a SION, STORAGE, TRANSMISSION sri ny Stn Sen an ia Cain ‘the moment write this sentence, there sxe about 16 milion people i the wood shoring sic files over Guta, a poe-o peer sharing newer verte cours oven, chat network wi mow tie i eta that nly par ot trafic Ad dhe people who trade ME les ‘a BitTrent, one-click ate He Rape ‘Shae and ole protools aacenat Relay Chat and Usenet, and the Goutal net astute apse oly mal peportion of the reall tin tr, ened agua team cD sles of pdf dowelons, line musi saving alone dass the ou tof the recording instr. The M3 Is he mae eomsnan form a wich scored sound is selable today Move reseings (ie and cate in MBF eh in ‘Mother andi formats cebined. Angle ‘leon sage toc ay be avsble ‘snstanouay sn dene ofan ‘ut rege fr acl, pole, eee ing ugveents? Chances ncn tater ideo he interac, el xe the for of an 9 le he era nS Iighlghte te erbatd character of ea sseeinourage! “Theo rs team of dotebution, bt {eo something more? srseae oes ‘il beer theyre so sl They se sdebly lose Yandth and stage space than the sav flor one nds on standard compat dees Te mske a,» prope Caled sn enn tales aa fe (or some ‘ther ae frm) and compare 2 2 ‘mathematical model of the gape in bunaening Based on auber of tace~sn chase bythe wer, oe et ln tbe ode—icaiscards the prs of the aio gal tat reunite’ toe she then reoranians pene anda data in herding, tnd prodces mich emalerfe~often te rmallas spect af the gh fal ess The techni of removing reds tain a fei cle ‘omprinion. The uchniqa of ing a moda of steer enor ll tinal data aspec ind of "sy" ompreasion lle peraptuanag* Because se bot nd of niin the ME ase hint pe tical an philosophical undersandings of what ies to communi a it means oats or peak, hw the aka at works, and what {nan to male mle nad evry MB ar whole wed of pole spd impomtblesound and belts of ke practices, Bhs evey sound enol inharsn istry contin ssomemadelocsept foe bearing and angie, el ator Bu es encoder bl thle ‘sb caleastnganrent-t-nonentreationship between Se chang Ing contents of recording andthe gps a abences of imagine is tener athe ther nd The IP eorader oka wf eae gies ‘hatte imaged dior an peter Hntene natal ons ona often gues et ‘alah auger andanltechnslgy the MPs fesse Ing point af ety ino the nteteonnected tre of ound spd comm slstion ia dhe went cnt To acs he Fora store ease ‘ng, we ned constrict ew eno for cntemporary gta mia ‘alte Many ofthe change hat cites mal patel aon as pects of contmporary agit or nom” ted bpp in nao before ‘hey sued wal medi. As rane Dyson writes digital me et ‘spas “an acmlatin ofthe sativ shoals lth pat" The [tore resonance oautiocan be etnded ars he vais eit ot new eda oa the sensual desis bot he suitor ad Vs omains to thee rstment of subj, to ther echnical tata and peered “Today Md owin he water ofthe tere and 6 Int ni sal coos, ht they alo city the traces of be infatrctrs. “hey pont to the centrally of apo digit istry se an i tnyaba st of pacts a an sett ld andra medina” lpn in often considered anaetere itra omarion withthe uaa mere setetind subjacent entry a Moy eh an era, ‘selon soured eating aio, prin, andcemputers Bt eephony ard the pm charter ofitnfatrcur ar cnt tthe ound of rt technologies oer he past 30-0 yeas Te instiuiona and tac rotacl af telephony sles eed fae the dfn of com ‘munication dat west use, thet en af oration tat sbeends {hoe sath of “grt cate fom pact sng to DVDs sp ame, od She prota and routine fpf taneogar eee very day The cently of soundasor digital story enain cooded Inlarge sats of he aman enc, bu open any vane engneng ‘extand ths pottis immediatly deat "Tephony ba alka piyed eral vl over the at handed yen “stapng our ros ise notions of what fe meas to hea. Tas ss bee tue tht thee! of high sclenor and eer cnverartion The qs ‘Sons, protocol, nd ngs ofmach moder ain sein dwlopaé lo of pening nue acing the pone stem nS cry tment a ary. Wat as the mini mut Of signal ha could beset dow ‘he ne and stil be nelipblea peck? What pars of the aude sec frum wee Snportant to bea or itelighiity spd which wete at? Hove i the Hntene' ear rut to erect sonic condion, and bow id ts ‘on process rete tthe economic i technaagalinpertves ofthe telghone system? Telephonic tanamteion drove soca into hein for mud ofthe entry and «ees, shaped both what means w tba ond the notion of te hearing subject hat subtends most new aio ‘edelogies tnd. In historia