by Mitosis 177 13.4 Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment 204
The Contribution of Crossovers 205
11 .3 A Closer Look at Mitosis 179
13.5 Non-Men delian Inheritance 206
11.4 Cytoplasmic Division 180 Codominance 206
11 .5 Marking Time with Telomeres 18 1 Incomplete Dominance 206
Polygenic Inheritance 207
11 .6 When Mitosis Is Dangerous 182 Pleiotropy 207

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 14.5 Changes in Chromosome Structure 222
Types of Chromosomal Change 222
Chromosome Changes in Evolution 223

14.6 Changes in Chromosome Number 224

Down Syndrome 224
Sex Chromosome Aneuploidy 225

14.7 Genet ic Screening 226

15 Studying and Manipulating Genomes

15.1 Q Personal Genetic Testi ng 231, 245

15.2 DNA Cloning 232
Why Clone DNA? 233

15.3 Isolating Genes 234

13.6 Nature and Nurture 208 DNA Libraries 234

Examples of Environmental Effects 208 PCR 235

13.7 Complex Variation in Traits 209 15.4 DNA Sequ encing 236
Continuous Variation 210 The Human Genome Project 236

15.5 Genomics 238

DNA Profiling 238
14 Chromosomes and Human Inheritance
15.6 Genet ic Engineering 240
14.1 Q Shades of Skin 215, 221 Genetically Modified Organisms 240
Safety Issues 240
14.2 Human Chromosomes 216
Studying Human Genetics 216 15.7 Designer Plants 241

14.3 Autosomal Inheritance 218 15.8 Biotech Barnyards 242

The Autosomal Dom inant Pattern 218
The Autosomal Recessive Pattern 219 15.9 Editing Genomes 243
CRISPR 244
14.4 X-Linked Inheritance 220

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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 UNIT Ill PRINCIPLES OF EVOLUTION

16 Ev iden ce of Evo lution

16.1 Q Reflections of a Distant Past 249,263

16.2 Old Be liefs and New Discoveries 250

16.3 Evoluti on by Natural Selection 252

16.4 Fossils: Evidence of Ancient Life 255

The Fossil Record 256
Missing Links in the Fossil Record 256

16.5 Changes in the History of Earth 258

Plate Tectonics 258
The Geolog icTime Sca le 259
Radiometric Dating 262

17 Processes of Evo lution Mainta in ing Mu ltiple A lleles 277

17.1 Q Superbug Far ms 267, 287 17.6 Nonselective Evolution 278

Factors That Reduce Genetic Diversity 278
17.2 Alleles in Pop ulations 268
Gene Flow 279
Variation in SharedTra its 268
An Evolutionary View of Mutations 268 17.7 Reproductive Isolati on 280
Allele Frequency 269
17.8 Models of Speciation 282
17.3 Genetic Equilibrium 270 A llopatric Speciation 282
Sympatric Speciation 283
17.4 Patterns of Natural Selection 212
Parapatric Speciation 285
Directional Selection 272
Stabilizing Selection 274 17.9 Mac roevolut ion 285
Disr uptive Selection 275 EvolutionaryTheory 287

17.5 Natural Selection and Diversity 276

Survival of the Sexiest 276
18 Organizing Information About Species

18.1 Q Bye Bye Birdie 291, 299

18.2
- 'l /
Phylogeny 292

. ·' "'
,'...
' - ' 18.3 Compa ring Form and Function 293
Divergent Evolution 293
Convergent Evolution 294

18.4 Compa ring Molecules 295

DNA and Protein Sequence Comparisons 296

18.5 Compa ring Deve lopment 297

18.6 Phylogeny Resea rch 298

x TA BLE O F CONT EN T S

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19 Life 's Origin a nd Ea rly Evolution

19.1 Q Looking for Life 303, 313

19.2 The Early Earth 304
Origin of th e Universe and Earth 304
Conditions on the Early Earth 304

19.3 Org anic Monomers Form 305

Organic Molecules from Inorganic Precursors 305
Sources of Life's First Building Blocks 305

19.4 From Polymers to Proto cells 306

Properties of Cells 306
Origin of Metabolism 306
Origin of the Genome 307
Origin of the Plasma Membrane 307

19.5 The Age of Prokaryotes 308

The Last Common Ancestor of All Life 308
Fossil Evidence of Early Life 308
Fossils of Early Cells 309

19.6 A Rise in Oxygen 310

The Cause of Oxygenation 310
Effects of Oxygenation 310

19.7 Origin and Evolution of Eukaryotes 310

EukaryoticTraits and Traces 310
A M ixed Heritage 311
Origin of the Nucleus 311
The Endosymbiont Hypothesis 311
Diversification of Eukaryotes 313

'
UNIT IV EVOLUTION AND BIODIVERSITY

20 V iruses, Bact eria, a nd Archaea

20.1 Q The Human Microbiota 317, 333

20.2 Virus Structure and Function 318

20.3 Viral Replication 319

Steps in Viral Replication 319
Bacteriophage Replication 320
Replication of HIV 320

20.4 Viruses and Human Health 321

The Threat of Infectious Disease 321
Common Viral Diseases 321
Emerging Viral Diseases 322
Viral Mutation and Reassortment 322

20.5 Prokaryotic Structure and Function 324

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 Metamonads 340
Euglenozoans 341
•
21.4 Stramen opiles 342
Diatoms 342
Brown Algae 343
Water Molds 343

21.5 Alveolates 344

Ciliates 344
Dinoflagellates 345
Apicomplexans 345

Structural Traits 324 21.6 Rhizarians 347

Reproduction 325
21.7 Archaeplastids 3411
Gene Transfers 325
Red Algae 348
20.6 Metabo lic Diversity in Proka ryotes 326 Green Algae 349
Diverse Modes of Nutrition 326
21.8 Amoebozoans and Opisthokonts 350
Aerobes and Anaerobes 327
Opisthokonts 350
Nitrogen Fixation 327
Dormant Resting Structures 327

20.7 Major Bacterial Lineages 328 22 The La nd Pla nts

Gram-Positive Bacteria 328
Cyanobacteria 328 22.1 Q Saving Seeds 355, 371
Proteobacteria 328
22.2 Plant Ancestry and Diversity 356
Spirochetes and Chlamyd ias 329
From Algal Ancestors to Embryophytes 356
20.8 Bacteria as Pathogens 330 An Adaptive Radiation on land 356
BacterialToxins 330
22.3 Evolutionary Trends Among Plants 358
Antibiotics 330
From Haplo id to Diploid Dominance 358
Antibiotic Resistance 331
Structural Adaptations 358
20.9 Archaea 33 1 Pollen and Seeds 359
Discovery of the Th ird Domain 331 22.4 Bryophytes 359
Here, There, Everywhere 332
Mosses 360
liverworts 361
Hornworts 362
21 Protist s-The Simplest Euka ry otes
22.5 Seedless Vascular Plants 362
21 .1 Q Malaria: A Protista n Disease 337, 351
21 .2 A Diverse Collection of Li neages 338
Classification and Phylogeny 338
level of Organ ization 338
Cell Structure 339
Metabolic Diversity 340
Habitats 340
life Cycles 340

21 .3 Excavat es 340

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 Life Cycle 381
Club Fungus Diversity 381

23.7 Biological Roles of Fungi 382

Nature's Recyclers 382
Fungal Partnerships 382
Parasites and Pathogens 383
Human Uses of Fung i 384

