104 ma ia ls READING PASSAGE You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage below. The Fifth Language Skill Culture is often left out of language courses, but some claim that it is the most important aspect of picking up a new language Language learners and instructors know that four skills are needed to be able to communicate in any language: speaking, listening, reading and writing. TI ‘communicative approach’ to language has long been the primary basis of second language learning environments. In this approach, some information about culture may be provided to language learners, but the overwhelming emphasis is on. the four skills and basic, mostly literal, communication. Of late, however, more emphasis is being placed on the fifth language skill of cultural communication, as more and more experts are stressing the importance of assimilating the culture associated with a language. In fact, ‘intercultural approach’ is now considered so essential that it cannot be avoided if learners hope to gain true command of any language. The intercultural approach to language learning first attracted the attention of language experts after the publication of Louise Damen’s Culture Learning: The Fifth Dimension in the Language Classroom. In it, she outlined the need for both intercultural awareness and. intercultural skill development, and put both of these aims under the umbrella term ‘pragmatic ethnography.’ The implication of Damen's intercultural approach is that native language skills and competence in the target language are insufficient for instruction and that educators must function more like experienced cultural guides who are trained observers and capable of facilitating effective intercultural communication. In the cultural context of second language learning, a useful heuristic paradigm is a four-stage model of language acquisition that separates understanding into four levels: tourist, survivor, immigrant, and citizen (Acton and Walker de Felix, 1995). Under this model, it is impossible for any person to acquire a citizen level of communicative competence if they do not have a thorough understanding of the myriad cultural aspects of language, and such an achievement is likely only for highly motivated students who are both willing to acculturate and are from a culture that is not extreme in its ‘social distance’ from the culture of the target language (Schumann, 1978). Thus, it goes without saying that the ‘big four’ language skills alone are not always ‘enough for a foreign speaker to fully master ‘a second language or gain acceptance among a community of native speakers. Without cultural sensitivity and awareness,PAC AR SUIT and a careful reflection of his or her own values, norms, and attitudes, a person's linguistic ability alone may not prevent the perception that they are an ‘outsider’. To achieve status of an ‘insider’, he or she must learn to not only recognise and accept cultural differences but also to appreciate and value them. But what culture should be taught in classrooms? For simplicity and convenience, researchers refer to ‘Big C’ and ‘little c' culture to distinguish the more formal elements of a culture from those that are encountered in less formal, everyday situations, Big C culture corresponds to the social, political, and economic institutions of @ given society as well as the great historical figures that contributed to the artistic, literary, and scientific achievements of that society (National Standards in Foreign Language Education Project, 1996), while little c culture represents the sum of patterns of behaviour that members of a given culture consider necessary for daily life, including clothing, housing, food, transportation, etc. Another way to look at it is that the former represents the ‘elite’ culture of high society, whereas the latter corresponds to the interests and activities of ordinary people. This does not mean there is no overlap at all, however, because even though citizens spend their time with mundane tasks like greeting people, working, or shopping, they are nonetheless interested in bigger issues, ‘such as social stratification and economic policy, which directly impact their lives. It is generally the case that little c culture is the most absent in language curricula and the most difficult to include due to its continually changing nature. Yet a problematic issue exists with the epithet ‘fifth skill’ itself, which suggests that culture is an ‘added on’ element to language learning rather than a fundamental one. Kramsch (1993) claims that culture is always in the background, right from day one, ready to unsettle the good language learners when they expect it least, making evident the limitations of their hard-won communicative competence, challenging their ability to make sense of the world around them. This axiomatic approach to culture as an integral and inescapable part of communication underscores the importance of, and the challenges inherent in, language teaching. Therefore, some educators think that culture should be viewed as the first, rather than the fifth, skill (Tomlinson 1999). Although this primacy of culture is a noble goal, nonetheless hopeful thinking to assume that, it can be easily prioritised in a curriculum or that teachers are generally capable of carrying it out. The language curriculum is already full as it is, and language teachers typically have very limited instruction time with any given student or group of students. Many educators are not trained to handle this burden and, thus, in-service training and faculty development would be necessary to put culture at the centre of the language curriculum. The bottom line is that any ‘fifth skill’ time in the classroom will need to be supplemented by an enormously greater number of hours spent by the student immersing himself or herself in the culture of the target language ‘in the real world’ CHAPTER 03 Y/N/NG (Yes/No/Not Given) 105 QNIOVIY SLTHI SUINIVH (UBAIQ JON /ON /S8A) ON/N/A106 Questions 1-9 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage? Write YES ifthe statement agrees with the claims of the writer No if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer NOT GIVEN _ fit is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this 1 The communicative approach has ignored the cultural component of language. 2 Under the four-stage model, a person can be fluent without cultural knowledge. 3 Learning the four language skills is not sufficient for fluent communication. 4 The categorisation of Big C and little c culture differs in countries around the world. 5 Big C and litle c culture are not unconnected although they represent different ideas. 6 Language students should be more interested in political issues. 7 Big C culture is the hardest to include in curricula. 8 Labelling culture a ‘fifth skill implies that itis less important for education. 9 Prioritising culture in a language course is not always possible.Questions 10 and 11 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. 10 Louise Damen’s view of intercultural approach implies that A intercultural communication is absent in most language Programmes. B__ most native language speakers are incapable of teaching their own culture. culture and language are equally important but should be taught separately. D__ language teachers must have expertise beyond the language itself. 11 According to the writer, what is necessary for making culture a priority in the classroom? A asmaller student-to-teacher ratio B longer working hours for teachers © additional training for educators D development of new teaching materials Questions 12 and 13 Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. 12 Students from a similar culture to that of the,........ have the best chance to succeed. 13 A second language speaker can not appear to be an insider based solely on. ‘Ap an-Dich nghia-Cho gidi trang 379 (CHAPTER 03 Y/N/NG (Yes/No/Not Given) 107 SONIQVSY S1THI SUINDVH (WANID JON / ON) SBA) SH/HAVOCABULARY LIST Hoe thude ti vung Chapter 03 va lam Quiz comprehension n. ey nhan thuefin i 1D paleoanthropologist n. nha o6 nhan loai hoc learned ad). cn tich lay kién thie abstract ad}. tru tuong rest on ph. da vao 1 prevail v. chiém uu thé, théng thé logical ac), hop i, hgp logic 1 phenetics n. (thuge sinh vat hoc) su phan foal discern v. nhan thie, thdy 16 hee geal hint t 1. sy phan loai interpret v. hiu, dich, gid thich Bi cpsaiication nt phase © organism n. sinh vat non-auditory adj. khong c6 am thanh C2 valid adj. co co sb single-handedly adv. don d0c, d0c lap [_pheneticist n. nha phan loai sinh vat theo fluctuate with phr. dao aéng th ei oh dee Sona eo ‘ngoai hin scarcity n. sy khan him sScaptation aeanentae mint v. de (tn) primitive adj. nguyen thay, 6 xua manipulation n. su thao ting lump v. xép vao cing loai constituent adj. cfu tao, hop thanh subjective adj. chd quan deforestation n. sy pha ring hierarchical adj. phan cA thu bac senior n. ngudi lon tui dementia n. bénh sa sub tri tue debilitating adj, lam suy nhuge claim v. yéu sich, chi6m idy culprit n. thd pham, bj cdo clear-cut v. cht pha toan bo convert v.bién a6i cognitive adj. én quan dn nhan thc agitation n. su bat an, kich dong disruptive adj, pha vo ‘compound v. pha tron them, dan x6p biodiversity n. da dang sinh hoo de riorate v. lam gidim itr, Iam xéu hon redirect v. thay d6i phucng huéng Srcormae wate. debunk v. vach trén, lat al ProrpnaeaY geen doaoet any descend v, bat nguén ty, xudt than ti ideographic adj. chi tugng hinh, ch biéu y (sit iashia-syxung a ve.onat ‘dung ki higu, bigu tugng 4 dién dat y nghi phic tap) acclimated adi. thich nghi,thich ung Crs eytiab ad: GHOSE) AAT ERE a a a o o a a o 1 alternative adj, thay thé, thay d8i o a a o o o o ‘anatomically adv. vé mat/phuong dién gial phéu DODO ODGooGoeooooeaoooooeaAaAnoooos dominate v. chiém uu thé, théng tr Bi eplendour ney ful Romer ORI NGi tir véi nghia. 01 clash @ da dang sinh hoe 06 agitation @ chi quan 02 logical © pha tron them, dan xép | O7 subjective @ triu tuong 03 interpret © tai qua 08 pri itive @ phan eépnthu bac compound —-@ sy xung dt, va cham 09 abstract @ nquyén mau 05 undergo @ hiéu, dich 10 hierarchy @ sy bat an, kich dong @ hop Wy, hop logic @ nguyén thay, ¢6 xua @or @60 De O10 OH QO Ovo Geo Dz O10advent n. sy dén (cca m9t vide/ai quan trong) nomadic adj. (thude) du muc agrarian adj. (thudc) nong nghiép o o o GF determinist n. ngudi theo thuyét quyét inh 1 variable n. bién 36 parenting n. céch nui néng con cal Dexperiential adi. dya ten kinh nghiém, theo inh nghiem unwarranted adj. khong o6 ii do xéc dang, khong dude phep © sever v. ct r8i, tach ra factor into phr. xem nhu mot nhian tS 1D underlying adj. can ban, co 58 GF dictate v. ciéu khién, sai khién fraternal twins phr. anh em sinh d6i kha trang negligible adj. khong dang ké harness v. khai thée (nguén nang lung) Gl impetus n. sy thie ddy feasible aaj, kha thi 5 hydroeleetric dam ph. dap thiy dién 1 repercussion n, anh hudng, hau qua © exploit v. tan dung, sti dung 1D eyesore n. diéu chuéng mat, vat chuéng mat i inexhaustible ad). vo tan, knéng bao gis hét 1 introvert n. ngues hung ndt © extrovert n. ngudi huéng ngosi gregarious adj thich giao du NGi tit véi nghia. 