terms, MES ar sully cought of aan crtenson of snd recoding. Perhaps cae of thet anoition with fr aod muse, oer Hinds of ound neoiing prove a unter of aes ‘these rfernce fo Po. Bet reading one ated tehnsagel spd acthati dab wo tephony Fach jor techn teraton of ound rwconling nade us of lephone rest the fist phonoprals were at {3 labs fnded by telephonic ond weprapie) reser the eel ‘cording and plabac chloe were borowed from anor a {elephoneoitins n the 5208 and gl ao recording abd playback aleo used ncpt that emerge om APRs wing Bel Labs be ‘singin the 208 The tlepbone stm relationship ithe sory ‘ofhitng therefore a aor ne of his ook we Tank note cade cf the Me ort iad teing abject thi abject eat eae Phonicas ti phmographicar dtl” eae eb to odio swe In subjecting gal lstry to the Motory f sound, mea solve @ pz that bothers many apis and rcrding efeasonale. TheyIvelongeompaind tht Me have lr definition tha tha cb recone from which they atemsde and ae Uerefoze snd uct ound agp" In am age of ere increasing batch and procesing power, why there to a profrsion of wer dnlton frat? If eve poets for gtr denon thn ever before why des 2 ach ud Spe ermoving nthe oppeite diction?" Fresamably ogi sould move ‘n one dieton With ever grominghard-sive se, ite now pose to ‘tore ae many sa lesa on could once scat ony nM ota. ‘Higher bandwith aystenefor moe dite tout decom or 09 etal thers the tenemos boenskett estate ml le yl ‘le disappear By hs ogi che MF hola be ing of he ps. Some citer dec the fonnat at ogra intern of ou ety tu Istener experience nace Wl Set Jour al the poll ‘conomit Fane okays wazed not forthe experience of lite Ing to recor on “aly expen” Linn Sond erate yet th the consecrate elu cit Alan Bloom in the xs OF gal io ae phoopzphy bevnts, ‘Done the tireting ype thetehie ‘ypesiho tl you that ewerisay better Sarees in ichly 2 Isis we gress “hereto diapre with in Fleganas proposition, ntl you eon sider his standard progress The axtapoction of dactesng atl defini ‘on with ncn sealable defsiton on egret (on pcan) if you asame thatthe general strc ten of ropes ia come ‘ation technology i toward eerste definition and these grater ‘rile, Within that proportion Mie afew tbe coman asta tions (tat greater defniton ls the seeing greater vers ‘de: that incense in dition nessa ean endsesexper- cs (3 that nates abt and nage capaity nese end to higher deetion mein for ond-wer The acon of cuca ‘story imped by these proponitonsoutine = qe for dfn, in serio, and ihnee of experienc, Cl the deem of versie, ‘Weare peshape most fast with ths ory besur le he sory ed to market new tecneloge our a oneal i slew gute prevalent in eae an journltc ommntare on tach ‘he See thats new meds e lover to uly al mor mrs od Iouractive than predecessor based on he try tte the ee :nalium in question 1 the Orthoponse Viele, ama dacs, gh- Aleiiton Trial aly, 30 nen Thi ie can be rjctedtake wend to the eu ave alcings and miler, bu it gon tral references the ise of mechanical ec, and lctrnie mei. OF cure dan aboutinceaed defi ot the plane ofmmerion ase ‘a many canst bt thy are ot he whe sory. ‘Asthete arr atenton,cntamplatonaiesin end igh de rtlon-theve terms have no mci stony to ne another. They ‘an ei in many dere pont configurations. Ae Mice! Chion Ba Inge, deetion is nt the same thing se crreapondnce ont or fey. “Current practice dctaterthat sound recong shoal hae ake ‘ble than wo herd the eal nation lr een when ithe voice ofa pee atsome dence buck ned), Noone comping ot onde rea oo much detain! Te proves tat definition tht ‘counts frend, nd yperel fle, whch as ite odo withthe tperene of dant ston Wait ave docmente he unc ‘often prefer various Winds of aul atten la me rapes tan Uundstoned alters and schlareacce the hamin since hav con nentod onthe fete stent of lwedeiton experince cent yur, coi echsegite ad thnonnsilgite have med fo the eet the hr ubjecte treat muse tam end in elt presppesition tht stening way pre of = broader phere of il etry, Radio ltriane have ova the romantic mesory o fans Ja theaggoe cowed around radio set, nating tt ace ine ing—Tsteing we doing other hinge wef a prevelant aise ith ap atention** Ben sound quality abiatzed profi he the rastvingengiaser Bob Kats as ackovdged that daced teing Is te nonin fom which crcl aenton distor Thee a of te specie laces where hey comprenon i ead: badraund Been, ‘te, brand ulm playback, ar stervon