24 Animal Evolution- The Invertebrates

Ferns 362 24.1 9 Medicines fromthe Sea 389, 411
Whisk Ferns and Horsetails 363
Club Mosses 363 24.2 Animal Tra its and Body Plans 390
What Is an Animal? 390
22.6 History of th e Vascular Plants 364
Variation in Animal Body Plans 390
From Tiny Branches to Coal Forests 364
Rise of the Seed Plants 365 24.3 Animal Origins and Diversification 392
Colonial Origins 392
22.7 Gymnosperms 366
Early Animals 392
Gymnosperm Diversity 366 The Cambrian Explosion 392
Gymnosperm Life Cycle 367
24.4 Sponges 393
22.8 Ang iosperm Tra its 368
The Angiosperm Life Cycle 369 24.5 Cnidarians 394
Body Plans 394
22.9 Ang iosperm Diversity 369 Diversity and Life Cycles 394
Factors Contributing to Angiosperm Success 369
Angiosperm Lineages 370 24.6 Flatworms 396
Ecological and Economic Importance 370 Flatworm Traits 396
Free-Living Flatworms 396
Parasitic Flatworms 397

23 Fungi 24.7 Annelids 398

23.1 Q High-Flying Fungi 375, 385 Polychaetes 398
Leeches 398
23.2 Fungal Traits and Diversity 376 Oligochaetes 399
Fungus Structure 376
Fungus Life Cycles 377
24.8 Mollusks 400
Mollusk Diversity 400
23.3 Flagellated Fungi 378
24.9 Roundworms 402
23.4 Zygote Fungi and Relatives 378
24.10 Arthropods 403
Zygote Fungi 378
Microsporidia-lntracellular Parasites 379 Key Arthropod
Adaptations 403
Glomeromycetes 379
Arthropod
23.5 Sac Fungi 380 Diversity 404

Sac FungalYeasts 380 lnsectTraits and

Diversity 407
Multicelled Sac Fungi 380
Importance of Insects 408
23.6 Club Fungi 381

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 25.8 Mammals 428
Mammalian Origins and Diversification 428
Monotremes-Egg-Laying Mammals 429
Marsupials-Pouched Mammals 430
Placental Mammals 430

26 Human Evolution

26.1 Q A Bit of a Neanderthal 435,445

26.2 Primates: Our Order 436

Primate Characteristics 436
Origins and Lineages 437

24.11 The Spiny-Skinned Echinoderms 409 26.3 Hominoids 438

The Protostome-Deuterostome Split 409 Hominoid Origins and Divergences 438
Ech inoderm Characteristics and Body Plan 410 Modern Apes 438
Ech inoderm Diversity 410 A Human-Great Ape Comparison 439

26.4 Early Hominins 440

25 Anim a l Evol ution - T he Ve rte brates

Australopiths 440
Factors Favoring Bipedal ism 441
25.1 Q Very Early Birds 415, 431 26.5 Early Humans 441
25.2 Chordat e Traits and Evolutionary Trends 416 Classifying Fossils-Lumpers and Splitters 441
Chordate Characteristics 416 Homo habilis 442
Invertebrate Chordates 416 Homo erectus 442
Overview of Chordate Evolution 416 Early Culture 442

25.3 Fishes 418 26.6 Recent Human Lineages 443

Jawless Fishes 418 Neanderthals 443
Evolution of Jawed Fishes 418 Denisovans 443
Jawed Fishes 420 Flores Hominins 443
Homo naledi 444
25.4 Amphibians 422 Homo sapiens 444
Adapting to Life on Land 422 The Leaky Replacement Model 445
Modern Amph ibians 422
Decl ining Diversity 423

25.5 Amniote Evo lution 424 UNIT V HOW PLANTS WORK

25.6 Reptiles 425

Lizards and Snakes 425 27 Plant Tissues
Turtles 425
27.1 Q Sequestering Carbon in Forests 449, 463
Crocod ilians 425
27.2 The Plant Body 450
25.7 Birds 426
Adaptations to Flight 426 27.3 Plant Ti ssues 451
Reproduction and Development 427 Simple Tissues 452
Avian Diversity 427 ComplexTissues 452

xiv TAB LE OF CO N T EN T S

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 29.2 Floral Structure and Function 482
Po lli nation 483

29.3 A New Generation Begins 486

29.4 Flower Sex 488

29.5 Seed Formation 489

29.6 Fruits 490

29.7 Earty Development 492

Breaking Dormancy 492
After Germ ination 492

29.8 Asexual Reproduction of Flowering Plants 494

27.4 Stems 453
Agricultural Applications 494
Internal Structure 453
Stem Specializations 454

27.5 Leaves 455 30 Communication Strategies in Plants

27.6 Roots 457 30.1 Q Prescription: Ch ocolate 499, 513
External Structure 457
Internal Structure 458
30.2 Chemical Signaling in Plants 500

27.7 Patterns of Growth 458 30.3 Auxin and Cytokinin 501

Primary Growth 458 Auxin 501

Secondary Growth 460 Cytokinin 502

30.4 Gibberellin 503

28 Pla nt Nutrit ion and Transport 30.5 Abscisic Acid and Ethylene 505
Abscisic Acid 505
28.1 Q Leafy Cleanup 467, 477 Ethylene 506

28.2 Plant Nutrients 468 30.6 Movement 507

Properties of Soil 468 EnvironmentalTriggers 507
How Soils Change 469
30.7 Responses to Recurring Environmental Change 509
28.3 Root Adaptations for Nut rient Upta ke 470 Da ily Change 509
The Function of Endodermis 470 Seasonal Change 509
Beneficial M icroorganisms 471

28.4 Movement of Water in Plants 472

Cohesion-Tension Theory 473
Water-Conserving Adaptations 474

28.5 Movement of Orga nic Compounds in Plants 475

Pressure FlowTheory 476

29 Life Cycles of Flowering Plants

29.1 Q Plight of the Honeybee 481. 495

TABLE OF CON T ENTS xv

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 30.8 Responses to Stress 511
Defenses Against Disease 511
Defenses Against Herbivory 512

UNIT VI HOW ANIMALS WORK

31 Anima l Tissues and Organ Systems

31 .1 Q Making Replacement Cells 517, 531

31 .2 Animal Body Plans 518
levels of Organization 518
Body Fluids 518
Evolution of Animal Body Plans 518

31 .3 Epithelial Tissue 520

32 Neural Control

Types of Epithelia 520 32.1 Q Impacts of Concu ssions 535, 555

Carcinomas-Epithelial Cell Cancers 521
32.2 Animal Nervous Systems 536
31 .4 Connective Ti ssues 521 Invertebrate Nervous Systems 536
loose and Dense Connective Tissues 522 The Vertebrate Nervous System 537
Specialized Connective Tissues 522
32.3 Cells of t he Nervous System 538
31 .5 Muscle Tissue 524 Three Types of Neurons 538
Glial Cells 538
31 .6 Nervous Tissue 525
32.4 Electrical Signaling in Neurons 539
31 .7 Organ Systems 526
Resting Potential 539
31 .8 Human Skin 528 The Action Potential 539
Structure of Skin 528
32.5 Chemical Signalling by Neurons 542
Sunlight and the Skin 529
The Synapse 542
31 .9 Maintaining Homeostasis Through Negative Synaptic Integration 543
Feedback 530
32.6 Neurotransmitter Function 543
Discovery of Neurotransmitters 543
Receptor Diversity 544
Neurotransmitter Diversity 544
Effects of Psychoactive Drugs 544

