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b r i e f C ontent s
Maps and Figures xv Chapter 7 Early State and Society

Preface xvii in Japan (to 794) 114
Conventions xxi
Chapter 8 China Among Equals: Song, Liao,
Xia, and Jin 129
PART ONE Chapter 9 Heian Japan (794–ca. 1180) 148

The Foundations of East Asian
Civilization in China 1
Chapter 10 Goryeo Korea (935–1392) 169
Chapter 1 China in the Bronze Age:
The Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties Chapter 11 Kamakura Japan (1180–1333) 183
(ca. 1500–771 b.c.e.) 8
Chapter 12 China Under Mongol Rule
Chapter 2 Philosophers and Warring (1215–1368) 198
States During the Eastern Zhou Period
(770–256 b.c.e.) 20
PART THREE
Meeting New Challenges (1300–1800) 211
Chapter 3 The Founding of the Bureaucratic
Empire: Qin-Han China (256 b.c.e.–200 c.e.) 36
Chapter 13 Japan’s Middle Ages
(1330–1600) 212
Chapter 4 Political Division in China and the
Spread of Buddhism (200–580) 61
Chapter 14 The Ming Empire in China
(1368–1644) 227
Chapter 5 The Cosmopolitan Empires of Sui
and Tang China (581–960) 75
Chapter 15 Joseon Korea
(1392–1800) 247
PART two Chapter 16 The Creation of the Manchu

The Emergence of East Asian Empire (1600–1800) 270
Civilization 97
Chapter 17 Edo Japan (1603–1800) 288
Chapter 6 Early Korea to 935 98 Index I-1
vii
C ontent s
Maps and Figures xv The Hundred Schools of Thought 26

Preface xvii Confucius and the Analects 26
Conventions xxi Mozi 27
Mencius 28
Xunzi 29
Daoism and the Laozi and Zhuangzi 30
PART ONE Legalism 31
The Foundations of East Asian Civilization Yin and Yang 32
in China 1 The Art of War 32
The World of Spirits 32
Connections: The Prehistory of East Asia 2 Material Culture: Lacquer 33

Warring States Literature and Art: The Case
of Chu 33
Chapter 1 China in the Bronze Age: The Shang and
Western Zhou Dynasties (ca. 1500–771 b.c.e.) 8
The Geography of the Chinese Subcontinent 9 Chapter 3 The Founding of the Bureaucratic
Empire: Qin-Han China (256 b.c.e.–200 c.e.) 36
The Shang Dynasty (ca. 1500–1045 b.c.e.) 10
The Qin Unification (256–206 b.c.e.) 37
Material Culture: Rammed Earth 11
The First Emperor (r. 221–210 b.c.e.) 38
Writing 12
The First Emperor’s Tomb 39
Metalworking 13
Qin Law 41
Developments Outside the Shang Core 14 The Xiongnu and the Great Wall 41
The Western Zhou Dynasty (1045–771 b.c.e.) 15 The Han Dynasty (206 b.c.e.–220 c.e.) 42
Documents: The Book of Songs 16 Official Support for Confucianism 44
The Mandate of Heaven 16 Wang Mang 44
The Zhou Political Structure 17 Palace Eunuchs 44
Western Zhou Society and Culture 18 Intellectual, Literary, and Religious Currents 45
Han Confucianism 45
Documents: Lucky and Unlucky Days 46
Chapter 2 Philosophers and Warring States During
Sima Qian and the Records of the
the Eastern Zhou Period (770–256 b.c.e.) 20
Grand Historian 47
The Multistate System of the Eastern Zhou 21
Biography: The Ban Family 49
Biography: Guan Zhong 22
Chinese Society in Han Times 49
Warfare and Its Consequences 23 Common Farmers 49
Documents: The King of Zhao Convinces His Elite Groups 50
Uncle to Wear Barbarian Dress 25 The Family 51
ix
x Contents
Central Asia and the Silk Road 52 Empress Wu 82

Material Culture: Silk from the Silk Emperor Xuanzong 84
Road 53 The Rebellion of An Lushan (755–763)
Borderlands 53 and Its Aftermath 84
The Case of Vietnam 54 The Achievements of Tang Men of Letters 86
Maintaining the Empire 54 Biography: Du Fu (712–777), Confucian
Poet 87
Connections: Buddhism in India and Its Spread Documents: Poking Fun 88
Along the Silk Road 56
The Dunhuang Documents 90
The Tang Dynasty’s Final Decades
Chapter 4 Political Division in China and the Five Dynasties 91
and the Spread of Buddhism (200–580) 61
The Three Kingdoms (220–265) and the Western Connections: Cultural Contact Across Eurasia
Jin Dynasty (265–316) 62 (600–900) 93
Non-Chinese Dominance in the North 65
The Northern Wei and Hybrid
Xianbei-Chinese Culture 66 PART two
The Revolt of the Garrisons and the Division The Emergence of East Asian
of the North 67
Civilization 97
The Southern Dynasties 67
Aristocratic Culture 68
Chapter 6 Early Korea to 935 98
Biography: Yan Zhitui (531–591+) 69
Geographical Setting 98
Poetry, Calligraphy, and Painting as Arts
of Men of Letters 69 The Early Historical Period
(200 b.c.e.–313 c.e.) 100
The Buddhist Conquest of China 70
The North: Joseon, Buyeo, Goguryeo,
Material Culture: Cave 285 at Dunhuang 71 and the Chinese Commanderies 100
Daoist Religion 72 The South: The Three Han (Samhan
Documents: The Monastery of Eternal [SAM-han]) 101
Tranquility 73 Documents: The Widow of King
Gogukcheon 102
The Three Kingdoms: Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla
Chapter 5 The Cosmopolitan Empires of Sui (313–668) 103
and Tang China (581–960) 75
Unification by Silla (581–668) 105
The Northwest Military Aristocracy and the Sui
Reunification of China 76 Unified Silla (668–892) 106
The Founding of the Tang Dynasty (618–907) 77 Society and Culture 107
The Tang at Its Height 79 Biography: Gangsu, the Scribe 109
Material Culture: Tea 80 Material Culture: Seokguram Grotto 110

The Tang Elite 81 Balhae (698–926) 110
Contents xi
Making Comparisons: Languages and Writing Gender Roles and Family Life 141
Systems 113 Biography: The Cai Family
of Geomancers 142
Documents: Tales of Retribution 144
Chapter 7 Early State and Society in Japan
Religion in Song Life 144
(to 794) 114
Material Culture: Huang Sheng’s
The Geography of the Japanese Archipelago 115
Clothing 146
Early Kingship in Late Yayoi (ca. 100–350) 115
The Korea Connection 117
Ancient Religion 117
Chapter 9 Heian Japan (794–ca. 1180) 148
The Formation of a Centered Polity
(350–794) 118 The Age of Kingly Rule (ca. 794–900) 148
Taira no Masakado’s Rebellion 149
The China Connection 118
Early Heian Culture 150
Material Culture: Haniwa 119 Transformations in Religious Practice 150
Fixing the Capital at Nara 120
Biography: Sugawara no Michizane 152
The Conquest of Emishi and Hayato 122
The Introduction of Buddhism 122 The Fujiwara Era (900–1050) 152
Marriage and Politics 153
Documents: Poems from Man’yōshū and
The Heyday of Aristocratic Culture 154
Nihon shoki 124
Elite Culture 125 Material Culture: Writing Japanese 155
A Stagnant Agricultural Base 126 Documents: Sanbōe (The Three
Jewels) 156
Buddhism and the Fujiwara 157
Chapter 8 China Among Equals: Song, Liao, Rule by Retired Monarchs (1086–1180) 158
Xia, and Jin 129
The Estate System 160
The Founding of the Song Dynasty 130
Song’s Rivals: Liao and Xia 130 Connections: The Mongols 162
A New Era 132
The Medieval Chinese Economic
Revolution 132
Chapter 10 Goryeo Korea (935–1392) 169
International Trade 133
The Song Scholar-Official Class 134 Early Goryeo Government (935–1170) 169
Reformers and Anti-Reformers 136 The Changing International Context
The Fall of the Northern Song and the (943–1146) 171
Establishment of the Jin Dynasty 138 Society and Culture in the Goryeo Period 172
Hangzhou and the Southern Song Material Culture: Celadon 173
(1127–1276) 139 Family and Kinship 173
Song Culture and Society 140 Documents: Popular Songs 174
The Revival of Confucianism and the Learning Buddhism and Confucianism 174
of the Way 140 History-Writing 176
xii Contents
Military Rule and the Mongol Invasions Documents: The Luoluo 202
(1170–1259) 176 Life in China Under the Mongols 202
Choe Family Dominance 177
Biography: Hao Jing, Imprisoned Envoy 204
The Mongols 177
Material Culture: Blue-and-White
Goryeo Under Mongol Domination
Porcelain 205
(1260–1351) 178
The Chinese Educated Elite During the
Biography: Lady Ki, Consort of the Mongol Era 206
Mongol Emperor 180 Drama 208
Making Comparisons: Monarchical Making Comparisons: Food Cultures 210