01 variable 02 advent @ Anh hung, hau qua can ban, oo 28 © bién sé 03 repercussion 04 impetus @kna thi 05 underlying sy thac day su dén (cha mot vigc/ai quan trong) @Or G60 @e0 DL0 OH @s0 Sv Seo Dz O10 06 stratification 07 compulsion 08 markedly 09 mundane 10 impulsively HACKERS IELTS READING stand the test of time phr. chiu duge thi théch thot glan 5 neurotransmitter n. chat truyén dn thén kinh pleasure centre phr. rung tém tao ra cm giéc ‘ui suéng (8 no) oriented ad, dinh hudng correlate with ph. tuong quan, én quan vot impulsively adv. hép tép, béc 46ng markedly adv. 10 rang, r6 ret ‘compulsion n. sy bat bude postulate v. dua ra dinh 48, dua ra gid thist pursuit n. hoat dong, linh vyc theo duéi assimilate v.hiéu hoan toan, déng hoa Intercultural adj. mang tinh len van hoa onupoDooOoogdoa ‘command n. sy di6u khién, lam ch umbrella term phy. tuthuat nga bao qua (tu! thu8t nga chi nhiéu sy vat cing loa Vi dy: Organs 1a umbrella term cho heart, lungs, stomach, etc) C1 heuristic ad, suy nghiér, ty tim toh © accutturate v. hda nhap thanh cong véi nén van héa mei 1 myriad ad vo 96 11 correspond v. tuang tng, phi hop véi mundane ag, thang thubng, tran tue stratification n. sy phan tang © epithet n. ten api 6 ¥ nota @ thong thudng, trén tue © hi tép, bée déng © su phan ting @ hoat dong cong vige @ 16 rang, 16 ret Day bat bude CHAPTER 03 Y/N/NG (Yes/No/Not Given) 109 s= JON/ON/S8)) SN/N/A110 HACKERS IELTS READING We RE, | Completion Note/Table/Flow-chart/Diagram completion la dang bai yéu cu tim kiém thong tin trong bai doc dé Iya chon tirphui hgp dién vao ché tréng va hoan thanh ghi cht/ bang/so d6/biéu d6. Tuy khong xudt hign trong tat ca cdc bai thi nhung day cong la mot dang bai phé bién. HHINH THUC CAU HOI Dang bai Note/Table/Flow-chart/Diagram completion xuét hign duéi hai hinh thde: short-answer question (cau tra Idi ngn) va multiple choice (cau hdi tre nghiém). Hinh thie short-answer question yéu céu tim théng tin trong bai doc va dién vao ché tréng, hinh thic multiple choice yéu cu Iva chon dép én trong nhiéu phuong én cho sn dién vao ché tréng dé hoan thanh ghi chu bang/s¢ dé/biéu dé. B6i véi hinh thc short-answer question, phai kiém tra chinh xdc s6 lugng tu va 86 duge yéu cau dién vao ché tréng. Note completion Note thuting la doan ghi chu tom t&t ngdn gon ndi dung bai doc va duge viét duéi dang mot tidu 6 l6n va nhiéu 48 mye phy. Complete the notes below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 1-2 on your answer sheet. Controversy over the Birth Order Effect According to some scientists: + Itis very difficult to find an average 1 __,to study. + This is because of socio-economic, ethnic and religious 2 Table completion Table thudng [a bang chia ndi dung bai doc theo ting hang myc khéc nhau. Hinh thie short-anwer question thudng xuyén xudt hién 6 kiéu bai nay nhung ciing cé khi bai yu cdu chon dap an ti’ mot danh séch cc phuong an dé dién vao ché tréng. Complete the table below. Choose ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.Types of Radiation Type Composition Rays two protons and neutrons identical | cannot pass through a2.. Alpha Re toatl nucleus | of paper | sd by ad Gamma | Protonswithad.................0f | canbe stopped by a 4.. more than 1019 Hz of material Flow-chart completion Flow-chart thudng la bang chia ngi dung bai doc theo tling hang myc khac nhau. Hinh thic short-answer question thuéng xuyén xuat hién 6 kiéu dé bai nay, nhung ciing c6 khi dé bai yeu ‘cu chon dap an tu’ mot danh sch céc phuong én dé dién vao ché tréng, Complete the flow-chart below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet. Method of excavation to determine presence of dinosaur fossils and results Step 1 71 Multiple sites were excavated to a depth of three metres and alti sus, Were gathered for sorting and analysis. + Step 2 The dinosaur remains were sorted according to species as well as by size and Bache Result: Intact bones were placed in a 3 arrangement and set aside. Bone fragments, teeth and eggshells were carefully washed and put through screens. t si : = Step 3 Bones determined to be from the same individuals were assembled, and several | 4 __ Skeletons were found. Result: The remains from these skeletons were transported for See _..in the museum of natural history. 3 Seow ay Step 4 Fossils were quantified and catalogued and the information was entered ina searchable database. CHAPTER 04 Note/Table/Flow-chart/Diagram Completion 111 SNIN SITBLSIDOVH uoWarduog wexBera/eya-moly/aqgeL/aI0N fe112 Diagram completion Diagram la biéu dé miéu ta cau tric clla c6ng trinh kién tric, chu trinh hoat dong cla dong co hoac chu ki cla cée su vat trong thién nhién. Kiéu bai nay thudng yéu céu dién tén ca mot b6 phan dac biét hoc hoan thanh biéu dé gidi thich cdc b6 phan dc biét d6. Label the diagram below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet. A Truss Bridge Thetis. the bridge stable The floor beams are made of The bridge is designed for both Bee ee aie ae so that cars and 2. they can carry heavy vehicles.MECHIEN THUAT LAM BAI STEP 1 0c dé bai réixdc dinh cum turkhéa va noi dung cua doan cAn dién tu. (1) Doe dé bai va kiém tra chinh xdc 86 Iugng ti ho&c 86 c&n dién vao ché tréng. (2) Xéc dinh ndi dung chinh cia ghi chié/bang/so dé/biéu 46. ~ Kim tra tiéu 46: Trong trudng hop bai cén dién tiro6 tieu 48, doc tiéu dé truéc dé xéc dinh noi dung chinh cia bai dé. 86i véi dang bai hoan thanh ghi chii (Note) can kiém tra cdc d8 myc. ~ Kiém tra théng tin trong c6t dau tién va dong trén cung: 86i véi dang bai hoan thanh bang, {dgc théng tin trong c6t dau tién va dong trén cing ca bang dé ndm dude bang sé dé cap dén phn néi dung nao trong bai doc. (8) Xée dinh noi dung cén dién dya vao cum ti khéa va phan ndi dung xung quanh ché tréng. Cén gc ki doan truéc va sau ché tréng dé dién cau tra Idi dling ngu phap. (0) Ope 46 bai va xée rihan yu cu ehi chon més fi tong bil doe [46 ci6n vd0 chs ting Complete the notes below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for the answer, Write your answer in box 1 on your answer she 2) Dya vio 48 mye | phy ‘According to Controversy over the Birth Order Effect pre erteeao oe inh phn. fim kid According to some scientists: théng ti trong bai doc la phin 66 cap dén y * Itis very difficult to find an average 1 | én ca mot 56 nha study. nea bes * This is because of socio-economic, ethnic and religious | (3) Dua vao cum ti khoa: UFICSHNS Find va phin 6 dung »ung quanh ch réng &8 xée dinh ni dung cn dién 1st kgm mot tha gi 66 48 nghién ce a eSt kh kn, differences. Ors + ONE WORD ONLY: dién mot ti. ex) images (0), clear images (x) + ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER: dién mét tit vho&c mét s6 ex) images (0), 2 images (0), 2 (0), 2nd (0), 2 clear images (x) + NOMORE THAN TWO WORDS: dién it hon hode bang hai tit ex) images (0), clear images (0), 2 clear images (x) + NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER: dién it han hoc bling hai ti vivho&c thém mot sé ex) Images (0), clear images (0), 2 (0), 2nd (0), 2 images (0), 2 clear images (O) CHAPTER 04 Note/Table/Flow-chart/Diagram Completion 113 = SMV $1131 S¥NOVH UoYa|duog wesBerg/preYo-mols/a}gel/ayON114 STEP 2 Tim trong bai doc phan lién quan dén ndi dung doan can dién tuva tim cac gai y cho dap an. (1) Ap dyng kithuat scanning dé tim trong bai doc phan cé lién quan dn noi dung doan can dién td xdc dinh nhé tiéu dé ho&c 46 myc cia ghi chu/bang/so dé/biéu d6. (2) Tim phan dé cap truc tiép dén cym tis khoa hode phan din giai lai cym tir dé dé xdc dinh goi Y cho cau tra Idi. EE ie Despite the years of research into the birth order effect and the many family anecdotes that would seem to support it, it is not universally accepted. Some scientists reject the validity of the studies that have ‘proven’ the effect, ‘They point out that itis nearly impossible to identity” | a standard family to use in research. Because of socio-economic, ethnic,” | religious and other differences, itis impossible to find one family that can provide relevant data for such tests. Moreover, there are far too many cases that contradict the traditional view on birth order. For example, it has often been said that firstborn children are ‘natural leaders’, but a study of world political leaders demonstrated that many leaders were in fact middle-born or last-born people (Hudson, 1990). Complete the notes below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for the answer. Write your answer in box 1 on your answer sheet. Controversy over the Birth Order Effect According to some scientists: * Itis very difficult to find an average 1 to study. + This is because of socio-economic, ethnic and religious differences. Bai dich trang 385, OTIS Trong dang bai dién tis vao biéu dé (diagram), c6 trudng hgp biéu dé chi cé ché tréng 48 (1) Qua cym ‘Some scientists xo dinh pphin bai doe €6 lien quan dén noi dung dosn cin dién ti 3 phan tich & tren L@ Tm trong bai doc phin cb len quan dén cum ta hoa difficult te find 63 dc dinh & trén Get ¥ cho edu ta lot cb thé tim théy 8 cau lien quan én eym 8 khéa 46 [a ‘They point out that it is nearly impossible to Identify a standard family to use in research’ n tir ma khéng c6 cau vn, Vi khéng thé dua vao cum tis khéa dé xéc dinh ndi dung nén trong trutng hop nay dn dgc tidu dé cia biéu dé dé xéc dinh phan bai doc cé lién quan dn biéu 46, déng thdi doc Ki toan bd phdn d6 dé tim dap én. Trong trudng hgp chi 6 ché tréng dé dién tis, Kha nang cao tis cén dién la tén cilia ting bé phan dac biét trong biéu d6. Vi vay, cn wu tién tim danh tir riéng hoae danh tr chi cée bo phan dé khi doc bai.STEP 3 Chon dap an phu hgp dién vao ché tréng va kiém tra dé chinh xac cia dap an. (1) Ap dung ki thuat scanning dé tim trong bai doc phan o6 lién quan dn ndi dung doan can dién tird& xac dinh qua tiéu dé hode 48 myc ca ghi chu/bang/s¢ dé/biéu 46. (2) Tim phan dé cap tryc tiép dn cum tl khéa hoac phan dién giai lai cum tu d6 dé xc dinh gai ¥ cho cau tra loi, RO ee Despite the years of research into the birth order effect and the many family anecdotes that would seem to support it, it is not universally |[ (Tong csucé chia aovepted. Some scientists reject the validity of the studies that have ||$° ae e ‘proven the effect. ‘They point out that it is nearly impossible to identity || ie." op ox ann a standard family to use in research. Because of socio-economic, ethnic, "} sau chuén aé vonsn religious and other differences, it is possible to find one family that can ‘cdu gfn nhu la diéu provide relevant data for such tests. Moreover, there are far too many | *héng thé, ty tamiy’ cases that contradict the traditional view on birth order. For example, it | © 'M #1 etn aién has often been said that firstborn children are ‘natural leaders’, but a study of world political leaders demonstrated that many leaders were in fact middle-born or last-born people (Hudson, 1990). vo ché trdng, Complete the notes below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for the answer. Write your answer in box 1 on your answer sheet. (2) Big tr family vio ch8 én theo dung yéu Controversy over the Birth Order Effect chu chi din mot Weta dé bal According to some scientists: + Itis very difficult