32.7 The Peripheral Nervous System 546

Somatic Nervous System 546
Autonomic Nervous System 546

32.8 Cells and Tissues of the Central Nervous Syst em 548

Meninges and the Cerebrospinal Fluid 548
Gray Matter and White Matter 548
Glia of the Central Nervous System 548

32.9 The Spinal Cord 549

Structure of the Spinal Cord 549
Interrupted Spinal Signaling 550

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32.10 The Vertebrate Brain 550
The Vertebrate Brain 550
34 Endocri ne Control

Functional Anatomy of the Human Brain 550 34.1 Q Endocrine Disruptors 579, 593
32.11 The Human Cerebral Cortex 552 34.2 The Verte brate Endocrine System 580
SignalsThatTravel in the Blood 580
32.12 Emotion and Memory 553 Discovery of Hormones 580
The Emotional Brain 553
Making Memories 553 34.3 The Nature of Hormone Action 582
Hormones Derived from Amino Acids 582
32.13 Studying Brain Function 554 Steroid Hormones 582
Observing Electrical Activity 554 Ho rm one Receptors 582
Monitoring Metabolism 554
Examining Brain Tissue 555
34.4 The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 584
Posterior Pituitary Function 584
Anterior Pituitary Function 585
Hormonal Growth Disorders 585

33 Sensory Pe rception 34.5 The Pineal Gland 586

33.1 Q Neuroprostheses 559, 575 34.6 Thyroid an d Parathyroid Glands 586

Feedback Control ofThyroid Hormone 586
33.2 Overview of Sensory Pathways 560 Thyroid Disorders and Disrupters 587
Sensory Diversity 560 Hormonal Control of Blood Calcium 587
From Sensing to Sensation to Perception 561
34.7 Pancreatic Hormones 588
33.3 General Senses 562 Regulation of Blood Sugar 588
The Somatosensory Cortex 562 Diabetes 588
Pain 563
34.8 The Adrenal Glands 590
33.4 Chemical Senses 564 The Adrenal Cortex 590
Sense of Smell 564 The Adrenal Medulla 590
Sense of Taste 565 Stress, Elevated Cortisol, and Hea lth 591
Pheromones-Chemical Messages 565 Cortisol Deficiency 591

33.5 Hearing 566 34.9 The Gonads 591

Properties of Sound 566
34.10 Invertebrate Hormones 592
The Vertebrate Ear 566
Range of Hearing 568

33.6 Balance and Equilibrium 569

Dynamic Equilibrium 569
Static Equilibrium 569

33.7 Vision 570

Invertebrate Eyes 570
Vertebrate Eyes 571

33.8 Human Vision 571

Anatomy of the Human Eye 571
Focusing Mechanisms 573
The Photo receptors 574
SignalTransduction to Visual Processing 574 • - ...

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 36.6 Arteries and Arterioles 624
35 Structura l Support a nd Movement
RapidTransport in Arteries 624
35.1 Q Bulking Up 597, 611 Adjusting Flow at Arterioles 624

35.2 Animal Movement 598 36.7 Blood Pressure 625

locomotion in Water 598
36.8 Exchanges at Capillaries 626
locomotion on land 598
Slow Flow in Capillaries 626
Flight 598
Mechanisms of Capillary Exchange 626
35.3 Types of Skeletons 600
36.9 Back to the Heart 627
Invertebrate Skeletons 600
The Vertebrate Endoskeleton 600 36.10 Blood and Cardiovascular Disorders 627
Altered Blood Cell Count 627
35.4 Bone St ructure and Function 602
Cardiovascular Disorders 628
Bone Anatomy 602
Bone Development, Remodeling, and Repair 602 36.11 Interactions with the Lymphatic System 630
lymph Vascular System 630
35.5 Joint Structure and Function 604
lymphoid Organs and Tissues 631
35.6 Skeleta l Muscle Function 605

35.7 How Musc le Co ntracts 606

37 Immunity

Structure of Skeletal Muscle 606 37.1 Q Community Immunity 635, 657

The Sliding-Filament Model 606
37.2 Integrated Responses to Threats 636
35.8 Nervous Cont rol of Muscle Cont raction 608 Three lines of Defense 636
Initiating Muscle Contraction 608 The Defenders 637
Motor Units and Muscle Tension 609
Disrupted Control of Skeletal Muscle 609 37.3 Surface Barriers 638
Biological Barriers 638
35.9 Muscle Metabolism 609 Physiological and Anatomical Barriers 639
Energy-Releasing Pathways 609
Types of Muscle Fibers 610 37.4 Mechanisms of Innate Immunity 640
Effects of Exercise and Inactivity 610 Complement 640
Phagocytosis 641
Inflammation 642

36 Circulation
Fever 642

36.1 Q A Shocking Save 615, 631

36.2 Circulatory Systems 616
Open and Closed Circulatory Systems 616
Evolution of Vertebrate Circulation 616

36.3 Human Card iovascular System 618

The Pu lmonary Circuit 618
The Systemic Circuit 618

36.4 The Human Heart 620

The Cardiac Cycle 620
Setting the Pace for Contraction 621

36.5 Vertebrate Blood 622

Plasma 622
Cellular Components 622

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37.5 Antigen Recepto rs 643
Antigen Receptor Diversity 645

37.6 Overview of Adaptive Immunity 645

Two Arms of Adaptive Immunity 645
Antigen Processing 646

37.7 Ada ptive Immunity I: An Antibody-Mediated

Response 648
Immunization 649
Antibodies in ABO Blood Typing 650

37.8 Adaptive Immunity II: The Cell-Mediated

Response 650
CytotoxicT Cells: Activation and Action 650
The Role of Natural Killer (N K) Cells 652

37.9 When Immunity Goes Wrong 652

OverlyVigorous Responses 652
Immune Evasion 654
Immune Deficiency 654
AIDS 654

38 Respiration

38.1 Q Carbon Monoxide-A Stealthy Poison 661, 675

38.2 The Nature of Respiration 662
Sites of Gas Exchange 662
Factors Affecting Gas Exchange 662
Respiratory Medium-Air or Water? 662

38.3 Invertebrate Respiration 663

Gilled Invertebrates 664
Air-Breathing Invertebrates 664

38.4 Vertebrate Respiration 665

Respiration in Fishes 665
Paired Lungs ofTetrapods 665

38.5 Human Respiratory System 666

The RespiratoryTract 667
The Lungs 668
Pulmonary Blood Vessels 668
Muscles of Respiration 668

38.6 How We Breathe 668

The Respiratory Cycle 668
RespiratoryVolumes 669
Control of Breathing 669
Choking-A Blocked Airway 670

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 38.7 Gas Exchange and Transport 670 39.6 The Small Intestine 686
The Respiratory Membrane 670 An Enormous Surface Area 686
Oxygen Transport 670 Interactions with Accessory Organs 686
Carbon DioxideTransport 672 Hormones of the Small Intestine 687
Digestion and Absorption 688
38.8 Respiratory Adaptations 672
High Climbers 672 39.7 The large Int estine 689
Deep Divers 673 Concentrating and Expelling Waste 689
Beneficial M icrobes 689
38.9 Respiratory Diseases and Disorders 674
Interrupted Breath ing 674 39.8 Nutritional Requirements 690
lung Diseases and Disorders 674 Macronutrients 690
Smoking and Vaping 674 Vitamins 692
M inerals 693