Institutions 182
PART THREE
Chapter 11 Kamakura Japan (1180–1333) 183 Meeting New Challenges (1300–1800) 211
Rise of the Warrior 183
Prelude to Kamakura Rule (1156–1185) 186
Chapter 13 Japan’s Middle Ages (1330–1600) 212
Military Government at Kamakura (1180–1333)
New Political Alignments (1338–1573) 212
186
How the Ashikaga Shoguns Governed
Family Politics 187
Japan 213
Kamakura Shogunate 188
Changes in Roles for Women 214
Toward Intensive Agriculture and Economic
Trade in Town and Country 214
Growth 189
Biography: Hino Meishi 215
Documents: The Estate Stewards in Legal
Life on the Margins 217
Documents 190
Changes in Religious Practice 217
Buddhism 192
Muromachi Culture 218
Literature and Popular Arts 193
Material Culture: The Matchlock 219
The Mongol Invasions (1271–1281) 194
Civil War (1467–1600) 219
Material Culture: Portrait Sculpture 195
Documents: The Journal of Sōchō 220
Biography: Nichiren 195
Local Leagues 221
Fall of the Kamakura Regime (1293–1333) 196 Rise of Warlords 223
The Conquerors 223
Chapter 12 China Under Mongol Rule

(1215–1368) 198
Chapter 14 The Ming Empire in China
The Mongol Conquest of the Jin and Xia (1368–1644) 227
Dynasties 198 The Founding of the Ming Dynasty 228
The Mongol Conquest of the Southern Song 200 Ming Taizu, the Hongwu Emperor 228
Khubilai 200 Chengzu, the Yongle Emperor 229
Crossing the Yangzi River 201 Weaknesses of the Imperial Institution 230
Contents xiii
Diplomacy and Defense 231

Chapter 16 The Creation of the Manchu Empire
Zheng He’s Voyages 232
(1600–1800) 270
The Mongols and the Great Wall 233
Trade and Piracy Along China’s Coasts 234 The Manchus 271
Social and Cultural Trends 234 Ming Loyalism 272

The Educated Class and the Examination The Qing at Its Height 273
Life 234 Kangxi 274
Wang Yangming’s Challenge to Confucian Biography: Jiang Chun, Salt Merchant 275
Orthodoxy 237 Qianlong 276
Biography: Tan Yunxian, Woman Doctor 238 The Banner System 277
Local Society 240 Documents: Fang Bao’s “Random Notes from
Material Culture: Gardens of Suzhou 241 Prison” 278
Urban Culture 241 Contacts with Europe 280
Documents: Scene from The Peony Social and Cultural Crosscurrents 281
Pavilion 242 The Conservative Turn 281
Dynastic Decline 244 The Dream of Red Mansions 281
Material Culture: Jin Nong’s Inscribed
Portrait of a Buddhist Monk 282
Chapter 15 Joseon Korea (1392–1800) 247
The Less Advantaged and the Disaffected 283
Yi Seonggye’s Rise to Power 247
Kings and Yangban Confucian Officials 249
Dynastic Decline and the Japanese Invasion 251 Chapter 17 Edo Japan (1603–1800) 288
Material Culture: Yangban Children’s Tokugawa Settlement (Seventeenth
Board Games 252 Century) 288
Government 289
Biography: Interpreter Jeong Myeongsu 253
Agricultural Transformations and the
Relations with the Manchus 254 Commercial Revolution 291
Internal Politics in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Material Culture: Night Soil 294
Centuries 255 Urban Life and Culture 294
Economic Growth and the Decline of Slavery 257 Documents: Ihara Saikaku’s “Sensible Advice
Documents: Lady Hyegyeong’s Memoirs 258 on Domestic Economy” 296
Cultural Developments 258 Intellectual Trends 296
Literature 258 Biography: Tadano Makuzu, Daughter of the
Northern Learning 260 Samurai 299
Christianity and Western Learning 260 Maturation and Decay (Eighteenth Century) 299
The Family and Women in the Confucian Age 261 Popular Culture 300
Hard Times and Rural Uprisings 301
Making Comparisons: Women’s Situations 264
Making Comparisons: Neo-Confucianism 304
Connections: Europe Enters the Scene 265 Index I-1
map s an d FI G U R E S
Map C1.1 Neolithic Sites in East Asia 3 Map 8.1 Northern Song, Liao, and Xia,
ca. 1050 131
Map 1.1 Western Zhou China 9
Map 8.2 Southern Song, Jin, and Xia,
Map 2.1 Zhou States in the Sixth Century b.c.e. 21 ca. 1200 139
Map 3.1 The Han Empire at Its Maximum Extent,
Map C4.1 Map of Mongol Conquests 166
ca. 50 b.c.e. 37
Map 10.1 Goryeo Dynasty After 1126 171
Map C2.1 Expansion of Buddhism from 500 b.c.e.
to 800 c.e. 59 Map 11.1 Major Provinces, Regions, and Cities
in Japan 184
Map 4.1 Rise and Fall of States During the Period
of Division 63 Map 11.2 Site of the Mongol Invasions 196
Map 5.1 Tang China 81 Map 13.1 Kyoto in the Tenth–Eleventh Centuries
Map C3.1 Map of Asian Trade and Communication and Its Transformation in the Sixteenth
Routes in the Sixth–Tenth Centuries 94 Century 222
Map 6.1 Korea, 200 b.c.e.–100 b.c.e. 99 Map 14.1 The Ming Empire 235
Map 6.2 Goguryeo at Its Largest Extent, Late Fifth Map 15.1 Joseon Dynasty, 1392–1910 250
Century c.e. 104
Map C5.1 Seaborne Trading Empires in
Map 6.3 Silla After Conquest of Han River Region the Sixteenth and Seventeenth
in 552 c.e. 106 Centuries 266
Map 7.1 Islands of Japan 116 Map 16.1 The Manchu Empire at Its Height 272
Map 7.2 Kinai Area of Japan 121 Map 17.1 Tokugawa Japan, 1600–1868 292
Figure C1.1 Dolmens 6
Figure 1.1 Mold for Bronze Casting 14
Figure 3.1 Standardizing the Writing System 38
Figure 5.1 Layout of Chang’an and One of the Cities

Modeled on It Outside China 79
Figure 15.1 Hangul Chart 248
xv
PREFACE
T here are many reasons to learn about East Asia.

A fifth of the world’s population lives there.
Every day newspapers carry articles on the rapid
WHAT IS NEW IN THE THIRD EDITION
Our first goal in revising this book has been to

transformations of the world economy that make bring it up to date—to cover the last few years and
China, Japan, and Korea a growing presence in our take account of new scholarship. But we have also
lives. Globalization means not only that people are put a lot of thought into how we can best serve
crossing the Pacific in ever-increasing numbers but our audience. Teachers and students who used the
also that U.S. popular culture is drawing from many first and second editions of this book have told us
sources in East Asia, from Korean martial arts to how much they liked our coverage of social and
Japanese anime and Chinese films. cultural history, our mini-chapter “Connections,”
But why approach East Asia through its history and our boxed features—the Documents, Biogra-
rather than, say, its economy or contemporary cul- phies, Material Culture, and Making Comparisons
ture? Many reasons suggest themselves. We cannot features. With their encouragement, we continue to
gain an adequate understanding of modern phe- scrutinize our choices and in this edition offer sev-
nomena without knowing the stages and processes eral new ones, including new Material Culture fea-
that led up to them. Moreover, the peoples of East tures on Japanese portrait statues and matchlocks
Asia are strongly historically minded. To a much and China’s recent high-speed trains; new biogra-
greater extent than in the United States, they know phies of a Korean interpreter, a Japanese radical
and identify with people and events of a thousand samurai, and a Chinese geomancer; and new docu-
or more years ago. In all three countries, readers ments from the Book of Songs for the Zhou period
still enjoy The Three Kingdoms, a novel written in and “Wild Lilies,” for the twentieth century. We
fourteenth-century China about the leaders of three also have added an additional Making Compari-
contending states in third-century China. Historical sons feature on languages.
consciousness also underlies the strong sense of sep- Two more pervasive changes also deserve
arate identities among the people of China, Korea, mention. On the advice of instructors who have
and Japan. The fact that time and again Korea was used this book in class, we have added two ped-
able to protect its independence despite the attempts agogical aids. The first is pronunciation glosses
of both China and Japan to conquer it is a central aimed to give students the courage to pronounce
part of Korean identity today. Yet another reason to foreign words in their heads while reading, and out
learn about East Asia’s past is its comparative value. loud in class. These glosses do not aim for linguistic
As a region that developed nearly independently precision; their sole purpose is to help U.S. students
of the West, East Asia sheds light on the variety of approximate the sounds of Chinese, Japanese, and
ways human beings have found meaning, formed Korean words.
communities, and governed themselves, expanding The second addition we have made is to add criti-
our understanding of the human condition. cal thinking questions at the end of all the documents
What makes this East Asian history book distinc- and biographies. It is our hope that these questions
tive? In it we cover all three countries from a broad will encourage students to pause and think about
range of perspectives, from the earliest signs of what they are reading. Teachers might also consider
human civilization to the present, and we balance the asking students to prepare answers to them.
big picture with specific cases. While availing our- The overall conception of this book remains the
selves of the framework provided by politics, we also same as it was from the first edition. The following
focus on culture, social issues, and economic change. distinctive characteristics are worth underlining.
xvii
xviii Preface
COMPARABLE COVERAGE OF KOREA We also believe students should gain an under-