to find an average 1 family to study. * This is because of socio-economic, ethnic and religious differences. Ors Tuy kigu short-answer question trong dang bai Note/Table/Flow-charl/Diagram Completion chil yéu yéu cu dién danh tis nhung cding ¢6 trubng hgp ti cn dién lé dong ti ho&e tinh ts. Néu tu cn din la dong tU, cn kiém tra lai thi va dang sé it/s6 nhiéu cia dong tit. Bdi véi hinh thuic multiple choice, cén kiém tra lal xem da dién chinh xéc dap 4n ma minh chon vao phi6u tra Idi chua. CHAPTER 04 Note/Table/Flow-chart/Diagram Completion 115 ONION S1TAISIBYOWH UoWauog wexBelq/eyo-mo}/a}9e1/2)0N ae———o HACKERS PRACTICE 116 i When studying historical buildings, one can see a clear progression in construction materials. Before the medieval period, timber was the most widely used building material in Europe, but it came to be replaced by stone in most major structures. Even the use of metals was limited in structural architecture before the industrial age. ‘At that time, metal was mainly used for bridges and greenhouses due to its limited aesthetic appeal. However, the public perception of manmade materials changed and technological progress brought down metalwork's cost, leading to it being used more. The first metal commonly used in architecture was cast iron, which could be formed into decorative shapes like stone. Architects even began using cast iron to construct building frames. Unfortunately, this particular metal has a low tensile strength and several of these buildings collapsed. To address this problem, builders turned to wrought iron and eventually to steel. As public opinion about manmade materials continued to change in the 19th century, the use of concrete became acceptable. The combination of steel and concrete was incredibly strong and allowed for the construction of taller bi thoroughly changing urban landscapes. Construction of the tallest building in the world, Dubai's Burj Khalifa, used 4,000 tonnes of steel in combination with 330,000 cubic metres of concrete and 55,000 tonnes of reinforcing steel rebar. Complete the notes below. Choose ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer. History of Architectural Materials + Most pre-medieval building Europe used 1 for construction. + Stone construction became popular in the medieval period. + Manmade materials were not widely used before the industrial age. + Building the world’s highest skyscraper utilised 330,000 cubic metres of concrete and 2. _.of steel. progression n. sy tién bo, su phat trién timber n. 96 xay dung, 96 lam moc aesthetic ad. (thudc) my hee, thm my perception n. sy nhin thisc, tr gide metalwork n. tc phim nghé thudt bang kim loai east iron phr. gang decorative adj. dé trang hoang, trang tr frame n. khung, cu trac tensile strength phr. do bén kéo Wrought Iron phe. st rén steel n, thép rebar n, thanh cét thép landscape n. canh tri, phong canhHACKERS IELTS READING If you have ever been snorkelling or diving along a tropical coral reef, then you have probably heard regular crunching sounds while underwater. These are made when the colourful parrotfish remove algae from the reef's surface by biting and scraping it with their parrot-like beaks. The lifecycle of these fascinating fish begins when they travel into the open sea to discharge their eggs, where they hatch. Following this their early life is spentaas larvae in the ocean's plankton population. They then move to the mangroves as juveniles and then to a reef where they will both hide from predators and clean the reef. Interestingly, throughout these stages of development, all parrotfish are drably coloured females. This is because parrotfish are sequential hermaphrodites, meaning they change gender as they age. When they enter the terminal phase of their lives, the young female parrotfish morph into more colourful males. These males then collect a harem of younger female parrotfish and spawn to produce yet another all-female group of larval parrotfish. A further interesting aspect of the parrotfish is its importance in the reefs survival. According to researchers at the International Union for Conservation of Nature, without the cleaning activities of the parrottfish, the reefs would soon be overrun with algae and die. Complete the flow-chart below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Parrotfish Lifecycle ‘Spawning Adult parrotfish move into the open ocean to release their eggs. + Initial Stage Parrotfish enter the ocean's plankton fields as 3 + Juvenile Stage Juvenile parrotfish spend time in the 4 _... before moving to the reefs. + Terminal Stage Adult male parrotfish live on the reef with a group of females. arrotfish n. cé vet algae n. to larvae n. Su tring mangrove n. (thye vit hoe) e&y duée juvenile n. thanh thigu nign drably adv. 18 nhat, nhgt nhat sequential hermaphrodite phr. judng tinh tuan ty (mot ca thé thay déi tu due sang céi rdi ti cai sang duc) morph v. bién di harem n. béy/nhém déng vat cal spawn v. dé trimg (56 lugng l6n) larval ac (thudc) du trang International Union for Conservation of Nature phr. Lién Minh Bio Tén Thién Nhien Thé Gies overrun v. lan tran, tran nage CHAPTER 04. Note/Table/Flow-chartDiagram Completion 117 I SNIOV3E SITAI SHADY uoqaydwog wesBerq/4sey2-Mol4/e)9e1/@}0H118 Zimbabwe's Eastgate Centre should be the model for modern midrise commercial architecture. It was constructed without mechanical air conditioning, resulting in savings of approximately 3 million pounds for thte complex's owners. Surprisingly, the building is never uncomfortably hot or cold. This is because the architect utilised the process of biomimicry when designing it. Biomimicry involves humans studying a natural process and imitating it to solve a complex human problem. In this case, the designer, Mick Pearce, was inspired by termite mounds. These wood-eating pests build large mounds that can reach 25 metres in height. However, most termites do not inhabit the upper part of the mounds, but they live in a gallery at the base of it. The tall structure above is essentially a large chimney. It contains a central shaft that moves warmer air upward. This warm air then exits through holes near the mound's top. Radial vents at the base intensify this action by capturing the wind and cooling the air at the base of the mound, creating a convection cycle in the structure. After understanding this process, Pearce designed the Eastgate Centre's buildings as a series of rooms around a central shaft. Each room has ducts into the shaft and to the exterior resulting in heat dissipation as in the termite mound. Fans that pull air into the central shaft, producing continuous airflow, assist this system. Through this system, the offices in the Eastgate Centre have a stable internal temperature of approximately 23°C regardless of the external temperature. Label the diagram below. Choose ONE WORD from the passage for each answer. Termite Mound Layout air holes central shaft —_ fre A Dia radial es the 5 midrise adj, (kién trae) trung téng (khéng cao Khéng thép) blomimicry n. phéng sinh (phéng sinh/mé phéng sinh hoc: cac thiét ké céng nghé/céng nghiép m6 phéng theo mét chu trinh ty nhién) imitate v. mo phéng termite n. con méi mound n. m6/gd dt pest n. loal gy hal gallery n. hém/phong dai, hanh lang shaft n. ruc radial adj. hudng tim convection n. su déi luu duct n. éng din dissipation n. sy xua tan/ tn (nbidt)Prairie ecosystems are characterised by even terrain or gently sloping rolling hills, and by a predominance of herbaceous plant life. Trees, shrubs, and other woody plants are virtually absent in prairies, and there is very little shelter from the solar radiation and harsh breezes. Prairies generally receive a moderate amount of yearly precipitation, but summers are occasionally marked by severe drought. Consequently, for plants to thrive in the prairie ecosystem, they must endure seasonally dry conditions. Among the herbaceous plants suited for life in these ecosystems are prairie grasses, which have several adaptive mechanisms for survival. Leaves of prairie grasses vary in width, but most are long, thin blades. On the epidermal layer of the leaves are small holes, called stomata, which can be opened to let in carbon dioxide and release oxygen, or closed to retain moisture. Because carbon dioxide is essential for plant photosynthesis, the stomata must remain wide for gas exchange: however, air spaces within the leaf are full of water vapour, which evaporates unless the pores remain closed and presents a challenge during dry conditions. To overcome the problem, prairie grasses have evolved to distinguish between day and night. In the daytime, the grasses keep their stomata shut to minimise moisture loss. The plants then expand the pores in the evening when the air is cooler for respiration Complete the notes below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. How Prai Grasses Survive Harsh prairie conditions + Flat land with a few small hills A limited amount of protection from 7 a. and high winds + Some rainfall every year, but summer months bring drought Prairie grasses’ evolutionary adaptation + Stomata: Tiny holes on the 8 of the leaves + Open to allow carbon dioxide in and oxygen out, or closed to preserve moisture + The stomata remain closed during the 9 of water to decrease loss + The plant pores are opened in the cooler nighttime air Prairie n. déng ¢é, thio nguyén even adj, bing phing terrain n. dia hinh sloping adj, nghiéng, déc rolling adj hp nhé predominance n. tinh tréi, wu solar radiation phe. bic xa mat 18 moderate adj, vita phil, diéu 6 adaptive mechanism phr. co ché thich ting herbaceous adj. (thud) thio méc blade n. phién (Ia) epidermal adj. (thuéc) biéu bi stomata n. \6 khi pore n. IS respir jon n. sy hd hép/trao d8i Kh CHAPTER 04 Note/Table/Flow-charvDiagram Completion 119 ‘IOW3Y S121 S¥DVIVH UoWaydwiog wesBelq/4se4o-mo}/ajqel/ayoN FES120 []_ “round 2000 8.c., a new invention emerged that changed warfare during the period, the horse-drawn chariot. These light carriages provided cavalry archers with a flat platform from which to attack their enemies. Prior to this time armies that wished to proceed rapidly rode on horseback, but this was cumbersome because saddles and stirrups had not been invented. This made it difficult to steer, hold on to the horse and fire at the same time. Chariots made this much easier. At their most basic, chariots were wheeled platforms drawn behind one or more horses. Perhaps the most famous of these fighting vehicles were used by the ancient Egyptians. Although they did not invent the chariot, the Egyptians adapted them to improve their usefulness. One of the biggest changes was lightening the overall weight of the chariot by utilising newly invented spoked wheels rather than the traditional disk wheel. This made it easier for the horses to pull the chariots faster. However, speed was not the only benefit of the changes implemented by the Egyptians. They also made them much easier to control through the use of the yoke saddle and basic design changes. The yoke saddle was a saddle-like pad that sat on the horses’ backs with leather pieces across the horse's chests and bellies to prevent slippage and increase control. The