39.9 Mainta ining a Healthy Weight 694

39 Digestion and Nut rition
What Is a Healthy Weight? 694
39.1 Q Breaking It Down 679, 695 Why Is Obesity Unhealthy? 694
Causes of Obesity 695
39.2 Animal Digestive Systems 680
Intracellular Digestion in Sponges 680
Extracellular Digestion 680
Sac orTube? 680
40 M ai ntaining th e Inte rna l Env ironment

Reg ional Specializations 681 40.1 Q Urine Tests 699, 111

39.3 Human Digestive Tract 682 40.2 Fluid Volume an d Composition 100
Water Ga ins and losses 700
39.4 Chewing and Swallowing 683
MetabolicWastes 700
39.5 The St omach 684 40.3 Excretory Organs 100
Stomach Structure 684
Planarian Protonephrid ia 701
Components and Function of Gastric Fluid 685
Earthworm Nephridia 701
Gastric Hormones 685
Arthropod Malpighian Tubules 701
Stomach Ulcers and Reflux 685
Vertebrate Kidneys 701

40.4 The Human Urinary System 102

Organs of the Urinary System 702
Tubular Structure of the Kidneys 702
Blood Vessels of the Kidneys 703

40.5 How Urine Forms 704

Glomerular Filtration 704
Tubular Reabsorption 704
Tubular Secretion 705
Concentrating the Filtrate 705

40.6 Reg ulating Solute levels 705

Fluid Volume andTonicity 705
Acid-Base Balance 707

40.7 Impaired Kidney Funct ion 707

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 41.6 Sex Organs of Human Males 724
Testes-Male Go nads 724
Reproductive Ducts and Accessory Glands 724
Germ Cells to Sperm Cells 725

41.7 Bringing Gametes Together 726

Copulation 726
The Sperm's Journey 726
Fertilization 726

41.8 Contraception and Infertility 728

Birth Control Options 728
Infertility 729

41.9 Sexually Transmitted Diseases 730

Trichomon iasis 730
Bacterial STDs 730
Viral STDs 730

40.8 Excretory Adaptations 708

Fluid Regulation in Bony Fishes 708
Kangaroo Rats and Water Scarcity 709
42 Animal Development

42.1 Q Prenatal Prob lems 735, 750

40.9 Heat Gains and Losses 709
How the Core Temperature Can Change 709 42.2 Stages of An imal Development 736
Modes ofThermoregulation 710 A General Model for An imal Development 736

40.10 Responses to Co ld and Heat 110 42.3 From Zygote to Gastrula 738
Responses to Cold 710 Components of Eggs and Sperm 738
Responses to Heat 711 Cleavage-Onset of Multicellularity 738
Gastru lation 739

42.4 Tissue and Organ Formation 739

41 Anima l Reproduction Cell Differentiation 740
41.1 Q Assisted Reprod uction 715, 731 Embryonic Induction 740
Apoptosis 740
41.2 Modes of Animal Reprod uction 716 Cell M igrations 741
Asexual Versus Sexual Reproduction 716
Variations on Sexual Reproduction 717

41.3 Organs of Sexual Reproduction 718

Gonads, Ducts, and Glands 718
How Gametes Form 718

41.4 Sex Organs of Human Females 120

Ovaries-Female Gonads 720
Reproductive Ducts and Accessory Glands 720

41.5 Female Reprod uctive Cyc les 121

Human Ovarian Cycle 721
Human Menstrual Cycle 722
Hormonal Contro l of Monthly Cycles 722
Animal Estrous Cycles 722

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 43.4 Movements and Navigation 760
Taxis and Kinesis 760
Migration 760

43.5 Communication Signals 761

Evolution of Animal Communication 761
Types of Signals 761
Eavesdroppers and Counterfeiters 762

43.6 Mat ing and Parental Behavior 763

Mating Systems 763
Female Choice and Male-Male Competition 763
Parental Care 764

43.7 Group living 764

Benefits of Grouping 764
Costs of Grouping 765

43.8 Altruism and Eusociality 766

42.5 Evolutionary Developmental Biology 742 Evolution of Altruism 766
Constraints on Body Plans 742 Eusocial Animals 766
Developmental Mutations 742

42.6 Overview of Human Development 743 UNIT VII PRINCIPLES OF ECOLOGY

42.7 Early Human Development 744

Cleavage and Blastocyst Formation 744
44 Populat ion Ecology
Implantation and Formation of the
Extra-Embryonic Membranes 744
44.1 Q Managing Canada Geese 111. 785
Gastrulation and Onset of Organ Formation 745 44.2 Popu lation Demographics 772
Population Size 772
42.8 Emergence of Distinctly Human Features 746
Population Density and Distribution 773
42.9 Structure and Functi on of the Placenta 748 Age Structure 774
Effects of Scale andTiming 774
42.10 labor, Birth, and lactation 749 Using Demographic Data 774
Vaginal Birth 749
Surgical Delivery 749
Milk Production and Components 749

43 Animal Behavior

43.1 Q Can You Hear Me Now? 755, 767

43.2 Factors Affecti ng Behavior 756
Genetic Variation Within a Species 756
Genetic Differences Between Species 756
Environmental Effects 757

43.3 Insti nct and l earning 758

Instinctive Behavior 758
Time-Sensitive learning 758
Conditioned Responses 758
OtherTypes of learned Behavior 759

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 45.6 Evolutionary Arms Races 795
Predator-Prey Evolutionary Arms Race 795
Coevolution of Herbivores and Plants 796

45.7 Parasit es and Parasitoids 796

Parasitism 796
Brood Parasites-Stranger s in the Nest 797
Parasitoids 797
Biological Pest Controls 797

45.8 How Communities Change 798

Ecological Succession 798
Effects of Disturbance 799
The Role of Keystone Species 800
44.3 Modeling Population Growth 774 Species Introductions 800
Zero to Expo nential Growth 774
45.9 Biogeographic Patterns in Community Structure 802
Biotic Potential 775
Latitudinal Patterns 802
44.4 Li mits on Population Growth 776 Island Patterns 802
Density-Dependent Limiting Factor s 776
Log istic Growth 776 46 Ecosyst ems
Density-Independent Factors 777
46.1 Q Too Much of a Good Thing 807, 823
44.5 Life History Patterns 778
Quantifying Life HistoryTraits 778
46.2 The Nature of Ecosystems 808
Overview of the Participants 808
Environmental Effects on Life History 779
Trophic Structure of Ecosystems 808
44.6 Predation Effects on Life History 780
An Experimental Study 780
46.3 The Nature of Food Webs 810
How ManyTransfers? 811
Effects of Humans as Predators 781

44.7 Human Population Growth 782 46.4 Measuring Ecosystem Properties 811
Primary Production 811
Expansions and Innovations 782
Ecolog ical Pyramids 812
Ferti lity and Age Structure 783
Ecological Efficiency 812
DemographicTransitions 784
Resource Consumption 784 46.5 Biogeochemical Cycles 814
A Biogeochem ical Cycle 814

46.6
45 Communit y Ecology
The Water Cycle 814
Reservoirs and Transfers 814
45.1 Q Fighting Foreign Fire Ants 789, 803 Limited Freshwater 815

45.2 What Factors Shape Co mmunity Structure? 790

45.3 Mutualism 791

45.4 Competitive Interactions 792

Effects of Competition 792
Resource Partition ing 793

45.5 Predator-Prey Interactions 794

Functional Response to Prey Abundance 794
Cyclic Changes in Abundance 794

TABLE OF CON T ENTS xxiii

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Another random document with
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 CHAPTER XXVIII
BLACKMAILED!