standing of the philosophies and religions of East
Part of our original plan for this book was to cover Asia. Confucianism and Buddhism have both been
Korea in comparable depth as China and Japan (we of great importance throughout the region, but in
ended up giving China about 50 percent of the space, very diverse ways, as the historical context has con-
Japan 30 percent, and Korea 20 percent). We know tinually changed. Other elements of high culture
that many teachers have been frustrated in their at- also deserve coverage, such as the arts of poetry and
tempts to cover Korea in their East Asia courses for calligraphy.
lack of suitable materials and hope that our efforts Yet we did not want to neglect topics in social,
prove useful to both them and their students. cultural, and economic history, where much of our
own work has been concentrated. Even if the state
is important to understanding how people lived, so
A BROAD FOCUS: CONNECTIONS CHAPTERS
were families, villages, and religious sects. We also
wanted to bring in the results of scholarship on
It is often difficult to keep the larger whole in mind
those who had been marginalized in the traditional
as we tell the separate stories of China, Korea, and
histories, from laborers and minorities to women at
Japan. Our solution has been to periodically zoom
all social levels.
out to look at the wider region from a global or
world-historical perspective. Thus, after every few
chapters we have inserted a mini-chapter on devel- MAKING COMPARISONS
opments that link the societies of East Asia both
to each other and to the larger global context. We There are many similarities among the cultures of
have labeled these mini-chapters “Connections” be- East Asia, often because of their direct influence on
cause they emphasize the many ways each society each other and the wide circulation of some core
was connected to outside events and people. For in- philosophical, religious, and literary texts. Yet dif-
stance, the origins and spread of Buddhism are of ferences are at least as significant and interesting. To
great importance to all the societies of East Asia, but help students take stock of what they have learned,
much of the story can be told as a common narra- from time to time we provide a brief, one-page dis-
tive that connects East Asia with the rest of Asia. cussion placed between chapters that compares
Similarly, many books write about World War II in features of the three countries. The topics in the third
East Asia in entirely different ways in their China edition are languages, food cultures, monarchical
and Japan chapters. By stepping back and writing institutions, women’s situations, neo-Confucianism,
about the war from a more global perspective, we slavery, and popular religion.
help students see the larger picture.
A Specific FOCUS: BIOGRAPHIES,

BALANCED CULTURAL, SOCIAL, DOCUMENTS, AND MATERIAL CULTURE
AND POLITICAL HISTORY
The potential danger of trying to cover so much is a
This book strives for balanced coverage of the differ- high level of generalization. To keep our readers en-
ent strands of history. A basic political narrative is gaged and bring our story down to earth, we devote
essential to give students a firm sense of chronology three or four pages per chapter to closer looks at
and to let them think about issues of change. More- specific people, documents, and material objects.
over, there is no denying that the creation of state
structures has much to do with how people lived
Biographies
their lives. Even the fact that people think of them-
selves as “Chinese,” “Korean,” or “Japanese” is Most chapters have a one-page biography, often
largely a by-product of political history. about someone who would not normally be mentioned
Preface xix
in a history book. We thus highlight a diverse set of else in modern times—from the food people eat to
individuals, from the most accomplished (such as the their ways of amusing themselves to technological ad-
eminent Chinese poet Du Fu) to those who are re- vances such as the transistor that continue to have an
markably ordinary people (such as a woman whose impact not only in Asia but across the world.
job was to mind the neighborhood telephone). Three
military men are portrayed; others were physicians, THINKING LIKE A HISTORIAN
interpreters, entrepreneurs, and founders of religious
sects. We also have included some agitators and The “Documents” and “Material Culture” features
revolutionaries, and even a winning volleyball coach. challenge students to draw inferences from primary
materials much as historians do. Another way we have
Documents tried to help students learn to think like historians is
to present history as a set of questions more than a set
In our chapters we frequently cite short passages
of answers. What historians are able to say about a
from primary sources, but we believe students also
period or topic depends not only on the sources avail-
benefit from texts long enough to give them a sense
able but also on the questions asked. To help students
of the genre, the author’s point of view, and the cir-
see this, we begin each chapter with a brief discussion
cumstances described. A few of those we have includ-
of some of the questions that motivate contemporary
ed are by famous writers, such as Fukuzawa Yūkichi
historians to do research on the time period. Few have
and Lu Xun. Some are excerpted from well-known
easy answers; they are not questions students will be
pieces of literature, such as the play The Peony
able to resolve simply by reading the chapter. Rather
Pavilion and ancient Japanese poetry collections.
they are real questions, interesting enough to moti-
Others will be less familiar to teachers and students
vate historians to sift through recalcitrant evidence in
alike. We selected legal documents, for what they re-
their efforts to find answers. The earliest chapter on
veal of ordinary people’s lives, and religious texts of
Korea, for instance, poses the question of how the
several sorts to help students see religion and popular
three states on the Korean peninsula were able to
beliefs in action. Many authors are utterly serious,
survive in the face of Chinese power. The chapter on
complaining bitterly of war or corruption, for in-
early nineteenth-century Japan points out that histo-
stance; others have well-developed senses of humor.
rians have studied the period for clues to the causes
All the documents prompt active involvement and
of the Meiji Restoration, wanting to know the rela-
critical interpretation because through them students
tive weight to assign to foreign pressure and domestic
hear the concerns of people of the past.
unrest. For the chapter dealing with China under the
Nationalists, we point out that the desire to explain
Material Culture the Communist victory in 1949 has motivated his-
torians to ponder why May Fourth Liberalism lost
Texts are not our only sources for reconstructing the
its appeal and whether the economic politics of the
past; there is much to be discovered from material
Nationalists could have brought prosperity to China
remains of many sorts. To give focus to this dimension
if Japan had not invaded. We hope that posing these
of history, for each chapter we have selected one ele-
questions will help readers see the significance of the
ment of material culture to describe in some detail.
topics and issues presented in each chapter.
These range from the most mundane—food, drink,
clothing, houses, and means of transportation—to
objects of art including specific paintings, sculptures, USING THIS TEXT IN CLASS
and performing arts. Many of the objects discussed
have economic significance—for example, fertilizers East Asian history is commonly taught either as a
and the Grand Canal. Most of the features for the late one-term or one-year course. To fit both schedules,
nineteenth and twentieth centuries bring out ways this text is available as a single volume and as two
material culture has changed, along with so much divided chronologically. Since those who divide
xx Preface
chronologically might prefer to break at either 1600 generalizations, urged us not to weigh the book down
or 1800, the period 1600–1800 appears in both the with too much detail, and saved us from a number
chronologically divided volumes. of embarrassing errors. We appreciate the time and
attention the following reviewers gave to helping us
produce a better book:
INSTRUCTOR SUPPLEMENT
James Anderson, University of North Carolina
eInstructor’s Resource Manual Prepared by Ethan
at Greensboro; R. David Arkush, University of Iowa;
Segal, Michigan State University. This manual has
Charles Armstrong, Columbia University; Richard
many features, including learning objectives, chapter
Bohr, College of Saint Benedict & Saint John; Craig N.
outlines, discussion/essay questions, key terms, and
Canning, College of William and Mary; Henry Chan,
activities for the classroom. Available on the instruc-
Minnesota State University; Alan Christy, Univer-
tor’s companion website.
sity of California, SC; Sue Fawn Chung, University
of Nevada, Las Vegas; Parks Coble, University of
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Nebraska; Anthony DeBlasi, University of Albany;
Ronald G. Dimberg, University of Virginia; Franklin
For the first edition of this book, the three authors M. Doeringer, Lawrence University; Alexis Dudden,
divided the work primarily by country of special- Connecticut College; Gordon Dutter, Monroe Com-
ization, with Patricia Ebrey writing the parts on munity College; Susan Fernsebner, Mary Wash-
China, Anne Walthall those on Japan, and James ington College; Karl Friday, University of Georgia;
Palais those on Korea. The Connections chapters James Gao, University of Maryland; Karl Gerth, Uni-
we divided among ourselves chronologically, with versity of South Carolina; Andrew Goble, University
Patricia Ebrey taking the early ones (on Prehis- of Oregon; John B. Henderson, Louisiana State Uni-
tory, Buddhism, Cultural Contact Across Eurasia, versity; Robert Henry, Grossmont College; Jennifer
and the Mongols), Anne Walthall taking the early Holt-Dilley, University of Texas at San Antonio; Jeff
modern and modern ones (on Europe Enters the Hornibrook, SUNY Plattsburgh; William Johnston,
Scene, Western Imperialism, and World War II), Wesleyan University; Fujiya Kawashima, Bowling
and James Palais doing the final one on East Asia in Green State University; Sun Joo Kim, Harvard Uni-
the Twenty-First Century. Our original co-author, versity; Ari Daniel Levine, University of Georgia;
James Palais, passed away shortly after the first edi- Huaiyin Li, University of Missouri-Columbia; Jeff
tion was printed in summer 2006. For the second Long, Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania;
and third editions, Patricia Ebrey revised James Andrew McGreevy, Ohio University-Lancaster;
Palais’s chapters covering up to 1800 and Anne Angelene Naw, Judson College; Steve Phillips,
Walthall the remainder. Towson University; Jonathan Porter, University of
Many people have contributed to the shaping of New Mexico; Wesley Sasaki-Uemura, University of
this book. The authors have been teaching about Utah; Edward Slack, Eastern Washington University;
the societies of East Asia for three decades, and the S. A. Thornton, Arizona State University; Constan-
ways they approach their subjects owe much to ques- tine Vaporis, University of Maryland, BC; Lu Yan,
tions from their students, conversations with their University of New Hampshire; Ka-che Yip, Univer-
colleagues, and the outpouring of scholarship in sity of Maryland, Baltimore County; Theodore Jun
their fields. As we worked on this text, we received Yoo, University of Hawaii at Manoa.
much advice from others, from early suggestions of We also are grateful for all the work put into this
possible collaborators to critiques of our original book by the editorial staff at Wadsworth, Cengage
proposal and reviews of the drafts of our chapters. Learning: Brooke Barbier, Elisa Adams, Jamie Bushell,
The reviewers’ reports prompted us to rethink some and Katie Coaster.
con v ent i on s
T hroughout this book names are given in East