eadghone meager, the loudspeakers at eed stores, hadghoneauorng atthe end ore th and oon... [dean of pret work whee al the MP2 sage archon compres nal th Dat uaa” ‘he bistory of 15 belong ts gnc ey 4 caren” a people ‘nd nstiutions have developed aw media and nv frme repent Sion, they have als aught ou was to Bud ston eines nto ‘hal and to wontmine communication inthe service ofan, ester ability, These practices often hei clase to canon: o techn ‘aleonideratone, but certs they theo acral Be spar fo tho gia ntnded ae. Ase the que for eile, emgson practic ave crated new hinds of tathticexpericoes thet cometo beplesuraieinthemsehe frame audiences fom the dito hat Ipasideciect of cece mlieaton nan phonngepy, ait: ent ampli, tothe ino intimacy of the phone conven, tothe mash ps dat abthetice te te or nthe debt hen. td eave. Hstoies of contemporary immersive eknaogies ont =rulpst of anecdets gong ak etre, eyn lensing ‘eat history of conpreion ls connets contemporary pace te sel les on compote ‘Shortly thereafter a Aslan hack defetl ht copy protection atid rezlesed thee cole fo re. This tured ett be am needy fr tet for rnb, By 987 MPS wae ry ertalised asthe fered frat fr online fe kari he eat ofthe tory wl ou ‘5 Co burrs ee dow n pe, tnaahorsed fled Coe beast ‘sold on thestets of aoe tes As internet connections praiertd, Se sharing took of song connect wos in weer countien le- sharing servers Napeterguned intmationl tent id step {o defeat thes ed to even mare el designad shen tite lie ‘lic Get mune nara inall aes alo tril pee sual boo, ‘Chapter stapose hs wave of Sesharing aaa ar wo of sauteed copying and with onging denen oer the waar of se fe commit, ra practice and a3 procs, bla lesa > ‘ya rigs ome quarters ofthe muse inde, bt lo fords an oportniytrethiak the soc ogizton af musi Conder that the file-sharing sar ally al none of two des. rage mode aight he damage sito the most poner players int eco ing industry, especialy abl that wee yr of tranenstional conlomer ste Ahericreson of the try lds up Sesharing a pr of cal ‘movement wih as fg hemo bel mongpaly ore the itn:‘on of musi There no qacton that even dened forthe laest ayers tbe recording instr, andthat the word has oe een sath rnd mos ochinge on hse. relat eho cavant ave i le sharing ara grat dln commen wih ther eiode of prey i ao tintory, uch a pate endi in Bai and east ply a moany pte of Ata, Af and Latin America Tn ch of those cass, pracy ital Sahota Be generted vale frrmeone nd not atthe people ho maneged oll onaored copies using ie 1980s, lank mea companies ike Base an Pips prof ited greatly rom the anmnatonal wave of caste picy. Te eo ton of pete Mae ein eence no diferent. aon tothe MP patent lders, purveyors of storage mel, payback device (ning a Wide range of consumer elcroi), and Boadhandinamet hve pro ied handsomely from nas lay Unathoriad upton nd ase op have certs detest proalityof rsodingy, but they ae not the atinaret practices we have been ed to balleve. The pect well thin cherie of arb staegie ad with long-tanding pater sowse common cv a they ofr oppor: forthe trator tion af thee paces If we are to remagine an aleoati, beter wold farmsicane and later, wollen ele pat bath the ld monapo- lis over stb and existing pratcs of peer-to-peer le sharng fer ‘mw ode nt sport but oul clue, ne ot jt bated on ayn and eling "he conelskn conadee the fatre prope for MPa ad how 3 ‘les may fae fe the fora’ fl fn proiance ea ate MP3 tecalogy ond 7 atening aginst oar eonterpecary changer ni tenng practi, coumerlctonic, mea salem and sud cule Compresion technolo wil cntinue o develop snd poh, bat todays conc envionment rani dfret fom the one thst marta porrpultechns decades ag. chang writes peel uss, for ‘ation theory, nd pisopy, Len by arguing fora plural otlogy and ‘rags af audition, Fuze wi in scene tecncogy medicine, the sas umantes, and policy wil edo nepoatemuiple models of hear Ingsubjots and soni technologies. The alent a sonic monealtuze ‘hata beof relevance never dng eto pepe ni conta My history sll ot ase png of Oe ety Art entry. ght when sas it mass cation. therefore eae ade commentary om tose ofthe more widely cused and known apace of eo ealed MPS revlon, ther weiter are ala at wo on scons of dhe le of ar player in pops every Ie, the sigtance of Se baring for ‘he mending indatry and intact property bata cheering les of san outside of wealthy nations, the