I T was a very rambling statement, but certain plain facts emerged

from it. Sir George had now become a regular habitué of Miss
Buckley’s flat, and they were constantly in each other’s society,
lunching and dining together, going to theatres when her
engagements permitted her to have an evening to herself. Several
times he had come across young Graham, to whom he seemed to
take a very great fancy, and was very curious about him.
On this particular evening he had put some leading questions on
the subject, and Alma in her confused state had thrown her usual
caution to the winds and blurted out the youngster’s real name, and,
worst of all, had let drop the fact that his father, Graham Darcy, had
come into conflict with the law.
Mrs. Morrice was naturally much annoyed at her friend’s
indiscretion, due to her having lost control of herself. But Alma’s
contrition was so genuine, her contempt for herself so bitter, that she
did not like to show her annoyance too plainly.
She rather affected to make light of it. “Of course, it would have
been much better if it had never happened,” she said in her laudable
desire to cheer up the drooping Alma. “But the name of Darcy will
convey nothing to a man in Sir George’s position. It all happened so
many years ago, and it was not a sensational trial, no paper had
more than a few lines about it. At the same time, my dear old friend,
you must forgive me for saying it is a lesson to you to keep a stricter
watch over yourself in certain respects.”
Alma, of course, promised that she would, as much for her own
sake as for that of others, and the two women parted as good friends
as ever. In a few days the incident almost faded from the minds of
both.
 They did not meet again for a month, and when they did, Miss
Buckley’s manner was very grave and constrained. Her friend, who
knew her moods so well, surmised at once she had got something
on her mind.
“Why are you looking so woebegone, Alma?” she questioned at
length when she noticed that her friend’s gloom seemed deepened
rather than lightened in spite of the efforts of both to keep the ball of
conversation rolling.
It was some time before Alma spoke; when she did she rushed out
her words with a sort of nervous impetuosity. “You’ll have to know it
sooner or later, Lettice; I may as well tell you and get it over. It all
arose from my making an idiot of myself on that fatal night, when I let
out the name of Darcy and the truth about Jack’s father. I’ve told you
that Sir George was always very curious about him.”
It was now Mrs. Morrice’s turn to look grave. She felt instinctively
that something portentous had happened.
Alma went on in her quick, nervous way: “Sir George was round at
my place a couple of days ago, and after we had talked a little on
casual subjects, a queer sort of smile came over his face, and he
came out with it all. I hate to tell you, Lettice, but you must know. He
has found out all about you, how I cannot guess; I begin to think,
much as I like him, he is a dangerous man, and that there is about
him something—how shall I describe it—just a little bit sinister. He
knows all about the trial and sentence; that you and Darcy were
married in France; and that you are now the wife of Rupert Morrice. I
cannot say how wretched and miserable I am about it. When he left,
I felt as if I should like to go and drown myself, but that wouldn’t do
any good.”
It was a terrible shock to Mrs. Morrice that her carefully-guarded
secret should be known to anybody beyond themselves. She tried to
take an optimistic view of the situation. Sir George had been wild in
his youth like his two brothers, but he was a gentleman by birth and
breeding, he would never take advantage of his knowledge. And yet
—and yet, why had he taken the trouble to find it all out? It must
have required considerable time and patience, and does any man
spend the one and exercise the other without some adequate
motive? And how was it possible that he should get the information
after all these years?
When Mrs. Morrice came to this point in her narrative, Lane made
no comment. But, recollecting what he had learned from MacKenzie,
he guessed how easily the baronet had been able to go about his
researches. Sir George was known to be an associate of “crooks” at
the present time, crooks of the high-class variety; no doubt he had
associated with them for many years past. Even if he had not known
Darcy personally, the name would be a familiar one in the criminal
world, and everything about him was known to those who belonged
to it.
It was probable that he had at first embarked upon his researches
out of a mere spirit of curiosity, scenting some mystery about Alma
Buckley’s connection with the youngster, and being desirous of
unravelling it. In doing so, he had stumbled upon a secret of
considerable value to an unscrupulous man. Lettice Darcy, the
widow of a criminal, had married a wealthy and eminent financier of
high standing and integrity, absolutely ignorant of his wife’s past, for
it was not to be presumed that any man in his senses would unite
himself to a woman with such a record. Such a secret ought to be
worth a good deal to him.
He was not long in unmasking his batteries. He and Mrs. Morrice
had a few common acquaintances at whose houses they had often
been guests at the same time. But they had never exchanged a word
together. She, knowing who he was, at once identified him as the
brother of the man who had figured in that disagreeable incident at
the Brinkstone Arms, but he had not appeared to recognize her. She
had been rather glad of this, as she was anxious to consign the past,
her girlhood included, to oblivion.
A week after that disturbing interview with Miss Buckley, she was a
guest at an evening function at a well-known house in Piccadilly, with
Rosabelle Sheldon; her husband had not accompanied them, he
was dining at the club with a brother financier to discuss one of his
big schemes.
 She had just finished chatting with an old acquaintance, and at the
moment was standing alone in a corner of one of the big salons,
when she saw Sir George approaching her. She felt a slight shiver
pass through her as she realized he was seeking her. She
remembered that Alma Buckley, who had been frankly in love with
him, had spoken of him as a dangerous man, and suggested there
was something rather sinister about him.
He bowed in his usual courtly way, he always infused a subtle air
of deference in his manner towards women which impressed most of
them greatly in his favour.
He addressed her in his pleasant, cultivated voice. She was to find
out later that he was one of the most unscrupulous blackguards who
ever preyed upon a helpless woman, but certainly nothing in the
man’s exterior gave any indication of the blackness of the soul
beneath.
“We have met for many years at various houses, Mrs. Morrice, it is
strange that I should only just now recognize you as the young lady I
used to encounter in her walks in that quaint village of Brinkstone,
when you were Miss Larchester.”
She was very agitated inwardly, she knew at once that in recalling
himself to her recollection, he was actuated by a sinister motive
which would presently be revealed. If he were the gentleman the
world supposed him to be, he would have kept locked in his breast
the secret which he had acquired through Alma Buckley’s
indiscretion.
A little strained conversation followed, then he plainly showed his
hand.
“I should very much like a little private conversation with you, Mrs.
Morrice. I wonder where we could have it? For the present, it might
not be very prudent for me to call at Deanery Street.”
She felt sick and faint as she listened to those words. It was
impossible to ignore the threat that underlay them. Should she
refuse to grant him this interview and present a bold front? Alas, if he
had made up his mind to use her secret to his own advantage, she
was helpless, she dare not defy him.
She made an appointment to meet him at Miss Buckley’s flat.
Alma, burning with indignation against the man whom she had taken
for a gentleman, on whom she had set her affections, was present.
He was polite and suave as ever, but behind that suavity and
politeness lay an inexorable purpose, to victimize this unfortunate
woman to the fullest extent.
He turned first to Alma with a bland smile. “I do not think you are
aware that for some little time I have been cultivating the