Asian order, with family name preceding
personal name. Thus Mao Zedong was from the
convey a distinct vowel sound; ae is like the a in at;
eo is like the u in but; eu is like the oo in foot.
Consonants for Japanese and Korean romaniza-
Mao family, Ashikaga Takauji from the Ashikaga tion are close enough to English to give readers little
family, and Yi Sŏnggye from the Yi family. difficulty. In the Chinese case, divergence between
Both Japanese and Korean have phonetic scripts how an English speaker would guess a pronuncia-
(Japanese a syllabary, Korean an alphabet), though tion and how the word is actually pronounced is
Japanese additionally makes extensive use of greater. The most confusing consonants are listed
Chinese characters. There are standard ways to tran- below:
scribe these scripts into our alphabet. Here we have c ts in tsar
used the Hepburn system for transcribing Japanese. z dz in adze
For Korean, we have used the revised romanization zh j in jack
system of the Ministry of Culture in South Korea. q ch in chin
Chinese does not have a phonetic script. In this x sh
book the pinyin system of romanization has been
In the case of Chinese, the romanization system
adopted.
does not convey tones, which are also an important
The basic vowels, a, e, i, o, and u in all three lan-
element in pronunciation.
guages are pronounced as in Italian, German, and
We have offered simple pronunciation guides
Spanish.
after many words that might give readers trouble.
a as in father These do not aim at linguistic accuracy; they are at
e as in end best approximations, based on common American
i as the first e in eve (although in Chinese if it comes pronunciations, and are provided so that students
after an s, ch, or z, it is pronounced as the e in the) will feel more comfortable using the words in class.
o as in old (shorter in length and with less of the They can be ignored once the reader has gotten the
ou sound of English) hang of the romanization system.
u as in rude (shorter in length than English) For both Chinese and Korean, other ways of
The macron over the ō or ū in Japanese indicates romanizing the language are also widely used.
that the vowel is “long,” taking twice as long to say, Through the last edition of this book we used the
as though it were doubled. Macrons have been omit- McCune-Reischauer system for Korean, which uses
ted from common place names well known without apostrophes and diacritical marks. Thus, the dynasty
them, such as Tokyo and Kyoto. that was romanized as Chosŏn in the last edition is
ü in Chinese (used only after l or n) is like the now romanized as Joseon. Comparisons of the two
German ü. systems of romanization can be found at http://www
The three languages are not so similar when one .eki.ee/wgrs/rom2_ko.pdf.
vowel follows another. In the case of Japanese, In the case of Chinese, pinyin only became the
each vowel is pronounced as a separate syllable standard system of romanization in recent decades.
(shōen, is two syllables, shō-en). In Chinese, they Some earlier spellings were based on dialects other
create a (one-syllable) diphthong (e.g., mei, which than Mandarin (Peking, Canton, Sun Yat-sen). More
is pronounced like may, and xia, which sounds like often the Wade-Giles system of romanization was
shya). In Korean, two vowels in a row are used to employed. From context, if nothing else, most readers
xxi
xxii Conventions
have inferred that Mao Zedong is the same person Chiang Kaishek). Charts for converting pinyin to
whose name used to be spelled Mao Tse-tung, or Wade-Giles and vice versa are widely available on
that Wang Anshi is the pinyin form of Wang An-shih. the Internet, should anyone want verification of
Two older spellings have been retained in this book their guesses (see, for instance, http://www.loc.gov/
because they are so widely known (Sun Yatsen and catdir/pinyin/romcover.html).
Pre-Modern East Asia
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
was Jocelyn Luke—Luke of Ananias, as Carruthers, himself at Oxford,
instantly identified him, for there couldn’t well be two Jocelyn Lukes, and
his reputation had ebbed across to Oxford, where he was known not
unfavourably, and perhaps as on the whole the least hopelessly unpromising
of the Cambridge crowd. And just as Mrs. Cupp was proceeding to tell him
her opinion of the alleged Mrs. Luke, and how Cupp had only now been
able to come out of his bedroom and have his dinner, there came news of
the dropped luggage on the hill.
Carruthers felt that he was the very man to deal with that. He rushed off,
thrust everybody aside, collected it reverently, for the tin trunk had indeed
burst open, and its modest contents, of a touching propriety he thought, as
he carefully put back things that felt like flannel, were scattered on the road,
and then, fetching his car, took it into Truro.
It was easy, at the turn to Falmouth, to discover which way the Lukes
had gone. It was also easy, on arriving in Truro, to discover which hotel
they were in. He only had to describe them. Everybody had noticed them.
Everybody on the road had heard their horn, and everybody had seen the
beautiful young lady. And because he went into the town by the direct road,
and as Jocelyn coming out of it, and sure the luggage hadn’t anyhow been
dropped nearer than the top of the hill beyond the garage, took a round-
about way, joining the main road only on the other side of the garage so as
not again to have to set eyes on the loathsome oaf employed in it and risk
being unable to resist going in and knocking him down, they missed each
other precisely there; and accordingly when Jocelyn, having been all the
way to St. Mawes, where he heard what had been done, got back about five,
tired, very hungry, and wondering how on earth he was now going to find
the officious person they said was trying to restore his belongings to him, he
was told by the boots that young Mr. Carruthers had arrived just after he
left, and was waiting to see him upstairs in the drawing-room.
‘Thank heaven,’ thought Jocelyn, feeling the key in his pocket, ‘that I
locked her in.’
And he went into the drawing-room, and there at a table in a corner by
the fire, with the remains on it of what seemed to have been an
extraordinarily good and varied tea, she was sitting.
§
Carruthers—he recognised him at once as the man with the dog called
Sally—was worshipping her. Decently, for Carruthers was plainly a decent
chap, but worshipping her all right; it was written in every line and twist of
him, as he leaned forward eagerly, telling her stories, apparently, for he was
talking a great deal and she was only listening,—amusing stories, for she
was smiling.
She never smiled with him, thought Jocelyn; not like that, not a real
smile of just enjoyment. From the very first day, that day at tea in the Pinner
parlour, she had seemed frightened of him. But she couldn’t be much
frightened, for here she was openly disregarding his injunctions, and
somehow got out of her locked room. That seemed to Jocelyn anything but
being frightened; it seemed to him to the last degree fearless and
resourceful. And how strangely at variance with her apparent shyness and
retiringness that twice in one day she should have allowed strange men to
feed her.
He approached their corner, pale and grim. He was tired to death after
the vexatious day he had had, and very hungry after not having had
anything to eat since breakfast. Carruthers had watched his opportunity, of
course—waited somewhere till he had seen him go, and then taken the
luggage in and asked for Sally. And Sally, somehow getting out of that
room, had defied his orders and come down. Well, he couldn’t do anything
with her at that moment. He was too tired to flare up. Besides—scenes; he
couldn’t for ever make scenes. What a revolting form of activity to have
thrust upon him! But the amount of ideas that would, he perceived, have to
be got into her head if life was to be even approaching tolerable was so
great that his mind, in his fatigued state, refused to consider it.
She saw him first, and, much pleased with everything, with the beautiful
tea, with Mr. Carruthers’ funny stories and with her pleasant afternoon
altogether, continued to smile, but at him now, and said to Carruthers, ‘ ’Ere
comes Mr. Luke.’
And on Carruthers getting up and Jocelyn arriving at the table,
introduced them.
‘My ’usband,’ introduced Sally; explaining Carruthers to Jocelyn by
saying, ‘The gentleman as brought our traps.’
Jocelyn couldn’t be angry with Carruthers; he looked at him so
friendlily, and shook his hand with what surely was a perfectly sincere
heartiness. And though he was obviously bowled over by Sally—naturally,
thought Jocelyn, seeing that he had none of the responsibility and only the
fun—there was something curiously sympathetic in his attitude to Jocelyn
himself, something that seemed, oddly, to understand.
Sally, his wife, said, for instance, ‘ ’Ad yer tea?’—just that, and made no
attempt to give him any. But what Carruthers said, quickly going across and
ringing the bell, was, ‘I bet you haven’t. You’ve had the sort of rotten day
there’s no time for anything in but swearing. They’ll bring some fresh stuff
in a moment. It’s a jolly good tea they give one in this place,—don’t they,
Mrs. Luke.’
‘ ’Eavenly,’ said Sally. And turning to Jocelyn she said, more timidly,
‘ ’Ad to come out of the bedroom. The servant——’
‘Oh, that’s all right,’ interrupted Jocelyn hastily, earnestly desiring to
keep from Carruthers the knowledge that he had locked her in. Things look
so different, especially domestic actions, in the eyes of a third person
unaware of the attendant circumstances, thought Jocelyn.
He dropped into a chair. What a comfort it was, after a fortnight of being
dog alone with Sally, to hear that decent voice. It really was like music. He
hadn’t, at Cambridge, cared much for the Oxford way of speaking, but how
beautiful it seemed after the Pinner way. He wanted to shut his eyes and just