riders’ platform, which was connected to the yoke saddle by a long wooden rod, was also redesigned. By moving the rider closer to the chariot's axle, it became more stable for the riders, making it easier to aim and fire at thelr enemies. Finally, the Egyptians covered the axle with metal to prevent friction against the chariot's platform. This not only improved the vehicle's movement, but it also reduced damage to the vehicle, making them more reliable. Unfortunately, none of these improvements corrected other problems inherent with the chariot's design, and by 1500 B.C. cavalry troops on horseback had replaced them in most military settings. However, they did remain in use as racing vehicles for hundreds of years to come. Label the diagram below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. The Ancient Chariot of ne < To reduce weight, 10 = = wheels were used instead of traditional disk wheels. The 11... i was covered with metal to stop it from rubbing against the platform. warfare n chin su, chién tranh chariot n. xe ngua kéo (ding dé danh tr8n) cartiage n. cS xe ngua cavalry archer phr. ky xa (ly binh ngéi trén xe ngua va use trang bi cung) platform n. ke, buc cumbersome ad}. céng kénh, bét tién saddle n. yén ngya stirrup n. ban dap (& hai bén yén ngya dé dat chan) steer v. isi, diéu khién adapt v. sa Iai cho hop, thich Ung spoke v. thoc gy vio (binh xe) yoke n. thanh ngang, chee, &ch pad n. miéng dém lot (yén ngva) slippage n. sy tron trugt rod n. gay, que axle n. truc xe friction n. sy ma sét inherent ad) vn €, 68 hou troop n. quan déi, binh linh[£2207 year, milions of birds participate in annual migrations ~ moving trom one area to another when weather changes make it difficult to find food or when they must seek out potential mates. Some of these journeys are rather simple and merely involve moving to ‘nearby area, but others can cover more than 10,000 kilometres. To travel such a great distance, birds must possess a strong ability to navigate. Today, itis believed that birds have three methods of navigation: piloting, orientation, and true navigation. Piloting is the easiest of these to understand, because it is how we most often find our way. Put simply, they move from one recognisable visual landmark to the next. Much like we know to turn left after a certain feature when coming home from the supermarket, birds know to follow landmarks, like a river that runs north and south, until they get to the next feature, like a lake. However, this can lead to a problem. When the bird looks at the river, which way should it head? To answer this question, birds may use the second method, orientation, which entails using clues to figure out direction. Over the course of the last 50 years, scientists have observed birds using the sun and stars as compasses to check their direction. Some have even been shown to be able to sense and use Earth's magnetic field to orient themselves. The final method is true navigation, which requires the bird to determine its final destination and find a way to it from their current location. For scientists, this is the most fascinating aspect of avian navigation, because it cannot be explained as simply as the other two. At its most basic, true navigation is the way that birds compensate for problems with the other two systems. For instance, if a bird only knew to fly due south or to only follow one particular geological feature it would be highly susceptible to getting lost. If a storm pushed the bird far west, then flying south would not necessarily get it to the correct destination. Also, what's a to do if a landmark has been destroyed since the last migration? While the mechanism used for true navigation remains undiscovered, some researchers, such as Professor Thomas Collett, believe that the birds possess a ‘cognitive map’. They believe that birds can use this map, along with the cues they gather from piloting and orienting and their internal clocks, to find their way. Complete the table below. Choose ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer. Methods of Avian Navigation Piloting Orientation True Navigation Birds look for It was discovered within Birds set a course i eer = the last 13 Sonus between the current which they recognise that birds use cues such | location and the to navigate by, much as the location of the sun | ultimate like humans do when or stars. 14 performing daily errands. migration n. sy di cu navigate v. li, xc dinh phueng huéng piloting n. sy din dubna, sy dinh huéng orientation rn. su didy hutng landmark n, mde (dinh hudng) feature n, diém dac trung entail v. di héi, dua dén magnetic field phr. ti-trubng orient v. dinh vi, dinh huéng avian ad), (thude) loal chim compensate v. dén bu, bu dép due adv. vé hudng, dung huéng (déng, #3y, nam, bc) susceptible to phr. dé bj anh huéng, dé mc CHAPTER 04 Note/Table/Flow-charl/Diagram Completion 121 S SNIOWSY STAI SHRNOVH uOWardunog wesBelq/eys-Mmo]4/9Iqe1/a)0N122 Wind Power Wind power has been used by humans for almost two millennia, usually in the form of windmills which ground grain or pumped water. Horizontal windmills were first introduced in ancient Persia before spreading throughout the Middle East and then being exported to Central Asia, China and India. The vertical windmills which are typical in European agriculture began to be used in the Middle Ages, initially in England, northern France and Flanders. At its peak in 1850, it is thought that there were around 200,000 windmills across Europe, but this number rapidly declined as the Industrial Revolution took hold Now wind power is making a dramatic comeback in the form of renewable energy, and the distinctive sight of fields full of towering wind turbines is becoming common throughout the developed world. Wind power is a plentiful source of power, which does not produce gas emissions and uses little land. Although they require significant investment for construction, wind farms are far less costly to run than other energy sources, and their effect on the environment is limited. Denmark currently generates 40 per cent of its electrical power from wind and over 80 other countries around the world are using wind power to generate electricity. There is particularly substantial investment in wind energy in China, which already has the largest wind farm in the world, located in western Gansu province. Wind power works by very simply using the kinetic energy generated by wind to power generators which produce electricity. Each wind turbine consists of a tower made from tubular steel, on top of which sits a rotor, formed of blades and a hub, and a nacelle, within which sits the gear box and generator. As the wind flows towards the wind turbine, it propels the blades, a process optimised by a pitch system which adjusts the rotor so that it picks up the optimal amount of wind. This is supplemented by a yaw drive inside the tower, which turns the nacelle to keep the blades facing directly into the wind, An anemometre on the back of the turbine collects wind speed and direction data so that the yaw drive and pitch system can adjust the turbine accordingly. The wind should not be too powerful, as this could damage the blades so the wind turbine's ‘computer system makes sure that high winds are avoided. In case of an emergency the rotors are also connected to a brake, which can shut them down at any time. The blades are connected to a low-speed shaft, so when the wind pushes the blades around this shaft also begins to spin. This in turn makes the cogs in the gear box spin, which transfers the rotation of the low-speed shaft onto a high-speed shaft, thus increasing the rotational speed to the rate required to generate energy. The spinning of the high-speed shaft then powers a 60-cycle AC generator, converting the energy into electricity which travels down the tower and into a power station where it is converted to the correct voltage to be used in homes, workplaces and factories.bel the diagram below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. How a Wind Turbine Works An anemometre collects 16... _, about the speed and direction of the wind. nacelle. Spinning cogs help increase the 17. __..to the required rate. The electricity goes down the tower to ats. windmill n. c6i xay gid renewable energy phr. nang lugng fai tao substantial adj. co gid tri, dang ké kinetic ad) (hud) d8ng luc tubular adi, e6 hinh éng rotor n. ré-to hub n. truc nacelle n, vd déng co gear box phr. hop anh rang propel v. é4y optimise v. 161 vu héa pitch n. bude rang, banh rang optimal ad). 151 uu supplement v. 'bé sung drive rn. thiét bi truyén dang anemometre n. thiét bi do gio accordingly adv. theo dé shaft n. true cog 1. 18ing (banh xe) AG generator phr. may phat (dién) xoay chiéu voltage n. dién ap CHAPTER 04 Note/Table/Flow-chart/Diagram Completion 123 SNIOVSY SIRI SUaVQVH UoWyardwog wesSelg/seya-mola/ajqel/ajoH za124 Natural Gas: From the Ground to Your Home Given the recent decline in the demand for oil and the move away from coal toward cleaner-burning energy sources, natural gas is expected to dominate fossil fuel production in the coming years. With global energy demands at an all-time high, natural gas may be the solution as itis highly efficient and abundantly available in certain areas of the world. But delivering this versatile energy source to consumers is a complex and multifaceted process. First, gas must be brought to Earth's surface and extracted by drilling into gas deposits, which can be found both on land and beneath the ocean floor. While extracting gas onshore involves drilling downward into gas deposits, accessing an offshore reserve necessitates first constructing floating platforms for the engineers to work from. Then, depending on how deep beneath the ocean's surface the gas deposit is located, the appropriate extraction technique is employed. If the natural gas supply is in shallow water, a technique called cable drilling, or percussion drilling, is used. This entails repeatedly dropping a cable with a heavy metal bit attached to it against the ocean floor until the reservoir is penetrated and the gas is released. The usual method of reaching a reservoir located at a greater depth, however, is to use a large rotary drill capable of spinning a metal drill bit thousands of feet into the soil if necessary. Once the reservoir has been breached, powerful pumps draw the gas toward the surface. The next stage is to pump the raw gas from the extraction site to a nearby processing plant, where operators reduce it to its principal component - methane. Natural gas is not a single gas but made up of various hydrocarbons, including crude oil, methane, propane, ethane, and butane. Water vapour, helium, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide are also sometimes present. The process of isolating methane and disposing of the other parts involves multiple steps, which can make the overall cost of natural gas production quite high. However, some byproducts, like propane, crude oil, and butane, all have value of their own and can be sold to offset the expenses of those various steps. After processing, the gas must be transported to its intended customer