acquaintance of that very charming boy, Jack Graham; he has been
in my company several times unknown to you. I have taken a great
interest in him; he is a sharp, intelligent young fellow, and I may say
without vanity that he has evinced a strong liking for me. I have
made up my mind to relieve you of any further concern regarding his
welfare, by adopting him myself.”
The two women were struck speechless by this bold declaration;
they waited for further disclosures. One thing they were both sure of,
that whatever his course of conduct might be, it would not be
dictated by philanthropic motives.
He turned to the unhappy mother. “While making every allowance
for the unfortunate circumstances in which you found yourself
placed, Mrs. Morrice, I cannot acquit you of having proved a very
unnatural parent. I find this bright intelligent young fellow condemned
to an obscure existence with but little chance of bettering himself,
while you, his mother, are a wealthy woman and living in the midst of
refinement and luxury. I propose to remedy this, to place him in a
position more suitable to him”—he paused for a second and added
with deadly emphasis—“and in this laudable object I shall insist on
his mother’s help.”
There was no mistaking what he meant. Alma, giving way to her
naturally fiery temper, flashed out indignantly, “And supposing we
refuse to abet this scheme of yours, what then?”
 At this question, he no longer made a pretence of keeping on the
mask. “In that case it will be my painful duty to inform Mr. Morrice
that this lady, whom he honours so highly, is the widow of a criminal
and the mother of John Graham, that criminal’s son.”
They knew him now for what he really was, a thorough-paced,
plausible and ruthless blackguard, who would use any means to
further his vile ends. But they were helpless and in his toils.
Indignation failed to arouse his cold and pitiless nature, he met it with
indifference. Any appeal to his better instincts only provoked a
sardonic smile, and taunting allusions to “an unnatural mother.”
He forced his project through. His brother Archibald had recently
died in Australia, nobody in England knew whether he was married
or not. He would pass the young fellow off as that dead brother’s
son. It was only fair that the young man should have the entrée to his
mother’s house, should see something of refined life. What had Mrs.
Morrice told her husband about her family? she must have told him
something.
If Mrs. Morrice had kept her head just at this juncture, she could
have told him that her husband knew her to be an only child, and
that it was therefore impossible for her to have a nephew. But she
was so confused that she blurted out the actual information she had
given Mr. Morrice, that she was one of a family of three, herself, a
brother and a married sister, both dead. She was never quite sure
what reasons had prompted her to tell this lie to him—at the time it
might have struck her that the introduction of these fictitious relatives
gave a greater air of verisimilitude to her history.
But even if she had put a temporary check on Sir George’s
schemes in this direction, he would soon have invented some other
means of forcing himself and the young man into Deanery Street.
But now it was all very easy. Morrice, the most unsuspicious
person in private life, had accepted his wife’s statements, and had
hardly ever made the briefest allusion to these dead relatives or in
fact to her family history at all.
 She would now tell him that her sister had married Archibald
Brookes, that the marriage had been a very unhappy one of which
she did not care to speak, that her dislike of Archibald had extended
to Sir George, for no particular reason, and that for years they had
met as strangers; that learning he was about to adopt her sister’s
child, she had agreed to bury the hatchet and take an interest in the
young man’s welfare.
This scheme was carried out in spite of spasmodic opposition on
the part of both Mrs. Morrice and her friend. When they dared to
object, they were met by the stereotyped threat: “Very well. Then
your husband shall be told the secret of your past. The choice lies
with you.”
Sir George took young Darcy—to call him by his real name—to
live with him at the beginning, and he found the young man an apt
pupil. He experienced no difficulty in instilling into him a deep
resentment against a mother who had practically cast him out of her
life. The young man had no scruples in helping his supposed uncle
to extract as much money as they could out of the helpless woman.
Their demands grew by leaps and bounds. At first they were
content to take a part of her income—the generous allowance which
her husband made her. Then, in obedience to their insatiable
exactions, she was forced to realize her own small capital. Then
came the sale, piece by piece, of her valuable jewellery, and its
replacement by cleverly-executed imitations.
The unhappy woman was now so completely under their
domination, so broken down by the threat of instant exposure to her
husband with which they met the least show of hesitation or demur
on her part, that she was finally driven into stealing from Morrice’s
safe, when she had exhausted all her other resources.
The way of doing this was made easy by the fact that she had one
day, while her husband was away on a business visit to America,
discovered amongst a loose packet of his papers a cryptic
memorandum which aroused her curiosity. After puzzling over it for
some time she came to the conclusion that it must be the
calculations for the time lock which the makers of the safe had
handed to Mr. Morrice after its construction.
She had locked it up, intending to give it to her husband on his
return. But as Mr. Morrice had never alluded to its loss, the incident
had slipped her memory. It was revived when Sir George one day
jokingly alluded to the financier’s wonderful safe—for Morrice was
very proud of this invention and spoke about it to everybody—and
wished that he could put his hands inside it for five minutes. Very
foolishly, she had admitted that she knew the secret of its
mechanism as well as her husband and young Croxton.
Sir George seized upon this indiscreet admission as soon as it
suited his purpose. She did not know how the two exactly
apportioned the money they wrung from her, but she had an idea
that the greater part of it went to the elder man, who lost it at the
gaming-table almost as quickly as it came into his hands.
The five thousand pounds handed over to her by her first
husband’s instructions, together with the few hundreds left her by her
father, had gone to satisfy the insatiable demands of this pair of
miscreants. There were still a few pieces of jewellery which had not
yet been realized, amongst them the “birthday” necklace. Soon these
would have to go the way of the others.
It was necessary to find some other sources of supply; to Sir
George’s acute mind the safe presented an obvious solution, there
was always something of value inside it.
For a long time she fought obstinately against their efforts to make
her a criminal, but in the end—cowed by that terrible threat of
exposure, her will-power weakened by these long years of secret
suffering—she gave in. Fully conversant with the safe’s mechanism,
fully acquainted with the movements of her husband and his
secretary, having free access to his room during the absence of
both, it was for her a comparatively easy task.
She carried out the first robbery, a most fruitful one for those who
engineered it, and this resulted in the disgrace of Croxton and his
banishment from his benefactor’s house.
 She carried out the second, although she vehemently warned the
two scoundrels that as Richard was no longer a member of the
household, suspicion might easily be diverted into other quarters.
Her arguments had no influence on them. Morrice, while sure of the
guilt of his secretary, had spared him. If discovery did ensue, he
would be equally sure to keep silence about his own wife.
The third time she opened the safe on her own initiative, driven to
do so by a fit of remorse. The second robbery, it will be remembered,
had produced poor results, the booty being inconsiderable and a
portion of it valueless to the persons into whose hands it fell. It struck
the distraught woman that in putting back the Swiss notes and the
packet of private papers, she was making an act of reparation.
 CHAPTER XXIX
SIR GEORGE IS ARRESTED