listen to it. ‘Go on, go on,’ he wanted to say, when Carruthers paused for a
moment in his pleasant talk; and he sat there, listening and eating and
drinking in silence, and Carruthers looked after him, and fed him, and
talked pleasantly to him, and talked pleasantly to Sally as well, and did, in
fact, all the talking. There was something about Jocelyn that made
Carruthers feel maternal. He was so thin. His shoulder blades stuck out so,
and his lean, nervous face twitched. Carruthers thought, as he had thought
on that first occasion, only this time, knowing who he was and aware of
Sally’s class, with ten times more conviction, ‘Poor devil’; but he also
thought, his eyes resting on the lovely thing in the corner—he had
established her in the farthermost corner of the Thistle and Goat’s drawing-
room, for he too had instantly begun to hide her, and she lit up its gloom as
a white flower lights up the dusk—he also thought, ‘Poor angel.’
§
Yes, she was an angel, and a poor one; he was sure of that. Carruthers, so
romantic inside, so square and unemotional outside, told himself she was a
forlorn child-angel torn out of her natural heaven, which obviously was
completely h—less and obscure, but comfortable and unexacting, and
pitched into a world of strangers, the very ABC of whose speech and
behaviour she didn’t understand.
After two hours tête à tête with Sally, two hours which seemed like ten
minutes, so deeply was he interested, this was his conclusion. She hadn’t
been very shy, not after he left off being shy, which he was for a moment or
two, confused by the sheer shock of her beauty seen close; but he had soon
recovered and got into his stride, which was an easy one for her to keep up
with, his one idea being to please her and make her happy.
It wasn’t difficult to please Sally and make her happy; you had only to
avoid frightening her. Mr. Soper hadn’t frightened her, he had fed her,—
always a good beginning with a woman. Carruthers knew this, and
immediately ordered tea, in spite of its still being only three o’clock; and,
since the Thistle and Goat specialised in teas, the one which was presently
brought was of such a conspicuous goodness, with so many strange Cornish
cakes and exciting little sandwiches, besides a bowl of the Cornish cream
Sally liked altogether best of anything she had learned to know on her
honeymoon, that she soon felt as comfortable and friendly with Carruthers
as she had with Mr. Soper.
She was at the age of jam. Cream was still enough to make her happy.
And she wasn’t used to quantities. In her frugal life there had never been
quantities of anything, and they excited her. Quantities combined with
kindness—what could be more delightful? She didn’t suppose she had
enjoyed anything so much ever as that tea. And it was sheer enjoyment,
nothing to do with hunger at all, for hunger had been done away with by
Mr. Soper’s stew, and this was a deliberate choosing, a splendid
unnecessariness, a sense of wide margin, of freedom, of power, and no need
to think of putting away what was left over for next day.
So by the time that Carruthers said, with that simplicity which made his
mother sure there was no one in the world like her Gerry, ‘I’ve never seen
any one as beautiful as you, and I didn’t know there could be anybody,’
Sally, unstiffened and lubricated by all the cream, was quite ready to discuss
her appearance or anything else with him as far as she, restricted of speech
as she was, could discuss at all, and he discovered to his deep surprise that
she regarded her beauty as a thing to be apologised for, as a pity, as the
same thing really as a deformity, forcing her to be conspicuous and nothing
but a worry to those she loved and who loved her, and she not able to help it
or alter it, or do anything at all except be sorry.
‘Father,’ she said, ‘was in a state—you’ve no idea. If any one just looked
my way. And they was always lookin’.’
Carruthers nodded. Just what he had been thinking when first he saw her
on the hill behind St. Mawes, with Luke trying to cover her up, to
extinguish her quickly in her hat,—the responsibility, the anxiety.... But that
she herself should regard it like that astonished him. Surely any woman....
‘And Mr. Luke—’e’s frightened too. ‘Ides me, same as Father and
Mother used.’
‘You’re really imprisoned, then,’ said Carruthers, staring at her.
‘Imprisoned in your beauty.’
But seeing a puzzled expression come into her eyes he began to talk of
other things, to tell her stories, to amuse her; for after all it wasn’t very fair
to Luke, somehow, whose back happened to be turned, much against his
will Carruthers was sure, to let her tell him about herself and her life. She
was too defenceless. She was a child, who would talk to any stranger who
was kind; and he could guess all he was entitled to know, he could see for
himself the gift she held in her hands, the supreme gift for a woman, the gift
beyond all others in power for the brief time it lasted, and he could see she
was entirely unconscious of its value, of what might be done with it if only
she knew how. And every time she opened her touchingly beautiful mouth
of quick smiles and painstaking response, her h’s dropped about him in
showers.
Well, who cared? She might say anything she liked, and it wouldn’t
matter; in any voice, with any accent, and it wouldn’t matter. Not even if
she said coy common things, or arch common things, as he half expected
she would when first she spoke and startled him with the discovery of her
class, would it matter, For one needn’t listen. One could always just sit and
watch. Yes—who cared?
But the answer to that, he knew, wasn’t simply Nobody, it was Jocelyn
Luke. Luke would care. He quite obviously did care already, though they
couldn’t have been married more than two or three weeks; and she dumbly
felt it, Carruthers was sure, for, after having been eager to get out of her
imprisoning shell of illiteracy and say what she could while she was alone
with him, directly Luke joined them she retired into a kind of anxious
caution, looking at him before she said anything in answer to a question,
and keeping as much as possible to Yes and No.
‘He’s been teaching her,’ thought Carruthers. ‘He’s been going for her
h’s. She’s on his nerves, and she knows it—no, not knows it, but feels it.
She doesn’t know anything about anything yet, but she feels a jolly lot, I’ll
swear.’
Deeply interesting Lukes. What would their fate be, he wondered.
§
After Carruthers had gone, pensively driving himself back to St. Mawes
in the pale spring twilight, Jocelyn, soothed by his agreeable talk and
manifest friendliness, and also by the good tea, felt quite different. He no
longer wanted to admonish Sally. He didn’t even want to ask her why she
had come out of the bedroom. He was ashamed of that; ashamed of having
locked her in, degrading her to God knew what level of childishness, of
slavery, of, indeed, some pet animal that might stray—in fact, a dog. He
shuddered a little, and looked at her deprecatingly, and leaning over the
table took her hand and kissed it.
‘Sally,’ he murmured, suddenly for the first time since he grew up,
feeling very young,—and how painfully young to be married!
Marriage. It wasn’t just love-making, he thought as he kissed her hand;
love-making, and then done with it and get on with your work. It was
responsibility constant and lasting, not only for the other life so queerly and
suddenly and permanently joined on to one, but also for oneself in a quite
new way, a way one had never till then at all considered.
He kissed her hand again.
‘Tea done ’im good,’ thought Sally.
But it was the half hour with one of his own kind, and one who, while
definitely charming to him, yet so obviously and with a kind of reverence
admired Sally, that had done him good. It had restored him to a condition of
tranquillity, and he felt more normal, more really happy—he didn’t count
his moments of wild rapture as happiness, because they somehow weren’t
—than he had done since the days, now so curiously far away, before he
had met her. Carruthers had reassured him. His behaviour to Sally had
immensely reassured him. The world was, after all, chiefly decent. It didn’t
consist solely of foul-minded Cupps, nor of impudent young men in
garages. Just as there were more people in it healthy than sick, so there
were more people in it who were appreciative and kindly than there were
people who weren’t. Carruthers had known all about him, too. Jocelyn
hadn’t credited Oxford with so much intelligent awareness. It was infinitely
pleasant, after a fortnight with Sally who, wonderful as she was, uniquely
wonderful he freely admitted, yet hadn’t the remotest idea of what he had
done and still hoped to do—yes, by God, still hoped to do. Why not? Why
chuck Cambridge after all? Why not face it with Sally, and train her who
was, he knew, most obedient and only needing showing, to behave in such a
way that no one, if she lived there, would dare make himself a nuisance?—
it was infinitely pleasant after this to have been with somebody who knew
all about him. He hadn’t got very far, of course, in his work; nobody knew
that better than himself. But it had been a good enough beginning for
Carruthers and Oxford to have heard of him. And the desire to go on, to
proceed along the glorious path, came back to him in a mighty flood as he
sat in the Thistle and Goat’s drawing-room, with that other desire appeased
and seeming to be getting ready to fall into its proper place.
If Sally too could be got into her proper place, mightn’t life even yet be a
triumph?
§
He wrote to his mother that night, after Sally had gone to bed. He sent
her there early, and with a return of irritability, because of the way the
people in the dining-room at dinner, and afterwards in the drawing-room
where he and she sat in a remote corner while he had his coffee, behaved. It
was really outrageous. This was his first experience of dining with her in a
public place. And it was no good his glaring at the creatures, because they