market through a vast underground pipeline system that can pump the resource from one place to another. In most cases, the gas is moved great distances, crossing state, provincial, and even international borders, to its eventual point of use. Metering stations are built along the length of the pipeline to allow the gas to be measured and monitored, while valves can be found every ten kilometres or so. These valves can be opened or closed to control the flow of gas through the pipeline so that, in the event that maintenance needs arise, the gas can be stopped to provide safe access to crews entering the interior of the pipe. The final step of the procedure is to deflect the gas into distributi lines, which convey it to local sources where it is used for, among other things, heating and electricity and as a power source for automobiles.Complete the flow-chart below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. The Process of Extracting and Refining Natural Gas + Ifgas reserves are beneath the water's surface, 19 are built. + Outcome: Engineers have a place to work from. + + Engineers either drop a heavy metal bit against a reserve or make a hole in the 20, eine _in cases where reservoirs are deep. + Outcome: Natural gas is released and can be brought to the 21 using pumps. + + The gas is transported to a processing plant. + Outcome: Methane is separated from the 22 elements that might be present. and other + Byproducts of natural gas are sold. + Outcome: The money can help pay for the various 23 .. involved in isolating methane, alltime high phr. dat muc cao nhit lich s/t rude 16 nay abundantly adv. dé6i dao versatile adj, da nang multifaceted ad). nhiéu mat/khia canh, nhiéu buéc/phén onshore adv trén bd, gén bd offshore ad, xa b4, ngodi hoi reserve n. trt lugng drilling n. sy khoan 16 bit n. mai khoan reservoir n. bé chia, giéng ngim breach v. khoan thing reduce v. bién i, nén hydrocarbon n. hydro cacbon crude oll phr. du thé nitrogen n. ni to offset v. bu d4p metering n. do, dinh iuong deflect v. lam chéch huéna, ré (vé huéna) CHAPTER 04 Note/Tabie/Flow-chart/Diagram Completion 125 SNIONRY SETALSHANOWH uoWaldwog wesBerg/eyo-mors72}qeL/810N =126 Do Placebos Have a Place in Medicine? A placebo is an imitation medicine that doctors sometimes administer to patients. Although they contain no pharmacological substances, patients who are given placebos are often convinced that these sugar pills possess the power to alleviate their symptoms or even cure them of their illnesses. What is most remarkable is that sometimes, they do. This baffling psychological and medical phenomenon is known as the placebo effect. Some medical practitioners believe that the apparent efficacy of placebos lies in the simple act of writing a prescription. Essentially, it is thought that patients assume th ailments can be overcome if it is possible to prescribe medications for them. This view is substantiated by studies indicating that a large percentage of those seeking medical treatment suffer from disorders that the body is capable of healing itself. However, Patients strongly think otherwise, and this attitude makes them attribute getting better, when they eventually do, solely to the medication they were prescribed. This, coupled with the trust they have in their doctor’s ability to treat them, is what some say accounts for the positive performance of placebos. Nevertheless, most experts strongly oppose medicating patients with placebos, suggesting the practice violates the doctor-patient relationship. Medical ethics standards ‘maintain that trust is paramount and that doctors should be honest. However, some physicians are tempted to provide misinformation or gloss over the truth because they believe doing so is in the patient's best interests. For instance, a doctor may choose to present patients with a more optimistic picture of possible outcomes in order to convince them to undergo treatments they might otherwise reject. It is the hope that comes from believing it is still possible to be cured that can make alll the difference in the end. Further studies report of some patients learning they have been given placebos instead of actual drugs. In many cases, this causes patients to lose faith in their doctors, resulting in exacerbated symptoms and their health taking a turn for the worse. Due to the possibility of malpractice suits, the use of placebos in clinical practice has become increasingly uncommon. These days, placebos are almost exclusively administered in research situations where the subjects are informed that they may or may not receive a placebo and told about all potential risks in advance. In addition, policies are implemented to ensure that informed consent is observed, thus aligning standards for medical research and practice with the need for further investigation into the so-called placebo effectComplete the notes below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. The Placebo Effect How placebos work + Some professionals think that a placebo's effectiveness could be due to a doctor making a 24 + Research shows that many patients asking for medicine will heal without it. + Apatient’s 25 due to medicine. Makes them think any improvement they feel is The opinion of doctors + Most 26 are against giving patients placebos. + The honesty of doctors is considered ethically important. + Doctors sometimes think it's in the patient's best 27 the truth. not to tell + The health of patients who find out they've been given placebos can become 28 Current usage + Today, placebos are mostly used for 29 placebo n. thuéc trin an (thud khong e6 tic dung thet duge bic sf ké dé trén an tm li bénh nhan) administer vs phin phat, cung ing pharmacological adj (thuéc) duve Ij alleviate v. ir nhe bét baffing adj. phic tap, khong thé higu duse placebo effect phr. hieu ung gid duge, hieu ung trén an efficacy n. tinh hiey qua ailment 1. su dau 6m, bénh tinh substantiate v. ching minh medieate v. ké thuée paramount adi, 151 quan trong gloss ‘over ph. che day, bung bit exacerbate v. lam trém trong malpractice sult phr.kign vigc ké thuée sat informed ‘consent phr. sy déng y sau khi c6 du théng tin CHAPTER 04. Note/Table/Flow-charlDiagram Completion 127 ONION SLTAI SUaNOVH uoyaydwog welBerg/eyo-moly/ayqey/aqoN Fes128 Urban Farming Over the course of the last century, farming was transformed from a small-scale, subsistence-based activity to an industrialised global enterprise. However, the industry is currently under extreme strain from a lack of arable land. Furthermore, studies have shown that people will increasingly abandon farming in favour of more reliable work in cities. This will put added pressure on an already stretched global food supply. Societies must create innovative new ways of ensuring that their residents’ fundamental need for sustenance continues to be met. One trend that city planners around the world are embracing to address concerns about the growing lack of agricultural land is urban farming, which utilises infrastructure found in cities, such as buildings, vacant lots, and backyards to grow crops. One benefit of this practice is that fewer resources are used to transport food as growers and buyers are provided with fast access to agricultural yields. Also, because many urban farming projects use hydroponics, a method of growing plants in nutrient-enriched water, soil - which is increasingly facing mineral degradation due to harmful farming practices - is conserved. Finally, urban agriculture solves the problem of sometimes losing crops to extreme weather as city structures make it easier to cultivate plants in a strictly controlled environment. An exemplary model of urban agriculture is a farm located beneath Pasona headquarters in Tokyo, Japan, where more than 200 plant species grow in a 43,000-square-foot space. The plants are grown using both hydroponic and soil-based farming methods, and an intelligent climate control system monitors humidity, temperature, and breeze. Because the farm at Pasona is located underground and has no direct sunlight, which plants need to survive, artificial lighting sustains the crops planted there. On the other side of the globe, in New York City, people are turning to rooftop greenhouse farming. One such operation, called BrightFarms, boasts automated sensors to activate lights, fans, shade curtains, and heat blankets. It also has tanks to catch and store rainwater. Selling nearly 500 pounds of produce each day to local supermarkets and restaurants, BrightFarms is able to avoid the expense of investing in delivery vehicles while keeping its carbon footprint to a minimum. Itis important to note that despite the success urban agriculture has so far experienced in places like Tokyo and New York, there remain significant obstacles to overcome. One challenge lies in supplying farms with adequate amounts of uncontaminated soil as soil in and around urban areas often contains high amounts of lead, which is poisonous to humans. Not using soil at all and relying instead on hydroponic systems is not yet an option everywhere since reliable and safe freshwater sources are scarce in many parts of the world, especially with global climate change negatively affecting precipitation rates. However, new developments, such as the ability to remove salt from ocean water for safe use in hydroponic systems and the creation of methods to treat contaminated soil, may help to resolve these issues one day soon.Complete the table below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS trom the passage for each answer. Problem Solution More people will give up farming and move to cities. Societies need to start developing new ways of feeding their people. There is a lack of land on which to grow agricultural crops. Grow plants using urban 30. Crops are sometimes lost because of the 31 Take care of plants ina 32. _... environment. ‘The farm beneath Pasona headquarters gets no 33 Use artificial lighting to keep the plants alive. Buying and using delivery vehicles is an additional cost. Sell products to 34 , clients. There has been a negative effect on 35 __......, due to climate change. Remove the salt from seawater so safe to use on crops. ‘Ap an-Dich nghia-Chd giai trang 385 subsistence n. su tén tal, sy sng strain n. génh nang, sy cing thang stretch v. dubi, kéo dan ra sustenance 1. phuong tién sinh séng hydroponics n. thiy canh degradation n. sy gidm sut, thoai héa cultivate v. tréng trot, nuéi duang exemplary adj. guong mu, mu muc turn to phr. chuyén sang, déi sang rooftop n. née nha Produce n. sén iugng carbon footprint phr. déu chan cacbon (lung cacbon con nguéi thai vao khi quyén) uncontaminated adj, khéng bi 6 nhiém precipitation n. mua, luong mua CHAPTER 04 Note/Table/Flow-chartDiagram Completion 129 eos 4 SNIOY3Y SIT S¥3NOUH UoWaydiuog wesBerg/eys-mos/e}geL/aL0N130 READING PASSAGE You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-14, which are based on Reading Passage below. Ford vs. GM: A Rivalry of Automobile Giants The modern auto industry had its origin in the United States, where two automobile giants, Ford Motor Company and General Motors, became the major players in one of the greatest corporate