T HE long narrative was finished. Three times had Miss Buckley

opened the door, intimating by that action that it was time the
interview was concluded, and each time Mrs. Morrice had signalled
to her to withdraw.
It only remained now for the wretched woman to sign the
confession admitting her guilt, and clearing Richard Croxton in the
eyes of those who held him in regard.
Had Rosabelle been present she would have shed compassionate
tears over those passages in which Mrs. Morrice described the
mental tortures she had suffered through the machinations of this
evil pair.
But Lane was made of sterner stuff. She had been deeply sinned
against, it was true, but she had been a great sinner herself. She
had been the victim of a tragic set of circumstances which might well
have appalled the bravest woman, but in her selfish desire to keep
herself afloat, she had chosen the line of least resistance.
Apart from her lapse into actual criminal courses, there were three
things he could not forgive her for, her callous abandonment of her
child, the son of a felon it is true, but still “flesh of her flesh and bone
of her bone”; the equally callous sacrifice of Richard Croxton; her
unscrupulous conduct in marrying Morrice, an honourable and
upright man, under false pretences. True, that if she had told him the
truth about her past he would not have married her, but it was little
short of dastardly to involve him in her own unhappy career.
Anticipating that he would have no difficulty in wringing the truth
out of her, Lane had brought with him the confession ready written
for her to sign. But, before handing it to her, he had a few questions
to put upon collateral points.
 “Before you embarked upon these robberies, Mrs. Morrice, you
had to obtain possession of the two keys and get duplicates made.
That was rather a difficult matter, wasn’t it?”
Not so very difficult, he learned. Mr. Morrice was a very careless
man in some respects, and he was so confident nobody but himself
and Richard was acquainted with the mechanism of the safe, that he
was incautious in small details. He frequently left his key lying about
in his room when he went up to the City. Richard was not quite so
careless, but occasionally he did the same. The moment Mrs.
Morrice—ever on the watch—got hold of them, Sir George was
’phoned for to come to the house, and the rest was easy.
“And now tell me about those finger-prints of the man ‘Tubby’
Thomas who was in Dartmoor at the time the robberies were
committed. What was the motive of that, and how were they
obtained?”
The answer to this question involved a longer explanation. It was
done, as Lane had rightly suspected, as a mere act of devilment, for
the purpose of making a fool for the moment of any agent of the law
who might be called in by Mr. Morrice. It had succeeded temporarily
in making a fool of the astute detective himself.
The modus operandi was as follows: Young Archie Brookes, to call
him by his assumed name, had provided her with a pair of surgical
rubber gloves upon which a copy of the expert robber’s finger-prints
had been impressed.
How were they obtained? Sir George, who took a great interest in
the science of identifying latent finger-prints, had procured those of
the notorious “Tubby,” with whom he had maintained some sort of
association before his conviction, and had very cleverly reproduced
them upon the thin rubber gloves.
“It would appear, then, that your pretended relative by marriage
was the friend of crooks; were you aware of this, Mrs. Morrice?”
“By certain things that he let drop now and then, I had no doubt
that the man was engaged in every kind of villainy and wrong-doing,”
was Mrs. Morrice’s answer.
 “And now tell me a little about Miss Buckley’s attitude towards him
when she found out his real character. You say she was in love with
him; did she break off all relations with him, and forbid him the
house?”
“It was the dearest wish of her heart to do so,” replied the unhappy
woman. “For my sake she forbore, as she feared that if she angered
him it might make things worse for me. And, besides, her place was
a useful meeting ground when it might have been too risky for him to
come to Deanery Street, in such things as handing over money, for
instance.”
“I quite understand. And you are positive that, although she knew
about the blackmailing and the disposal of your jewellery and the
fraud of Archie Brookes, she was ignorant of the robberies?”
“Quite positive. They were very particular about that. I think they
were a bit afraid of what she might do, if she had an inkling. She is a
strong-minded woman in many respects, and she might have
determined to go to Mr. Morrice and tell him the whole truth to save
me from becoming an actual criminal.”
There was nothing more to be said. The confession was signed.
Lane, punctilious in everything he did, gave her a copy and left the
flat. Shortly before dinner-time he went to Deanery Street to
communicate the result of his interview to the financier. He found him
and Rosabelle together, and was invited to speak before them both,
Morrice having no desire to keep anything from his pretty niece in a
matter in which her interest was as keen as his own.
Of course, both had guessed that the pseudo Archie Brookes was,
in all probability, Mrs. Morrice’s son, and that there was some
shameful secret connected with the relationship. But they were not
prepared for the terrible disclosures now made by Lane. It was a
great blow to the proud man to learn that the woman who had borne
his name and done the honours of his house with such a calm and
gracious dignity, was the widow of a convicted felon, that she had
involved him in her disgraceful past.
 He turned sternly to his niece. “From this day, never let her name
be mentioned between us. Let us think of her as one dead to us.”
Presently Lane spoke. “This winds up the mystery so far as I am
concerned, Mr. Morrice. I shall pay a formal visit to Mr. Croxton and
acquaint him with these results; he must, of course, be made aware
of them.”
Morrice nodded. “Of course. I have no wish to hide my disgrace
from him.”
“Your reflected disgrace,” said the detective gently. “Well, there is
a little thing I wish to mention. I am not at all sure that this scoundrel
of a baronet has not got some of those French francs left. They
would be awkward things to get rid of in bulk. Depend upon it he is
peddling them out as occasion offers. If you would give me the
necessary authority to act, I do not think it impossible for me to
frighten out of him what he has got left, if any, with the threat of
criminal proceedings. Of course we know you will not take these, for
obvious reasons, but he cannot be sure.”
“No,” said Morrice, “I shall certainly not take proceedings. I have
no desire to wash my dirty linen in public, to show how I have been
made a dupe and a fool. There will be plenty of conjecture as it is; let
it stop at that. But if you feel keen about this, you have my full
permission to do what you think advisable.”
Pretty early the next morning, Lane made his way to Sir George’s
flat. He chuckled inwardly as he recalled that memorable evening
when he and Simmons the valet had been surprised there by the so-
called Archie Brookes. He remembered how he had been puzzled by
the smallness of the baronet’s banking account and the somewhat
contradictory statements made by Simmons with regard to his actual
financial position. Of course, now it was all quite clear. That banking
account was a blind, Sir George had other depositories in which he
placed the moneys he made by his nefarious schemes.
Simmons opened the door; Lane saw that the man was in a state
of considerable excitement. At the query of: Was his master at
home? the valet smiled broadly:
 “Come in, Mr. Lane, and welcome. No, Sir George isn’t at home
nor likely to be. Something’s up, sir; we always had an idea he was a
‘fishy’ customer, didn’t we?”
The detective went with Simmons into the room where he had
conducted his investigations on that memorable evening. It was in a
state of confusion; the key of the safe into which he would have so
dearly loved to peep on that occasion was in the door. Lane
unlocked it and swung it open, to find the safe was empty. The
drawers of the writing-table were all unlocked, some of them partly
open, and in them nothing of value, only a few old letters and
unimportant memoranda. The fireplace was littered with the ashes of
burned papers.
“What’s the meaning of it all?” asked Lane with a frown. He had a
pretty shrewd premonition that his visit had been paid too late, that
there was very small chance of recovering any of his plunder from
this wily scoundrel.
It appeared that early the previous morning, young Archie Brookes
had called and the two men were closeted together for over a couple
of hours. Simmons had followed his usual tactics of applying his ear
to the keyhole, but they were on their guard, and spoke in such low
tones that he could not catch a word. After the young man had left,
Sir George came out and ordered the valet to fill a good-sized
portmanteau with clothes; he had in his hand a bag which, no doubt,
contained all the money and everything of portable value in the flat.
He explained briefly that he was going abroad for some months,
and had given his solicitors instructions to dispose of the furniture
and contents, and sub-let the flat. He handed Simmons a written
character and—wonderful to relate—gave him three months’ wages
in lieu of notice. A taxi was called, and the chauffeur given
instructions to drive to Charing Cross station.
It was pretty evident that Sir George, to use the valet’s graphic
expression, had “done a bunk.” Simmons had not noticed the
number of the taxi, but even if he had taken this precaution, it was
not likely to have given Lane much assistance. A practised
campaigner like this well-born rogue would be clever enough to
conceal his tracks; he had already his plans cut and dried to evade
pursuit.
The valet had come round this morning to clear up things a bit,
and after he had done that he was to post his own key to Sir
George’s solicitors.
The scoundrel had enjoyed a long start, and by now was clear
away. It was not worth while wasting time over him. Mr. Morrice had
shown by his manner that he was sick and tired of the whole matter,
and wished to shut it out of his recollection. To a wealthy man such
as he, the recovery of a portion of the stolen money was a matter of
comparative unimportance.
So Lane decided that he would go no further in what might be
termed the side-issue of the Deanery Street mystery. But second
thoughts induced him to look up his old friend MacKenzie at
Scotland Yard.
What was the motive of the baronet’s sudden departure? Of
course, he would have learned from Mrs. Morrice or Alma Buckley
that his game was up in that direction. Did he dread the vengeance
of the financier, or were other causes at work?
MacKenzie received him with his accustomed cordiality. “Well, how
are you getting on with the case you told me about?”
Lane informed him that it had ended successfully from a
professional point of view: he had proved his client’s innocence and
found the real criminal. Lane did not proffer the name of that real
criminal, nor did MacKenzie ask it. They were confidential with each
other up to a point, but a certain etiquette was always preserved.
“I went round to the flat of our friend, Sir George Clayton-Brookes,
this morning and learned that he had left in a violent hurry. I was
sorry, as I wanted to have a little talk with him. Seems something
‘fishy’ about this sudden flight.”
The keen Scotchman smiled and tapped his broad chest with his
finger. “Scotland Yard has got something to do with that. We have
been years trying to get him, as I told you, but he was so devilish
cunning that we might have gone on for years longer but for a lucky
accident. We got one of his gang and the fellow split. We have plenty
of evidence against the gentleman now. I suppose he got wind of it
before we could get a warrant out. It’s astonishing what a
freemasonry there is among these scoundrels. But he won’t escape
us now. Clever as he is, we shall have him by the heels before he is
much older.”
“Have you found any evidence that involves the young man known
as Archie Brookes?” queried Lane.
“No, we can’t find that he has any connection with this particular
‘stunt’—I shouldn’t say Sir George was a man to share more than he
could help with anybody.”
MacKenzie’s prophecy was fulfilled. Within three weeks from that
date the baronet was arrested in Italy, and brought back to England
after the observance of the usual formalities.
As he now disappears from these pages, it is only necessary to
say that he was put upon his trial, found guilty, and awarded an
exemplary sentence.
It was a nine days’ wonder in Clubland and the circles in which he
had been a prominent figure; and then other startling events
occurred and drove him out of the public mind, and the plausible,
well-mannered, smartly-groomed baronet who had led such a
chequered existence became a memory.
But much to the relief of Rupert Morrice and his niece, nothing
came out at the trial which could in any way connect him with the
robberies at Deanery Street. Morrice’s friends and acquaintances
were, of course, very grieved at the reflected disgrace cast upon him
by the fact that, through his wife, the financier and the criminal were
some sort of distant connection.
 CHAPTER XXX
RUPERT MORRICE MAKES AMENDS