never gave him so much as a glance.
So he sent her to bed, and then he wrote to his mother. Better go home.
Better now go home to South Winch, and not wander about in expensive
hotels, with hateful old men in dinner jackets and fat women in beads
staring their eyes out. Hotels were impossible with Sally; and so were
lodgings, with the risk of another suspicious and insulting landlady.
Besides, a fortnight was enough for a honeymoon, and for this particular
honeymoon, with all its difficulties, quite enough. Home was the place.
Almond Tree Cottage, and its quiet. He wanted to go home. He wanted to
go home to his mother, and get her meeting with Sally over, and sit in that
little study of his at the top of the house where not a soul could see him, and
think out what was best to do next.
His mother would help him. She had always understood and helped.
Never yet had she failed him. And she would help him, too, in the business
of looking after Sally,—take her off his hands sometimes, and perhaps
succeed in getting her quite soon to talk like a civilised being.
It had been the last thing he had originally intended, to go with Sally to
stay at his mother’s. Introduce her, of course; take her down for a day; but
not stay there, for well did he know his marriage would fall like a sword on
his mother, cleaving her heart. Things, however, had changed since then. He
had in his haste, in his blind passion, written to her that he was going to
chuck Cambridge, and now that his passion was no longer blind and he
wasn’t going to chuck it—no, he’d be damned if he would; not anyhow till
he had tried what it was like there with Sally—he was anxious to go to his
mother and heal up at least one of the wounds he knew his letter must have
made. He would ask her what she thought, having seen Sally, of the idea of
her living in Cambridge. Perhaps—it flashed into his mind like light—his
mother would live there too; give up Almond Tree Cottage, and live with
them in Cambridge. What a solution. Then she could look after Sally, and
be such a comfort, such a blessed comfort, to him as well. What a splendid,
simple solution.
He threw down his pen, and stared straight in front of him. They would
all be happy then—he going on with his work, Sally being taught by his
mother, and his mother not separated from him.
When he went to bed, and Sally stirred in her sleep as if she were
waking up, he took her in his arms and asked her if she would like to live in
Cambridge.
‘Yes,’ murmured Sally, even though half asleep remembering to stick to
monosyllables.
‘It’ll be better than London,’ said Jocelyn, holding her close. ‘Won’t it,
my love? Won’t it, my beautiful love?’ he added in a whisper, for there was
something about Sally’s hair, against which his face was, a softness, a
sweetness....
‘And perhaps my mother will come and live with us too there. You’d
like that, wouldn’t you, darling?’
There was a brief pause. Then, ‘Yes,’ murmured Sally.
He kissed her delicious hair. ‘Darling,’ he said tenderly, pleased by this
absence of all difficulty. ‘You’re half asleep,’ he added in her ear, pushing
aside the hair that lay over it with his mouth.
But was she? For, after another pause, she said, her face still turned away
from him, something that sounded like Father.
‘Yes, darling?’ said Jocelyn, as she didn’t go on.
‘ ’E might come too, p’raps,’ murmured Sally.
‘What?’ said Jocelyn, not sure he could have heard right, bending his
face nearer. ‘Your father?’
‘Yes,’ murmured Sally.
‘Your father?’ said Jocelyn again.
‘Yes,’ murmured Sally. ‘Then—we’d be tidy like—you’d ’ave ’er, and
I’d ’ave ’im.’
‘Go to sleep Sally,’ said Jocelyn with sudden authority. ‘Do you know
what time it is? Nearly eleven.’
VIII
§
Meanwhile, at Almond Tree Cottage, Jocelyn’s mother had become
Margery to Mr. Thorpe, and he to her was Edgar.
The idea she had played with, the possibility she had smiled at, was now
fact. She had reacted to Jocelyn’s marriage by getting involved,
immediately and profoundly, in Mr. Thorpe. Without quite knowing how,
with hardly a recollection of when, she had become engaged to him. He had
caught her at the one moment in which, blind with shock, she would have
clung to anything that offered support.
How could she face South Winch without support? For there was not
only her inward humiliation to be dealt with, the ruin of her love and pride
and the wreck of those bright ambitious dreams—surely of all ambitious
dreams the most natural and creditable, the dreams of a mother for the
future greatness of her son,—there was the pity of South Winch. No, she
couldn’t stand pity; and pity because of Jocelyn, of all people! Of him who
had been her second, more glorious self, of him who was to have been all
she would have been if she could have been. South Winch couldn’t pity her
if she married its richest man. There was something about wealth, when
present in sufficient quantities, that silenced even culture; and everybody
knew about Mr. Thorpe’s house, and grounds, and cars, and conservatories.
She therefore dropped like a fruit that no longer has enough life to hold on,
into the outstretched hands of Mr. Thorpe.
Jocelyn didn’t want her; Mr. Thorpe did. It was a deplorable thing, she
thought, for she could still at intervals, in spite of her confusion and
distress, think intelligently, that a woman couldn’t be happy, couldn’t be at
peace, unless there existed somebody who wanted her, and wanted her
exclusively; but there it was. Deplorable indeed, for it now flung her into
Mr. Thorpe’s arms prematurely, without her having had time properly to
think it out. No doubt she would have got into them in the end, but not yet,
not for years and years. Now she tumbled in from a sheer instinct of self-
preservation. She had to hold on to some one. She was giddy and staggering
from the blow that had cut through her life. Jocelyn, her boy, her wonderful,
darling boy, in whose career she had so passionately merged herself, doing
everything, even the smallest thing, only with reference to him, wanted her
so little that he could throw her aside, thrust her away without an instant’s
hesitation, and with her his whole future, the future he and she had been
working at with utter concentration for years, for the sake of a girl he had
only known a fortnight. He said so in the letter. He said it was only a
fortnight. One single fortnight, as against those twenty-two consecrated
years.
Who was this girl, who was this person for whom he gave up everything
at a moment’s notice? Mrs. Luke, shuddering, hid in Mr. Thorpe’s arms; for
the things that Jocelyn hadn’t said in that letter on the eve of his marriage
were more terrible almost to her than those he had said,—the ominous non-
reference to the girl’s family, to her upbringing, to her circumstances.
Hardly had he mentioned her name. At the end, in a postcript, as if in his
heart he were ashamed, he had said it was Salvatia—Salvatia!—and her
father’s name was Pinner, but that he really didn’t know that it mattered,
and he wouldn’t have cared, and neither would anybody else who saw her
care, if she hadn’t had fifty names. And then he had added the strange
words, ominously defiant, unnecessarily coarse, that he would have taken
her, and so would any one else who saw her, in her shift; and then still
further, and still more strangely and coarsely, he had scribbled in a shaky
hand, as though he had torn open the letter again and stuck it in in a kind of
frenzy of passion, ‘My God—her shift!’
Mrs. Luke hid in Mr. Thorpe’s arms. Coarseness had never yet got into
Almond Tree Cottage, except the coarseness consecrated by time, which it
was a sign of intelligence not to mind, the coarseness, for instance, of those
marvellous Elizabethans. But coarseness from Jocelyn? Oh, blind and mad,
blind and mad. Where had her boy got it from, this capacity for sudden,
violent, ruinous behaviour? Not from her, very certainly. It must be some of
the thick, sinister blood filtered down into him from the Spanish woman her
husband’s great-grandfather—Mrs. Luke had been pleased with this great-
grandfather up to then, because in her own family, where there should have
been four, there hadn’t been any—had married against his parents’ wishes.
She hid in Mr. Thorpe’s arms. But—‘This in exchange for Jocelyn?’ she
couldn’t help repeating to herself that first day, trying to shut her eyes,
spiritually as well as physically, trying to withdraw her attention, as even in
this crisis she remembered Dr. Johnson had done in unpleasant
circumstances, from Mr. Thorpe’s betrothal caresses.
Mr. Thorpe was clean and healthy; for that she was thankful. Still, she
suffered a good deal that first day. Then, imperceptibly, she got used to him.
Surprising how soon one gets used to a man, she thought, on whom this
one’s substantial shape had made a distinctly disagreeable impression the
first week she found herself up against it. By the end of a week she no
longer noticed the curious springy solidity of Mr. Thorpe’s figure, which
had seemed to her when he first embraced her, used as she was to the lean
fragility of her late husband, so unpleasantly much. And besides, the flood
of his riches began to flow over her immediately, and it was a warm flood.
She hadn’t known how agreeable such a flood could be. She hadn’t had an
idea of the way it could bring comfort into one’s every corner—yes, even
into one’s mind when one’s mind was sore and unhappy. Riches, she had
always held, were vulgar; but she now obscurely recognised that they were
only vulgar if they were somebody else’s. One’s own—why, to what noble
ends could not riches be directed in the hands of those who refused to use
them vulgarly? Married to Mr. Thorpe, she would make of them as
beautiful and graceful a thing as she had made of her poverty. And it did
soothe Mrs. Luke, it did help her a great deal during these days of
wreckage, that her life, which had been so spare and bony, was now