format tie oak heen, the interme loge of micas abd databases, MES specie roc ke mashups, and he latina of efter mse pro ducin and daehaion Though tho ae el ie inte lowing ge thisboe tes ack rom hoe al seabed contmpory on ‘esto consider the MP format in same af the anges ows OF aE a sound communion, ad compression, Teray sem erage thatthe toy of recent vento cove the ‘eter part ofa entuy and spend the bk fa ft 9 chap om vents baton 95. [tainly dat plant ert thi ly na readings percepts coding and pychoaeounics lo mt dea Gest Itch nthe Gos ad g7ee. | expected the boc oben comenere Jn what nom chapter, wre waldo he mete npn “purist” of peepta-coing technology Bat the init feat pt ‘lation were den home 0 0 wha | erewed 1) Johnson ‘engcer wo workelo aT Bll Lbrand developedone ofthe fst woe {ng sudo percep codes (eso ay havecoined the pas yr coding in te erent uragy-Durlog ou Intervie a i bare dont tookioedovnsta this bola and wetaled about wherehevarios leas came fom. Jonston showed mea copy of Harvey Fetcher339 Hon of Spechond Heong (he may hasbeen he 9 version), are i ‘use ess and method i hat ook shapod he workin the 9608 Instr this ook as a hstoryo the pssbiey othe technology a6 sella brand, tbo car thatch of what we thnk of ay native {one media was developed lose 3 ant ago dat ogo a te corel meaning of the 13 format, wuld have to etnk th plac Aigtaleommancationin helarger univer of eatery ome lation tecinclogies Ind reach, we callnge the presspostone se being to problems ‘he mar of ural iso vdosrb cate, tna conf ‘sre, to attend to the relatos of peopl, power and paces bal nto ‘ny phenomenon or problem. "Any event an only be wrod elon aly anderson of mule dtermintion ed efects™ As |g {td in the Gatto sections of this itroduction MPa vite sto co Siders notveryn-docamentes hata of ctr thy ale psstd other strand of conte hat ze no well daeumestd inthe valle ioe. Although pycoacatiriarplayed a major sole inthe Assign of alnst every nnd recnnogy athe wert cna (sas hepyrie mor rnin other ory tell, thre ae ow ‘a stensents fis import oft In dition oy ov ealing rein, have posite frm the work of Mara Mil who has lowed something of parallel path in erin of elehone resech ad tardne-earng Grong Born, who has ead te le of peyeho ust in avant ard composition: an Emily Thompson, who place the hone company athe center ofthe history of ectomouatic, But tere ‘il uch omental work tobe done Mean, ineraton theory Ibs sen que a esenc conimnietion Mtoe, bt pat fom Pas Edwards, Davi Mindl, and 3 few others, ls deep cnnecion te pochoacoartic nd phone ruth has not Beas a soe vane This points toa lager argument nthe book Whe mie of xen ory ‘of Information theory focuses on ts connection th mitary problems, ie the connections betyeen infomation theory nd corporate ai tales This ok story of bow ct of pole in capitan tg ‘eto thnk boutheaing and communication moe brs. The prices ‘is ariatd spare of Balls propo preps tein hesp08 seen to the wings al prota of 935 and als othe en ‘econo sew media ata “The MPS fom as een any competitors, and with good eason, es «propery fort, eating tht wo crests software or you mat pay 1 Hcesing fe, Te format elf wa there of pita eprom Jets posse to improve on the paycoacoustc assumptions and gna rwesing protic il nthe 88mm, nd posi ost Enter ound gusty with omer bits The format tela conned to evlopTechnlally de PE standaré a standard fox aac aio, Stale allows for inoratin. Neyer enor are npoved onthe ely nee in many aepects of proceing, nding the poehoarustic model ‘But the pat fw years ave sana proliferation of leave formats to rs, fornstance AAC, which improves on e's rcesing hanes ‘mot hanna of si and ender at over bats and aot ome thelial compromies of ee crn MPEG forms an Oper, ‘obchie sn opersoure format meaning cht oe dee no eed ey 2 feet software frit, nzeve techie capaci uta ely > en na prlistio of compreard forma hough the than: ardistartng ogee yt gher iets or newer le. orn FS ‘remains thew preeminent auto farmat One dye frmate wll ‘np the 8 they ae nove effet, are ace, or terse rot coi ut the conjuncre nt ge rie Mew ttn cr tsinsigaiicance~se the moment when the dean of verte ae publ troubled hen perceptual processing washed ovr th dgitalland- ‘ape and when an unezy tac ovr the marly of oid ad msc sor opecaccyGtbe2 Tnsentenn scr dein aos nd led in 2. 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