I T was a very subdued man who, shortly after breakfast, walked

into Rosabelle’s sitting-room. It cannot be said that Morrice was in
any sense of the words arrogant or overbearing, but his innate
strength of mind and character gave him a certain feeling of
superiority over ordinary men which reflected itself in his general
bearing, the incisiveness of his utterances, the vigour of his
gestures, as he talked. To-day, all these symptoms were absent.
He had passed a sleepless night, bitterly upbraiding himself with
having committed a grave injustice, he of all men, who prided himself
on being inflexibly just. His face was drawn and white, his heavy
eyes showed the want of rest. He stood before the girl almost
humble, filled with remorse and self-accusation.
“Rosabelle, I want you to do me an immediate favour.”
“Of course, dearest uncle.” The sympathetic girl’s heart went out to
him in his misery. It was terrible to see this proud, strong man so
abased in his own estimation, standing before her almost as a
criminal might have stood before a judge. “You know what pleasure it
will give me.”
“I want you to order the car at once, go straight to Richard, and do
your best to make my peace with him. Tell him that I am following
you in half an hour to entreat his forgiveness. If he will accord it to
me,” he added in a broken voice, “I will devote my life to making
amends.”
Rosabelle flung her arms round her uncle’s neck, her eyes full of
happy tears. “Oh, gladly will I go on such an errand. And, of course,
Dick will forgive. All along he has always admitted the terrible
strength of the evidence against him, and told me that nobody but I
would have believed in his innocence.”
 “You believed in him because you loved him, child. I loved him,
too, but the love of man lacks the divine quality that always animates
that of a woman,” admitted the humbled man in a voice of deep
sadness.
Well she knew as she drove along to the little cottage at
Petersham where Richard Croxton had been eating his heart out for
so many weary weeks, that the treachery of his wife had affected her
husband less than his injustice towards the son of his old
sweetheart.
Little need to describe the rapture of the lovers when the
wonderful news had been told. Hand in hand they sat, discussing the
golden future before them, for had not Rupert Morrice avowed his
intention of making amends?
And then, half an hour later, for even in moments of stress, this
capable man of business was ever punctual to the minute, Morrice
unlatched the garden gate of the tiny cottage and found Richard
waiting for him at the door.
Silently the two men clasped hands. It was the elder who spoke
first. “So Rosabelle has induced you to forgive me? She was ever a
peacemaker.”
There was perfect sincerity in the young man’s tone when he
answered. “The past is buried, sir, absolutely and irrevocably, so far
as I am concerned. My only regret is that my innocence should have
to be established at such a terrible cost to yourself.”
The financier waved his hand with one of his old imperious
gestures. “No more on that subject, Dick. Thank God, her passing
out of my life will not make the difference to me that yours did.”
Richard was deeply touched. By those few words he knew how
deeply his benefactor had suffered from the severance of their old
affectionate relations.
Morrice took the young man by the arm and led him into the little
parlour where Rosabelle, flushed with her new-found happiness,
stood awaiting them. He took a hand of each and joined them
together.
 “That is the dearest wish of your hearts, is it not?” he said, a kindly
smile lighting up the drawn face. “Well, God bless you both, and give
you all the happiness you deserve. Sweet little Rosabelle has always
been as dear to me as if she had been my own child. You, Richard,
will resume your place in my house as an adopted son. But I would
wish you to defer your return for a week or two till all this painful
business is over. When you come back, we will draw a close curtain
shutting out that hateful past. I shall live for the future, for you and
Rosabelle—for your children.”

A few months later Richard Croxton was married to his loving and
faithful Rosabelle, and rewarded with a partnership in the famous
firm.
Mr. Morrice still believes in his wonderful safe, although he does
not talk about it as much as he used, but he is very particular now
about his two keys which he carries himself. He does not leave them
lying about in odd places, and his memorandum of the mechanism is
securely locked up.
Mrs. Morrice lives with the friend of her youth, Alma Buckley, and
that friendship is the only comfort in her miserable life. Jack Graham
has dropped the name of Archie Brookes, and, still helped by his
unhappy mother, has turned over a new leaf and is now in the way of
earning an honest livelihood in the commercial world. The fate of his
former protector, Sir George, struck terror into him, and proved a
salutary warning of what can befall a man who enters upon evil
courses.
The Croxtons have a charming home in one of the prettiest spots
in Surrey, within easy distance of London by rail or car. But the
greater portion of the year is spent in Deanery Street, with the grey-
bearded financier whose experience of matrimony was so bitter, and
who is never so happy as when he is in their society. The bad time
they all went through is forgotten in their present happiness, and the
name of Mrs. Morrice never passes their lips. The tender-hearted
Rosabelle often thinks compassionately of her, but there is no
forgiveness for her in the hearts of either of the two men whom she
so deeply wronged.

THE END