becoming hourly, in every sort of pleasant way, more and more padded,
more and more soft and luscious with fat.
For, if no longer precious to Jocelyn, she was precious to Mr. Thorpe,
and it was his pride to pad out the meagreness of her surroundings; and
though she cried herself to sleep each night because of Jocelyn, she awoke
each morning comforted because of Mr. Thorpe. After twelve hours of not
seeing Mr. Thorpe she could clearly perceive, what was less evident at the
end of a long evening with him, her immense good fortune in having got
him. A decent, honourable man. Not every woman in the forties finds at the
precise right moment a decent, honourable man, who is also rich. Where
would she have been now without Mr. Thorpe? He was her rock, her refuge;
he was the plaster to her wounded pride, the restorer of her self-respect.
‘I can rely on him,’ she said to herself while she sat in front of her glass
in the morning, brushing her thick, black hair—in the evening when she
brushed it she didn’t say anything. ‘I can entirely trust him. What, after all,
is education? What has education done for Jocelyn? The one thing that
matters is character.’
And she would come down to find her breakfast-table strewn with fresh
evidences of Mr. Thorpe’s hot-houses and love.
§
Not a word from Jocelyn all this time, not a sign. He might be dead, she
thought; and it would have hurt her less if he had been. For dead he would
have been for ever hers; nobody then could touch him, take him away.
Crushed and bitter, she crept yet closer to Mr. Thorpe. He liked it. He liked
being crept close to. He was thoroughly pleased with what in his business-
like mind he referred to as his bargain.
She never mentioned Jocelyn to him, and he liked that too. ‘Young fool,’
he said, when he came round unexpectedly early one evening, and found
her crying. ‘No use worrying about a fool.’
And Mrs. Luke, still further crushed by hearing Jocelyn called a fool,
and therefore being forced to the deduction that she had produced one—
yes, and it was true, too, in spite of his brains—could only hang on to Mr.
Thorpe, and say nothing.
He liked that. He liked to be hung on to, and he had no objection to a
certain amount of saying nothing in a woman. Her late husband, could he
now have seen her who was once his wife, would have been surprised, for
in his day she had never hung on, and had been particularly good at
conversation. But there was that about Mr. Thorpe which quenched
conversation. Even before her engagement, in the days of his preliminary
assiduities after his wife’s death, she had found it difficult, when he came
round, to keep what she understood was sometimes described as the ball
rolling; and she was completely in command of herself then, in the full
flood of her happiness and satisfaction. Conversation with him, the kind she
and South Winch knew and practised, was out of the question. There was no
exchange of opinions possible with Mr. Thorpe, because he never
exchanged his, he merely emitted them and stuck to them. And they came
out clothed in so very few words that they seemed to Mrs. Luke, watching
him with quizzical, amused eyes—ah, those detached days, when one
looked on and wasn’t involved!—almost indecently bare. Now she drooped.
She bowed her head.
Mr. Thorpe liked that. He liked a woman to bow her head. Gentleness in
a woman was what he liked: gentleness, and softness, and roundness.
Margery was gentle all right, and soft enough in places—anyhow of speech;
but she wasn’t round. Not yet. Later, of course, after the cook at Abergeldie
—his house was called Abergeldie—had had a go at her, she wouldn’t
know herself again. And meanwhile, to put an immediate stop to all this
underfeeding, a stream of nourishment—oysters, lobsters, plovers’ eggs, his
own pineapples, his own forced strawberries, his own butter and fresh eggs,
and, once, a sucking pig—thickly flowed across the daisied meadow
dividing Abergeldie from Almond Tree Cottage.
The little maid turned yellow, and began to get up at night and be sick.
Mrs. Luke, feeling it was both wrong and grotesque to bury lobsters in the
back garden, and unable either to stop the stream or deal with it herself, was
forced to send most of the stuff round to her friends; and so South Winch
became aware of what had happened, for nobody except Mr. Thorpe grew
pineapples and bought plovers’ eggs, and nobody gave such quantities of
them to a woman without being going to marry her afterwards.
Well, it was as good a way as any other of letting people know, thought
Mrs. Luke, sitting in silence with Mr. Thorpe’s arm round her waist, while
every now and then he furtively felt to see whether she wasn’t beginning
anywhere to curve. Instead of sending round billets de faire part she sent
lobsters. Rather original, she thought, with a slight return to her detached
and amused earlier self. ‘Does he really think I can eat them all?’ she
wondered.
And the little maid, in whose kitchen much, even so, remained, fell from
one bilious paroxysm into another.
§
She was warmly congratulated. It soothed her afresh, this new
importance with which she was instantly clothed. Money—she sighed, but
faced it—money, even in that place where people really did try to keep their
eyes well turned to the light, was a great, perhaps the greatest, power. She
sighed. It oughtn’t to be so; but if it was so? And who would not be
grateful, really deeply grateful, to Edgar, and put up with all his little ways,
when he was so generous, so kind, and so completely devoted? Besides, his
little ways would, she was sure, later on become much modified. A wife
could do so much. A well-bred, intelligent wife—it was simply silly not to
admit plain facts—could do everything. When she was married....
And then she found herself shrinking from the thought of when she was
married. She could restrain his affection now; it was her privilege. But
when she was married, it would be his privilege not to be able to be
restrained. And there appeared to be no age limit to a man’s
affectionateness. Here was Edgar, well over sixty and still affectionate.
Really, really, thought Mrs. Luke, who even in her most ardent days had
loved only with her mind.
And then one evening, nearly three weeks after the arrival of that letter
of Jocelyn’s that had brought all this about, Mr. Thorpe said, ‘When’s it
going to be?’
‘When is what going to be?’ she asked, starting.
To this he only replied, ‘Coy, eh?’ and sat staring at her proudly and
affectionately, a hand on each knee.
Pierced by the word, Mrs. Luke hastened to say in her most level voice,
‘You mean our marriage? Surely there’s plenty of time.’
‘Time, eh? You bet there isn’t. Not for you and me. We’re no chickens,
either of us.’
Mrs. Luke winced. She had never at any time tried, or wished, or
pretended to be a chicken, yet to be told she wasn’t one was strangely
ruffling. If it were a question of chickens, compared with Edgar she
certainly was one. These things were relative. But what a way of....
And then, as before, the little maid came in with a letter, and Mr. Thorpe,
vexed as before by the interruption (why that servant—well, one could
hardly call a thing that size a servant; that aproned spot, then—couldn’t
leave letters outside till they were wanted ...), said, curbing himself, ‘Letter,
eh?’
‘From Jocelyn,’ said Mrs. Luke, who had flushed a bright flame-colour,
and whose hands, as they held the letter, were shaking.
‘Thought so,’ said Mr. Thorpe in disgust.
§
He learned with profound disapproval that Jocelyn was bringing his
bride to Almond Tree Cottage. He didn’t want brides about—none, that is,
except his own; and he feared this precious son of hers, who had behaved to
her about as badly as a son could behave, would distract Margery’s
attention from her own affairs, and make her even more coy about fixing
the date of her wedding than she already was.
‘Going to sponge on you,’ was his comment.
She shrank from the word.
‘Jocelyn isn’t like that,’ she said quickly.
‘Pooh,’ said Mr. Thorpe.
She shrank from this word too. Edgar was, as she well knew and quite
accepted, a plain man and a rough diamond, but a man shouldn’t be too
plain, a diamond shouldn’t be too rough. Besides, surely the expression was
obsolete.
‘My dear Edgar,’ she protested gently.
Mr. Thorpe persisted. ‘It’s pooh all right,’ he said. ‘Young men with
wives in their shifts’—he remembered every word of that first letter—‘and
only five hundred a year to keep them on, always sponge. Or try to,’ he
said, instinctively closing his hands over his pockets. ‘Got to live, you
know. Must stay somewhere.’
‘He is going to live in London,’ said Mrs. Luke. ‘You remember he said
so in his first letter. Live there and do—do literary work.’
‘Bunkum,’ said Mr. Thorpe.
And this word seemed to her even more obsolete, if possible, than pooh.
But there was no time to worry about words. What was she going to do?
Where was she going to put Jocelyn and his wife? How was she going to
receive them? Had she better pretend to South Winch that she had known
nothing about it till they had appeared on her doorstep and overwhelmed
her with the news? Had she better pretend that Jocelyn had given up
Cambridge because he had been offered a position in London too good to
refuse? Or had she better hide them indoors till they had found rooms in
London, and could be got away again without having been seen, and
meanwhile go on behaving as if nothing had happened?
She lost her head. Standing there, with the letter in her shaking hands
and Mr. Thorpe, who wouldn’t go away, squarely in front of her, she lost
her practical, cool head, and simply couldn’t think what to do. One thing
alone was clear—she was going to suffer. And presently another thing
emerged into clearness, an absurd thing, but curiously difficult and
unpleasant,—she had no spare-room, and in Jocelyn’s room was only the
little camp bed it had pleased him (and her too, who liked to think of him as
Spartan), to sleep in. This was no house for more than just herself and