rivalries in economic history. Henry Ford's Ford Motor Company started out quickly and enjoyed lan early monopoly in car making. It became the dominant leader in production, economies of scale, and enjoyed widespread dealer networks. But before long, General Motors grew to become a formidable force in its own right. In the early 1910s, the two companies combined for more than half of the world automobile industry and were operating some of the largest factory complexes on earth. Despite their common ground in production and scale, the two firms nonetheless had significant differences in their business models and strategies. For Ford, its enormous investment in production facilities was singular in focus as it was entirely dedicated to the manufacture of a single model, the famous Model T. The company's standardised design targeted mass markets and allowed them to keep production costs down to make a universal automobile for the ‘common man’. Although this strategy proved excellent in the short term, it turned out to be extremely costly in the long term. When increased competition and lagging popularity for the Model T made it necessary for Ford to alter its product in the late 1920s, the facilities were not sufficiently equipped. Virtually every piece of equipment had to be torn down and rebuilt or replaced to facilitate the production of a different model. What's worse, Ford did not alter his manufacturing strategy. He merely replicated it to produce a new model, the Model A, to replace the Model T. In short, while Ford excelled at being an entrepreneur, he developed a reputation for being unwilling to adapt to changing market realities. General Motors had a very different experience in the early 20th century. Although GM was second in market share in 1920, its total unit sales were less than 25 per cent of Ford's. Yet GM had an advantage that seemingly was outside the scope of the rival's founder: GM executives understood oligopolistic competition. The company’s first CEO, William Durant, set out to create a large automobile company by gaining control of numerous small companies which produced either automobiles or auto parts. Durant understood that the auto market was changeable. Thus, GM created factories that made use of standardised and interchangeable parts, such as the chassis, but which allowed for the production of various body styles and car sizes. The company also introduced luxury brands to appeal to a different sector of the population who desired, and could afford, something more unique and with more class. Finally, in a major marketing breakthrough, GM introduced annual model changes, and this annual product variety wasCGS Ste influential in convincing customers to upgrade to new models even if their older cars were stil fully functional. Durant’s successor, Alfred P. Sloan, built upon the original model and put in place procedures that conveyed detailed financial and performance information from all divisions to ensure that the entire operation could maximise returns on investment. He also sought to emphasise the use of interchangeable parts across models in addition to investing resources into discovering consumer trends and market conditions. This included the collecting of all manner of consumer-demand information, such as seasonal and long-term variations in demand, buyer income levels, commodity price trends, etc., so that they could develop predictive indicators of economic trends in light of past business cycles. This plan proved effective, and it meant GM would gradually overtake Ford in the following years, allowing it to maintain a dominant position in the rivalry for half a century. However, in the 70s and 80s, the market share held by General Motors began to erode in the face of foreign competition - from the Japanese in the budget lines and the Germans in the luxury lines - and this, in combination with GM’s antagonism toward growing concerns about safety and environmental quality, gave Ford the opportunity to come back to prominence by the 1990s. Between 1975 and 2000, GM's market share plummeted from 55 to 27 per cent. Ford, though its market share did not catch up completely, fared better overall despite also experiencing challenges and setbacks. In the early 1980s, it suffered 3.3 billion dollars in losses before making a comeback mid-decade. It began to significantly cut production costs, and its new introduction for 1985, the aerodynamic Taurus, was very well received in the market. These changes, in combination with adapting to growing concerns about safety and the environment, allowed the company to remain successful. Then came the devastating automotive industry downturn following the financial crisis of 2008, which further complicated the plight of the two industry giants. In the years leading up to the crisis, Ford had made sound decisions that helped it avoid bankruptcy. For example, Ford had eliminated one of its largest vehicles, the Excursion, in anticipation of dwindling demand for gas-guzzling SUVs. They replaced its production with more production of medium-sized vehicles, which were more marketable as gas prices soared. GM did not have such foresight and continued to rely heavily on the production of trucks and SUVs. They also had amassed financial liabilities on par with the entire national debt of Mexico. Consequently, even laying off up to 21,000 workers and getting rid of three of its brands - keeping only Buick, Cadillac, GMC, and Chevrolet intact - could not keep it from declaring bankruptey, which it did in June of 2009. ‘There is no doubt that were it not for the enormous, and infamous, government bailout, General Motors would have ceased to exist. CHAPTER 04 Note/Tablo/Flow-charvDiagram Completion 131 bia} ONIOVIY S171 SU3NOVH UoIaldwog wesserg/eys-mo}s/ajqe1/a0N132 Questions 1-6 Complete the table below. Choose ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer. Company Original Strategy Achievements Failures began rapidly and totally dedicated to. | boasted a once had to rebuild Ford making just one ES or replace all Ves. the automobile 3 industry General Motors capable of producing a range of car sizes and body 4... held a5 position in the rivalry for 50 years laid off as many as 6 : before declaring bankruptcyQuestions 7-14 Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage? Write YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer NO. if the statement contradicts the views of the writer 10 12 13 14 NOT GIVEN ifit is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this GM and Ford differed greatly in their business planning. Ford's use of a universal design saved money in the long term. Ford changed his manufacturing plan to produce the Model A. GM leaders had an understanding about competition that Henry Ford lacked. Durant attempted to gain control of a company owned by Ford The yearly model changes introduced by GM were highly successful GWV's investment in gathering consumer information ultimately was ineffective. The 1985 Taurus had the most attractive design of any Ford vehicle. ap 4n-Dich nghia-Chii gidi trang 402 CHAPTER 04 Note/Table/Flow-chart/Diagram Completion 133 22 SNIOVSY S171 S¥BXOVH UoWa|dwog wesSeyg/4seys-mo}4ra}qeL/a}ON134 VOCABULARY LIST Hoe thude tis vyng Chapter 04 va lam Quiz o Progression n. sy tién bo, su phat trién timber n. g6 xy dung, 96 lam moc aesthetic ad). (thudc) my hoc, thém my. ooo perception n. sy nhan thuc, 1 giac decorative adj, d trang hoang, trang frame n. khung, céu trac tensile strength phr. do bén kéo steel n. thép. landscape n. canh tri, phong eénh odDooadoa larva n, 4u trang o overrun v. lan tran, tran ng3p o imidrise aj, (kién truc) trung tng (khong cao khang thp) imitate v. mo phéng mound n. mé/ 96 dat pest n. loai gay hai radial adj. huéng tam convection n. sy déi luu dissipation n. sy xua tan, tin (niet) ‘even adj. bang phing terrain n. djs hinh sloping ad}. nghiéng, déc predominance n. tinh tri, uu thé moderate adi, via ph gigu do yoo 000 cose oy deoee) respiration n. sy ho hép/trao di khi NGi ti véi nghia. 01 predominance —@ bing phing 02 imitate ® tinh troi, uu thé 03 moderate © sunhan thic, tri gic 04 progression @ via phai, diéu dd 05 perception © su tn bo, sy phat tién © mo phing warfare n. chién su/chién tran platform n. ke, buc cumbersome ad}. céng kénh, bat tien steer v. [8 iu khign friction n. su ma sat troop n. quin 6i,binh lin navigate v. Iai, xéc dinh phuong huéng piloting n. su dn dueng orientation 9. su dinh huéng landmark n. mée dinh hung feature n. diém dae trung ental v. di hd, cua dén magnetic field phr. tir ruéng orient v. dinh vi dinh huéng compensate v. dén bi, bu dp susceptible to phr. dé bj anh hudng, dé msc windmill n. 661 xay 16 renewable energy phr. nang lugng tai tao substan I ad), i ti, ding ke kinetic adj (thud) dong lye propel v. déy optimise v. 181 wu héa optimal ad, 161 us anemometre n. thiét bi do gié Doo oOo oo oo 0 Oo oso oOo oo boo o.oo 8B accordingly adv. theo 46 06 substantial @ aén bo, bu dp 07 friction © adindi, dua dén 08 compensate © cé gid tr, dang ké 09 susceptibleto. — @ syma sat 10 entail © dé bj nh hutng, a8 méc © isi, digu kién @ol @60 a0 BLO O90 G0 Or0 OLO Dz0 OwHACKERS IELTS READING 0.0) 0 8) by 8-8) O-O.040-050-00;0.0°o. 0 DG ay cle ch voltage n. gién 4p all-time high phr. dat mie cao nhat lich st abundantly adv. déi dao versatile adj, da nang multifaceted ad), nhigu mst/khia canh ‘onshore adv. irén bd, gn bo reserve n tit lugng ervoir n. bé chia, giéng nam breach v, khoan thing offset v. bu dp metering n. vigc do, dinh Iueng deflect v lam chéch hudng, 18 administer v. phan phat, cung ung pharmacological ad), (thus) duce ly alleviate v.larn nhe bét baffling ad. phic tap, khéng thé higu duve efficacy n. tinh higu qua ailment n. sy dau 6m, benh tinh medicate v. ké thube paramount adj 161 quan trong ‘exacerbate v. lim trém trong subsistence a. su tén tai, sy s6ng stretch v. dui kéo dan ra sustenance n. phuong tién sinh séng degradation n. sy gidm sur, thosi héa NGi tu véi nghia. a Osdedenrd) Ovo oo OPO 0 0 Geno) eer oo giant n, nguei khéng 16 monopoly n. doc quyén scale n. guy md in one’s own right phr. chinh ban than ground n. nén méng standardised adj. dugc tiéu chun héa mass n. dai ching lagging ad). cham lei phia sau replicate v. t4i 120 [ai s20 chép Iai excel v. vugt 191 entrepreneur n. deanh nhan successor n.nguds Ké nhigm variation n. sy bién ai erode v. x51 man, tut om antagonism n, sy phin déi prominence n. sv xust ching/i6i lac plummet v. tut xuéng plight n, hoan canh Kho khan setback n. su thos lul/thosl rao bankruptey n. su pha sin ‘dwindle v. thu nhé Iai, suy yéu NIQVIY SLTAI SUID UoLajdwog wesBerg/Lieys-mol4/a}qe1/a}0N ia 01 degradation 02 alleviate 06 erode 07 dwindle 08 scale 09 replicate 10 mass @ sy dau 6m, bénh tat ® 161 quan trong © bi dip @ lam nhe bet © su gidm sut, thoai hoa © thay 461 phuong huéng @ ai ching © su xust ching, 16 lac © x6i mon, tut gidm @ thu nhé Ia, suy yéu © 181 190 lal, sao chép lat ® quy me 03 paramount 04 offset 08 ailment @O1 ©60 D0 O10 O90 SO Ovo @E0 Bz0 O10 CHAPTER 04 Note/Table/Flow-charl/Diagram Completion 135,136 HACKERS IELTS READING TTS ALE Sentence completion la dang bai yéu céu hoan thanh cau dé dé noi dung cac cau 46 d6ng nhat v6i ndi dung bai doc. Bay Ia dang bai thinh thoang sé xuat hién trong bai thi IELTS Reading. HINH THUC CAU HOI Dang bai Sentence completion xuét hign duéi hai hinh thue: hinh thie thir nhat yéu cdu Iva chon 4p an phi hgp trong mot danh sch cée phuong én dé néi véi céu cho s&n, hinh thie thu hai, short-answer question (cu tra lei ngén), yéu cdu tim tis phu hgp trong bai doc dién vao ché tréng, trong céu. 86i véi hinh thiic short-answer question, phai kiém tra chinh xéc sé lugng tu va s6 duge phép din vao ché trong. Hinh thc Iya chon dap an phi hgp trong mét danh sch cac phuong an Kiéu bai yéu céu Iya chon dap an phis hgp trong mét danh sch céc phuong én dé hoan thanh cu. Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-G, below. Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 1-2 on your answer sheet. 1 Last-born children are likely to 2 First-born children learn how to A_ make outrageous statements about family members. B use jokes to avoid disputing with their family. G develop more serious personalities than other people. Hinh thuc tim tu phi: hgp trong bai dgc dé dién vao ché tréng Kiéu bai yéu cau tim tix phi hgp trong bai doc dé dién vao ché tréng trong cau cho san. Complete the sentences below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 1-2 on your answer sheet. 1 Last-born children make _.. about family members. 2 First-born children lear how to develop more seriou: than other people.I CHIEN THUAT LAM BAI STEP 1 Xdc dinh cum ti khéa va ndi dung cia céu cho san. é lam dang bai Sentence completion, dau tién can x4c dinh cum tu khéa va n6i dung chinh cia cau cho sn. eats Complete the sentence with the correct ending, A-D, below. Write the correct letter, A-D, in box 1 on your answer sheet. 1 Lasttborn children are likely to make outrageous statements about family members. use jokes to avoid disputing with their family. assume the responsibilities of their older siblings. develop more serious personalities than other people. Ors Xie dinh urn tir khéa 13 SE BSFATERIRREE va ni dung cau cho sin hel vé hung doa tré sinh ra ‘su cing thuing cé xu hhugng lam ol 1. Trong dang bai Sentence completion, tét cA cae cau chua hoan chinh thudng dugc dua ra cing mt lic. Tuy nhién, néu xéc dinh cum tir khéa cla mét cu va hoan thanh cau dé trude r6i chuyén sang cdc cau tiép theo s6 tot hon vigc xc dinh ti khéa ola t&t c& cdc cau cing mét luc. 2. B61 véi hinh thi Iya chon dap an phi hgp trong mét danh séich cae phudng an cho sn trong bai Sentence completion, 86 Ivgng phudng 4n sé nhiéu hon sé lugng cau can hoan thanh nén sé cé nhing phudng én khong sit dung t6i. Vi vay, chiing ta chi cén doc toan bo céc phuong an mot lén dé khi tim dap dn sé gidp tiét kiém thdi gian. CHAPTER 05 Sentence Completion 137 se wo aauayuas és138 STEP 2 Tim trong bai doc nhiing ndi dung lién quan khéa vila xac dinh. For siblings born later, their personalities may be highly influenced by their order of birth. Since they are unlikely to benefit from a familial ‘system that is clearly more advantageous to their older siblings, they must find a way to equalise the playing field. One way that this happens is through ‘the use of humour, which lastbom children °] often rely upon to keep from getting in trouble or arguing with other family members. This can lead to funnier or more outrageous Personalities amongst last-born children. Firstborn children, on the other hand, tend to be more responsible and mature even at @ young age, since they are expected to provide guidance to their younger siblings. Complete the sentence with the correct ending, A-D, below. Write the correct letter, A-D, in box 1 on your answer sheet. 1 Last-born children are likely to make outrageous statements about family members. use jokes to avoid disputing with their family. assume the responsibilities of their older siblings. develop more serious personalities than other people. comp Bai dich trang 408 dén cum tu Ap dung kithuat scanning dé tim trong bai doc nhiing ndi dung lién quan dén cum ti khéa vila xéc inh. Kiém tra toan bé phan néi dung lién quan dé dé tim kiém ggi y cho céu tra Idi. 1 Tim trong bil doc nhong mdi dung ln quan dén evm ti khoa Lastborn children, Go ¥ cho chu ted lh c6 thé tim thy & cau dé cap én cum tir khéa 65 Ia: ‘the use of humour, whieh last-bern children often rely upon to keep from getting in trouble fF arguing with other farily members! Sirs ‘Thong thudng trong dang bai Sentence completion, cdc cu dugc éua ra th trong bai doc nén ggi ¥ cho cae cu tra Idi cling xuat hién theo thit ty dé. Jeo diing thd ty xudt hin Vi dy, agi y cho cau tht hai thudng xuét hign sau ggi y cho cau th’ nhat, nén néu tim dap an cho cau thi hai sau doan ggi ¥ cho cu thi’ nhat thi kha nang tim thay cao hon. B6i voi nhing cau khong kim 8 khong gida doan ggi ¥ cho cu truée va cau sau. tim thy ggi y 66 thé timSTEP 3 Chon dap an phi hdp dién vao ché tréng va kiém tra dé chinh xac cla dap an. (1) Boe tuing phuong an va Iya chon dap an phii hgp. Dap an la cau dién giai lai doan goi y cho cau tra Idi da xde dinh 6 bude thi hai. (2) Sau khi dién cau tra Idi, kiém tra xem cau da hoan thién chua va c6 déng nhat v6i ndi dung bai doc khéng. REI nace at For siblings born later, their personalities may be highly influenced by their order of birth. Since they are unlikely to benefit from a familial system that is clearly more advantageous to their older siblings, they must find a way to equalise the playing field. One way that this happens is through ‘the use of humour, which last-born © children often rely upon to keep from getting in trouble or arguing with other family members. This can lead to funnier or more outrageous personalities amongst last-born children. Firstborn children, on the other hand, tend to be more responsible and mature even at a young age, since they are expected to provide guidance to their younger siblings. Complete the sentence with the correct ending, A-D, below. Write the correct letter, A-D, in box 1 on your answer sheet. 1 Last-born children are likely to use jokes to avoid disputing « | () Boan gol y che cau 818i ‘use of humor, which laet-bern children = rely upon to keep from = arguing with other family members! duge dién gi lai thinh ‘use Jokes to avoid disputing with thei far (2) Sau hi Iya chon with their family. B make outrageous statements about family members. use jokes to avoid disputing with their family. e. phuong an B, kiém tra lai ni dung cla céu vie hon thign la: "Nhang ita 8 duge sinh ra sau ceong thueng ding cée assume the responsibilities of their older siblings. develop more serious personalities than other people. vom> cebu néi dia 66 tinh tanh cf véi gia dinh. OIirs Tuy hinh the shortanswer question trong dang bai Sentence completion chi yéu yéu céu dién danh ti, cing c6 trudng hgp dap 4n l& déng tis, tinh tir hoge trang tw. Vi vay d6i véi hinh thic short-answer question nh&t thiét phai kiém tra ti logi. Truéng hop dap an la danh ti cén kiém tra dang s6 it-s6 nhiéu, truéng hgp dap an [a dong tis cdn kiém tra lai thi va ong tt. CHAPTER 05 Sentence Completion 139 dang s6 it-s6 nhiéu cla SNIOVIY SLTAI SURNOVH Uol}e|dwog eauayuas———o HACKERS PRACTICE A statue of Shakespeare, the world's most renowned playwright, stands in Leicester Square in London's West End. Rather appropriately, too, as the West End is a major attraction, boasting about 40 venues that show some of the highest quality theatre in the world. The area - also known as Theatreland - has a rich history, with many of the theatres dating back to the Victorian and Edwardian periods. These historic buildings now coexist with contemporary shops and offices in what is now one of London's busiest districts. The oldest of these West End theatres is Theatre Royal Drury Lane which opened in 1663, although it has been rebuilt several times due to fire. West End theatres continue to put on an array of shows including contemporary productions, revivals of classics, and, most famously, musicals. The latter draw the most viewers, and have been known to run for decades. This is the case with the Les Misérables and The Phantom of the Opera, which both opened in the mid-1980s and are among the highest grossing of all West End productions. Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-E, below. 1 Allot of the theatres in the West End 2 The most popular West End plays are set to be modemised soon. have been running for decades. do not show contemporary productions. are located alongside modern structures. moom> are revivals of classics. playwright n. nha soan kich venue n. dia diém coexist v. cing tn tai contemporary adj. duong thei, hign thei revival n. su tré lal, sy hi sinh gross v. téng loi nhusn kiém duoc 140HACKERS IELTS READING While pet owners have long believed that their animal companions display feelings such as empathy, jealousy, and guilt, scientists have historically said that this was impossible. They held that only humans felt emotions and that our recognition of them in other species was due to anthropomorphism, or the attribution of human traits to animals. However, recent research has shown that this may not actually be true. By utilising testing methods usually used on non-verbal infants, researchers Christine Harris and Caroline Prouvost of the University of California, San Diego found that dogs displayed jealous behaviours when their owners showed affection to other dogs. The ates that emotions are not likely a strictly human trait. Historical anthropologists like Laurel Braitman and Elizabeth Marshall Thomas take this further. They suggest that emotions have evolutionary value and that when we see a human emotion in animals, we may be discovery of demonstrable jealousy in another social species in recognising a common feature acquired long ago in our shared past. rt th Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-E, below. 2 3 Scientists traditionally felt that animals 8 3 4 — Dogs showing envy proves that emotions ‘communicate thoughts to other animals. lack the emotions. are present in more than one species. separate feelings from emotions. a moom> share an emotional bond with humans. ‘companion n, ban déng hinh empathy n. su théu cam anthropomorphism n. phép nhan héa attribution n. su uy két trait n. dc diém demonstrable adj, cé thé chung minh dugc value n. ¥ nghia, aia 17 CHAPTER 05 Sentence Completion 141142 While companies were established to produce a product or perform a service for a profit, there is a general consensus that they should give back to the community as well. Many corporate owners and managers share this belief and feel that they have ‘a responsibility to improve conditions for the disadvantaged. Some of these, such as Toms Shoes, were actually established with this in mind. Since its foundation, Toms has given one pair of shoes to a person in need for every pair sold. To date, this has resulted in the donation of more than 50 million pairs of shoes. The cosmetics company NuSkin is another example of a socially responsible company. They set up an initiative called Nourish the Children, which allows customers to donate healthy meals to impoverished children when making a purchase. These types of programmes are praiseworthy for their impact on poverty, but they also help the bottom line of companies who undertake them. By advertising these types of socially responsible programmes, companies boost profits. This is because the programmes make customers who are ‘concerned about social issues feel that they are doing good in the world by patronising the company. Overall, these types of corporate programmes have a positive impact on everyone involved and should be an example for other companies to follow. Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-G, below. 5 Some corporate leaders think that it is important to 6 — Corporate giving programmes can 7 Many consumers feel better when they make companies more successful. provide free items during economic depressions. distribute profits to employees. advertise changes in company policies support businesses with charitable programmes. reduce the impact of customer purchases. make better conditions for people in need. ommoom> consensus n. sy déng tam, su nhét tr the disadvantaged phr. ngudi chiu thiét thdi, ngudi yéu thé trong x8 hol initiative n. sng kién, sy kndi ude poverished adj, nghéo khé bottom line phr. loi nhudn, két qua kinh doanh sau thué undertake v. thuc hién patronise v. bio troFound in Southeast Asia and Australia, weaver ants are most notable for their ability to construct nests from living leaves located high in the treetops. Like most ant varieties, a weaver ant's life revolves around providing for its queen. In fact, it is to serve her that they build their nests in the first place. It all starts with a queen founding a colony by laying a clutch of eggs on a leaf and raising the larvae until they become mature workers. In order to increase the size of the colony, the queen must lay more eggs, but this will require additional living space for the already mature ants. Thus, a nest must be built - a task that requires significant collaboration. First, a single ant reaches toward a distant leaf. Unable to get to it alone, the other ants hold onto the first ant, forming a chain until the leaf is finally grasped. Once they have it, they pull as one until both leaves have been drawn together. Keeping the leaves in place, they wait for other workers to arrive carrying larvae, which are capable of producing silk. The larvae are prompted to release the silk from their salivary glands, and the worker ants dab the sticky substance from one leaf to another, essentially binding them. Ultimately, the process is repeated until a nest large enough to accommodate the colony's growing population has been constructed, and the cycle is likewise repeated each time the queen lays more eggs. Complete the sentences below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. establishes a colony by laying eggs and raising young, 9 The ants connect to form a ...in order to collect leaves. Oe thet ae cee .... Of larvae sticks to the leaves of a nest. it SNIOVIY SLTAI SUBOVH UoWajdwog souayuas weaver ant phr. kién tho dét revolve around phr. t8p trung, quay xung quanh clutch n. 8 tring dp larvae n. du trang collaboration n. su hop tac reach v, véi Iéy prompt v. x0 giuc salivary gland phr. tuyén nude bot dab v. chm nhe bind v. néi lai, bude lai accommodate v. chua dung CHAPTER 05 Sentence Completion 143144 Cinderella, Snow White, and Sleeping Beauty are all considered animated classics, but all three are actually based on stories published by two German writers commonly known as the Brothers Grimm. Although Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm are often referred to as the authors of these fairy tales, they did not actually come up with the stories themselves. The stories had been passed down through the oral tradition from one generation to the next in Germany and the surrounding regions long before the Brothers Grimm. However, the brothers, seeing that the stories were at risk of being lost, started documenting them. In order to do this, they interviewed friends, relatives, storytellers and aristocrats to learn the stories of the culture. After they had collected the stories, the Brothers Grimm set about putting them to paper. During the writing and editing processes, they combined differing versions of the same tales and edited them to impart a stylistic consistency and to improve the basic plots, thereby making them their own. When it was finally published, their book Nursery and Household Tales was a blockbuster. It went on to be reprinted repeatedly and eventually had its title altered to Grimm's Fairy Tales. Even though this is still the name we use for the book, the stories it contained were not exactly the same as the ones that we know today. Most of the brothers’ original stories had more adult themes, as they had not been written for children. Over time, the stories were edited to make them more appropriate for younger audiences and became staples of childhood libraries worldwide. In fact, their works have been translated into more than 100 languages. Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. 11 The stories the brothers used were handed down by the .. 12. The brothers put together many different... - of the same story. 13. The book Nursery and Household Tales’ original , changed after its first publication. Was 14 The... ..in the brother's works show that they were not for young readers. oral tradition phr. truyén miéng dan gian document v. ghi chép Iai, din chung ty liéu aristocrat n. nha quy t8e impart v. truyén dat, phé bién stylistic adj. (thudc) van phong consistency n. tinh rihst quin blockbuster n. téc phém bom tn, bin chay staple n. sin phim chi yéu[B]_Esucationis one of te mast important issues addressed by societies. Itprovides people with the basic skills required to survive in the world, but it also allows them to make societal contributions. In fact, former American first lady Eleanor Roosevelt claimed that education was essential to good citizenship. Unfortunately, in large multi-cultural societies like the United States, educating the populace can be difficult. This, according to Dr M.S. Rosenberg, is due to distinct cultural approaches to education. For instance, the parents of Asian-American students sometimes encourage them to sit quietly, listen intently, and avoid eye contact with their teachers, as these were the educational values of their cultures. This stands in stark contrast to the importance of classroom discussion and eye contact instilled in most European and American students. This problem can be magnified by the differing ways that cultures view the role of the teacher in the classroom. European or American parents often see the teacher as a participant in educating their children with whom they work. Many Hispanic cultures, on the other hand, regard teachers as experts and defer to them on nearly all aspects of educational decision-making. Unfortunately, not understanding these cultural differences can have ‘a major negative impact on students. Teachers who have been trained in the European and American style of education may see the active participation of students of that culture as superior to that of others. They may also see the involvement of European or ‘American parents as a sign of greater concern for their children's educations. However, they could simply be misunderstanding cultural norms. In order to avoid these kinds of problems and to more effectively teach in a multicultural setting, teachers are trained to recognise cultural differences and to adapt their lessons and evaluation styles to reflect them. In other words, they attempt to implement uniform education standards which allow for cultural diversity. Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. 15 Education provides essential knowledge and the opportunity to make 16 Failing to understand... may have a significant negative effect on students. 17 Teachers are trying to put in place... which respect different backgrounds. citizenship n. quyén céng dan, tu cach cng dn populace n. céng ching, quin ching in stark contrast to ph. ‘r8I nguge hoan todn vat instil. lam cho thém nhuan defer to phr. chiGu theo, lam theo norm n. quy pham, eu chun implement v. thi hanh allow for ph. tinh dn, cha y dén CHAPTER 05 Sentence Completion 145 SNIOVIY SLTAI S¥ANOVH UolLalduog eauayuas146 Environmental Conservation Through Urban Density The first image that comes to mind when considering environmental sustainability is usually not a densely packed urban landscape. However, since Compact City: A Plan for @ Liveable Urban Environment was released in 1974 by authors George Dantzig and Thomas Saaty, most urban planners agree that the most effective way to keep the planet green is to pack as many people as possible into compact cities. The most important reason to contain people in cities, they say, is to decrease sprawl, the ‘expansion of urban areas into surrounding land. Not only does the infringement of human populations into undeveloped areas destroy arable soil and ecosystems, but it also creates suburbs that are energy inefficient and automobile dependent. Building cities upward rather than outward is the best way to avoid this. If everyone lived in cities, the need for automobiles would be greatly reduced, which would minimise the pollution they cause and conserve the fossil fuels they require to operate. Studies show that people who live in densely populated cities, like New York, are 40 per cent less likely to own cars and use far less gasoline because public transit is readily available and walking or cycling is often an option. The fact that driving in cities has become increasingly difficult also contributes to people giving it up. With parking restrictions and expensive toll fees to contend with, not to mention the glut of other vehicles that, sadly, remain on the road, many city dwellers simply choose not to drive when there are far more attractive transportation alternatives available. But the environmental sustainability of cities has to do with more than just transportation: it's also about housing. The vast majority of people in high-density cities live in apartment buildings, which are the most energy-efficient residential structures in the world. The shared walls of apartment buildings mean that less heat is lost and thus, less fuel is used to generate it. In addition, because apartments are usually smaller than, say, a typical single-family home in the suburbs, far less electricity is consumed per household - as much as 50 per cent less than in sparsely populated areas, actually. It's thus no surprise that the carbon footprint of most high-density city inhabitants is around 30 per cent smaller than the global average. Ultimately, while being shoulder-to-shoulder with millions of other people may seem unpleasant, it is the best way to handle our ever-growing population while preserving the resources that subsequent generations will need to survive. The cities that exist today are far from perfect, but that just means that there is stil a lot that can be done - from replacing diesel fleets with hybrid and electric ones to updating archaic, inefficient infrastructure - to make urban communities not only more sustainable but also nicer places to live.