Jocelyn. Oh, why hadn’t she married Mr. Thorpe at once? Then she would
have been established at Abergeldie by now, and able to let the pair have
Almond Tree Cottage to themselves.
Abergeldie. The word brought light into her confusion. Of course. That
was where they must go. Abergeldie, majestic in the size and number of its
unused spare-rooms, magnificent in its conveniences, its baths, its staff of
servants. She had been taken over it, as was fitting; had waded across the
thickness of its carpets, admired its carved wardrobes, marble-topped
washstands and immense beds, gazed from its numerous windows at its
many views, wilted through its hot-houses, ached along its lawns, and knew
all about it. The very place. And, given courage by the knowledge of the
impossibility of housing more than one person beside herself in her own
house, urged on by the picture in her mind of that tiny room upstairs and its
narrow bed, she made her suggestion to Mr. Thorpe.
Nervously she made it, fearing that the reason for it, fearing that the
merest most passing mention of such a thing as a bed, would bring out the
side of him which she was forced to recognise as ribald. And it did. He said
all the things she was so sorry to have been obliged to expect he would. But
he was good-natured; he liked to feel he was helping Margery out of a fix.
Also, the young fool would be away from his mother then, and perhaps
some sense could be got into his head, and at the same time as sense was
got in nonsense would be got out,—the nonsense, for instance, of no doubt
supposing that he, Edgar Thorpe, was the sort of man who could be
sponged upon beyond, say, a couple of days. Besides, he was proud of
Abergeldie, and hardly anybody, what with first Annie’s being alive and
then with her not being alive, had ever seen it.
So it was settled, and he went away earlier than usual to give his orders
to the housekeeper; and Mrs. Luke, creeping into bed with a splitting
headache, lay for hours staring at nothing, and trying to forget Mr. Thorpe’s
last words.
For, after he had most affectionately embraced her, so affectionately that
she was sure one of her tendons had snapped, he had said: ‘No good his
trying to milk me, you know.’
Milk him?
She lay staring into the dark. Was character, after all, better than
education?
§
The Canon said it was, and so did his wife. In fact at tea next day in Mrs.
Luke’s little garden, on that bit of lawn round the cedar, near the low fence
across which grazed Mr. Thorpe’s Jersey cows, they all three were
unanimous that it was. Wonderful how daylight, ordinary things, meals, tea-
cups, callers, dispelled doubts.
‘Better to have both, of course,’ said the Canon, eating Mr. Thorpe’s
forced strawberries after covering them with the cream that had been,
twenty-four hours earlier, inside those very cows, ‘but if that’s not possible,
give me character. It’s what tells. It’s the only thing that in the long run
tells.’
‘Oh, well—one isn’t seriously disputing it,’ said Mrs. Luke. ‘Only these
theories, if one presses them——’
She paused, and poured out more tea for Mrs. Walker.
‘For instance,’ she went on, ‘suppose a man had a cook of a completely
admirable nature. If he married her, could he be happy? I mean, an educated
man. Let us say a very well educated man.’
‘Certainly, if she cooked nicely,’ said the Canon, who thought he scented
rather than saw the form of Mr. Thorpe lurking somewhere at the back of
his delightful parishioner’s remarks, and wasn’t going to be caught.
He knew the importance of turning away seriousness, when it cropped
up at the wrong moment, with a laugh. A man as valuably rich as Mr.
Thorpe shouldn’t be taken too seriously, shouldn’t be examined and pulled
about. His texture simply wouldn’t stand it. He should be said grace over,
thought the Canon, who fully realised what a precious addition Mr.
Thorpe’s wealth in Mrs. Luke’s hands was going to be to South Winch, and
gobbled up thankfully. Gobbled up; not turned over first on the plate.
Mrs. Luke hadn’t invited the Walkers to tea. On the contrary, when first
they appeared at the back door, ushered through it by the little maid who
each time she saw the Canon’s gaiters was thrown by them into a fresh
convulsion of respectfulness, she had been annoyed. Because all day long
she had been vainly trying to collect and arrange her thoughts, soothe her
nerves, prepare her mind for the evening, when Jocelyn had said he would
arrive—to supper, he wrote, somewhere round eight o’clock,—and define
what her attitude was going to be both to him and to the girl with the utterly
ridiculous Christian name; and not having one bit succeeded, and impelled
by some vague hope that out of doors she might find quiet, that in Nature
she might find tranquillity and composure, had said she would have tea in
the garden.
Nature never did betray the heart that loved her....
Some idea like that, though she wasn’t at all a Wordsworthian and
regarded him at best with indulgence, drove her out to what her corner of
South Winch held of Nature,—the bit of lawn, the cedar, the Kerria
japonica against the wall by the kitchen window, the meadow across the
railing, full of daisies and cows, and, on that fine spring afternoon of swift
shadows and sunshine, the wind, fresh and sweet with the scent of young
leaves.
But once the Walkers were there she found they did her good. They
distracted her. And they liked her so much. It was always pleasant and
restoring to be with people who liked one. The Canon made her feel she
was good-looking and important, and his wife made her feel she was
important. Also, they helped with the strawberries, from which, after a
fortnight of them at every meal, she had for some time turned away her
eyes. Later on, when she was alone again, there would still be at least a
couple of hours to decide in what sort of a way she would meet Jocelyn;
quite long enough, seeing how she couldn’t, whenever she thought of the
meeting, stop herself from trembling.
Oh, he had behaved outrageously to her—to her, his mother, who had
given up her life to him. There had been men in past years she might have
married, men of her own age and class, by whom she might have had other
children and with whom she might have been happy all this time; and she
had turned them down, dismissed them ruthlessly because of Jocelyn,
because only Jocelyn, and his gifts and career, were to have her love and
devotion. Wasn’t it a shame, wasn’t it a shame to treat her so? To behave to
her as though she were his enemy, the kill-joy who mustn’t be told and
mustn’t be consulted, who must be kept in the dark, shut out? And why,
because he had gone mad about a girl, must he go still more mad, and ruin
himself by throwing up Cambridge?
A wave of fresh misery swept over her. ‘Go on talking—please,’ she
said quickly, when the Walkers, replete, fell momentarily silent.
They looked up surprised; and they were still more surprised when they
saw that her face, usually delicately pale, was quite red, and her eyes full of
tears.
The Canon was affectionately concerned, and his wife was concerned.
‘Are you not well, dear Mrs. Luke?’ she inquired.
‘My dear friend,’ said the Canon, setting down his cup, tidying his
mouth, and taking her hand. ‘My dear, dear friend—what is it?’
Then, impulsively, she told them. ‘It’s Jocelyn,’ she said. ‘He’s married,
and given up Cambridge.’
And all her mortification and bitter unhappiness engulfed her, and she
began helplessly to cry.
‘Dear, dear. Dear me. Dear, dear me,’ said the Canon.
‘Dear Mrs. Luke——’ said his wife.
They sat impotently looking on. Such excessive weeping from the
poised, the unemotional, the serene Mrs. Luke, was most disconcerting.
One shouldn’t expose oneself like that, however unhappy one was, thought
the Canon’s wife, feeling terribly uncomfortable; and even the Canon had a
sensation he didn’t like, as of fig-leaves being wrenched off and flung aside.
Well, having behaved like this—really her nerves had completely gone
—there was nothing left but to explain further, and after a few painful
moments of trying to gulp herself quiet she told them all about it.
They were horrified. Jocelyn’s behaviour, to the Walkers who had
ripening sons of their own, seemed to the last degree disgraceful. That the
girl was some one to be ashamed of was very plain, or why should he have
come down voluntarily from Cambridge? Marriage by itself didn’t stop a
student from continuing there. He was ruined. He would never be anything
now. And as representing South Winch, which had not yet in its history
produced a distinguished man, the Canon felt this blighting of its hopes that
some day it would be celebrated as the early home of Sir Jocelyn Luke,
perhaps of Lord Luke—why not? hadn’t there been Kelvin?—very keenly.
Poor mother. Poor, poor mother.

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Maps and Figures xv Chapter 7 Early State and Society

PART ONE Chapter 9 Heian Japan (794–ca. 1180) 148

PART two Chapter 16 The Creation of the Manchu

Maps and Figures xv The Hundred Schools of Thought 26

Connections: The Prehistory of East Asia 2 Material Culture: Lacquer 33

Central Asia and the Silk Road 52 Empress Wu 82

The Tang at Its Height 79 Biography: Gangsu, the Scribe 109

Material Culture: Tea 80 Material Culture: Seokguram Grotto 110

Making Comparisons: Monarchical Making Comparisons: Food Cultures 210

Chapter 12 China Under Mongol Rule

Diplomacy and Defense 231

Social and Cultural Trends 234 Ming Loyalism 272

Figure C1.1 Dolmens 6

Figure 1.1 Mold for Bronze Casting 14

Figure 3.1 Standardizing the Writing System 38

Figure 5.1 Layout of Chang’an and One of the Cities

Figure 15.1 Hangul Chart 248

T here are many reasons to learn about East Asia.

Our first goal in revising this book has been to

COMPARABLE COVERAGE OF KOREA We also believe students should gain an under-

A Specific FOCUS: BIOGRAPHIES,

T hroughout this book names are given in East

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